This case study examines the contributions made by disaster risk reduction activities in Sankhuwasabha District, Nepal to key aspects of the Hyogo Framework for Action through a community-based approach. The project supported the achievement of priority goals such as institutional strengthening for disaster risk management, risk identification and monitoring, improving early warning systems, increasing resilience through education, reducing underlying risk factors, and strengthening preparedness. It also helped advance strategic objectives like integrating disaster risk reduction into development policies and plans, strengthening institutional structures for building resilience at national and community levels, and adopting risk reduction practices to ensure emergency response for affected communities. The study highlights how the project assisted the implementation of important principles of the Hyogo Framework for Action through coordinated efforts among

1. 36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0faf6
xouf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
"
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
km]a'|j/L,@))(
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Nepal Red Cross
Humanitarian Aid Society, Kailali

2. gbL lsgf/ ;+/If0 sfo{

3. n]vsM
w'|j /fh uf}td
:jtGq cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf k/fdz{bftf
email: drgautam@wlink.com.np
;'bz{g vgfn
ljBfyL{, jg tyf jftfj/0f cWoog :s"n
on ljZjljBfno, ;+oQm /fHo cd]l/sf
"
ljz]if of]ubfg M
pNnf 8f]G;, r]t axfb'/ tfdf·, ;fu/ kf]v|]n, lxdfn cf]emf
kmf]6f] M ;fu/ kf]v|]n, r]t axfb'/ tfdf·, lxdfn cf]emf, w'|j /fh uf}td / pNnf8f]G;
;Dkfbs M s[i0f clwsf/L
cfj/0f t:jL/ M ;d'bfo:t/sf] 5nkmn
leqL cfj/0f M gbL lsgf/ ;+/If0f sfo{
leqL k5fl8 M jfnjflnsfn] ;"rgf ;fdfu|LnfO{ cjnf]sg ub}{
clGtd cfj/0f -z'?jft af6_ M ;Lk ljsf; tflnd, ;fO/g– k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u, nfO{km Hofs]6sf] d2taf6
p4f/ ul/+b,} uflj;sf] ;xof]udf 8'¨fsf]] tof/L, hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefusf k|fljlwsx?;šusf] 5nkmn, gbL lsgf/
;+/If0f sfo{ .
l8hfOg / k|sfzg M dfO08 ;]o/ ;~rf/ k|f= ln=
k|sfzs M d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
o; k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt ljrf/x?n] o'/f]knL cfof]u;šu s'g} klg ;DaGw /fVb}gg / o; k|ltj]bgsf ;"rgf tyf
]
hfgsf/Lx?sf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf klg cfof]usf] lhDd]jf/L /xg]] 5}g .

4. ljifo ;"rL
k|fSsyg s
cfef/ v
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z u
!= ;Gbe{ !
@= ljlw @
#= xouf] sfo{of]hgf -;g @))%–@)!%_ @
"
$= xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] k|fylds nIox? xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf of]ubfgx? #
"
$=! k|fyldstf ! #
$=@ k|fyldstf @ %
$=# k|fyldstf # *
$=$ k|fyldstf $ !#
$=% Kf|fyldstf % !^
%= xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts nIox? xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf of]ubfgx? !&
"
%=! /0fgLlts nIo ! !&
%=@ /0fgLlts nIo @ !*
%=# /0fgLlts nIo # !*
tflnsfx?
tflnsf ! M ;d'bfo / uflj;df /x]sf] 3/ ;ªVof / hghfltsf] l:ylt !
tflnsf @ M k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?sf] n}ªl us tyf hftLo ;+/rgf #
{
tflnsf # M ljleGg If]qdf cfpg] af9Lsf] cg'dflgt ;do ^
tflnsf $ M vt/fdf /x]sf] kfgLsf] ;tx ^
tflnsf % M ljleGg tflndx?df ;xefuLx?sf] ;ªVof !!
tflnsf ^ M Go"gLs/0fsf] sfo{, ;fd'bflos g;{/L / j[If/f]k0fsf] cj:yfrL !$

5. Foreword
k|fSsyg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgfaf6 o; 36gf cWoogn] s}nfnL lhNnfdf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
xouf] sfo{of]hgfdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg;DaGwL 36gf cWoog
" k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?dfkm{t xo"uf]
k|sfzg ug{ kfpšbf d;L{ sf]/ g]kfnnfO{ Hofb} v'zL sfo{of]hgfsf d"ne"t kIfx?df of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] s'/fnfO{
nfu]sf] 5 . of] 36gf cWoog o"/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo
] ljz]if lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfn] /fli6«o / :yfgLo
;xfotf ljefusf] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf} y f] k|fyldstf cg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'b9Ls/0fsf cfwf/df k|sf]k
[
sfo{of]hgfcGtu{t d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn / g]kfn /]8qm; hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrttf
;f];fO6L, s}nfnL zfvf4f/f ;~rflnt s}nfnL k|sf]k ug{] -k|fyldstf !_, k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, d"Nofªsg
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgfsf] glthf xf] . of] / cg'udg ug]{ tyf k"j;rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]
{ "
36gf cWoog :jtGq cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf k/fdz{bftf -k|fyldstf @_, 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a}
w'j /fh uf}tdn] tof/ kfg'{ ePsf] xf] . o; cWoogdf on
| txdf ;'/IffTds ;+:s[lt / k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf
ljZjljBfno, jg tyf jftfj/0fLo cWoog :s"nsf ljBfyL{ clej[l4 ug{] -k|fyldstf #_, hf]lvdsf cfwf/e"t sf/s
;'bz{g vgfnsf] klg ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; 36gf tTj Go"gLs/0f ug]{ -k|fyldstf $_ / ;a} txdf k|sf]ksf]
cWoogsf] nflu o"/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xfotf k|efjsf/L ;Djf]wgsf nflu ;zQm k"jtof/L ug]{ -k|fyldstf
{
ljefusf] cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof], ;fy;fy} %_ h:tf k|fylds sfo{x?sf] k"lt{ ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
dl;{ sf]/ g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/of]hgf 6f]nLsf] ;xof]u klg 5 . o;}u/L kl/of]hgfn] lbuf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgfdf
cWoogsf] qmddf k|efjsf/L /x]sf] lyof] . k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ -/0fgLlts nIo
!_ k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o
of] 36gf cWoogn] kl/of]hgfaf6 cl3 ;fl/Psf d"ne"t tyf ;fd'bflos tx;Dd ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg]
p2]Zox?sf] d"Nofªsg gu/]/ kl/of]hgfåf/f ;d'bfodf -/0fgLlts nIo @_ / k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] nflu
cfwfl/t k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?af6 xouf] " cfkTfsfnLg k"j{tof/L, p4f/, /fxt tyf k'g{:yfkgfsf]
sfo{of]hgfdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgnfO{ d'Vo ljifoj:t' agfPsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft
5 . ;g @)!% ;Dd k|sf]k;DjGwL dfgjLo, ;fdflhs, ug]{ -/0fgLlts nIo #_ h:tf /0fgLlts nIox? xšfl;n
cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo c;/x? sd ub}{ ljZjnfO{ k|fs[lts ug{ ;d]t d2t u/]sf] 5 . d;L{ sf]/sf] tkm{af6 o:f
k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft ug{ ;+;f/el/sf !^* j6f /fi6«n] bzjif]{ cWoogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;a}kl| t xflb{s cfef/ JoQm
xouf] sfo{of]hgfnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g . hfkfgsf]
" ug{ rfxfG5' . vf;u/L o"/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xof]u
]
xouf]df ePsf] ljZj ;Dd]ngn] o; sfo{of]hgfnfO{ kfl/t
" ljefusf] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgf cGtu{t
u/]sf] 5 / of] g} k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] lbzfdf d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn / g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L s}nfnL zfvf,
ljZjs} dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h ag]sf] 5 . d;L{ sf]/åf/f :yfgLo, lhNnf / /fli6«o ;/sf/L lgsfox?, l8k]sf] g]kfnsf
;~rflnt sfo{qmdx?af6 ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šusf] ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f kl/of]hgf
;dGjo dfkm{t xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf d"ne"t l;4fGtx?nfO{
" 6f]nL / ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kl/of]hgfsf ;d'bfox? wGojfbsf
k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?n] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] kfq x'gxG5 .
''
5 . xfdLnfO{ s] ljZjf; 5 eg] :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
ljsf; ;fem]bf/dfkm{t xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]; 8]jN8
yk ;xof]u k'¥ofpg d2t k'Ub5 . /fli6«o lgb]zs
{
d;L{ sf]/, g]kfn
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{ of]hgfdf of]ubfg s
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?

6. cfef/
o; 36gf cWoogsf] k|sfzg / cfly{s ;xof]usf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df / s}nfnL k|sf]k
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgfnfO{ blIf0f Pl;ofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgfcGtu{t
cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf]df o'/f]k]nL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xfotf ljefunfO{ wGojfb lbg
rfxG5f}+ .
o; 36gf cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf ;"rgf / hfgsf/L dfq glbP/, leqL x[boaf6 ;xof]u k|bfg
ug'xg] s}nfnL lhNnfsf kl/of]hgf ;d'bfox? vf;u/L ljzgk'/, hf]slxofk'/, nlntk'/,
{ '
dlgsfk'/, df]xgk'/ / lzj/tgk'/;šu xfdL Hofb} cfef/L 5f}+ . of] kl/of]hgfn] xouf] sfo{of]hgfnfO{
"
s;/L of]ubfg ug{ ;s]sf] 5 eGg] a'emg k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt, ;d'bfosf ;b:ox? /
{
;/f]sf/jfnfx?, lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{, uflj; tyf lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] oy]i6
;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . To;sf/0f of] cWoognfO{ oy]i6 ;do, k[i7kf]if0f / ;'emfj lbP/
;xof]u ug'xg] ;a} ju{ / txsf ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfo wGojfbsf] kfq x'gxG5 .
{ ' ' '
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgf ;+oQm ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug'xg] d;L{
' { '
sf]/ g]kfn / g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L s}nfnL zfvfk|lt klg xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ . 36gf
cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf lkmN8sfo{sf] ;Gbe{df / wgu9Ldf lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šusf]
5nkmnsf] qmddf pxfšx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . of] 36gf cWoogsf]
cjwf/0ffut ;+/rgf, cWoog ljlw / d:of}bf k|ltj]bgdf yk k[i7kf]if0f / ;'emfj lbg'
ePsf]df d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn / kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg 6f]nLnfO{ wGojfb glbO/xg ;Sb}gf}+ .
cGTodf, of] 36gf cWoognfO{ k"/f ug]{ lhDdf xfdLnfO{ lbg' ePsf]df d;L{ sf]/ g]kfnk|lt
xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ .
w'j /fh uf}td / ;'bz{g vgfn
|
v 36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg

7. sfo{sf/L ;f/f+;
g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L;šusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf d;L{ sf]/ g]kfnn] tyf ;ªs6fled'vtfsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . hn tyf
s}nfnL lhNnfsf ^ j6f ;d'bfodf s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd df};d lj1fg ljefusf] lkmN8 sfof{no;šusf] ;dGjodf
Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] ;d'bfosf] nflu k"j;rgf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 /
{ "
5 . o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ o"/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xof]u
] k|To]s kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf ;d'bfox?df ;d'bfo:t/Lo
ljefusf] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgf cGt{ut k"j;rgf k|0ffnL ;d]t :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . af9Lsf] txsf]
{ "
cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] xf] . of] 36gf cWoog af/] d f :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ ;" r gf lbgsf] nflu
xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] nflu nIo k|fKt ug{ s] , lsg /
" ;d'bfo:t/df c3l/of -;d'bfosf] ;"rgf cfbfg–k|bfg
s;/L o; kl/of]hgfn] of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 eGGf] af/]df ug]{ JolQm _ jf k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltn] JolQmx? 5gf}6
{
s]Gb|Lt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L / d;L{ sf]/sf ul/] kl/rfng u/]sf] 5 . x/]s ;d'bfodf cfsl:ds /
sd{ r f/Lx?;š u sf] 5nkmn, d' V o ;" r gfbftf;š u sf] k|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lx? pknAw u/fO;lsPsf] 5 /
cGtjf{tfx?, nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn / ljZn]if0f Pjd :ynut ;L8LPdP kmf]g / xftn] g} rnfpg ;lsg] ;fO/gx?n]
k|ltj]bgx?sf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] dflg;x?nfO{ af9Lsf] hf]lvdaf6 aRg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
5. 5 . cfsl:ds ;dfrf/ / df};d;DaGwL a'nl] 6gx? ;do
;dodf :yfgLo PkmPdx?af6 ;Dk|if0f ul/Psf 5g, h;n]
]
xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] k|fyldstfnfO{ xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf]
" k|sf]k k"jtof/Lsf] nflu lgs} k|efjsf/L ;xof]u k'usf]
{ ]
of]ubfg M o; kl/of]hgfn] /fli6«o / :yfgLo k|fyldstf 5.
cg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'b9Ls/0fsf cfwf/df k|sf]k hf]lvd
[
Go"gLs/0fdf ePsf sfo{x?sf] ;~rfngsf] ;'lglZrttf 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a} txdf ;'/IffTds
ug{ vf]hsf] 5 -k|fyldstf !_ af9Lsf] hf]lvd / dflg;x?sf]
] ;+:s[lt / k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ - k|fyldstf
;ªs6fled'vtfnfO{ sd ug{ kl/of]hgfn] k|To]s ;d'bfodf #_ kl/of]hgfn] ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx? k|sfzg
:ki6 e"ldsf / bfloTj;lxt k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx? /
{ u/L Jofks ?kdf ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . h; cGt{ut k|sf]k
pk;ldltx? u7g u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} Jojl:yt ;fdflhs hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;šu ;DjlGwt lel8of] / ;8s gf6sx¿
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] dfWodaf6 ljQLo kf/blz{tf sfod ul/Psf] k|b{zgL ul/Psf 5g . 1fgsf] Joj:yfkgdf k"j{;"rgf
5 . cfsl:ds sf]if / ;fd'bflos k|sf]k Joj:yfkg k|of; k|0ffnLaf6 lgs} nfe k'usf] b]lvG5 . o:t}, :yfgLo hgtf,
]
k|sf]khGo vt/fx?af6 aRg k"j{tof/Lsf nflu ;xof]uL ;/f]sf/jfnfx? / ljBfyL{x? u/L sl/a Ps xhf/ hgfn]
ag]sf] 5 . oL sfo{x? ug{sf nflu ^ j6f ;d'bfon] k|sf]k ;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4sf ljleGg tflndx? k|fKt
xfn;Dd ?= &$,#))÷– art klg ul/;s]sf 5g . u/]sf 5g . ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx? Kfl/jt{gsf ;Djfxs
;d'bfo:t/Lo k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfnfO{ uflj;:t/Lo ePsf]n] kl/of]hgfn] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;šu} ;+/If0f
k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgf;šu cfj4 ul/Pkl5 ;d'bfox? lzIffnfO{ nlIft u/L ljBfno txdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx?
of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ;|ft h'6g]df 9'Ss
] ;d]t ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .
ePsf 5g .
kl/of]hgfn] hf]lvdsf cfwf/e"t sf/s tTj Go"gLs/0f
of] kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, ug{ -k|fyldstf $_ sd vr{df g} ug{ ;lsg] afš; /
d"Nofªsg / cg'udg ug]{ tyf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ afn'jfsf] af]/f el/Psf y}nfx?sf] k|of]u ug]{ / jfof]–
k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 -k|ffyldstf @_ . OlGhlgol/¨sf] af/]df klg hfgsf/L lbP/ ;d'bfonfO{ yk
x/]s ;d'bfodf ;ªs6fled'v tyf Ifdtf ljZn]if0fsf] ;Ifd agfPsf] 5 . gbL] lsgf/sf] pAhfp hldg arfpg
dfWodaf6 ;d'bfosf] ef}lts, wf/0ffut / ;fdflhs hf]lvd / jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlwnfO{ a9fjf lbg @&,#)) ju{ld6/
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? u

