This document discusses child labor in Nepal, specifically domestic child labor. It notes that over 55,000 children in Nepal are engaged in domestic child labor. The document was published by CWISH (Center for Women and Human Rights) to develop the capacities of local governments and other organizations to end domestic child abuse and child labor. It provides guidance on establishing child-friendly spaces, management of such spaces, institutional development, activities for children, and the role of facilitators.

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lk—|k;]| / 5kfO M 6fOD; lso|zg
k|sfzg ;xof]u M afn>d cGTosf nflu cGt/f{li6«o
sfo{s|d, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]
sfof{no nlntk'/ g]kfn .

5. ljZje/ sl/a @$ s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿ ljljwvfn] >ddf ;+nUg eO{ cfkmgf]
afnfkg latfpg afWo 5g . oLdWo] clwstd afnaflnsfx¿ c;+ul7t jf
cw{;+ul7t If]qsf] >ddf ;+nUg 5g . afn>d xfd|f] ;dfhsf] gsf/fTds kf6f] xf],
h;n] dfgj ;Eotfdfly g} k|Zg p7fpF5 .
3/]n' afn>d o:t} afn>dsf] If]qx¿dWo] Ps k|d'v >d If]q xf] . g]kfndf klg
%% xhf/eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg eO{ hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf
5g . 3/]n' >ddf afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfn] afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s /
;fdflhs ljsf;df c;/ t u5{ g} ;fy} ;Dk'0f{ ;dfhnfO{ g} w]/} kl5 ws]Nb5 /
lg/Gt/ ul/aLtkm{ pGd'v u/fpFb5 . t;y{ klg o; 3/]n' afn>d k|yfsf] cGTo
x'g' h?/L 5 .
3/]n' afn>d zf]if0f tyf 3/]n' >ddf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] k|yfs} cGTo
ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L kIfx¿af6 w]/} k|oTgx¿ ul/g' h?/L 5 .
g]kfndf >L %sf] ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lgs[i6 k|sf/
sf] afn>d cGTo ug{ ;doa4 sfo{s|d nfu" ul//x]sf] 5 / 3/]n' afn>d o;
sfo{s|dsf] Ps k|d'v nlIft ;d"x klg xf] . 3/]n' afn>ddf c;fWo} sd k|oTgx¿
ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] sf/0f eg]sf] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ a'emg] / o;df x:tIf]k ug{
cfjZos ;Lk tyf cg'ejsf] sdL klg xf] eGg] nfUb5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf l;lj; -;dfh ;]jftyf dfgj clwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf_ n]
3/]n' afn>d zf]if0f cGTosf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo ljz]ift gu/kflnsfx¿ / cGo
u/};/sf/L ;3+;:+yfx?sf ]Ifdtf ljsf; ug {]p4Z]on ]ljleGg lgbl{]zsfx¿ ks|flzt
u/]sf]df ;j{k|yd t l;lj;nfO{ xflb{s awfO tyf wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .
oL lgbl{]zsfx¿n ]3/n] 'afn>d zfi]f0fsf ]cGTo tyf lgsi[6 ks|f/sf ]3/n] 'afn>d
cGTosf nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿ljr ;dembf/L a9fO{ 3/]n' afn>d lgjf/0f ug{
;zQmLs/0f 5
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6. pTkl]|/t ug5{] / cfjZos sfos{d|x¿ ug {;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf ]Ifdtf clejl[4
ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5' .
oL lgbl{]zsfx¿sf ]ks|fzg gk]fndf afn>dlj?4sf ]cleofgdf Ps sf;]9]u+'f
;flat x'g]5 eGg] klg czff /fv]sL 5' .
o; lgbl{]zsfsf ]sfofG{jogsf ];Gbed{f bv]fk/s]f sdL sdhf/]Lx¿nfO {cfN+}ofO{
kf|Kt ;e'mfjx¿sf ]cfwf/df l;lj;n ]cfufdL lbgdf lgbl{]zsfx¿sf ]kl/dfhg{
tyf kg'M ks|fzg ub {}hfcf;] eGg ]klg ze'sfdgf lbg rfxfG5 '.
cGtdf l;lj;nufot 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0flj?4sf] cleofgdf ;+nUg x'g'ePsf
;Dk0"f {;3+;:+yf÷AolQmx¿nfO {o; lgbl{]zsf kmnbfoL xg'5] eGg ]k0"f {ljZj:t 5 '.
wGojfb .
6 ;zQmLs/0f
n}nf 6}Udf] /]•L
lgb]{zs
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] sfo{no
nlntk'/ g]kfn
ldlt @))%, @& h'g

