Key exchange in crypto
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The document discusses key distribution and authentication using symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. It describes the Kerberos protocol which uses a key distribution center (KDC) to authenticate users and distribute session keys. It also discusses using public key certificates and digital signatures to solve the key distribution problem by having a certificate authority (CA) sign public keys.
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TLS/SSL - The mechanism enabling to have secured communications between 2 points over network is more important than ever. Here we deep dive into the basics and its relevance in today's world.
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Network Security: Authentication Applications, Electronic Mail Security, IP Security, Web
Security, System Security: Intruders, Malicious Software, Firewalls
PKI and Applications
Public key infrastructure (PKI) uses public and private key cryptography and digital certificates to provide security services like authentication, non-repudiation, and data integrity. A PKI system uses certification authorities to validate users' identities and issue digital certificates that bind public keys to those identities. These certificates allow users to securely exchange information and digitally sign documents online through services like SSL/TLS and S/MIME. Smart cards can serve as portable devices for storing users' private keys and certificates to enable strong authentication on untrusted devices.
Describe- in your own words- the mechanism for establishing a HTTPS co.docx
Describe, in your own words, the mechanism for establishing a HTTPS connection.
Solution
HTTPS consists of communication over HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) with an encrypted layer such as Transport Layer Security (TSL) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
The connection between Client and Server using HTTPS is established by a handshake process which has 3 main phases namely Hello, Certificate exchange and key exchange.
a) Hello-
This is the first phase where the client sends a message ClientHello which contains all the necessary information such as various cipher suites, SSL version number etc. for the server to connect to the client via SSL. Then the server responds with a ServerHello message which contains similar information for client.
b) Certificate Exchange –
Once the contact is established between the Server and the Client, the server has to prove its identity to the client using its SSL certificate. The SSL certificate contains various information such as name of the owner, the domain it is attached to, the certificate’s public key, certificate’s validity dates etc. The client then verifies the certificate whether it is a trusted certificate or it is verified and trusted by one of several Certificate Authorities (CAs) which client trusts.
c) Key Exchange –
In this phase the exchange of encryption key is happened by the client and server using a symmetric algorithm which was already agreed during the Hello phase. The client generates a random key for the symmetric algorithm. It then encrypts the key using an algorithm (which was also agreed upon during the Hello phase) and the server’s public key from the SSL certificate. Client then sends this encrypted key to the server, where it is decrypted using the server’s private key.
Once the client and server have verified each over’s identity and have secretly agreed on a key to symmetrically encrypt the data that they are about to send each other, then the HTTP requests and responses can start flowing form one party to other in the form of a plaintext message with encryption. The other party using the key decrypt is while reading.
.
An Introduction to Kerberos
This document provides a high-level overview of how Kerberos authentication works. It explains that Kerberos uses a trusted third party called the Key Distribution Center (KDC) to mediate authentication between users and services. The KDC distributes session keys to allow communication and verifies users' identities through cryptographic operations. It also describes how Kerberos implements single sign-on through the use of ticket-granting tickets obtained from the KDC. Some advantages of Kerberos include strong authentication without sending passwords over the network and more convenient single sign-on for users.
Certificates, PKI, and SSL/TLS for infrastructure builders and operators
Need to educate your IT or DevOps folks on how to manage server certificates and TLS configurations in a secure manner? Use these slides. :)
Https
HTTPS combines HTTP with SSL/TLS to provide encryption and secure identification of the server. SSL/TLS uses public/private key encryption and digital certificates to provide data encryption and ensure the server is who it claims to be. During the SSL/TLS handshake, the server sends its certificate to the client, which verifies the certificate with a Certificate Authority's public key to establish an encrypted and authenticated connection.
Certificate pinning in android applications
Certificate pinning is a security mechanism where an app specifies certificates from trusted authorities and only accepts connections signed by those certificates. This prevents man-in-the-middle attacks. The document discusses implementing certificate pinning in Android apps by configuring the network security configuration file or using third party libraries like OkHttp that have CertificatePinner classes to restrict which certificates an app will accept. It also describes how to retrieve a server's public key hashes to include in the pinning configuration.