8. hldgdf ljleGGf hftsf $#,))) la¿jfx? /f]lkPsf 5g . nIo ! -bLuf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgfdf k|sf]k hf]lvd
o:tf sfo{x¿n] af9L, klx/f] / u|fdL0f hgtfsf] s[lif If]q Go"gLs/0fnfO{ PsLs[t ug]_ xfl;n ug{ of]ubfg k'usf] 5 .
{ ]
/ ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff ug{ 7"nf] ;xof]u k'usf] 5 . af9Lsf]
] ;d'bfo:t/df agfOPsf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfnfO{ ufpš
;dodf ;fd'bflos 8'ªufn] ;'/Iffsf] cg'el" t u/fPsf] 5
ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_ / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt-lhlj;_
eg] 8'jfgsf] ;dodf ;fd'bflos cf>o:ynx¿n] ;'/lIft x?;šusf] ;dGjoaf6 ;fd'bflos of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{
9¨af6 afšRg ;3fp u/]sf] 5 . o:t}, ;'/lIft dfu{sf] rflxg] ;|ftsf] Joj:yf ug{ ufx|f] x'g] 5}g . o;/L :yfgLo
]
lgdf{0fn] hgtfnfO{ cf>o:ynx¿;Dd k'Ug cyjf ;'/lIft txsf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? /fli6«o:t/df
7fpšdf hfg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . jiff{ofddf :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] bLuf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgf;šu PsLs[t x'g] cj:yf
;'lglZrttf u/fpg / cg]s kfgLhGo /f]ux? A.9g glbg 5 . ;fd'bflos 8'ªuf Pjd ;'/lIft 3/ tyf ;'/lIft
cUnf xft] kDkx?sf] k|of]u Jofks ?kdf ePsf] kfOG5 . af6f]sf] Joj:yfaf6 ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k;šu n8g ;Sg]
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o;/L k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{
kl/of] h gfn] k" j { t of/Lsf lqmofsnfkx?, /fxt / Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o tyf ;fd'bflos tx;Dd
k'g:yf{kgsf sfo{df ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg kl/of]hgfn] xouf] "
- Kf|fyldstf %_ . /fli6«o tyf lhNnf:t/df cfof]lht tflnd sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts nIo @ -k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{
/ sfo{zfnfdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfn] ;"rgf Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu /fli6«o / ;fd'bflos tx;Dd
cfbfg–k|bfg, ;|ftsf] afš8kmfš8, gLltsf] jsfntsf] ;fy;fy}
] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]_ nfO{ xfl;n ug{
k|fljlws / ;fªu7lgs Ifdtf a9fpg ;xof]ul;4 ePsf] d2t u/]sf] 5 . ;~hfn lgdf{0f, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{af6
5 . jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlwaf6 pT;flxt eP/ ;d'bfon] kl/of]hgf If]qsf ;d'bfonfO{ k|efjsf/L k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf]
{ "
lhNnf hnpTkGg k|sf]k sfof{non] :k/x? lgdf{0f ug{sf k|of]u ug{, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k|sf]ksf] ;dodf
nflu ?= %) xhf/ 5'6ofPsf] 5 . o;}u/L lhNnf /fxt / ;xof]u ug{ cem yk an k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
e"–;+/If0f sfof{non] klg jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlw lj:tf/ kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]k k"jtof/Lsf cEof;dfkm{t
{
ug{ % j6f ;d'bfonfO{ yk ?= &) xhf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pgLx?sf] Ifdtf a9fpg lg/Gt/ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . vfB
tyf u}/vfB ;fdu|Lx?sf] ljt/0faf6 k|sf]ksf] a]nfdf
xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts nIo xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfn]
" tTsfn} /fxt / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;Dej ePsf] 5 .
k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg M ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|sf]k oL ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx? ;~rfng ug{ ;jn / nIo # -k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] nflu cfkTsfnLg
;Ifd agfpg], 1fgsf] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; k"j{tof/L, p4f/, /fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg
ug]{ tyf ljQLo kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{ sfo{x? Pjd ;+:yfut hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{_ nfO{ ]
?kdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]h:tf s'/fx?n] ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf
{ ;fsf/ kfg{ kl/of]hgfn]] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
clej[l4 u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts
"
3 36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg

9. s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
!= ;Gbe{ tflnsf ! ;d'bfo / uflj;df /x]sf] 3/;ªVof / hghfltsf] l:ylt
Ufflj; ;d'bfo 3/ ;ªVof hghflt
;g @))& gf]eDa/b]lv g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L;+usf]
] Yff? a|fDx0f÷If]qL blnt
Kfj]/f dgsfk'/ &# &@ ) !
;dGjodf d;L{ sf] / n] s} n fnL lhNnfsf rf/j6f lj;gk'/ ## ## ) )
uflj;x?sf ^ j6f ;d'bfodf s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Kf"mnjf/L nlntk'/ &* %) $ @$
Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? gfds kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] x;'lnof lzj/tgk'/ ^$ ^@ ! !
Df]xgk'/ &* &* ) )
5 . o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ o"/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xfotf
] /tgk'/ Hff]vlxofk'/ %@ %@ ) )
ljefun] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgf cGtu{t s"n #&* #$& % @^
cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . >f] t M kl/of] h gf /] s 8{ @))&÷)*
:yfgLo lgsfox? / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;fd'lxs k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf k|of;x?nfO{ nfu" ug{ ;lsg]
k|of;df k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxndfkm{t ;d'bfonfO{ u/L ;d'bfo 5gf}6 ePsf 5g .
;Ifd Pj+ ;'/lIft t'Nofpg' o; kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf]
5 . kl/of]hgfn] :yfgLo Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf tflnd, kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfox?df (!=* k|ltzt cflbjf;L
yf? hfltsf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . oxFf s]xL dfqfdf ljleGg
k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf ;–;fgf sfo{x?, lzIff tyf ;xhLs/0f kxf8L lhNnfx?af6 a;fO{ ;/L cfPsf a|fDx0f, If]qL /
Pjd ;dGjo h:tf If]qx?df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . blntx?sf] klg j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . jx';ªVos dflg;n]
lrq ! s}nfnL lhNnf / kl/of]hgf If]q P]nfgL cyf{t btf{ gePsf] hUuf cfjfbL u/]sf 5g .
cfkmg} hldg x'g;u klg @ s77fb]lv # ljufxf;Dd hUuf
] š
/x]sf] kfOG5 . k/Dk/fut kz'kfng, clwofš a6}ofaf6 hLjg
lgjf{x ug]{ kl/jf/sf] ;ªVof klg k|z:t /x]sf] 5 . w]/h;f]
}
o'jfx? ef/tdf Hofnfbf/Ldf sfd ug{ >ldssf] ?kdf
hfg] ub{5g . o;/L sdfPsf] k};faf6 pgLx?n] kl/jf/
sf b}lgs vfglkgsf nflu vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf]
;fy} ljleGGf rf8kj{df x'g] vr{ nufot 3/fo;L cfjZostf
k"/f ug]{ ub{5g .
kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfodf af9Lsf] d'Vo vt/f /x]sf]
5 . df]xgf gbL / o;sf s6}gL, v'l6of, 3'/fxfh:tf ;xfos
gbLx?n] cf;kf;sf pTkfbgof]Uo hldg s6fg ug]{ u/]sf]
5 . af9Ln] ubf{ dflg;x?sf]] Hofg} hfg] tyf 3/,
ufO{j:t'nufot ax'dNo wg;DklQ u'dfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . af9Ln]
"
Psflt/ ;8s, s'nf], ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sLh:tf k"jf{wf/
x? gf]S;fg ug]{ ub{5 eg] csf]l{ t/ :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf
kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf uflj;x? ;'b/klZrd ljsf; If]qsf]
" ;|ftx? tyf ;/;kmfO{df ;d]t ;d:of Nofpg] ub{5 . h;sf]
]
s}nfnL lhNnfdf kb{5g . oL uflj;x? @*) #$’$^=#! kmn:j?k af9Ln] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;d:of Nofpg'sf]
;fy} pgLx?nfO{ ;ªs6fled'vtftkm{ ws]nsf] 5 . af9Ln]
]
b]lv @*) #)’#(=&( cIff+z / *)) $$’%(=@! b]lv *)) lgDTofpg] gf]S;fgLn] ubf{ :yfgLo dflg;x? ;w}h;f] eo
%)’%@=^# b]zfGt/df cjl:yt 5g . kl/of]hgf If]q ;d'b| / qf;df cfkmgf] hLjg Joltt ug{ jfWo 5g .
;txb]lv &) ld6/sf] prfO{df /x]sf] 5 . ljBdfg vt/
fx?, ;ªs6fled'vtf / hf]lvddf /x]sf j:tLx? / gbL d;L{ sf]/n] kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo pknlAwx¿ / l;sfO{sf
s6fgaf6 3/ / hldg Iflt ePsf] cfwf/df kl/of]hgfn] cg'ejx?nfO{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o:t/df k|;f/ ug{sf
;d'bfox?sf] 5gf}6 u/]sf] lyof] . ljutsf] Oltxf;, nflu 36gfd"ns cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t eP/ of] ;fdu|L
tof/ u/]sf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgn] xouf] sfo{of]hgftkm{
"
;d'bfosf] cfly{s–;fdflhs l:ylt tyf ;]jf k|bfos kl/of]hgfn] s] s;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{
;+:yfx?df pgLx?sf] kxšr Pjd l5d]sL ;d'bfodf ;d]t
' ;d]t phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
1

10. @= ljlw
of] k|ltj]bg ^ j6f ;d'bfodf u/]sf] :ynut cWoogdf k'usf] lyof] . d'Vo hflgkmsf/x?;šusf] cGtjftf{ / nlIft
]
cfwfl/t 5 . of] cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ qmddf k|ZgfjnL ;d"x 5nkmnh:tf ;xeflutfTds dfWod / ljlwsf] k|of]u
/ lgb]l{ zsf tof/ ul/g'sf ;fy} ;DalGwt ljifodf ul/Psf u/]/ k|fylds tYofªsx? ;ªsng ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy}
ljutsf cWoogx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] . h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nx? / k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?;šu
{
nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . yf? ;d'bfosf
:ynut sfo{ yfNg' cufl8 d;L{ sf]/ / g]kfn /]8qm; k/Dk/fut g]tf eNfdG;f / pgsf ;xof]uL c3l/of,
;f];fO6L;šu 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . :yfgLo ;d'bfon] k|sf]k pk;ldltsf ;+of]hsx?, k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf :jo+;jsx?,
{ " ]
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ckgfpšb} cfPsf ;kmn k|of;x?sf] ljBfnosf lzIfs / ljBfyL{x?;šusf] s'/fsfgLaf6
;dLIff ul/Psf] lyof] . x;'lnofdf ePsf] kl/of]hgfsf :yfgLo pgLx?sf] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0ftkm{sf] wf/0ff a'emg
sd{rf/Lx?;šusf] ;+lIfKt e]63f6df c;n cEof; / ;kmn ;xof]u k'usf] lyof] . k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / g;{/L Joj:yfkg
]
syfx?h:tf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwx?af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] ;ldltx?sf ;b:o;šusf] lx+8fOn] klg ;d'bfosf] oyfy{
lyof] . To:t}, lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šu ul/Psf] cj:yf a'emg ;xof]u k'usf] lyof] .
]
a}7saf6 cfk;L ;dGjo / ;+oGq klxrfg ug{ lgs} ;xof]u
#= xo"uf] sfo{of]hgf -;g @))%–@)!%_
xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfn] k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x? ug{df ;/sf/ / -$_ hf]lvdsf sf/s tTj Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .
o;sf :yfgLo, If]qLo lgsfox? / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L -%_ k|sf]ksf] k"j{tof/Lsf nflu k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;anLs[t
;+:yf;šusf] ;dGjoaf6 alnof] cfwf/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . xo"uf] ug]{ .
sfo{of]hgf cGt{ut kfšrj6f k|fylds sfo{x? kb{5g .
tL x'g– xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf tLgj6f /0fgLlts nIox? /x]sf 5g M
"
-!_ /fli6«o / :yfgLo k|fyldstf cg';f/ ;+:yfut -s_ lbuf] ljsf; gLlt / of]hgfdf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{
;'b[9Ls/0fsf cfwf/df k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ PsLs[t ug]{ .
;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{] . -v_ k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o tyf
-@_ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, d"Nofªsg / cg'udg ug]{ tyf ;fd'bflos tx;Dd ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] .
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . -u_ k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] nflu cfkTsfnLg k"j{tof/L,
#_ 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a} txdf ;'/IffTds p4f/, /fxt tyf k'g{:yfkgfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg hf]lvd
;+:s[lt / k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] . Go"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ .
2
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

11. $= xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] k|fyldstf
xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf] of]ubfg
o; cWoog k|ltj]bgdf o; kl/of]hgfn] xouf] sfo{of]hgfn]
" :ki6 e"ldsf / pQ/bfloTjsf] jf]w u/fpg / k|sf]k hf]lvd
lnPsf cfkmgf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ / /0fgLlts nIox?nfO{ Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?df a9L lhDd]jf/ u/fpg k|To]s
s;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg]af/]df oyfy{ lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt cGtu{t kfšrj6f pk;ldltx? Uf7g
{
ul/Psf 5g . h;cGtu{t k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltsf] ;b:o
{
$=! k|fyldstf !M /fli6«o / :yfgLo pk;ldltsf] kb]g ;b:o /xg] k|fjwfg 5 . o;n] k|sf]k
k|fyldstf cg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'b9Ls/0fsf]
[ k"jtof/L ;ldlt / pk;ldltx?aLr hfgsf/L / cg'ejsf]
{
cfwf/df k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'Gf] u/]sf] 5 . Ifdtf
;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{] . clej[l4 tflndx? / cGt/–;d'bfo e|d0fx?Dffk{mt oL
;ldltx?sf] ;anLs/0f ePsf] 5 . clxn] ;d'bfo / k|sf]k
s_ k|sf]k k"jtof/L / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
{ k"jtof/L ;ldlt pgLx?;šu k|ofKt 1fg / ;Lk /x]sf] 5 eg]
{
ultljlwx? ;~rfngsf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t tL ;ldltx?n] :yfgLo:t/df af9Lsf] hf]lvd sd ug{ /
;+:yfx?sf] ;anLs/0f ;ªs6fled'vtf 36fpg ;Ifd ePsf 5g .
Kfl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfodf :yfgLo dflg;x?nfO{ k|sf]k
k"jtof/L ;DaGwL ultljlwx?df k|fT;fxg u/L ;d'bfodf
{ ] v_ 1fg cfbfg–k|bfg ;+oGqsf] ljsf;
af9Lsf] hf]lvd sd ug{{ ^ j6f n}ªl us / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLk"0f{ o; kl/of]hgfn] 1fgsf] l;sfO{ / cfbfg–k|bfgsf] nflu
k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx? Uf7g ul/Psf 5g -tflnsf @
{ k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdx?sf nflu
x]gf];_ . o;sf] cltl/Qm, lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] ckfªutf
{ k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?sf a}7sn] g} ;xefuL] 5gf}6 ug]{
{
ePsf] JolQm / Ps ljw'jf tyf Ps lgjf{lrt dlxnf endG;f k|lqmofn] ;fdflhs P]Soj4tf a9fpg'sf ;fy} lje]bLs/0fnfO{
;lxtsf] k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt ;d]t u7g u/]sf] 5 . k|sf]k
{ sd u/]sf] 5 / tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0fsf nflu 5gf}6
k"jtof/L ;ldltn] ufpš:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šu ;dGjo /
{ ePsf ;xefuLx?n] yfxf kfPsf gofš ;"rgf, 1fg / ;LknfO{
;DjGw lj:tf/ ub{5g . oL ;+oGqx?n] kfn};šu ;|ftsf] ] k"jtof/L ;ldltsf ;b:ox?nfO{ cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ ub{5g .
{
afš8kmfš8nfO{ k|fT;fxg ub{5g . o; jfx]s, nlntk'/ k|sf]k
]
k"jtof/L ;ldlt / km"njf/L uflj;aLrsf] ;dGjoaf6
{ u_ kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ultljlwx?df cfly{s
;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ @ hgf 8'ªuf rfnsnfO{ ;'/lIft
kf/blz{tf sfod
Hofs]6 k|bfg ug{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . h;af6 cfsl:ds k|To]s k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltn] ;fwf/0f t/ k|efjsf/L
{
;dodf ;d'bfonfO{ cfjZos ;]jf lbg ;xof]u k'usf] 5 .
] pkfoaf6 cfly{s kf/blz{tfnfO{ sfod /fv]sf 5g . x/]s
;ldltsf] cfÎg} a+s vftf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] vftfdf kl/of]hgf
}
tflnsf @ k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltsf] n}+lus / hghflt l:ylt jf lhNnfsf cGo lgsfox?af6 pkNfAw u/fOPsf] /sd
uflj; ;d'bfox? ;b:ox? hghflt hDdf ul/Gf] ub{5 . vl/b tyf n]vf pk;ldltn] ;a} ljQLo
k'?if dlxnf s'n Yff? Af|f÷If] blnt s" n
km'njf/L nlntk'/ * % !# * @ # !# sf/f]jf/nfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] cfly{s lgod jdf]lhd Jojl:yt
x;'lnof df]xgk'/ * % !# !# ) ) !# u/]sf] 5 . ;d'bfo:t/df ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ k"0f{
lzj/tgk'/ ^ & !# !@ ! ) !#
kj]/f lj;dk'/ ( $ !# !# ) ) !# ?kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 h:fdf kl/of]hgfsf ultljlwx?df
dgsfk'/ & ^ !# !@ ) ! !# x'g] ;a} vr{sf] af/]df k|f/lDes / clGtd r/0fdf Jofks
/tgk'/ Hf]lvofk'/ * % !# !# ) ) !#
s"n $^ #@ &* &! # $ &* 5nkmn x'g] ub{5 . x/]s dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox? / sf/f]jf/x?nfO{
>f]t M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))&÷)*
b|i6AoM af÷If]– a|fDx0f÷If]qL
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
3