7. ;zQmLs/0f 7
cfef/
ljZjdf @$ s/f]8eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf] lttf] oyfy{leq
afFlr/x]sf xfd|f afnaflnsfx¿sf] eljio / To;n] emNsfpg] xfd|f] ;dfhsf]
jt{dfg tyf eljio b'j} cToGt} uDeL/ / lrGtfhgs b]lvG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf klg
aL; nfveGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g h;dWo] ! nfv @&
xhf/ afnaflnsfx¿ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>ddf ;+nUg /xL cfkmgf] hLjg ofkg
ul//x]sf 5g . o;/L lgs[i6 afn >ddf ;+nUg x'g afWo ePsf afnaflnsfx¿df
;jf{lws ;+Vof 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] /x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]
tYofÍcg';f/ g]kfnsf ;x/L If]qdf dfq %% xhf/eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n'
>ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfx¿ ljleGgvfn] lx+;f,
zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/x¿ vKg afWo eO/x]sf 5g / klg o:tf] cj:yfdf yf]/} dfq
;+3;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] o; If]qnfO{ cfjZos dfqfdf Wofg k'/ofpg
;ls/x]sf] b]lvFb}g eg] eO/x]sf k|of;x¿df klg sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ b]lvG5g .
o; cj:yfdf 3/]n' >ddf cf7 aif{eGbf a9L ;do sfo{/t /xL nfdf] cg'ej
xfl;n u/]sf] ;+:yfsf] x}l;otn] klg xfdLn] cfkmgf cg'ejx¿ ljleGg ;+3;+:yf
tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;uF ;f6f;f6 ug {'h?/L bl]vG5 h;n ]ubf {cfufdL lbgdf
o; If]qdf x'g] ljsf;] x:tIf]kx¿ k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL x'g ;s"g .
oxL s/'fnfO {dWogh/ ub {}xfdf| ];:+yf ;dfh;j]f tyf dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf /
afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ n] 3/]n' afn>d / x:tIf]ksf pkfox¿ ljifoleq ljleGg
sfol{gbl{]zsfx¿ to}f/ u/s]f ]5 / To; }cGtut{ of ]æ3/n] 'afn>d ;zQmLs/0fÆ
k':ts oxfFx¿dfem k|:t't ug{ kfpFbf xfdLnfO{ cToGt} v';L nfu]sf] 5 .
xfdL cfzf ub5{f +}xfdf| ]of ]ko|f; 3/n] 'afn>d zfi]f0fsf ]cGTosf nflu cjZo g}
;fys{l;4 xg'5] / o;sf nflu yk' }|kf7sx¿n ]o;df nl]vPsf pkfox¿nfO{
Jojxfl/s ¿kdf sfofG{jog ugx{'g'5] .

8. of ]k:'ts to}f/ kfg {cxf/]fq ldxg]t ugx{'g' ]/dz] kf8}n] tyf ab]k;|fb ;fksf6]fnfO{
xfdL wGojfb glbO/xg ;Sbg}f +}. ;fy }o;df z4'fzl'4 xl]/lbg ];e'fj yfkf, o;sf]
n—]cfp6 l8hfOgsf sfd ugx{'g' ]6fOD; lso|zgsf ;j'0f {efO / o;df cfjZos
lrqx¿ agfO{ ;3fpg'x'g] /fhg sfkmn], k[YjL >]i7 / pbo efO{nfO{ xfdL w]/}—w]/}
wGojfb lbg rfxfG5f +}.
o; k':ts k|sfzg ug{ cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] ;+:yf cGt/f{li6«o >d
;u+7gkl|t xfdL cfef/ JoQm ug {rfxfG5f +}.
cGtdf o; k':ts lgdf{0f, k|sfzg tyf ljt/0fdf ;3fpg'x'g] l;lj;df cfj4
;Dk"0f{ efOalxgLx¿ tyf sd{rf/L ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg w]/}—w]/} wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .
of] k':ts xfd|f] klxnf] k|of; xf], t;y{ xfdL] o;df ;Defljt sdL / q'l6x¿sf]
;DefjgfnfO {gsfg {;Sbg}f +}. To;n} ]xfdL oxfxF¿sf ];e'mfj, kl|tlso|fsf ]af6f]
xl]//xs]f xg'5]f +}.
wGojfb
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9. ;zQmLs/0f 9
ljifo ;"rL
e"ldsf !
;zQmLs/0f #
afn;xeflutf &
afn;xeflutfsf ljleGg cj:yfx¿ !!
k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf !&
afn;xeflutfsf] nflu afnSna #%
afnSna Joj:yfkg $!
afnSnasf] ;+:yfut ljsf; %#
afnSnasf] lqmofsnfkx¿ %&
afnSnadf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf ^#
;~rf/ / afnd}qL ;~rf/ &%