#MoreCrypto : Introduction to TLS
TLS provides confidentiality, identity, and integrity for internet communication. It is used for HTTPS web pages and applications on computers and phones. TLS is based on SSL and uses asymmetric encryption where the server sends a public key to set up the secure connection. The client then challenges the server, which responds using its private key to prove its identity. Certificates bind a public key to an identity and are signed by a Certification Authority. They contain information like the key, owner identity, and validity period.
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Distribution of Symmetric and Asymmetric Key
Digital Signature: DSA
X.509 Certificate
Man-in-the Middle Attack
Check a digital certificate while accessing a secure website and compare its structure with X.509 standard
User/Entity Authentication
Kerberos
Authentication with Digital Certificate
I would appreciate help with these 4 questions. Thank You.1) Expla.pdf
I would appreciate help with these 4 questions. Thank You.
1) Explain what the following are: root certificates, self-signed certificates. Describe how they
are used. Provide some examples of each explaining how they are used. You should be able to
find examples of each on your system by looking through various options available on your
browser.
2) Provide a listing of the fields associated with a certificate of your choosing. Use the X509
definition to match the general fields of a certificate with the certificate you choose to look at.
Describe each field.
3) Your manager is considering implementing a PKI infrastructure. They are considering using
RSA encryption technology for the central part of their infrastructure. You manager would like
to know some products or services that utilize RSA encryption technology. Provide three
examples and explain how they make use of the RSA encryption technology. Provide a few
original sentences describing each of your examples.
4) Compare the functionality offered by the RSA and Diffie-Hellman algorithms.
Solution
A Root SSL certificate could be a certificate issued by a trusty certificate authority (CA).In the
SSL system, anyone will generate a language key and sign a replacement certificate therewith
signature. However, that certificate isn\'t thought-about valid unless it\'s been directly or
indirectly signed by a trusty CA.A trusty certificate authority is Associate in Nursing entity that
has been entitled to verify that somebody is effectively World Health Organization it declares to
be. so as for this model to figure, all the participants on the sport should agree on a group of CA
that they trust. All operational systems and most of net browsers ship with a group of trusty
CAs.The SSL system is predicated on a model of trust relationship, conjointly known as “chain
of trust”. once a tool validates a certificate, it compares the certificate establishment with the list
of trusty CAs. If a match isn\'t found, the shopper can then check to check if the certificate of the
supplying CA was issued by a trusty CA, so on till the tip of the certificate chain. the highest of
the chain, the basis certificate, should be issued by a trusty Certificate Authority.
Self-signed certificates or certificates issued by a non-public CAs aren\'t appropriate to be used
with the overall public.A certificate serves two essential purpose distribute the public key and
verifying the individuality of the server so guests know they aren’t sending their information to
the wrong person. It can only properly verify the identity of the server when it is signed by a
trusted third party because any attacker can create a self-signed certificate and launch a man-in-
the-middle attack. If a user just accept a self-signed certificate, an attacker could drop on all the
traffic or try to set up an imitation server to phish additional information out of the user. Because
of this, you will approximately on no account want to use a self signe.
ch17.ppt
SSL/TLS provides transport layer security for web traffic using encryption, message authentication codes, and digital certificates to authenticate servers and optionally clients. It establishes encrypted sessions between clients and servers to protect confidentiality and integrity. SET builds on SSL/TLS to securely transmit credit card payment information for e-commerce. It uses digital signatures and certificates to authenticate parties and link payment and order information while restricting details to authorized participants.
Ch12 Cryptographic Protocols and Public Key Infrastructure
Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, 3rd Edition, by Mark Ciampa
Knowledge and skills required for Network Administrators and Information Technology professionals to be aware of security vulnerabilities, to implement security measures, to analyze an existing network environment in consideration of known security threats or risks, to defend against attacks or viruses, and to ensure data privacy and integrity. Terminology and procedures for implementation and configuration of security, including access control, authorization, encryption, packet filters, firewalls, and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).
CNIT 120: Network Security
http://samsclass.info/120/120_S09.shtml#lecture
Policy: http://samsclass.info/policy_use.htm
Many thanks to Sam Bowne for allowing to publish these presentations.
SSL
TLS (Transport Layer Security) is a protocol that provides secure communication over the Internet by addressing issues of privacy, integrity, and authentication. It uses encryption to ensure privacy, message authentication codes to ensure integrity, and X.509 certificates to perform authentication between clients and servers. TLS is commonly used with HTTPS to secure web browsing and can also be used by other applications like email, voice over IP, and file transfer.