12. ;fd'bflos ;"rgfkf6Ldf tyf k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltsf
{ 5 . k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf o:tf] cfsl:ds sf]ifnfO{
sfof{nox?sf leQfdf 6fš:g] ul/Psf] 5 . k|sf]k k"jtof/L
{ cfzfsf] ls/0fsf] ?kdf ufpšnx?n] lnPsf 5g . ljleGg
]
;ldlt / vl/b pk;ldltsf ;b:ox? ;fdfg vl/b k|lqmofdf k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?nfO{ dfl;s ?kdf k|To]s kl/jf/n]
{
;xefuL x'g] ub{5g . h;af6 ljQLo kf/bzL{tf / hf]lvd ?= % b]lv !)) ;Dd / k|lt s77f hldgsf] Ps s]hL ux'š
afš8g] s'/f pRr x'G5 .
;xof]u ug{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g . o;/L ^ j6f kl/of]hgfsf
;d'bfox?af6 ?=&$,#)) art eO;s]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L
lj;gk'/ ;d'bfon] ?= @%,&)* / ;a}eGbf yf]/} hf]vlxofk'/
aS; ! ;fdu|Lsf] ;xof]u eGbf ;"rgf, hfgsf/L, 1fg /
;d'bfon] ?=%,(!( art u/]sf 5g . k|sf]k k"jtof/L {
;Lk a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g
;'?sf] ;dodf xfdL kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/L;šu vf;} v';L lyPgf} . pgLx? ;ldltx?n] cfsl:ds sf] i fnfO{ a9fpg ljleGg
xfdLnfO{ tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL x'g lgdGq0ff ub{y] . cjwf/0ffx?nfO{ cg'z/0f u/]sf 5g . df]xgk'/ ;d'bfon]
hasL xfd|f] OR5f kl/of]hgfn] gbL lsgf/df tf/hfnLsf] 7f]Ss/ agfP/
;xof]u ul/of]; eGg] lyof] . t/ kl/of]hgfn] ;~rfng u/]sf x/]s tflnd
jiff{ofddf 8'ªuf ;~rfng u/]/ /sd ;ªsng ug]{ u/]sf] 5
tyf cled'vLs/0f uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL x'šbf xfdLn] :yfgLo:t/df pknAw . o:t}, lzj/Tfgk'/ ;d'bfon] klg kmfu', b]p;L–e}nf] sfo{qmdx?
1fg, ;|ft / ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 s;/L k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{
]
;lsG5 eg]/ j}slNks lqmofsnfkx?sf] af/]df a'‰g] df}sf kfof}+ . cem
;~rfng u/L ?= %^$ ;ªsng u/]sf] 5 . oBlk, o:tf
o:tf sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL x'g kfpšbf tflndaf6 k|fKt 1fg s;/L sfo{qmdx? k/Dk/fut ePklg kl/of]hgfsf nflu /sd
cfbfg–k|bfg ug],{ ljQLo kf/blz{tf s;/L sfod ug],{ ;|ftsf] afš8kmfš8
] ;ªsngdf pkof]uL x'g ;Sb5 . lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] /sd
s;/L ;dtfd"ns agfpg] / :yfgLo txdf agfOPsf gLlt lgodx?nfO{
s;/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ eGg] af/]df w]/} s'/f hfGg] df}sf kfof}+ . jf:tjdf h'6fpg g;{/Laf6 lj?jf laqmL ug{] of]hgf ;d]t agfPsf] 5 .
;fdu|Lsf] ;xof]u eGbf klg ;"rgf, hfgsf/L, 1fg, ;Lk a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'g]
/x]5 .
>L vf]h /fd rf}w/L, dgsfk'/
-pkfWoIf, d'Qm sd}of ;dfh, s}nfnL_
kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf oL ^ j6f ;d'bfox?af6 k|sf]ksf]
;dodf l5d]sL ;ªs6fled'v ;d'bfox?n] ;xof]u kfPsf
3_ ;d'bfo:t/df :jLs[t gLlt lgodsf] cg';/0f 5g . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hªunL xfQLx¿n] ufpšdf cfP/
k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] k|sf]k k"jtof/Lsf ultljlwx?
{ { cGgafnL / 3/x¿ gi6 u/]kl5 kLl8t aGg k'usf l5d]sL ]
;~rfng ug{ ljleGg gLlt lgodx? Nffu" u/]sf 5g . gbL j;Gtf ufpšnfO{ lzj/Tfgk'/ / dgsfk'/ ;d'bfon] cfkmgf]
lsgf/sf ;+/lIft If]q / j[If/f]k0f ul/Psf If]qdf rl/r/0f ug{ cfkTsfnLg sf]ifaf6 qmdzM &@ / &% s]hL wfg pkNfAw
glbg k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt / pk;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf]
{ u/fPsf lyP . o;/L oL ;d'bfox? cfk"m;šu cfsl:ds
lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] sf]if ePsf] sf/0f t'?Gt ;xof]u ug{ ;Ifd ePsf lyP
a}7sdf l9nf] cfpg] / ;fKtflxs ?kdf ul/g] ;/;kmfO{ . lj;gk'/ k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltn] sf]zL af9LkLl8tnfO{
{
cleofgdf ;xefuL c:jLsf/ ug]{ ;b:ox?nfO{ hl/jfgf b'O{ lSjG6n ux'š ;xof]u ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] t/ c;f]h
ug]{ ub{5 . vf]h tyf p4f/ pk;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] Aff9Lsf] dlxgfdf pgLx? cfk}m af9Laf6 kLl8t ePkl5 ;f] lg0f{onfO{
cg'udg tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fO/g ahfpg' kg]{ bfloTj :ylut ug{ afWo ePsf lyP . o:tf k|of;x?n] pgLx?df k|sf]k
/x]sf] x'G5 . To:t}, vl/b tyf n]vf ;ldltsf ;b:ox? hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;fd'lxs efjgfsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]Vg
;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] ub{5g . ;d'bfo:t/df ;lsG5 . To:t}, oL k|of;x?n] ufpšnx?aLr ;fdflhs P]Soa4tfsf]
]
:jLs[t d"No dfGotfsf] cg';/0faf6 ;d'bfox?nfO{ k|sf]k efjgf hfu[t x'g ;xof]u k'usf] 5 / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
]
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf d2t k'usf] 5 .
] kxnx?df ;fd"lxs efjgfnfO{ cem a9fpg d4t k'usf] 5 . ]
8=_ ;dGoflos 9ªuaf6 ;|ftsf] af“8kmf“8 u/L
] r_ ;d'bfo / uflj;:t/df k|sf]k k"jtof/L
{
cfsl:ds sf]if :yfkgf of]hgfx?sf] th'df
{
;dGoflos ;|ft ;+oGqn] cfkTfsflng cj:yfsf nflu gub
] x/]s k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltn] ;d'bfo:t/df k|sf]k k"jtof/L
{ {
tyf lhG;L ;ªsng ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;xh agfPsf] 5 . x/]s of]hgf th'df ubf{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, p4f/ tyf /fxtsf
{
k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] k|sf]k k"jtof/L / p4f/sf
{ { sfo{, ;fd'bflos g;{/L Joj:yfkg, gbL lsgf/sf] ;+/If0f,
ultljlwsf] ;~rfngsf nflu cfsl:ds sf]ifx?sf] :yfkgf ;'/lIft dfu{sf] lgdf{0f, gbL cg'udgsf] nflu e"ldsf
u/]sf 5g . o:tf] sf]ifaf6 k|sf]ksf] ;dodf tTsfn p4f/ tyf pQ/bfloTjx?sf] afš8kmfš8 / k"j;rgf ;fdu|Lx?sf]
{ "
tyf /fxtsf nflu :yfgLo ;|ftsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf]
] Joj:yfkg tyf dd{t h:tf ultljlwx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf
4
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

13. 5g . o:tf of]hgfx? :yfgLo:t/df g} th'df eO{ :yfgLo
{
;|ftsf] kl/rfng u/L sfof{Gjog ePsf] oxfšsf] ;d'bfosf]
]
nflu of] klxnf] k6s xf] . tL of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf
uflj; / lhNnf txaf6 yk ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ pgLx?n]
cfzf /fv]sf 5g .
kl/of]hgfn] x/]s uflj;df ufpš k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
;ldltx?sf] u7g u/L uflj;sf of]hgfx?df ;d'bfo:t/sf
k"j{tof/Lsf of]hgfx?nfO{ cfj4 ug]{ sfo{sf] ;xhLs/0f
u/]sf] 5 . ^ j6f kl/of]hgf ;d'bfox?sf] e|d0fkl5
uflj;sf ;fem]bf/x? o; lsl;dsf] ;dGjo u/fpg
pT;flxt ePsf 5g . lgZro g} eljiodf ;d'bfo txsf
k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfx? Ufflj;sf ljsf; of]hgfx?df
;dfj]z x'g5g . uflj;sf ;lrjx? Uffpš k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
]
;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf] ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g / uflj;:t/sf] uflj;:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] a}7s
k|sf]k k"jtof/L of]hgfx?sf] th{'df ubf{ ;d'bfo:t/sf
{ hf]lvd / ;ªs6fled'vtfsf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo
of]hgfx?nfO{ Plss[t ul/g] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . o; hgtfn] af9LnfO{ pgLx?sf] If]qdf k|dv vt/fsf] ?kdf
'
k| o f;n] ;fd' b flos k| s f] k k" j { t of/L of] h gfx?sf] klxrfg ug{ yfn]sf 5g . pgLx?sf] ;ªs6fled'vtf a[l4
sfof{Gjogdf uflj; txdf ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ 9f]sf ug]{ d'Vo sf/0f pgLx?df /x]sf] c1fgtf, ;fdflhs cg]stf,
v'nsf] 5 . x;'lnof uflj;n] lzj/tgk'/ k|sf]k k"jtof/L
] { xf]rf] e"efu, gbL lsgf/f glhs cJojl:yt a;fO, sdhf]/
;ldltnfO{ 8'ªuf lgdf{0fsf nflu ?= %,))) /sd pknAw
;fdflhs ;ªu7g / k|ofKt k"jtof/Lsf] sdL /x]sf] 5 .
{
u/fPsf] lyof] . lzj/tgk'/af6 pTk|l] /t eO{ cGo k|sf]k
k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] klg cfkmgf uflj;x?af6 /sd
{ aS; @ ;|f]tsf] vf]hL ug{ ca xfdLnfO{ 8/ 5}g
Nofpg] of]hgf agfPsf 5g . Pp6f ;fd'bflos k|sf]k ha lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] x;'lnof uflj;af6 8'¨f agfpg ;xof]u k|fKt
u¥of], xfdLn] klg jfof]–OlGhlgol/Ësf] sfo{ yk 7fp“df ;~rfng ug{sf
k"j{tof/L of]hgfx? Ufflj;sf] of]hgfdf cfj4 x'g'n] tL nflu uflj;;“u ;xof]u dfUg] t/v/df 5f}+ . o;af6 jf:tjdf uflj;sf]
of]hgfx? :jtM s}nfnL lhNnfsf] of]hgfdf klg cfj4 ;|ftdf xfd|f] clwsf/ x'G5 eGg] klg xfdLnfO{ yfxf eof] . ha ;fd'bflos
]
x'g]5g / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] ljifo lhNnfsf k|sf]k of]hgfx? Ufflj;:t/Lo of]hgfdf ;dflxt x'G5g, ta ;fd'bflos
k|sf]k of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ uflj;sf] ;|ft k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt
] ]
gLlt, of]hgf / sfof{Gjogx?df d"nk|jfxLs/0f x'g5 . ] /xg]5 . xfdLnfO{ ;|ftsf] vf]hL ug{ Tolt ufx|f] x'g] 5}g lsgsL uflj;:t/Lo
]
k|sf]k of]hgfsf] ;DaGw lhlj;;“u x'g5 .]
;+If]kdf, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?sf] ;jnLs/0fn] k|sf]k >L 5]b/fd rf}w/L, ;+of]hs, k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt, hf]vlxofk'/
' {
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;~rfng ug{, 1fg cfbfg–
k|bfgsf] ljsf; ug{, kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ultljlwx?df ljQLo o;/L ;ªs6fled'v / Ifdtf klxrfgsf cEof;x¿af6
kf/blz{tf sfod /fVg tyf ;d'bfo Pjd uflj; txdf k|sf]k vt/fnfO{ sd ug]{ lbzfdf k|efjsf/L kmfObf k'usf] 5 .
]
k"jtof/L of]hgfx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
{ kl/of]hgfsf ;d'bfox? af9L k|efljt If]qsf] klxrfg ug{ /
;Defljt af9Lsf] c;/nfO{ sd ug{ ;r]t ePsf 5g .
$=@ k|fyldstf @ M k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, Ifdtf clej[l4af6 ;d'bfodf af9Lsf] lx;fjn] sd, dWod /
d"Nofªsg / cg'udg ug]{ tyf k"j{;"rgf pRr vt/fo'Qm If]q klxrfg ug{ ;Dej ePsf] 5 .
k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
s= hf]lvdsf] klxrfg / kx'rsf nflu 1fg /
“ olb af9Lsf] kfgL dWod / pRr hf]lvd If]qdf k:of] eg]
;Lksf] ljsf; hLjg / dxTjk"0f{ wg;DklQ arfpgsf] nflu tof/Lx¿ z'?
kl/of]hgfn] x/]s ;d'bfodf ;ªs6fled'v / Ifdtf ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;g @))* ;]K6]Da/sf] af9Lsf] ;dodf
cEof;sf] dfWodaf6 ;d'bfosf] ef}lts, wf/0ffut / ;fdflhs :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿n] af9Lsf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{ l;s]sf
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
5