10. 10 ;zQmLs/0f
e"ldsf
g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg tyf o;sf P]lR5s
k|n]vx¿df;d]t ;xdlt JoQm ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]
>ddf kj|z] ug {]Gog"td pd/];DjGwL dxf;lGw !#*, lgsi[6 txsf ]afn>d
pNd'ng;DjGwL dxf;lGw !*@, / ;'emfjx? !() nufotsf dxf;lGwx¿df
k|ltj4tf JoQm ul/;s]sf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og tL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ nfu"
ug ]{qmddf afnaflnsf;DaGwL Pg] @)$* / afn>d lgifw] tyf lgoldt ug{
ag]sf] P]g @)%^ h:tf /fli6«o sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f eO{ sfof{Gjog;d]t eO;s]sf]
5 . t/ csfl{t/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, vn], dgf/]~hgaf6 al~rt xbF' }3/sf ]rf/
lbjf/leq sfl]rP/ zfi]f0f bJ'oj{xf/sf ]l;sf/ ePsf xhf/f +}3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿n]
si6;fWo hLjg latfpg afWo 5g . cfˆgf] hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu dfq xf]Og
so}fn+} ]t kl/jf/s }nflu ;dt] cyfk{]fhg{ ug {]sfddf cfˆgf slnnf xftx¿
nufpg afWo eO/x]sf 5g . ;dfhn] eg] o; lsl;dsf] afn>dnfO{ ;xh /
:jefljs ¿kn] lnO/x]sf] 5 . ^÷& jif{b]lv g} cfdfafa'b]lv la5f]l8P/ csf{sf]
3/df a;]/ cfˆgf afNofj:yfsf] pkef]u ug{ gkfO{ zf]if0fo'Qm cj:yfdf ul/g]
sfd jf:tjd} hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d xf] . hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dsf] b'ikl/0ffd cToGt
3fts x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf oL afnaflnsfsf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg', 3/]n'
afn>dsf] lj?4df ;r]tgtf clej[l4 ug{' tyf lgs[i6 cj:yfdf /x]sf
afn>ldsx¿sf ]hLjgdf ;w'f/ NofpbF }3/n] 'afn>dnfO {pGdn"g ug {]lbzflt/
cufl8 a9g 'cfhsf ]cfjZostf ags]f ]5 . oxL cfjZostf dx;;' ub {}cGt/fl{i6o«
>d ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf l;lj;n] o; k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] lj?4df Pp6f cleofg
;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . o;} cleofg cGtu{t ;+rflnt sfo{qmdsf] ;Gbe{df of] æ3/]n'
afn>d ;zQmLs/0fÆ lgbl{]zsf tof/ ul/Psf ]xf ].

11. ;zQmLs/0f 11
lszf]/x¿ / aflnsf
s'g} 3/sf] cfFugdf $÷% hgf lszf]/x¿ ;fgf] an v]ln/x]sf x'G5g . olQs}df
Pp6L ;fgL $ jif{sL aflnsf s'bb} cfpF5] / …of] t d]/f] an xf] . csf{sf] dfdfn]
lsg]/ NofOlbg'ePsf] an lsg v]lnlbPsf] < d t c?nfO{ v]Ng lbGgÚ eg]/ an
l6k]/ uf]hLdf xfNb} 3/leq k:5] . an v]Ng] ;a} lszf]/x¿ tL aflnsfnfO{ s]xL
ug{ ;Sb}gg, 6'n'6'n' x]l//xG5g .
dGyg ugx{'f;] <
lszf]/x¿ s] ul//x]sf lyP <
v]ln/x]sf] an s;n] nUof] <
aflnsfnfO{ cfkm"eGbf 7"nf bfh'x¿n] v]ln/x]sf] an p7fP/ nfg] cfF6 s]n] lbof] <
lszf]/x¿n] cfkm"eGbf ;fgf] aflnsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ v]Ng glbO{ an p7fP/ nfFbf
klg lsg s]xL ug{ ;s]gg <