The last picks
Stands for "Secure Sockets Layer." SSL is a secure protocol developed for sending information securely over the Internet. Many websites use SSL for secure areas of their sites, such as user account pages and online checkout. Usually, when you are asked to "log in" on a website, the resulting page is secured by SSL.
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I would appreciate help with these 4 questions. Thank You.1) Expla.pdf
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Ch12 Cryptographic Protocols and Public Key Infrastructure
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Key exchange in crypto
- 1. Authorization via symmetric crypto Key exchange o Using asymmetric crypto o Using symmetric crypto with KDC KDC shares a key with every participant Authenticates participants, generates session (shared) keys for them to talk to each other Gives the requester a “ticket” – session key, requester’s ID and possibly expiration time, encrypted by the key that the server shares with KDC Ticket and session key enrypted by the key that the requester shares with KDC Needham-Schroeder, Kerberos
- 2. Third-party authentication service oDistributes session keys for authentication, confidentiality, and integrity KDC 1. C, S, NC 2. KC(NC, KCS, S, KS (KCS, C )) C S 3.KS (KCS, C ) 4.KCS (NS ) 5.KCS (NS-1) Problem: replay attack in step 3 Fix: use timestamps
- 3. Introduce Ticket Granting Server (TGS) o Issues timed keys to resources Users log on to authentication server (AS) AS+TGS = KDC Uses timestamps with a lifetime instead of nonces o Fixes freshness problem from Needham- Schroeder
- 4. Third-party authentication service oDistributes session keys for authentication, confidentiality, and integrity TGS 4. KC,TGS(KC,S), TCS 3. TGT, S, KC,TGS(C, t) AS 1.C 2. KC(KC,TGS), TGT C S 5. TCS, KC,S(C,t) KC=hash(pass(C)) TGT=KTGS(C,Tvalid,KC,TGS) TCS=KS(C,Tvalid,KC,S) 6. KC,S(t+1)
- 5. Public key is public but … o How does either side know who and what the key is for? Does this solve key distribution problem? o No – while confidentiality is not required, integrity is Still need trusted third party o Digital certificates – certificate authority (CA) signs identity+public key tuple with its private key o Problem is finding a CA that both client and server trust
- 6. Everyone has Trent’s public key Trent signs both Alice’s and Bob’s public keys – he generates public-key certificate When they receive keys, verify the signature Mallory cannot impersonate Alice or Bob because her key is signed as Mallory’s Certificate usually contains more than the public key oName, network address, organization Trent is known as Certificate Authority (CA)
- 7. Authentication steps oVerifier provides nonce, or a timestamp is used instead. oPrincipal selects session key and sends it to verifier with nonce, encrypted with principal’s private key and verifier’s public key, sends principal’s certificate too oVerifier validates certificate oVerifier checks signature on nonce
- 8. PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) o“Web of Trust” o Source: Wikipedia “As time goes on, you will accumulate keys from other people that you may want to designate as trusted introducers. Everyone else will each choose their own trusted introducers. And everyone will gradually accumulate and distribute with their key a collection of certifying signatures from other people, with the expectation that anyone receiving it will trust at least one or two of the signatures. This will cause the emergence of a decentralized fault-tolerant web of confidence for all public keys.“
- 9. X.509 standard o Hierarchical model o A handful of trusted CAs can issue certificates to others
- 10. SSH o User keys exchanged out of band o Weak assurance of server keys Is this the same host you spoke with last time?
- 11. Revocation lists (CRL’s) o Long lists o Hard to propagate Lifetime / Expiration o Short life allows assurance of validity at time of issue but increases cost of key distribution Real-time validation o Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) o Single source of the compromised key list o Clients check suspicious keys and hash replies
- 12. Group key vs. Individual key o Proves that one belongs to the group vs. proving an individual identity o E.g., used for multicast messages
- 13. Revoking access o Change keys, redistribute Joining and leaving groups o Does one see old messages on join or is the key changed – backward secrecy o How to revoke access – forward secrecy Robustness o Coping with network partitioning Efficiency o Cost of use, verification, exchange
- 14. Centralized o Single entity issues keys o Optimization to reduce traffic for large groups o May utilize application specific knowledge Decentralized o Employs sub managers Distributed o Members do key generation o May involve group contributions