14. tflnsf # ljleGg If]qdf cfpg] af9Lsf] cg'dflgt ;do cg'udg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 / To;af/] s;/L ;"rgf ;Dk|if0f]
gbL :yfg cg'dflgt 306f ;'emfj lbOPsf] x'g] ub{5 eGg]af/]df :ki6 ePsf 5g . ltgLx?n] jiff{sf]
;do
Dff]xf]gf Dfnfv]tLb]lv lj;gk'/ ( * ;fdfGo / vt/fsf] txsf af/]df hfGg'sf ;fy} s;/L
Dfnfv]tLb]lv aG;f/ # @=%
eG;f/b]lv la;gk'/ ^ % ;d'bfonfO{ k"jtof/Lsf cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df
{
v'6Lof v'l6of d'8L aG;f/b]lv !) ( klg ;r]t ePsf 5g . -tflnsf $ x]gf];_{
la;gk'/
Uff}/L uªuf /fhdfu{bl] v nlntk'/ # @=%
s6}gL /fhdfu{bl] v dlgsfk'/ $=@ #=%
af9Lsf] vt/fsf] af/]df ;"rgf ;Dk|if0fsf] ;+oGq tof/ ePsf]
]
;|ft M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))*
]
5 . ;d'bfo:t/df c3l/of jf k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltn]
{
;Lk / 1fgx¿sf] clwstd k|of]u u/]sf lyP . :yfgLo ;d'bfo tf]ssf] s'g} JolQmn] af9Lsf] txaf/] cg'udg ug]{ ub{5 .
]
dflyNnf] hnfwf/ If]qdf cfPsf] af9L kl/of]hgf If]qdf cfO{ k'Ug k/Dk/fut k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf cEof;x? ljkl/t sfo{ ug'{
{ "
slt ;do nfU5 eGg] af/]df ;d]t hflgkmsf/ ePsf 5g . hn kl/of]hgfsf] k|fjwfg xf]Og . x/]s ;d'bfodf vt/f cg'udgsf
tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu lkmN8 clkm;;šusf] ;xsfo{df af9L cEof;x? km/s km/s x'g] ub{5g . h:t} M lzj/tgk'/
;DaGwL k"j;rgf tNnf]t6Lo ;d'bfosf] nflu pknAw u/fPsf]
{ " ;d'bfodf ljxfg ( ah] / a]nsf * ah] u/L lbgdf b'O{ k6s
'
5 . vt/fsf] ;Defjgf sd ug{sf nflu af9Lsf] ;"rgf af9Lsf] cg'udg ug{ Pp6f 6f]nL g} u7g ul/Psf] 5 eg]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] ;doeGbf cfwf 306f klxn] kl/of]hgf /x]sf] lj;gk'/ ;d'bfodf ljxfg % ah], lbp;f] ! ah] / /flt ( ah]
;d'bfodf Psaf6 csf]{ ub}{ km}nfOPsf] lyof] . oL ;"rgfx?n] u/L b}lgs # k6s k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf ;+of]hs cfkm}n] af9Lsf]
{ " +
;dodf g} ;Dk|if0f ePdf pgLx?nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg w]/}
] cg'udg ug]{ ub{5g . cg'udgstf{sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu Pp6f
;xof]uL x'g] ;d'bfon] ;f]rsf 5g .
] 5ftf, Knfli6ssf] h'Qf, 6r{nfO6 / jiff{bL pknAw u/fPsf]
5 . clzlIft JolQmn] klg a'‰g] u/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
v= vt/f cg'udg :yfgLo cEof;x? th'df ul/Psf 5g . x/]s ;d'bfon] gbL
{
kl/of]hgfn] vt/f cg'udgsf nflu hnfwf/ / ;d'bfo:t/Lo lsgf/df kx]nf] tyf /ftf] /ªu nufOPsf] sf7af6 lgld{t
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 . kfšrj6f dflyNnf]t6Lo vDafsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
If]qdf jiff{dfkg s]Gb| / ^ j6f dflyNnf]t6Lo tyf tLgj6f
tNnf]t6Lo hndfkg s]Gb|sf] k|of]u u/]kl5 af9Lsf] hf]lvdx?sf] kx]nf] lrGxdf kfgLsf] ;tx k'ukl5 k"jtof/L ug'kg]{ ;ªst
+ ] { { ]
cg'udg ug{ ;d'bfosf jfl;Gbfx? ;Ifd ePsf 5g . ub{5 eg] /ftf] lrGxdf k'ukl5 t'?Gt ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg'kg]tkm{
] {
kl/of]hgfn] tNnf]t6Lo ;d'bfox?nfO{ kfgLsf] ;txsf] af/]df ;r]t ub{5 . o:t}, k|lt 306f !!) b]lv !%) ldlnld6/ jiff{
306}lkR5] tYofªsx? pknAw u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt / k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf ;+of]hsx?n]]
{ { " aS; # ljutsf af9Laf6 xfd|f] ;d'bfodf sf]xL xtfxt
gePsf]df xfdLnfO{ uj{ 5
dflyNnf]t6Lo jiff{dfkg s]Gb|x?;šu ;"rgf lng / To;af/] k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;kmntd k|of; / ljleGg Ifdtfd"ns ultljlwx?sf] ;o+Qm
{ " '
;d'bfox?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg lhDd]jf/ ePsf 5g . rf/j6f k|of;af6 kl/of]hgf If]qsf ;d'bfox?df ljut af9Lsf] ;dodf sf]xL klg xtfxt
ePgg . hasL kl/of]hgfsf] l5d]sL ufpšx?df @$ hgfsf] af9Lsf] sf/0faf6
jiff{dfkg s]Gb| / rf/j6f hndfkg s]Gb|x?sf] cjnf]sg Hofg uof] . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] :yfgLo jfl;Gbf k"0f{?kdf tof/Lsf ;fy
e|d0fkl5 k|sf]k k"jtof/L tyf k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf pk;ldltsf
{ { " /xg ;s]sf] v08df af9Lsf] hf]lvdnfO{ w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
>L 5]b'/fd rf}w/L, lzIfs x;'lnof
;b:ox? Kflg s;/L jiff{kl5 kfgLsf] ;tx a95, To;sf]
tflnsf $ vt/fdf /x]sf] kfgLsf] ;tx
gbL :yfg ;/b/ af9Lsf] tx af9Lsf] r]tfjgL tx -klxnf] r/0f_ af9Lsf] r]tfjgL tx-bf]>f]r/0f_
tof/L cj:yf hfg z'? hfg]
Dff]xf]gf Dffnfv]tL @=) ld @=% ld #=$ ld
v'6Lof d'8L aG;f/ @=! ld #=^ ld $=* ld
lzj uªuf /fhdfu{sf] k'n !=% ld !=* ld @=% ld
u'?xf /fhdfu{sf] k'n !=@ ld !=% ld @ ld
s6}gL /fhdfu{sf] k'n !=* ld @=@ ld @=* ld
>f]t M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))*
6
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

15. af9Ldfks sf7]vDaf
af9Lsf] hf]lvdsf] cj:yfdf ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg ;lsG5
. oBlk, ;'/lIft jf;:yfgsf] b'/L, ;d'bfosf] cfsf/sf cfwf/df
pgLx?nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg] ;do eg] km/s x'g ;S5
. h]xf];, ^ j6} ;d'bfox? pgLx?sf ;a} ;b:ox?nfO{
To:tf vt/fsf] cj:yfdf klg ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg ;Ifd
ePsf 5g .
aS; % nfO{km Hofs]6 b'Mvsf] a]nfsf] ;fyL ;fljt ePsf] 5 .
cfkTsfnLg afs; pknAw u/fpg]h:tf] kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{nfO{ xfdLn]
ePdf dflg;nfO{ klxnf] ;r]t u/fpš5 eg] !%! b]lv @)) ;x|fxgf u/]sf 5f}+ . To;df klg nfO{km Hofs]6 b'Mvsf] a]nfsf] ;fyL
ldlnld6/;Dd k/]df bf];f| ] / @)) ldlnld6/ eGbf a9L jiff{ ;fljt ePsf] 5 . ut jif{sf] jiff{tsf] /ftsf] ;do ePsf]n] 3'/fxf
ePdf t];f| ] k6s ;r]t u/fOG5 . o:tf] ;r]ttf :yfgLo gbLdf 8'ªuf rnfpg ;Dej lyPg . >LdtLsf] clGtd ;+:sf/ ug]{
;do;Dd pgL 3/ k'Ug ;kmn eP . ha pgL;+u xfd|f] e]6 x'G5, Tof]
PkmPd /]l8of]dfkm{t u/fOG5 . lbg Hofs]6n] k'¥ofPsf] d2tnfO{ pgL ;+Demgf u5{g . jf:tjdf nfO{km
Hofs]6n] af9Lsf] avtdf w]/} JolQmsf] Hofg arfpg'sf] ;fy} o:tf]
k|sf]ksf] ;dodf k|x/LnfO{ p4f/ ug{ ;d]t ;xof]uL ag]sf] 5 .
u_ k"j;rgf ;Dk|if0f
{ " ] >LdtL /fhs'df/L rf}w/L nlntk'/, km'njf/L
lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šusf] ;dGjodf kl/of]hgfn]
tflnd tyf ;fdfu|L Pjd :yfgLo 1fgdf cfwfl/t k"j;rgf{ "
k|0ffnLx?sf cEof;x?dfkm{t ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df ;"rgf ;Dk|if0fdf :yfgLo PkmPd /]l8of]x? lgs} k|efjsf/L
]
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . k"j;rgfsf ;Gb]zx? ;Dk|if0fnfO{ ;xh
{ " ] /x]sf 5g . kl/of]hgfn] cfkTsfnLg ;dfrf/x? tyf df};d
agfpgsfnflu kl/of]hgfaf6 rf/j6f tNnf]t6Lo / kfšrj6f ;DaGwL a'nl] 6gx? :yfgLo ;d'bfox?df k|efjsf/L 9ªuaf6
dflyNnf] t6Lo jiff{ tyf kfgLsf] ;tx dfkg s]Gb|df gf} j6f ;Dk|if0f ug]{ sfo{df :yfgLo PkmPdnfO{ kl/rfng u/]sf] 5 .
]
;L8LPdP kmf]g / x/]s ;d'bfodf Ps÷Psj6f xftn] ;~rfng la=; @)^% c;f]hdf cfPsf] af9Lsf] ;dodf klg kl/of]hgf
ug{ ;lsg] ;fO/g klg pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . la=; @)^% ;~rflnt ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] ;d'bfosf] cj:yfsf af/]df
c;f]hdf cfPsf] af9Lsf af/]df k"j;rgf ;Dk|if0f ug{ oL b'O{
{ " ] PkmPd, /]l8of]x?dfkm{t ;DjlGwt cflwsfl/s lgsfox?df
k|ljlw lgs} k|efjsf/L ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, af9Lsf] k|sf]k k'¥ofpg / tTsfn /fxt ;xof]usf sfo{x? ug{ bjfa lbPsf]
cfPsf] cj:yfdf To;af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg ;d'bfonfO{ lyof] . k"j;rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog
{ "
cfjZos 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ / ;~rf/ dfWodx?sf af/]df klg ug{sf nflu :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWodx?;šu ;xsfo{ ug'{
hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] . k|efjsf/L pkfo x'g;Sb5 . lhNnf:t/Lo lgsfox?;šusf]
;+oQm k|of;df hnfwf/ txdf k"j;rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{
' { "
o:tf ;fdfGo ;+oGqx?n] klg a'9fa'9L, uef{j:yfsf dlxnf,
' ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . lhNnfsf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
:tgkfg u/fpg' kg]{ cfdfx?, jfnjflnsf, ufO{j:t'nfO{ k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/L lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nosf] ;+of]hsTjdf
k"j;rgf l8hfOg ;ldltsf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;ldltn]
{ "
aS; $ k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLaf/] ;fgf 1fgsf k|j4{gfTds 1fg hnfwf/ txsf] k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;jnLs/0fdf cfjZos
{ "
cjnf]sg e|d0fdf uPsf] a]nf kfgLsf] ;tx / af9L cg'udg s]Gb| tyf hn tyf >f]tx? k|bfg ug'sf ;fy} tNnf]t6Lo ;d'bfox?sf] ;jnLs/0f
{
df};d ljefusf k|fljlws Pjd :yfgLo sd{rf/Lx?;šu cGt{lqmof ug'cl3;Dd {
/]l8of] / 6]lnlehgaf6 k|zfl/t k|ltj]bgx?af6 dfq xfdLn] df};dsf] af/]df a'em]sf ug{ klg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 .
lyPgf}+ . tL k|ltj]bgx? xfd|f nflu pkof]uL 5}gg lsgsL xfdLn] o;sf k|fljlws
zAbx?sf] cy{ a'embgf}+ . /ftf] / kx]nf] vfnsf sf7af6 lgld{t kf]i6x?sf] :yfkgf
} +
ePsf b]Vbf xfdL cfZro{rlst ePsf 5f}+ . h'g rfxL++ k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] nflu
{ "
kl/of]hgfn] ^ j6} ;d'bfox?nfO{ cfkTsfnLg tyf k|fylds
;"rgf ;ªsng ug{ pkof]uL /x]5g . cWoog e|d0faf6 af9Lsf] ;txaf/] a'emg pkrf/ ;fdfu|Lx? klg pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . tL ;fdfu|Lx?
tyf dflyNnf] efudf cfPsf] 7"nf] af9L xfd|f] ;d'bfo;šu k'Ug nfUg] cg'dflgt
;dosf] af/]df klg xfdLnfO{ 1fg eof] . k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] nflu o:tf ;"rgfx?
{ "
Vff]h tyf p4f/ sfo{df ;lhn} n}hfg ;lsG5 . cfkTsflng
;fx|} pkof]uL x'G5g . jf:tjdf ;–;fgf kxnx? Kflg k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] nflu ;fx|}
{ " ;dodf k|of]usf nflu nfOkm Hofs]6x?, ;'/lIft emf]nf,
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g .
Sof/fljgf, 6oa, 8f]/L, x]Nd]6, xftn] rnfpg ;lsg] ;fO/g
"
>LdtL ufGwjLb]jL rf}w/L, ;+of]hs, k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL pk;ldlt, dgsfk'/
/ :6«r/h:tf ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . ut jif{sf]
]
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
7