12. 12 ;zQmLs/0f
Ps
;zQmLs/0f
zlQm s] xf] <
zlQm eg]sf] an jf tfut xf] . ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fF:s[lts
kl/l:ylt cg's"n ePdf dflg; zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ¿kn] ;zQm x'G5 . dfgl;s
zlQmnfO{ cfTdan klg elgG5 .
zlQm s;/L cfh{g x'G5 <
s;/L zlQm cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf b'O{ j6f b[li6sf]0fx¿ 5g .
k/Dk/fjfbL jf k'/fgf] ljrf/cg';f/ zlQm hGdhft (By Birth) k|fKt x'G5 .
-hGdhft eGgfn] b}jL zlQmaf6 k|fKt ug{;Sg] jf k"j{hGdsf] sdfO{af6 kfpg
;lsg] zlQm xf] ._ h:t} /fhfsf ;Gtfg g} /fhf x'g] s'/f /fhs'ndf hGd]sf]n] dfq
x'g k'u]sf] xf] . t/ cfw'lgs ljrf/cg';f/ zlQm cfh{g ug{ (By Earn) ;lsG5 .
s;/L zlQm cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 <
!= Odfgbf/ eP/ @= 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfo'Qm eP/
#= ;DklQ k|fKt u/]/ $= ;fwg >f]t k|fKt u/]/
%= ;d"xdf a;]/÷;+ul7t eP/ ^= cg'ej k|fKt u/]/
&= pd]/sf] sf/0faf6 kl/kSj eP/ *= gd|tf÷ldhfl;nf] eP/

13. (= w}o{ / ;xgzLn -a'4_ eP/ !)= zf/Ll/s ¿kdf tGb'?:t eP/
!!= clwsf/ k|fKt u/]/ jf lhDd]jf/L lbP/ !@= ;xefuL x'g kfP/
;zQmLs/0f 13
!#= ;dfg cj;/ kfP/
;zQmLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
;zQmLs/0f eGgfn] dflg;nfO{ zf/Ll/s dfgl;s b'j} zlQmn] o'Qm agfpg' xf] .
p;df d klg sx]L ug {;S5 'eGg ]cf6F eg {'xf ]. dflg;n ]cfkml"eq /xs]f ]zlQmnfO{
klxrfg ug {'/ To;nfO {Jojxf/df ko|fu] ug {;Sg 'xf ].
dflg; ;DklQsf ]cefj, ;fgf ]pd/], cfkmn" ]kfpgk'g {]clwsf/sf ]pkefu] ug{
gkfP/ h:tf ljljw sf/0fn] zlQmxLg aGg k'u]sf] x'G5 . p;sf] clwsf/ s;}n]
l5lglbPsf]n] p;nfO{ zlQmxLg agfOPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] lxhf]cfh ;dfhdf
3/]n'nufot cGo afn>lds, dlxnf, blnt, hghflt cfly{s ¿kn] lakGg ju{nfO{
k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{sf] ¿kdf lng yflnPsf] 5 .
3/]n' afn>ldsnufot cGo afn>ldsx¿ pd]/nufot cefju|:t hLjg,
kl/ToQmtf tyf PSnf]kgsf sf/0f c?sf] 3/df >d u/L cfˆgf] afNofj:yf u'dfO{
;a} lsl;dsf zf]if0f vKg afWo agfOPsf zlQmxLg afnaflnsfx¿ x'g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L ;zQm agfpg] eGg] Pp6f uDeL/ r'gf}tLsf]
ljifo ags]f ]5 . Jojxfl/s cge'jaf6 afn;xeflutfaf6 g }cGo afnaflnsf em}+
3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ klg ;zQm agfpg, pgLx¿df cfTdan
eg{ ;lsG5 eGg] k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 .

14. 14 ;zQmLs/0f
a'wnfn / uLtf
-a'wnfn afnSnasf ;xhstf{ x'G5g . Snasf] a}7ssf nflu va/ ug{ hfFb}
u/]sf] cj:yfdf af6fdf u};;sL sfo{stf{ uLtf;Fu e]6 x'G5_
a'wnfnM gd:sf/ . uLtfhL s] 5 xfn va/ <
uLtf M gd:sf/ a'wnfnhL . stflt/ lxF8of lg <
a'wnfn M o;f] a}7ssf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ va/ ug{ lxF8of .
uLtf M cf====, tkfO +{klg o;/L l;Ëfg ]e/'fe/'LnfO {va/ ug {cfkm }bM'v ug{'
k5{ / < s;}sf xftdf va/ k7fPsf] eP t eOxfNYof] lg .
a'wnfn M To;/L sxfF x'G5 / . va/ k'u]g eg] t afnaflnsfx¿ cfOk'Ub}gg
a7}s ke|fjsf/L xbF'g} . clg s ]ug {].
uLtf M a}7sdf tL gfy] s]6fs]6Ln] s] kf] s'/f Nofpnfg / a}7s k|efjsf/L
xg' '< ;a }cfkmn} ]gu/L xbF'g} . a7}s klg s ]a:g 'k¥of ]/ . o;f]
a7}s kl':tsfdf ugk{'g {]lg0fo{ nV]of ]clg s6]fs6]Lx¿sf ];xL
u/fof] eOxfN5 lg . sfd eP t eOxfNof] lg xf]Og / <
a'wnfn M o; s'/fdf d]/f] rflx‘ km/s dt 5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ klg clxnb]lv
l;sfof] eg] kf] pgLx¿n] klg l;S5g t . a}7ssf nflu ljifo
rog ug,{] a7}s s;/L a:g,] s;/L lg0fo{ ug {]cflb ljifout tyf
k|fljlws s'/fx¿ yfxf kfpF5g .

15. uLtf M tkfO {+rflx Fa9L cfbz{ xg' vfH]gx'G'5 . tkfOn{+ ]ubf {xfdL ;an}]
em0em6df km:g'kb{5 . tL ;a emGem6 gu/L Ps} l5gdf x'g]
sfdsf nflu a9L b'Mv s;n] u/f]; .
aw'nfn M tkfOn{+ ]s ]eGge'Psf ]uLtfhL . s ]a7}s a:g ]sfd rflx Fsfd xfO]g
/ < sfdsf ];?'jft ug {]kf|/lDes sfd g }a7}s xf ]. xg]x{'f;]
tkfOn{+ ]clxnb]l]v g }a7}s a:g ]tf/} tl/sfsf af/d]f afnaflnsfnfO{
cEo:t agfpg 'ePg eg ]tkfO {+slt lbg;Dd pgLx¿sf ]kl5kl5
s'lb/xg'x'G5 < a}7s a:g' eg]sf] s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf
agfpg,' To;cg;'f/sf ]lhDdj]f/L lng '/ sfd ;DkGg ugt{]km{
nfUg' klg t xf] . clg xfdL ;xhstf{x¿sf] lhDd]jf/L s]xL xNsf
agfpg' klg t xf] . ls s;f] <
uLtf M aw'nfnhL, tkfOn{+ ]egs]f ]o; s/'fn ]d/]f ]klg lrQ ae'mof ]. ;fRFr}
afnaflnsfn] a}7ssf tf}/ tl/sfx¿ hfg] / cfkm} sfd ug{ ;Ifd
eP eg] xfd|f] sfd klg 365 .
aw'nfn M Tolt dfq sxf Fxf ]/ afnSnasf a7}sdf cfkm +}lg0fo{x¿ ug;{Sg]
ePdf afnaflnsfsf] afnSnadf ;lqmo, ;zQm / cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf
klg xG'5 . so+}f }afnSnasf a7}sx¿df afnaflnsfn ]cToGt
Jojxfl/s lg0f{ox¿ ;d]t ug{ ;S5g eGg] s'/f ;d]t k|dfl0ft
klg eO;s]sf] 5 .
;zQmLs/0f 15
dGyg ug'xf];
!= a'wnfn / uLtfaLr s] ljifodf s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf] lyof] <
@= uLtfsf] afnaflnsf;DaGwL wf/0ff s:tf] lyof] <
#= s] afnaflnsfn] ;fFRr} s]xL klg ug{ ;Sb}gg t <
$= a'wnfnsf] s'g s'/fn] uLtfsf] ljrf/ abNg ;xof]u u¥of] <