16. vf]h tyf p4f/sf] jvt nfOkm Hofs]6sf] k|of]u
af9L ;DaGwL ljljw hfgsf/Lx?, af9Lsf] hf]lvd / To;af6
;'/lIft x'g ckgfpg' kg]{ /0fgLltsf af/]df ;d]t ;"rgfx?
;Dk|if0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg / 1fg clej[l4sf
]
nflu kl/of]hgfn] ljleGg hfgsf/Lx? Pjd ;"rgf, lzIff /
;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . To:t}, lel8of]
k|bz{gL, cjnf]sg e|d0fsf] cfof]hgf, ;8s gf6sx? k|bz{gL
/ k"j;rgf k|0ffnL ;DaGwL k"jf{Eof;df ;xhLs/0f ;d]t
{ "
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
s_ r]tgf clej[l4sf] nflu ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/
;fdu|Lx?sf] cxd e"ldsf x'G5 .
;"rgf Pjd 1fgsf] cfbfg–k|bfgsf nflu ;"rgf, lzIff /
;~rf/ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] dxÎjk"0f e"ldsf x'G5 . kl/of]hgfn]
{
rf/ k|sf/sf kf]i6/x?, b'O{ k|sf/sf rf6{x? k|sfzg /
ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . o:tf ;fdu|Lx?sf] l8hfOg ug'cl3 ;d'bfosf
{
cu'jfx?, kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/L, s]o/ g]kfn / ltgsf :yfgLo
;fem]bf/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf nufot lhNnfsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?
dfem uf]i7Lsf] klg cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm uf]i7Ldf
jiff{ofddf o:tf ;fdfu|Lx? lgs} pkof]uL ePsf lyP . lj=; ;xefuLx?n] :yfgLo Hffltsf] /xg;xg / ;+:s[ltnfO{ Wofgdf
@)^% c;f]hdf cfPsf] af9Lsf] ;dodf df]xgk'/sf /fvL ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx?df /flvg'kg]{ lrq tyf
afl;Gbfx?n] oL ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u u/]/ cfˆgf] hLjg arfpg ;Gb]zsf] af/]df 5nkmn Pjd lrqx? lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP .
;s]sf lyP . lzj/tgk'/df Pshgf JolQm nfOkm Hofs]6sf] ;f]xL uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx?4f/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf lrqx?nfO{
;xfotfn] 8'Agaf6 aRg ;kmn ePsf lyP . af9Lsf] ;dodf ;xL ?kdf ptf/ ug{sf] nflu Ps :yfgLo Ps snfsf/nfO{
k|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] klg lgs} k|of]u x'g] ub{5 . ;d]t lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L o:tf ;fdu|Lx? tof/
k|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf dlxnf ug{eGbf cufl8 ;d'bfosf] k[i7kf]if0f klg lnOPsf] lyof] / k|sf]k
'
:jf:Yo :jod;l] jsfnfO{ lbOPsf] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ :yfgLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / /f]syfdsf af/]df k9g / a'‰g ;lsg] tyf
jfl;GbfnfO{ ;]jf lbg ;lhnf] x'g hfG5 . dflg;x?nfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ pTk]/0ff lbg] /
|
pT;flxt ug]{ vfnsf ;fdu|Lx? tof/ ul/Psf]] lyof] .
;ªIf]kdf, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Pjd k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd ;fdgf
af9Lsf] k"j{tof/L ;DaGwL ;~rf/ ;fdfu|L
ug]af/] 1fgsf] ljsf; / pko'Qm lbuf] /0fgLlt cjnDjg ugf{n]
{
k|sf]k hf]lvdsf] klxrfg Pj+ k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ug{ lgs} ;lhnf]
ePsf] 5 . ljz]if hf]lvd / vt/faf/] ljBdfg :yfgLo 1fgsf
cfwf/df k"j;rgf k|0ffnLx? :yfkgf u/L ;"rgfx? ;fwf/0f
{ "
tyf a'‰g ;lsg] efiffdf ;Dk|if0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
]
$=# k|fyldstf # M 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf]
pkof]u u/]/ ;a} txdf ;'/IffTds ;+:s[lt /
k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
;"rgfsf] Joj:yfkg Pjd cfbfg–k|bfg M kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf
;d'bfo / To;sf l5d]sL ;d'bfox?df ;d]t kl/of]hgfn]
8
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

17. kl/of]hgfn] ;"rgfsf] k|jfx gofš / rfvnfUbf] 9ªuaf6 ug]{ s]hLsf b/n] ;ªsng u/L_ af6 cGg j[l4 ug{ yfn]sf 5g .
cjwf/0f agfPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ;xhstf{x?n] x/]s ;"rgf, ;fš:s[lts / wfld{s kj{x? h:t} df3df kg]{ kmfu' / sflt{sdf
z}lIfs / ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ k|f9 l;sfO{ ljlw cg';f/ 3/3/df
} kg]{ b]p;L e}nf]af6 gub tyf cGgjfnL ;ªsng ug]{ k/Dk/fdf
uO{ ;Dk|i] f0f u/]sf lyP . ;xhstf{x?n] o;af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L j[l4 x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
u/fPsf lyP . o;/L cGt{lqmofTds 9ªuaf6 tL ;fdu|Lx?sf]
d'Vo ;Gb]zsf af/]df lbOPsf] hfgsf/Ln] ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] u_ ;8s gf6s M r]tgf clej[l4sf] nflu Ps
k|sf]k ;DaGwL a'emfO{ cem j[l4 ePsf] 5 . k|efjsf/L dfWod M
;8s gf6s clzlIft ju{nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf ;';l" rt
v_ cGt/–cjnf]sg e|d0f M :yfgLo hgtfsf] u/fpg Ps k|efjsf/L / dxTjk"0f{ dfWod xf] . ;8s gf6s,
l;sfO{ k|of]uzfnf k|sf]k k"jtof/L / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?sf
{
cGo ;d'bfon] u/]sf /fd|f cEof; / cg'ejx? l;Sg / af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;zQm dfWod ePsf] :yfgLo
cg';/0f ug{ cGt/ ;d'bfo cjnf]sg e|d0f lgs} k|efjsf/L hg;d'bfox? atfpš5g . :yfgLo k|lzlIft o"jf ufpšnx?af6}
]
dfWod xf] . o; kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cGo :yfgLo efiffdf k|bz{g ul/g] ePsf]n] ;8s gf6s hLjGt
b'Oj6f ;d'bfosf] e|d0f u/fO{ cGo ;d'bfon] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
{ x'gsf] ;fy} To;sf] ;Gb]z ;lhn};šu u|x0f ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf]
'
nflu u/]sf /fd|f cEof; / l;sfOnfO{ cg';/0f ug{ hf]8 x'G5 . ;8s gf6s 6f]nLn] :yfgLo lbg]z PkmPdaf6 klg
lbOPsf] 5 . o:tf e|d0fx?nfO{ dflg;x?n] l;sfO{ k|of]uzfnfsf] k|sf]k;šu ;DalGwt ;Gb]zx? ;Dk|if0f u/]sf 5g . hf]vlxofk'/
]
?kdf lnPsf 5g lsgeg] b]vsf] s'/f ljZjf; ug{ / cfTd;ft
] ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf cg';f/ ;8s
{
ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . /tgk'/ uflj;sf] kl/of]hgf eGbf aflx/sf] gf6sx?af6 l;s]sf] 1fgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ @)^% ;fn c;f]h
;d'bfo df]xgk'/n] ka]/f uflj;sf] lj;gk'/df ul/Psf] afš;sf] dlxgfdf cfPsf] af9Laf6 hf]vlxofk'/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x?
k|of]u4f/f gbL lgoGq0f sfo{sf] cg';/0f u/]/ cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg ;Ifd ePsf lyP . xfn;Dd
ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf] sfdsf] nflu vfBfGg sfo{qmddfkm{t kl/of]hgfaf6 @$ hgf :yfgLo o'jfx? ;8s gf6s k|:t'tLs/0f
afš;af6 ;+/If0f sfo{sf] yfngL ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ug{ k|lzlIft ePsf 5g . ;fy}, sl/a !^ xhf/ dflg;x?n]
lj;gk'/df ePsf] cjnf]sg e|d0fsf] l;sfOaf6 km'njf/L ljBfno / ;d'bfox?df k|:t't ul/Psf] ;8s gf6sx?
uflj;sf] nlntk'/ ;d'bfon]] jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{sf] cjnf]sg ul/;s]sf 5g .
;+/If0fsf nflu sf7sf :k/x? lgdf{0f ug{ pT;flxt ePsf
;8sgf6s cjnf]sgsf] b[Zo
5g . o:tf jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{af6 pT;flxt eO{ kl/of]hgf
If]q jflx/ /x]sf] km'njf/L–& lzjtfnn] !)) ld6/sf] jfof]–
OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L s[i0fgu/ / let]l/of
;d'bfox?n] klg cfkmgf]] ;d'bfodf jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{
sfof{Gjog ug{ lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{no;šu /sd pknAw
u/fpg cg'/f]w u/]sf 5g . lzj/tgk'/sf] pbfx/0faf6 pT;flxt
eO{ cGo ;d'bfox?n] klg cfsl:ds sf]if -k|lt s¶f Ps
aS; ^ :yfgLo ;|ft kl/rfng ug{ ;8s gf6s ;xof]uL ePsf] 5
]
dnfO{ ;fšRr} ;8s gf6s dg k¥of] . gf6sdf p7fPsf ljifoj:t'n]
d]/f] d'6' 5f]of] . d]/f cfšvf Tolta]nf cfš;n] el/P, hlta]nf gf6ssf]
'
Pp6f kfqsf] u}/lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ Jojxf/n] p;sf] / p;sf] kl/jf/ s;/L 3_ lel8of] j[QlrqM c¿sf] cg'ejaf6 l;sfO{
;ªs6u|:t cj:yfdf k'Uof] eg]/ b]vfOPsf] lyof] . c?sf] cfšvf klg
cfš;n] el/Psf lyP . gf6s x]/kl5 jf:tjdf jfXo ;|ftsf] vf]hLdf
' ] ] lel8of] j[Qlrqx?n] bz{sx?nfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
dfq e/ gk/]/ :yfgLo:t/af6} klg ;|ftsf] vf]hL u/L k|sf]k hf]lvd
] ug{sf nflu clek|l] /t ub{5 . kl/of]hgf cGt{utsf x/]s
Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf lbg ;lsG5 eGg] l;sfO{ eof] . xfdLn] ;'gsf 5f},+
] k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] cfsl:ds sf]ifsf] /sdaf6
{
kl/of]hgf xfdL;šu ;w}el/ sfd ub}g . {
>LdtL ljlgtf rf}w/L, sf]iffWoIf, k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt, x;'l} nof–$, df]xgk'/
" {
cfkmgf] ;d'bfodf lel8of] j[Qlrq k|bzgL ug]{ u/]sf 5g .
{
o:tf j[Qlrqx?df k|sf]kaf6 pRr hf]lvdsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
9

18. ;d'bfosf dflg;n] cjnDag u/]sf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf lzIff / tflnddfkm{t ;Lk / 1fgdf clej[l4 M
kxnx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] x'G5 . ;8s gf6sn] kl/of]hgfn] vf;u/L ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?, ljBfnosf lzIfs
h:t} lel8of]n] klg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf ljljw ultljlwx?nfO{ tyf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|sf]k k"jtof/L tyf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
{
/fd|f;u ;';l" rt ug]{ x'gfn] o;n] clzlIft ;d'bfoaLr hfu/0f
] š ;DaGwL 1fgx? k|jfx ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 . o;n] ;fd'bfodf
Nofpg ;kmn b]lvPsf] 5 . cfwfl/t tflndx?dfkm{t :yfgLo Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ;d'bfosf]
k|sf]k;šu ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ d4t u/]sf] 5
ª_ k"j;rgf k|0ffnL k"jf{Eof;M cfTdljZjf;df
{ " -tflnsf % x]gf];_ kl/of]hgf4f/f ;~rflnt ul/Psf s]xL
{
clej[l4 tflndsf] pknlAwx? tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
k"j;rgf k|0ffnL / ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf k"jf{Eof;x?n]
{ "
;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f x'g] / k"j;rgf { " c_ ;d'bflos kl/rfng tflnd M o; lsl;dsf] tflndn]
k|0ffnL ;DaGwL 1fg / ;LknfO{ cem j[l4 ug'sf ;fy} { af9Lsf] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;fdflhs Pstf / P]Soa4tfsf]
:yfgLo of]hgf / cEof;x?df cfjZos kl/dfh{g ug{ vFfrf] cf}Nofpšb5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, k|sf]k k"jtof/L{
;xof]u k'¥ofpš5 . ;d'bfon] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;fd'bflos ;ldltx? / ltgsf pk;ldltx?sf] u7g ePsf 5g .
:yfgfGt/0f Pjd cfkTfsfnLg of]hgfsf r/0f cg';f/ / tflndsf ;xefuLx?n] cfkm"n] hfg]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ cf–
kl/of]hgfcGtu{t pknAw u/fOPsf ;/;fdfgsf] k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf o:t} vfnsf tflndx? cfof]hgf u/L
kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ;d'bfon] o:tf cEof;x? ug]{ ub{5g . l;sfpg] ub{5g . o;af6 ;xefuLx?df Pstf g} zlQm xf]
o:tf] k"jf{Eof;sf] klxnf] r/0fdf dflyNnf]t6Lo cg'udg eGg] cg'el" t x'gsf] ;fy} ;fdflhs P]Soa4tf / ;f}xfb|tfnfO{
' {
s]Gb|af6 af9Lsf] vt/fsf] ;Gb]z k7fpg] ul/G5 . To; a9fPsf] 5 . o;sf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f nlntk'/df b]Vg
kZrftsf r/0fx?df ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, vf]h tyf p4f/, ;lsG5, hxfš ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] af/]df yf? / blnt
k|fylds pkrf/, j;f]jf; Joj:yfkg, /fxt ;fdu|L ljt/0f ;d'bfoaLr Ps bzsb]lv /x]sf] ljjfb clxn] ;dfwfg ePsf]
tyf k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf k"jf{Eof;x? kb{5g . ;d'bfodf 5 . o:tf tflndx?af6 pT;flxt eO{ kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf
k"jf{Eof; ul/;s]kZrft dgsfk'/ / lj;gk'/ ;d'bfosf k|sf]k ;d'bfox?n] cfˆgf] l5d]sL ;d'bfox?nfO{ klg tflnd, ;8s
k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] pgLx?sf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f of]hgfnfO{
{ gf6s, ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/;DaGwL 3/b}nf] cleofgdf
kl/dfh{g u/L To;nfO{ oyfy{k/s agfPsf 5g . k"j;rgf { " ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g . o;}u/L, lzj/tgk'/ / hf]vlxofk'/
k|0ffnL ;DaGwL k"jf{Eof;n] ubf{ lj=;+= @)^% c;f]hdf cfPsf] k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] vf]gk'/ / letl/of ;d'bfonfO{
{
af9Ldf vf]h tyf p4f/ sfo{df lgs} ;xh ePsf] lyof] . af9Lsf] hf]lvd lj?4 n8g ;fd'lxs ?kdf cufl8 a9g
Tolta]nf ;'/lIft /xg lgs} cfTdljZjf; a9]sf] s'/f nlntk'/ ;d]t cfu|x u/]sf lyP . ;d'bfo kl/rfng tflndaf6 g}
/ df]xgk'/ ;d'bfosf jfl;Gbfx? atfpš5g . cfkTfsfnLg sf]ifsf] ;ªsngsf] dxTjsf] af/]df ;xefuLx?
kl/lrt ePsf lyP .
cf_ vf]h tyf p4f/ tflnd M o:tf tflndx? cK7of/f]
vfnsf] ePklg af9Lsf] ;dodf :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf nflu
pkof]uL x'g] ub{5 . nlntk'/df ePsf] tflndsf ;xefuLx?n]
y|f] Jofu -8f]/L emf]nf_ / nfOkm Hofs]6sf] k|of]u u/]/ 8'ªufaf6
s;/L Pp6f JolQmsf] p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df l;s]sf
lyP . lzj/tgk'/ / hf]vlxofk'/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n]] 6oa "
/ sf7sf] kmNofsaf6 c:yfoL 8'ªuf agfO{ vfBfGg, afnaflnsf,
ue{jtL tyf dlxnf / j[4j[4fnfO{ s;/L p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5
eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L xšfl;n u/]sf lyP . o:tf tflndx?n]
af9Lsf] ;dodf pgLx?sf] hLjg arfpg / dxTjk"0f{
;fdu|Lx?sf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;xof]u k'usf] ;d'bfox?n] cg'ej
]
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL;DaGwL k"j{cEof; u/]sf 5g .
10
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