16. 16 ;zQmLs/0f
b'O{
afn;xeflutf
æafnaflnsf ;dfhsf ;lqmo ;b:o x'g To;}n] pgLx? jt{dfg x'g . s]jn
eljiosf s0f{wf/ dfq xf]Ogg .Æ
afn;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <
afn;xeflutf eg]sf] afnaflnsfsf] hLjg;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lsl;dsf sfd ubf{
sg' }klg lg0fo{ lng ]an]fdf afnaflnsfn ]cfˆgf ljrf/ JoQm ug {]dfs}f kfpg'
tyf cy{k"0f{ / ;lqmo ;+nUgtf x'g' xf] . afn;xeflutf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/
xf] . afn;xeflutf Pp6f lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . ;du|df afnaflnsfn]
ljrf/ JoQm ug{ kfpg', JoQm u/]sf] ljrf/sf] sb/ x'g', To;df 5nkmn x'g',
;fc]g;'f/ lg0fo{ kl|qmofdf ;xefuL xg' kfpg,' ePsf lg0fo{x¿ sfofG{jog ug{]
s'/fdf pgLx¿n] efu lng kfpg', sfof{Gjogaf6 ePsf kmfObf jf a]kmfObfdf
klg ;';"lrt x'g] tyf ;+nUg x'g kfpg' g} afn;xeflutf xf] .
afnaflnsfsf] pRrtd lxtsf nflu x'g] kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs tyf cGo ljsf;sf
lqmofsnfkx¿, h;n] pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf c;/ kf5{, tL ;a}df pgLx¿sf] pd]/,
Ifdtf, ?lr jf OR5f / kl/j]zcg';f/ efu lng] jf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ -;sf/fTds_
JoQm ug {]kl|qmof g }afn;xeflutf xf ].
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf wf/f @, %, !@, !#, !$, !%, !&, @#, @(, / #! n]
afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/dfly hf]8 lbPsf 5g .

17. ;zQmLs/0f 17
afn;xeflutf lsg <
bLw{hLjg ljsf;
;xeflutf
;+/If0f
-!_ afn;xeflutf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] M
dgdf nfu]sf s'/f JoQm ug{ kfpg], :jtGqtfk"j{s cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg kfpg],
;r"gf kf|Kt ug,{] ;u+l7t xg' kfpg ]pgLx¿sf ]g;}lus{ clwsf/ xf ]. cGo
afnaflnsfsf] cltl/Qm 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] klg ;xeflutfsf] ;dfg clwsf/
5 .
-@_ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/n] cGo clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ d2t ldN5 M
afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"n] g} ;a}eGbf klxn] cfˆgf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;S5g . afnaflnsfn]
dgdf nfu]sf s'/fx¿ eGg kfP, ;+ul7t x'g kfPsf] v08df g} pgLx¿dfly x'g]
;a} lsl;dsf zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/af6 cfkm"nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;S5g / afFRg
kfpg], bL3{ hLjgsf clwsf/x¿ pkef]u ug{ ;S5g .
3/]n' afn>d tyf cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsf cfTdansf]
b[li6n] x]bf{ ;dfhsf ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ agfOPsf ;b:o x'g . pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf]
kIfdf rnfOg] cleofgdf 3/]n' afn>ldsnufot cGo afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfn]

18. 7"nf] d2t k'Ub5 . afn>ldsx¿ / sfddf ;+nUg gx'g] cGo afnaflnsfx¿ Ps
csf{sf] ;d:of a'emg ;Sb5g . o;}n] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg
afnaflnsfx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g .
-#_ k|hftGq / ;Eo ;dfhsf] l;h{gfdf of]ubfg lbg ;S5g M
afnaflnsf ;dfhsf ;lqmo tyf lhpFbf hfUbf ;b:o ePsf]n] ;xeflutfsf]
sf/0faf6 pgLx¿n] ;dfhnfO{ /fd|/L a'emg ;S5g . ;lqmo gful/ssf] ¿kdf
cfkm"nfO{ ¿kfGtl/t ug{ ;S5g . afNofj:yfb]lv g} k|hftflGqs cEof;df nfUg]
x'gfn] ;dfhnfO{ 7Ls lbzflt/ 8f]¥ofpg ;S5g .
18 ;zQmLs/0f
afn;xeflutf
s] xf]Og
z afnaflnsfnfO{ of] u/ / of] eg
eg]/ cx|fpg]
z jo:sx¿ afnaflnsf;Fu l;Sgsf
nflu pbfl;g ePdf
z jo:sx¿sf] cg'ej / ;Lksf]
cjd"Nog ePdf
z jo:sx¿sf] sfddf afnaflnsfnfO{
k|of]u u/]df
z jo:sx¿sf] s'g} clwsf/ gx'g] l:ylt
/ afnaflnsfsf] s'g} st{Jo gx'g]
l:ylt ePdf
z afnaflnsfnfO{ ;a} zlQm ;'lDkPdf
z oyfl:ylts} kl5 nfu]df
afn;xeflutf
s] xf]
z afnaflnsfsf] 1fg / ljrf/sf]
dxTjnfO{ dfGotf lbPdf
z afnaflnsf;Fu cg'ej / ;Lk
cfbfg k|bfg ul/Pdf
z afnaflnsfaf6 l;Sg'k5{ eGg]
efjgf ePdf
z afnaflnsfnfO{ lg0f{o lng /
pQ/bfloTj lngsf nflu ;lhnf]
pkfo kQf nufPdf
z afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿nfO{
pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ /
pQ/bfloTjsf] af/]df a'emfpg
;xof]u u/]df
z afnaflnsfnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/
zlQm x:tfGt/0f ul/Pdf
z afnclwsf/k|lt ;Ddfg u/]df .