19. O_ k|fylds pkrf/ ;DaGwL tflnd M o; lsl;dsf tflndx?af6 ckgfO{ e"–Ifo x'g glbg l56f] a9g] vfnsf lj?jfx?
l;s]sf] 1fgn] :yfgLojf;Lx? ;fdfGo vfnsf rf]6k6ssf] nufpg k|fT;flxt ul/Psf] lyof] . u'ndf]x/, vo/, a};,
]
pkrf/ ug{ ;Ifd ePsf lyP . nlntk'/sf ;xefuLx?n] clDn;f], afš;, asfOgf], g]lko/, d'h, g/s6, a8x/ /
$)÷%) j6f ;fwf/0f 3fOt]x?nfO{ :yfgLo:t/d} pkrf/ u/]sf] OlknOlknh:tf lj?jfx? g;{/Ldf pTkfbg u/L gbL lsgf/df
/ 7"nf rf]6k6s nfu]sfx?nfO{ yk pkrf/sf nflu lhNnf /f]Kg] sfd ePsf] 5 . nlntk'/,df]xgk'/ / la;gk'/n] ;d'bfonfO{
c:ktfndf k7fOPsf] atfpšb5g . lzj/tgk'/, la;gk'/ / cfjZos lj?jfx? cfkm} pTkfbg u/]sf 5g eg] cGo tLg
dgsfk'/sf dflg;x?n] :yfgLo pk:jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 k|fylds ;d'bfox?n] s]xL lj?jfx? aflx/af6 ;d]t Nofpg' k/]sf]
pkrf/ afs;df hu]8f /fVgsf nflu cfjZos k|fylds lyof] . dlgsfk'/n] ;'/lIft dfu{df klg ljleGg hftsf
pkrf/sf ;fdu|Lx? k|fKt ug{ ;d]t ;Ifd ePsf 5g . lj?jf /f]ksf 5g .
]
O{_ k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg tflnd M kl/of]hgfsf :yfgLo dfly pNn]v ul/Psf tflnd afx]s n]vf Joj:yfkg / Uoflag
sd{rf/Lx?n] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg tf/sf] hfnL a'Gg] tflnd klg kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfox?df
;DaGwL tflnd lnPkl5 :yfgLo:t/df klg k|sf]k hf]lvd k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 ljQLo sf/f]af/ b'?:t ug{ tyf
Joj:yfkg tflndx?sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . oL tflndx?n] hfnL a'Gg] ;Lk l;sfpg nfebfos ePsf] 5 . o:tf tflndx?n]
;d'bfosf] cfGtl/s ;|ft kl/rfng ;DaGwL wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g
] :yfgLo txdf sfdsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u ldn]sf]
Nofpg pkof]uLl;4 ePsf 5g . :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx? clxn] 5.
k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu jfxo ;xof]usf] k|ltIffdf
b]lvb}gg . pgLx?sf] 1fg, wf/0ff / cEof;df kl/jt{g cfPsf] x/]s tflnd tyf z}lIfs cj;/x?df dlxnf / ;ªs6fled'v
5 . o;afx]s k|sf]k eujfg l/;fP/ cfpš5 eGg] s'/fdf ;d'bfonfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . -x]gf]; tflnsf
{
ljZjf; ug]x? klg clxn] af9L k|fs[lts / dfgjLo ultljlwaf6
{ %_ kl/of]hgfn] tflnd / cled'vLs/0fdf dlxnfx?nfO{ ljz]if
cfpg] ub{5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L a'‰g yfn]sf 5g . dflg;x? ;xefuL u/fpg] /0fgLlt cjnDjg u/]sf] lyof] -vf]h tyf
cem}klg k|fs[lts ljklQ, /f]uJofwL / e"tk|t x6fpg 8f]/jGbL,
] p4f/ tflnddf afx]s_ / o;/L k|bfg ul/Psf tlndx?n]
x]//L / nfjfªuLh:tf k/Dk/fut sfo{x? ug]{ ub{5g . oBlk,
] w]/} JolQmx? nfeflGjt x'g k'usf 5g . x/]s tflnddf k|sf]k
]
ca pgLx?nfO{ :yfgLo ;|ftsf] pkof]u tyf ;fd'bflos 1fgdf
] k"jtof/L ;ldlt jf pk;ldltaf6 Pshgf clgjfo{ ?kdf
{
cfwfl/t /f]syfdsf lqmofsnfkx?af6 af9Lsf] hf]lvd 36fpg ;xefuL u/fpg] /0fgLlt agfOPsf] 5 . kl/of]hgfn] lgdf{0f
;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ePsf] 5 . u/]sf ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/sf ;fdfu|Lx?df n}l¨s /
;fš:s[lts ;Dj]bgzLntfnfO{ klg hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;8s
p_ g;{/L Joj:yfkg tflnd M kl/of]hgfn] k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ gf6sdf :yfgLo k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbOPsf]
g;{/L Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL ;Lk k|bfg ul/ ;d'bfodf g;{/L 5 . o;sf ;fy}, PkmPd /]l8of]sf] k|;f/0fdf klg :yfgLo
:yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] ;fYf} jfof]–OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlw efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk tyf cg'ejnfO{
tflnsf % ljleGg tflndx?df ;xefuLx?sf] ;ªVof
Ufflj; ;d'bfo tflnd
! @ # $ % ^ &
k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d
km"njf/L nlntk'/ !* !$ !& !( $ ) ! ! ! ) !@ @# ( &
x;'lnof df]xgk'/ !$ !% !% !^ $ ) ! ! ! ) !( !) !) *
lzj/tgk'/ @@ !$ !( !^ $ ) ! ! ! ) @$ !# ( *
kj]/f lj;dk'/ !( !# !& !% $ ) ! ! ! ) @! * * &
dgsfk'/ !% !* !! @! $ ) ! ! ! ) !* !$ ( ^
/tgk'/ Hf]vlxofk'/ @@ !@ !^ !& $ ) ! ! ! ) !% @# * *
s"n !!) *^ (% !)$ @$ ) ^ ^ % ) !)( (! %# $$
>f]t M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))&÷)*
!= k|fylds pkrf/, @= k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg, #= vf]h tyf p2f/, $= g;{/L Joj:yfkg, %= tf/hfnL ^=;d'bfo kl/rfng,
&= n]vf Joj:yfkg
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
11

20. kf]lnAofu eg]{ sfo{df hg;xeflutf
;xefuL ePsf lyP . o;/L ljleGg tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0fdf
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpgsf] p2]Zo ljBfyL{x?n] k|sf]k
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL 1fg ;xh ?kdf km}nfpg ;s"g
eGg] /x]sf] 5 . k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL
cled'vLs/0fkZrft lbk]Gb| pRr dfljsf ljBfyL{x?n] ;k{sf]
6f]sfO{sf] hf]lvdaf6 aRg ;/;kmfO{ cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf
lyP . o:tf tflndx? ljBfyL{ / pgLx?sf cleefjsx?aLr
k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/s0fsf nflu clek|l] /t ug]{ cf}hf/sf]
?kdf sfd u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cfÎgf]
;xkf7L tyf kl/jf/hg vf;u/L cfdfx?df k|sf]k hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL yk 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]
u/]sf] 5 .
cfb/ ;Ddfg ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] ubf{ kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ultljlwx?df
aS; & ljBfyL{x? k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u
;d'bfosf] :jfldTj a9]sf] kfOG5 . h;n] ubf{ ;d'bfosf ub{5g eGg] xfdLn] cg'ej u¥of}+ .
;b:ox?df ckgTj, ;xeflutf / :jod ;]jf ug]{ efjgfsf] kl/of]hgfn] xfdL ljBfyL{n] klg k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
ljsf; ePsf] 5 . v]Ng ;S5f} eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 eGg] xfdLn] slxNo} ;f]rsf lyPgf}+ .
]
jf:tjdf xfdLn] kl/of]hgfn] ;~rfng u/]sf ljleGg tflnd, cled'vLs/0f
tyf ;fgf lzIf0f ;qx?af6 y'k}| 1fg, ;Lk, cg'ej xfšl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf
ljBfnosf ultljlwx¿Dffkm{t Jojxf/df kl/jt{g 5f}+ . o;n] xfdLnfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . xfd|f]
1fg clej[l4sf nflu ;+/If0f lzIff, g;{/L Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL hfgsf/L,
ljBfyL{ / lzIfs kl/jt{gsf ;Djfxs x'g eGg] kl/k|Ifdf ] lrqsnf, lgjGw, js[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf h:tf sfo{qmd lgs} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf
5g . xfd|f] ljBfnodf k|sf]kaf6 x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd sd ug{ xfdLn] k|sf]k
Kfl/of]hgfn] k|sf]k k"jtof/L tyf k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf
{ k"jtof/L of]hgf agfPsf 5f} . h'lgP/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] ;lqmotfaf6 :s"n
{ "
ljljw ultljlwx? ;~rfng ug{ * j6f ljBfnox? Rfog jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg w]/} d4t k'usf] 5 .
]
>L k|zfGt 7fs'/, cWoIf, h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n, lbk]Gb| pRr dflj x;'lnof
u/]sf] 5 . :s"ndf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx?sf] nIo ljBfnosf
lzIfs / ljBfyL{nfO{ :yfgLo ;|ft JolQmsf] ?kdf ljsl;t
]
ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ ljBfyL{ Pjd lzIfsx?n] k|sf]k hf]lvd v_ ljBfnosf] lzIfsx?sf nflu k|sf]k hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL ;Gb]zx? k|zf/0fnfO{ cfˆgf] ljBfno;Dd Joj:yfkg tflnd
dfq l;ldt g/fvL cGo a[xt If]qdf ;d]t lj:tf/ ug{ :yfgLo ;|ft JolQmsf] ?kdf kl/rflnt x'g ;s"g eGgsf] nflu
]
;Sg]5g . kl/of]hgfn] lzIfsx?nfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DalGw
tflnd k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L tflnd k|fKt lzIfsx?af6
s_ h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7g k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL hfgsf/L tyf 1fg
h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf ljBfyL{x?n] ;fyL lzIffsf] d2taf6 ljBfyL{x?;Dd / ljBfyL{x?sf] dfWodaf6 ;d'bfo:t/;Dd
k|sf]k ;DjGwL 1fg / ;Lk km}nfpgsf] ;fy} ljBfno txdf k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] 5 . pQm tflndkZrft kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf
k|sf]k k"jtof/L of]hgfdfkm{t k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{
{ k|To]s ljBfnodf k|sf]k k"jtof/L of]hgf ag]sf 5g . @)^%
{
cxd e"ldsf v]nsf 5g . o:tf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n x/]s
] ;fn cflZjgdf uPsf] af9Ldf vf;u/L vf]h tyf p4f/
:s"ndf u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyL{x¿4f/f cfˆgf ;fyL Pjd sfo{df lzIfsx?n] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;d'bfon] cem;Dd
;d'bfodf ;d]t k|sf]ksf sf/0f / c;/ / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf klg la;]sf 5}gg . lzIfsx?n] ;Defljt vt/f / hf]lvd
{
pkfox?sf af/]df r]tgf clej[l4 ug{{ ;s'g eGgsf nflu klg 36fpg] k|of;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nsf 5g .
]
h'lgP/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7g ul/Psf] xf] . x/]s h'lgP/ /]8qm;
;s{n lzIfs k|ltlglwsf ?kdf lzIfs gfos / ;xlzIfs o;}u/L kl/of]hgfn] k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL tLg
gfossf] dftxtdf ;~rfng ePsf x'G5g . ;DalGwt ljBfnosf lbg] tflndsf] ljifoj:t' agfpg ;d]t d2t u/]sf] 5 .
lzIfs tyf kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/Laf6 ;xhLs/0f ul/Psf klxn]sf tflndsf ljifoj:t' tyf tflnd ;~rfng ljlwnfO{
cled'vLs/0f tyf tflndx?df ;s{nsf x/]s ljBfyL{x?, s]xL kl/dfh{g u/L ;d'bfon] k|sf]k k"jtof/L / k|sf]k hf]lvd
{
12
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

21. Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;lhn} a'emg ;Sg] vfnsf] cf7j6f :s"ndf k|sf]k, To;sf k|sf/, sf/0f / c;/nfO{ sd
tflndsf ljifoj:t' tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . w]/} cEof;, 5nkmn ug{ ;lsg] yk k|of;x?sf] af/]df @ 306fsf] sIff ;~rfng
tyf cGtlqm{ofaf6 tflndnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of; ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . :s"nsf lzIfsx?sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf
ePsf] 5 . ;fy} a9L k|fljlws zAbfjnLx? x6fOPsf 5g . k|sf]k ;DaGwL xfnsf] kf7ok':tsnfO{ ;dLIff u/L @ 306fsf]
sIffsf] nflu ljifoj:t' tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df k|sf]k
u_ :s"n] ljBfyL{x?sf] nflu ;+/If0f lzIffsf] 1fg Joj:yfkg rqmnfO{ ljz]if nlIft ul/Psf] 5 . k|sf]k;DaGwL
;+/If0f lzIffsf] 1fgaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t sIffx? ;~rfng ubf{ snf, lgjGw, efif0f, v]n, rf6{ /
jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu kxn ug{ Pjd ;f] sfo{df t:jL/x?sf] Jofks k|of]u ul/g] ePsfn] ljBfyL{x?nfO{
;xefuL x'g d4t ub{5 . ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ljifoj:t'af/] a'‰g / l;Sg yk d2t k'usf] 5 .
]
;+/If0f lzIff tflnddf vf;u/L k|fs[lts ;|ft Joj:yfkg,
]
g;{/L Joj:yfkgsf kmfO{bfx?, ;fd'bflos g;{/Lsf] dxTj ;du|df ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg tyf Joj:yfkg Pjd tflnd /
h:tf ljifoj:t'x? ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP lsgeg] log} lzIffaf6 k|fKt 1fg / ;Lksf] d4tn] x/]s txdf ;'/lIft
ljifoj:t'x? xfnsf] / eljiosf] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;šu /xgsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'usf]] 5 .
]
;DalGwt 5g . o; tflndsf] pknlAwsf] ?kdf kl/of]hgf
cGtu{tsf ;d'bfodf af9L lgoGq0fsf nflu ul/Psf] g;{/L $=$ k|fyldstf $M hf]lvdsf cfwf/e"t
:yfkgf Pjd j[If/f]k0f sfo{qmdsf a]nf g;{/Ln] v]Ng ;Sg] sf/stTj Go"gLs/0f ug]]{
e"ldsfsf] af/]df cfTd;ft ug{ ljBfyL{x? ;Ifd ePsf lyP
. nlntk'/df ljBfyL{x?n] g;{/L Joj:yfkgsf] a]nfdf j[If/f]k0f s_ jfof]–OlGhlgol/· sfo{4f/f ;fgf] txsf
ug]{ tyf lj;gk'/df kf]nLAofu eg]{ sfddf Jofks ;xeflutf Go"gLs/0fsf lqmofsnfkx?
/x]sf] lyof] . o:tf lsl;dsf sfdx?df ljBfyL{x?sf] rf;f]nfO{ kl/of]hgfn] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu ljleGg :yfgLo
x]bf{ ljBfyL{x? klg k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfddf PslrQ ;|ft, ;fdu|L, ;Lk, k|ljlw / tf}/tl/sfx? cjnDag u/]sf] 5
]
eP/ nfu]sf 5g eGg] k'i6L x'G5 . . kl/of]hgfsf] k|fyldstf eg]sf] ;d'bfon] ;lhn} ckgfpg]
;fgf] nfutdf ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] / :yfgLo ;Lk / cg'ejn]
Eofpg ;Sg] k|ljlw leqofpg' /x]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgfn] d'VotM
jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf sfdx? ;DkGg u/]sf] ePklg s]xL dfqfdf
:k/h:tf ;+/rgfut OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{x? ;d]t ;DkGg ul/Psf]
5 . jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlw cGtu{t sd nfutdf g} ug{
;lsg] afš;sf] sfd ug],{ af]/fdf afn'jf eg]{ / vf]nf lsgf/df
j[If/f]k0f ug]{ sfd kb{5g . xfn;Dd gbLlsgf/sf a9L
hf]lvd If]qdf sl/a !#(* dL6/ nfdf] jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf]
sfd ;DkGg e};s]sf] 5 . o:tf] jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{sf]
lbuf]kgsf nflu tyf gbL lsgf/sf] v]tLof]Uo hldgsf]
;+/If0fsf nflu sl/a @&,#)) ju{ dL6/ If]qdf ljleGg
hftsf $#,))) lj?jf nufOPsf] 5 -x]gf]; tflnsf ^_
{
ljBfyL{sf] nflu k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f o:tf Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{x?n] gbL lsgf/sf v]tLof]Uo hldg,
3_ ljBfondf k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;DjGwL
{ j:tL tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/sf] ;+/If0fdf lgs} ;xof]u k'usf]
]
cled'vLs/0f cleofg 5 . nlntk'/df #)) dL6/ nfdf] jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{jf6
ljBfyL{x? dfem k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;DaGwL r]tgf clej[l4
{ gf} 3/kl/jf/n] sl/j !% ljufxf hldg arfpg ;Ifd ePsf
cleofgx?n] pgLx?df ePsf] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f 5g . o;}u/L df]xgk'/df o:t} k|ljlwdfkm{t @) ljufxf hldg
;DaGwL ljBdfg 1fgnfO{ a9fpg lgs} g} d2t u/]sf] 5 . gbL s6fgjf6 ar]sf] 5 .
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
13

22. jfof]–OlGhgLol/¨sf] dxTjaf6 :yfgLo afl;Gbfx?nfO{ cfkmgf] aS; * v]tL / v]tLof]Uo hdLg arfpg ul/Psf] ;+/If0f
;'/Iff / v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] arfj6sf] nflu cfTdan a9]sf] sfo{af6 xfdL v';L 5f} .
ut jif{;Dd af9L k:g] 8/n] /fd|f;šu gkfs]sf] wfgafnL leqofpg xfdL jfWo
]
5 . ;'?df ;d'bfox?nfO{ of] k|ljlwaf/]df vf;} rfv / lyof} lsgeg] af9Ln] s'g} klg a]nf afnL gi6 ug{ ;Sg] vt/f lyof] . o;/L
ljZjf; lyPg t/ pgLx?nfO{ wgu9Lsf] klZrddf kg]{ /fd|f;šu afnL gkfSb} yGSofpg' kbf{ pAhgL /fd|f] x'bgYof] . ha gbL lsgf/sf]
] š" }
;+/If0fsf] sfd ul/of] To;kl5 xfdLnfO{ afnL l5§} leqofpg' kg]{ h?/L k/]g .
>Lnªsf ufpšdf cWoog e|d0fdf nluPkl5 eg] pgLx?n] o:tf ;+/If0f sfo{n] ca af9Lsf] hf]lvd w]/} 36]sf] 5 . o:tf k|ljlwx? cem w]/}
o; k|ljlwsf ;jn kIf / ;kmn k|of;x?sf] af/]df hfGg] If]qdf k'¥ofP/ v]tL / v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ xfd|f] rfxgf 5 .
df}sf kfP / o;af6 pgLx?df cfTdjn klg a9of] . >L k|]d axfb'/ rf}w/L, ;+of]hs, k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldlt, nlntk'/
>Lnªsf ufpšsf] e|d0fkl5 of] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L v]tLof]Uo
hldgsf] ;fy} ;d'bfonfO{ klg arfpg ;lsG5 eGg]af/]df
:yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ dfu{bz{g k|fKt ePsf] 5 . ;d'bfon] o; k|ljlwsf] dxÎjaf6 df]xgf gbLnfO{ csf]{ efult/
kmsf{pg ;kmn ePsf 5g . la;gk'/ ;d'bfodf sfe|,] afšs]
jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlw÷k4ltnfO{ l5d]sL ufpšx?df klg / alb{ofaf6 ;f] ;d'bfon] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf u/]sf
cg';/0f ul/Psf] 5 . v]tLof]Uo hldg arfpg / gbLt6Lo kxnx?, sf7] :k/sf] k|efjsfl/tf / :yfgLo ;|ftx?sf] ]
hUuf s6fgaf6 hf]ufpg o; k|ljlwsf] k|efjsfl/tf b]vkl5
] kl/rfngaf6 s;/L sd vr{ nfUg] jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{
nlntk'/ / df]xgk'/ ;d'bfon] o; k4ltsf] cg';/0faf6 !%) ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df hfGg a'emg cWoog e|d0fdf ;d]t
dL6/ gbL lsgf/f arfpg ;Ifd ePsf 5g . la;gk'/ cfPsf lyP .
jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf] o; k|ljlwaf6 hf]lug ;kmn ePsf]
hUufdf xfn ls;fgx?n] j]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL, v/j'hf,
abfd cflb nufP/ cfkmgf] j}slNks cfDbfgLnfO{ klg a9fpg
z'? u/]sf 5g .
jS; ( xfdLnfO{ af“;sf] sfdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] af/]df
s'g} zªsf 5}g .
jf9L Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu kl/of]hgfn] cufl8 ;f/]sf] afš;sf] k|ljlw af/]df ;'?sf
lbgdf xfdLnfO{ w]/} zªsf lyof] . kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/L;šusf] 5nkmndf klg
xfdLn] afš;sf] ;§f tf/hfnLsf] 7f]Ss/ jgfpg w]/} k6s cg'/f]w u/]sf lyof}+ .
xfd|f] ufpšdf Pp6f pvfg k|rlnt 5 æcfšwLsf] cufl8 kªvfsf] s] sfdÆ xfdLnfO{
afš;sf] k|ljlwsf] af/]df s'/f p7]kl5 o:t} pvfgsf] ;Demgf eof] . t/ jf:tjdf
ha xfdLn] afš;sf] 7f]Ss/ jf6 klg gbL lsgf/fsf] hUuf arfpg ;lsG5 eGf]/
cfkm}n] b]vkl5 crDd k¥of}+ . clxn] xfdLx? lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{nosf]
]
;xof]udf yk afš;sf] 7Ss/x? dflyNnf] efudf agfpg z'? u/]sf 5f} . ca
xfdLx? cGo lgsfox?;šu klg jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf] k|ljlwnfO{ a9fjf lbg
o:t} vfn] ;xof]usf] nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ ;f]r /fv]sf 5f} . lsgeg] of] k|ljlw xfd|f]
kx'rleq / yf]/} k};fn] klg Eofpg] vfnsf] 5 . jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{sf]
š
k|efjsfl/tf b]v/ xfn Uoflag tf/ ;DalGw sfo{df xfdLnfO{ Tolt rf;f] 5}g .
]
>L dfof/fd rf}w/L, ;+of]hs, k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldlt, df]xgk'/, x;f}lgog—$
;d'bfoåf/f Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] h}ljs k|ljlw sfo{
tflnsf ^ Go"gLs/0fsf] sfo{, ;fd'bflos g;{/L / j[If/f]k0fsf] cj:yf
Ufflj; ;d'bfo afof]–OlGhlgol/¨-dL6/_ g;{/L -ju{ dL6/_ a]gf{ ;+Vof j[If/f]k0f-ju{dL6/_
Kf"mnjf/L nlntk'/ #)) @%) !)))) *)))
x;'lnof lzj/tgk'/ !)) !)) ^))) @)))
dxgk'/ #)) !)) ^))) #)))
Kfj]/f dgsfk'/ @*) !)) $))) @*))
lj;gk'/ !%) !%) %))) !%))
/tgk'/ Hff]vlxofk'/ @^* @&% !@))) !))))
s"n !#(* (&% $#))) @&#))
14
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

23. ;d'bfoåf/f Joj:yfkg ul/g] 8'ªufsf] tof/L x'šb}
!% 3/ kl/jf/ & lbg;Dd lj:yflkt ePsf] a]nf df]xgk'/
;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft cf>o:ynsf] dxTjsf] af/]df cg'el" t
ePsf] lyof] .
3_ ;'/lIft af6f]sf] lgdf{0f
d'Vo vt/fsf] ;fdgf ug'{ cufl8 ;'/lIft :yfg;Dd k'Ug
;'/lIft af6f]sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] ub{5 . o:tf af6fx?sf]
lgdf{0fdf kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfonfO{ ;xhLs/0f u/]sf] 5 .
sfdsf] nflu Hofnf sfo{qmd cGtu{t xfn;Dd $=@ ls=dL=
af6f] -!=& ls=dL nlntk'/ / !=% ls=dL hf]lvofk'/_ lgdf{0f
ul/;lsPsf] 5 . laut %) jif{sf] af9Lsf] prfO{nfO{ ;dLIff
v_ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;d'bfo4f/f u/L o:tf af6fx?sf] prfO{ sfod ul/Psf] 5 . lzj/tgk'/
Jojl:yt 8'ªufsf] k|of]u
;d'bfon] ef/tLo e"–efuaf6 au]/ cfpg] kfgLnfO{ ;d]t
af9Lsf] ;dodf ;d'bfo4f/f Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 8'ªufn] /f]syfd ug]{ lx;fjn] cUnf] af6f] agfPsf 5g .
;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] hLjgnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ w]/} d2t k'usf] ]
5 . kl/of]hgfsf] ;fgf] nfut / ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf of]ubfgdf
^ j6f ;d'bfon] o:tf 8'ªuf ;~rfng u/]sf 5g . gbL
tg]h:tf ;fdfGo sfo{df dfq k|of]u geP/ o:tf 8'ªufx?
{
af9Lsf] ;dodf ;'/lIft :yfgdf k'Ug ;d]t nfebfos ePsf
5g . o;af6 afnaflnsf, j[4, ;'Ts]/L, ule{0fL / :tgkfg
u/fpg] dlxnfx?nfO{ yk ;'/Iffsf] cg"el" t x'gsf ;fy} ;d'bfosf]
'
dxTjk"0f{ ;fdfgx? klg ;'/lIft ePsf] 5 . lzj/tgk'/
;d'bfosf] ljrf/df o:tf] 8'¨fsf] Joj:yf gePsf] eP v'Nnf ;'/lIft af6f]sf] k"j{cEof; sfo{df hg;xeflutf
ufpšsf] !)÷!@ hgf JolQmnfO{ af9Lsf] ;dodf arfpg
;lsg] s'g} cfwf/ g} x'g] lyPg . o:tf] 8'ªufsf] ;xof]u
aS; !) ;'/lIft j;f]jf;sf lglDt a;fO;/fO{ ug]{ xfd|f] ;f]rdf
sdL cfPsf] 5 .
kfpg'kj{ lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] j:t' efpnfO{ vfgf lbg]
" aif}l{ kR5] cfpg] af9Lsf] sf/0faf6 cfqmfGt eP/ xfdLn] x;'lnof–# sf] sdnkf]v/Lsf]
sf7sf] efš8f]nfO{ 8'¨fsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ ub{y] h'g s'gklg} klZrddf kg]{ vfnL efudf ;a} ufpš g} a;fO;/fO{ ug]{ ;f]rdf lyof}+ . o;sf] nflu
;do klN6g ;SbYof] / w]/} 3ghgsf] Iflt x'g ;SYof] . uflj;sf s]xL kbflwsf/Lx?;šu klg xfd|f] 5nkmn rn]sf] lyof] . hj kl/of]hgf
xfd|f] ufpšdf z'? eof], xfdLn] s;/L a9L 8'afg x'G5 / s] u/]sf] v08df af9Laf6
af9Laf6 5f]6sL kflnofsf] cfˆgf] 8'ªuf 8'akl5 ljzgk'/
] aRg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df yfxf kfof}+ . xfdLn] ;'/lIft cf>o:yn / ;'/lIft af6f]sf]
'
;d'bfon] pQm ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgtkm{ k'¥ofpg cfˆgf] dxTjsf] af/]df a'‰of}+ . ;fgf, :yfgLo 1fg ;Lk k|of]u u/]/ x'g] k|ljlwsf] ;xfotfaf6
af9Laf6 aRg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf clxn] xfdLdf cfTdljZjf; a9]sf] 5 . To;sf/0fn]
8'ªufsf] ;xfotfaf6 d2t u/]sf] lyof] . nlntk'/ / la;gk'/
xfdLn] k"/} ufpš a;fO;/fO{ ug{] k'/fgf] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g u/]sf 5f}+ . ca :yfoL 3/
;d'bfosf] egfOdf pgLx?n] s]xL k|x/Lx?nfO{ ;d]t ;'/lIft agfP/ oxL ufpšdf a:g ;lsG5 eGg] cfTdan a9]/ cfPsf] 5 .
>LdtL h'dfgL b]jL rf}w/L, dnefG;f, lzj/tgk'/, x;'lnof—%
7fpšdf n}hfg d2t u/]sf lyP .
u_ af9Lsf] ;dodf ;fd'bflos cf>o:yn Pp6f ª_ cUnf gNsfx?sf] lgdf{0f
lzlj/sf] ?kdf k|of]u af9L / 8'jfgsf] ;dodf ;'/lIft kfgL kfpg / kfgLhGo
af9L / 8'jfgsf] ;dodf 8/ qf; sd ug{ ;fd'bflos ;?jf /f]ux?sf] k|sf]k sd ug{ o:tf cUnf gNsf cToGt}
cf>o:ynsf] dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . To;}n] df]xgk'/ / nfebfos x'Gf] ub{5 . kl/of]hgfsf] ;xof]udf % j6f ;d'bfodf
lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] ;fd'bflos cf>o:yn lgdf{0f u/]sf o:tf wf/fx? agfOPsf] 5 . @)^% ;fn cflZjgsf] af9Laf6
5g . yk ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 o:tf cf>o:ynx? ;'/lIft nlntk'/ / df]xgk'/ ;d'bfo k"/} 8'afgdf k/]sf] lyof] t/ o:tf
af6f]sf] d2taf6 ;d'bfo;šu hf]l8Psf 5g . ut jif{ af9Laf6 cUnf gNsfsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf]n] af9L / 8'afgsf] ;dodf klg
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
15

24. cUnf] u/L agfOPsf] gNsf
-$() o'/f]_ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;f]xL sfdsf] nflu
lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{non] ?= &),))) -^*^ o'/f]_ ;xof]u
u/]sf] 5 . o; sfof{noaf6 j[Iff/f]k0fsf] nflu a]gf{ klg
;xof]u ePsf] 5 . jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf] k4ltnfO{ kl/of]hgf
;d'bfosf jfl;Gbfn] cfTd;ft u/sf 5g . lhNnf e"–;+/If0f
sfof{non] tflndsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ ;f] ;d'bfoaf6
k|ljlwsf]af/]df a'‰g ;d]t k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 .
aS; !! xfdLn] :yfgLo 1fg / k4ltnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'kb{5 .
{
d]/f] ljrf/df :yfgLo k|ljlw 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t sd nfut / afš; :yfgLo 7fpšdf
k|ofKt kfpg] ePsf]n] klg jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] af/]df ;d'bfonfO{
s]xL klg zªsf 5}g . ;d'bfosf] o; k|ljlwk|ltsf] rfv b]v/ xfdLn] kl/of]hgf
]
cGt{utsf ;d'bfox?nfO{ o:t} k|ljlw cGo :yfgdf klg cg';/0f ug{ yk
?= &),))) lbg ah]6df 5'§fPsf 5f}+ . kl/of]hgf If]qdf o; k|ljlwsf] ;kmntfn] ubf{
xfdLnfO{ oxL k|ljlw cGo uflj;x?df n}hfg xf};nf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf
:yfgLojf;LnfO{ ;'/lIft kfgL kfpg ufx|f] ePg . Tolta]nf :yfgLo 1fg / k4ltdf cfwfl/t gofš k|ljlw n}hfg ;s]sf] v08df ;d'bfon]
;a} JolQmut gNsfx? Aff9Lsf] 8'jfgdf k/]sf lyP . Tolta]nf To;nfO{ Jofks ?kdf cg';/0f ub{5g .
>L gef]gf/fo0f ld>, k|d'v, lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{no
Pp6} ePklg cUnf] gNsf ;d'bfodf x'gkbf]{ /x]5 eGg] af/]df
'
/ o;sf] dxTjsf] ljifodf ;d'bfon] /fd|/L a'em]sf lyP .
;d'bfox?n] o:tf yk gNsfx? Afgfpg ;xof]usf nflu v_ 5nkmn cGtlqm{of, ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg tyf
uflj; / cGo lgsfox?nfO{ cg'/f]w ug{ z'? u/]sf 5g . ;dGjodf ;xof]u
kl/of]hgfn] 5nkmn, cGtlqm{of, ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg tyf
lgisif{df, ;fgf :t/sf Go"gLs/0f sfo{, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;dGjosf] nflu x/;Dej k|of;x? hf/L /fv]sf] 5 . o;sf]
8'ªuf Joj:yfkg, ;'/lIft cf>o:yn tyf af6f] lgdf{0f / cUnf
kmn:j?k s]o/ g]kfn;šu ldn]/ d;L{ sf]/n] ;+oQm ?kdf
'
gNsfsf] d2taf6 ;d'bfosf] hf]lvd a9fpg e"ldsf v]Ng] of]hgf ;+rfng ;ldlt agfPsf] 5 . ;f] ;ldltdf g]kfn
cGtlg{lxt sf/s tTjx?nfO{ sd ug{ lgs} d2t k'usf] 5 .
] /]8qm; ;f];fO6L ;+of]hs /xg] u/L lhlj;, hn pTkGg k|sf]k
lgoGq0f l8lehg sfof{no, a];, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu
$=% k|fyldstf %M ;a} txdf k|sf]ksf] ;r]t ;dfh, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 nufotsf lgsfox?
k|efjsf/L /f]syfdsf nflu ;zQm k"jtof/L
{ ;b:osf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g . o; ;ldltsf] ;xof]uaf6 k|fljlws
;xof]u, ;|ft / cg'ejsf] cfbfgk|bfg / tTsfn} s]xL ug{
] ]
s_ :yfgLo k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] nflu gLlt, k/]df /fd|f] jftfj/0f agfpg yk d2t k'usf] 5 . :yfgLo
]
k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;jnLs/0f ;fem]bf/ / ejg lgdf{0f ljefu;šusf] ;xsfo{df d;L{ sf]/
:yfgLo, If]qLo tyf /fli6«o:t/df ljleGg tflnd, uf]i7L, g]kfn / s]o/ g]kfnn] ;+oQm ?kdf e"sDk lbj; dgfPsf
'
sfo{zfnf a}7sx?df pkl:yt eP/ kl/of]hgfn] :yfgLo lyP . ;"rgf ;fdfu|L agfpg] sfddf ;d]t d;L{ sf]/ / s]o/
k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] nflu gLlt, k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut g]kfnaLr k|ToIf ;Djfb / cGt{lqmof ePsf] lyof] . vf]h tyf
IfdtfnfO{ dha't ug{ d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;d'bfosf p4f/ tflndsf] bf}/fg ;}lgs tyf k|x/L k|zf;g;+u k|ToIf
dflg;x?aLr cg'ejsf] cfbfg–k|bfgx?af6 klg y'k}| s'/fx? ;dGjo ul/Psf] 5 . pgLx?sf] cg'ej tyf l;sfOx?n]
l;Sg] jftfj/0f ldn]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf o:tf tflnd, tflndnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg d2t ldn]sf] lyof] . 8sdL{
uf]i7Lx?n] afxo ;|ftsf] kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{ tyf
] tflnd ;+rfng ubf{ klg a]nfotL ;xof]u lgof]usf] ;fd'bflos
kl/of]hgfsf ;kmntd cEof;x?nfO{ lbuf] ?kdf lg/Gt/tf ;xof]u sfo{qmd;šu k|ToIf ;dGjo ul/Psf] lyof] .
lbg yk d2t k'usf] 5 . jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨sf] ;kmntd
]
k|of;af6 pTk|l] /t eP/ lhNnf hn pTkGg sfof{non] nlntk'/ k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf /fd|f cEof;x? tyf To;sf kmfObfx?sf
{ "
/ lj;gk'/ ;d'bfodf af";sf 7f]Ss/x? agfpg ?= %),))) af/]df Kfl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf jf jflx/sf cGo ;d'bfonfO{
16
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

25. lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/fnf;+usf] a}7s
ug{, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ tyf k|sf]ksf a]nfdf plrt
/fxt / ;xof]u ug{ cem yk an k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
aS; !@ k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf
nflu ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] dxTj
of] kl/of]hgf ;dflKt x'g' cl3 g} xfdLn] :yfgLo txdf k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf
{ "
/fd|f cEof;x?nfO{ l5d]sL ufpšdf klg cg';/0f ug{sf] nflu e/kbf]{ ;+:yfut
'
;+/rgf agfpg' cfjZos 5 . sf]if v8f u/]/ / pko'Qm ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdfkm{t
klg k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf /fd|f cEof;x?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsG5 . lsgeg]
{ "
To:tf /fd|f cEof;x?af6 dfq gbL lsgf/df a:g] JolQm / ltgsf] ;DklQ
arfpg ;lsG5 . k"/} gbL lsgf/df jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ ug{ ;Dej klg 5}g .
t;y{ k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
{ "
>L nf]sgfy /]UdL, lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{no, s}nfnL
hfgsf/L u/fpg jiff{ tyf af9L;DaGwL ;"rgfx? Hfn
tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu;šusf] ;dGjodf :yfgLo PkmPd
u_ k|sf]k k"jtof/Lsf cEof;x?sf] lgoldt k|j4{g ug{]
{
/]l8of]dfkm{t k|;f/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf
{ "
kl/of]hgfåf/f ;d'bfonfO{ pgLx?sf] Ifdtf a9fpg k|sf]k
nflu ;d'bfon] ckgfpšb} cfPsf] /fd|f cEof;x?af6 l;Sg
k"jtof/Lsf cEof;x?sf] lgoldt k|of]u ug]{ s'/fdf ;xof]u
{
k|flS6sn PS;g, 8]lg; /]8qm; / s]o/ g]kfnn] kl/of]hgf
ul//x]sf 5g . j}slNks sf]ifsf] Joj:yf u/]/ af9Laf6
If]qdf cWoog e|d0f klg ul/;s]sf] 5 . e|d0fsf] a]nf
k|efljt ;d'bfosf] nflu cfkTfsfnLg / k'gl{ gdf{0f;šu
;d'bfoaf6 s;/L sd nfutsf k|ljlwaf6 klg pj{/
;DalGwt ;xof]u k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . @)^% ;fn cflZjgdf
hldg, 3/kl/jf/, ufpš arfpg ;lsG5 eGg]af/]df k|ToIf
cfPsf] ljgf;sf/L af9Ln] Jofks ?kdf Iflt ug'sf] ;fy}
{
hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ;fy}, tflndx?, k"jtof/L {
cGgkft / v]taf/Ldf 5g]{ lap;d]t aufP/ gi6 u/]kl5
ultljlwx?, ;'/lIft :yfg;Dd k'Ug] of]hgf, k"j{;"rgf
kl/of]hgfn] o:tf] j}slNks sf]ifsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 NofPsf]
k| 0 ffnLsf cEof;x?n] s;/L hLjg arfpg /
lyof] . of] Joj:yfaf6 vf;u/L sd cfo ePsf
hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Nb5g
3/kl/jf/nfO{ af9Lsf] c;/ sd ug{ klg lgs} g} /fxt
eGg] af/]df cjnf]sg e|d0fsf cj;/df ;d'bfon] 6f]nLnfO{
k'usf] 5 .
]
hfgsf/L u/fPsf lyP . dfgjLo ;xof]u ;dGjo ug]{
/fi6«;ª3Lo lgof]un] klg ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k"j{tof/L
o;/L :yfgLo ?kdf k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] nflu gLlt,
lqmofsnfkx? / k"j;rgf k|0ffnLx?sf] af/]df Jofks
{ "
k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut IfdtfnfO{ dha't agfO{ 5nkmn,
k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ ;lsg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
cGtlqm{of, hfgsf/L cfbfg–k|bfg tyf ;xsfo{ / k|sf]k
k"jtof/Lsf cEof;x?sf] lgoldt k|of]uaf6 kl/of]hgfn]
{
o; k|sf/sf ;~hfn, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{n] kl/of]hgf If]qsf
k|sf]k k"j{tof/L / k|efjsf/L cGtlq{mofdf /fd|f] of]ubfg
;d'bfonfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ªuaf6 k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u
{ "
ug{ ;Ifd ePsf] b]lvG5 .
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
17

26. %= xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts nIo k|fKt
ug{ kl/of]hgfn] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg
%=! /0fgLlts of]hgf !M lbuf] ljsf; gLlt k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltx? / h'glo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] Ifdtf
tyf of]hgfdf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ a9fpg klg yk d2t k'usf] 5 . jfof]–OlGHflgol/¨ k|ljlwsf
]
PsLs[t ug]{ . ;fgf :t/sf Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{, g;{/L Joj:yfkgsf
ultljlwx?af6 jftfj/0fLo tyf k|fs[lts ;|ft Joj:yfkg ug{
]
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf tyf e"–pkof]u of]hgf agfpg k|ToIf ;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 .
ultljlwx? ;~rfng ug{ ;jn / ;Ifd agfpg], 1fgsf]
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf ljQLo kf/blz{tf ;fd'bflos 8'ªuf , ;'/lIft 3/ tyf ;'/lIft af6f]sf] Joj:yfaf6
sfod ug]{ sfo{x? Pjd ;+:yfut ?kdf ;'zf;g sfod ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k;šu n8g ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
ug{h:tf s'/fx? kl/of]hgfsf d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf ljifox? x'g
] oL ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx?n] xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] bf];f| ] nIonfO{
. ;d'bfo:t/df agfOPsf k|sf]k k"jtof/L of]hgfnfO{ uflj;
{ k|ToIf ?kdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
/ lhlj;sf sfo{qmdx?df ;dGjo ul/g] ePsf]n] ;fd'bflos
of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos cfly{s ;|ftsf] Joj:yf ug{
] %=# /0fgLlts nIo #M k|efljt ;d'bfosf]
ufx|f] x'g] 5}g . o;/L :yfgLo txsf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ;xof]usf] nflu cfktsfnLg k"jtof/L, p4f/,
{
kxnx? /fli6«o :t/df lbuf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgf;šu /fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg hf]lvd
PsLs[t x'g] cj:yf 5 . o;af6 sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts Go"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ .
nIo ! nfO{ of]ubfg ug{ kl/of]hgf ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
kl/of]hgfn] gLlt, k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf tyf :yfgLo
%=@ /0fgLlts nIo @ M k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ug{ /fli6«o :t/sf tflnd, uf]i7L tyf
clej[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o tyf ;fd'bflos tx;Dd ;]ldgf/x?sf] d4taf6 1fg tyf cg'ejsf] cfbfg–k|bfgdfkm{t
;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] . ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf ul/Psf o:tf lsl;dsf
5nkmn / ;dGjon] kl/of]hgfaf6 ;~rflnt ultljlwx?sf]
Kfl/of]hgf If]qsf ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? lgoldt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :yfgLo:t/df jfxo ;|ft h'6fpg]
;DaGwL xfnsf] Ifdtf tyf 1fgnfO{ ;dLIff ub}{ cem k|efjsf/L / kl/rfng ug{ ;xof]uL ePsf] 5 . cGtlqm{of a}7s cfof]hgf
?kdf 1fgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfddf ug],{ ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg tyf ;dGjo ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{
hf]8 lbOPsf]] 5 . ;d'bfodf hf]lvd kQf nufpg, hf]lvdsf] h:tf ultljlwx?af6 ;d'bfonfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u ug{,
;dLIff ug{, vt/fsf] cg'udg ug{ / k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf
{ " ;|ftsf] k|efjsf/L 9ªuaf6 ;|ftsf] afš8kmfš8 ug{ / ug'kg]{
] ] {
/fd|f cEof;x?nfO{ k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ ;d'bfosf] 1fg / Ifdtf sfo{ tTsfn} sfof{Gjog ug{ yk d2t k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 .
b'a} a9fpg kl/of]hgfn] ;xof]u hf/L /fv]sf] 5 . ;"rgf ;~hfn, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{af6 kl/of]hgf If]qsf ;d'bfonfO{
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u, cWoog e|d0f, ;8s gf6s, lel8of] k|bzg { k|efjsf/L k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ug{, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
{ "
/ k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf cEof;x?n] ;d'bfosf] 1fg, ;Lk /
{ " tyf k|sf]ksf] a]nfdf /fxt / ;xof]u ug{ cem yk an k|fKt
cg'ejnfO{ cem kl/is[t ug]{ tyf cfTdan a9fpg ;xof]u ePsf] 5 . kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]k k"jtof/Lsf {
ePsf] 5 . k|sf]k k"jtof/L tyf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf]
{ cEof;dfkm{t pgLx?sf] Ifdtf a9fpg lg/Gt/ ;xof]u u/]sf]
nflu hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? / :s"nsf sfo{qmdx?n] yk 5 . vfB tyf u}/vfB ;fdu|Lx?sf] ljt/0faf6 k|sf]ksf] a]nf
e"ldsf v]nsf] 5 . o:tf ultljlwx?af6 :yfgLo ;+:yfx?
] tTsfn} /fxt / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;Dej EfPsf]n]
vf;u/L k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?, pk;ldltx?, Ufflj;:t/Lo
{ /0fgLlts nIo # k"/f ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
18
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

27. jfnjflnsf4f/f ;~rf/ ;fdfu|Lsf] cjnf]sg ub}{
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
19

28. l8k]sf], o'/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xof]u ljefu -ljZjsf]
Psdfq ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dfgjLo bftf_ cGtu{tsf] k|sf]k
k"jtof/L sfo{qmd xf] . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t vf;u/L
{
gd"gf kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;fwf/0f,
sd nfutsf] / vf;u/L ;d'bfodf ;~rfng x'g] d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn
kl/of]hgfx? o;sf] k|fyldstfdf kb{5g . o;df k|sf]ksf] kf]=j= g+= @$#&$
IfltnfO{ sd ug],{ k|sf]ksf] c;/ k/]sf] ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf ;fg]kf rf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
k"j{ cj:yfdf Nofpg] / hLjgsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ kl/of]hgfx?nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g M (&& ! %%% %%#@
dxÎjsf ;fy x]g{] ul/G5 . kmofS; M (&& ! %%% $#&)
email: info@np.mercycorps.org
d;L{ sf]/ Ps cGt/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L, dfgjLo /fxt k|bfg
ug]{ ljsf;d'vL ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] d'Vo sfof{no cd]l/sf d;L{ sf]/sf] o'/f]knL d'Vofno
]
/ a]nfotdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] vf;u/L ?kfGt/0fsf] qmddf $) ;]Og];, O8gju{ # Pr ( ! Pgh], a]nfot
/x]sf b]zx?nfO{ d2t ub{5 . d;L{ sf]/n] b'MvL, ul/aL / 6]lnkmf]g M $$-)_!#! ^^@ %!^)
lyrf]ldrf]df kfl/Psf ju{nfO{ ;'/lIft / Gofok"0f{ ;d'bfo kmofS; M $$-)_!#! ^^@ ^^$*
lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ub{5 . o;sf] k|d'v sfo{ eg]sf] www.mercycorps.org
cfktsfnLg /fxt k'¥ofpg', cfly{s ljsf; ug'{ / gful/s
;dfhsf] ;Dj4{g ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . d;L{ sf]/ g]kfnsf] k|dv' ISBN 993721361-4
nIo eg]sf] kL8fdf k/]sf] ;d'bfosf] IfdtfnfO{ k"j{
cj:yfdf Nofpg], cfly{s cj;/x?sf] lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf
;fdflhs ;dfj]zL cEof;x?nfO{ a9fjf lb+b} ul/aL lgjf/0f
9 789937 213615
ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
20
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'