19. ;zQmLs/0f 19
-$_ afnljsf;df ljz]if of]ubfg k'Ub5 M
afn;xeflutfn ];r+f/ ug {]Ifdtfsf ]ljsf; xG'5 . ;Demft}f ug {];Lk, sx]L u/f+}
eGg] :jtM:km"t{ efjgf tyf cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; x'G5 . pgLx¿df ;fd'bflos
efjgfsf ]ljsf; xG'5 . o;/L ;du |JolQmTjsf ]ljsf; xbF' }pgLx¿ 3/, ;dfh /
b]zk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g k'Ub5g . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] ;xeflutfn] pgLx¿ cGo
afnaflnsf h:t} eljiodf ;Ifd gful/ssf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'g ;Sb5g .
-%_ ;xeflutfsf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{ ;Sb5g M
afnaflnsf ;dfhsf ;lqmo afn;b:o ePsfn] s'g} klg ;d:ofnfO{ afncfFvfn]
xg] {]ub5{g, hg' s/'f jo:sx¿n ]x/]s]f ]eGbf km/s klg xg';S5 . pgLx¿ cfˆgf
;d:of / ;jfnx¿nfO{ jo:ssf] eGbf /fd|/L hfGg / a'‰g ;S5g . pgLx¿sf]
;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ cem l;h{gfTds 9+un] xn ug{ ;lsG5 .
h:t} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfkm"n] ef]u]sf kL8fx¿ Pscsf{df cfbfg—k|bfg
ub{5g .

20. 20 ;zQmLs/0f
tLg
afn;xeflutfsf ljleGg cj:yfx¿
afn;xeflutf eGgfn] 3/kl/jf/, ljBfno, ;ef, ;Dd]ng, cflbdf afnaflnsfx¿sf]
cy{k"0f{ lsl;dsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
ljleGg ;ef,;df/f]x / h'n';x¿df ;xefuL u/fpg] ub{5g . t/ To:tf] ;xeflutfsf]
af/]df :jo+ pgLx¿nfO{ slQsf] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] x'G5 < o:tf ;df/f]xdf ul/g]
lg0f{ox¿df pgLx¿sf] ;'emfjnfO{ slQsf] k|fyldstf lbOG5 < s] pgLx¿n]
cfˆgf] af/]df s;n] s;/L lg0f{o ub{5g eGg] a'emb5g < oL k|Zgx¿sf] vf]hL
ul/g'kb{5 . olb afnaflnsfx¿ lg0f{osf] tx;Dd kxn tyf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿sf]
k|jfx ug{;Sg] ePsf 5g eg] pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs ;xeflutf ePsf] a'lemG5 .
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ jo:sx¿åf/f ;xefuL u/fpg] s'/fnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu
;g !((@ df o'lg;]kmdf sfo{/t cd]l/sfsf /f]u/ P xf6{ cf/n] afn;xeflutfsf]
e¥ofª tof/ u/]sf lyP M h;cg';f/ afn;xeflutfsf ljleGg cf7 cj:yfx¿
5g .
cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] nflu cfjZos s'/fx¿
z afnaflnsfn] pgLx¿ ;xefuL ePsf] lqmofsnfksf] p2]Zo a'em]sf] x'g'k5{ .
z pgLx¿nfO{ ;DjlGwt lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg] lg0f{o s;n] / lsg
u¥of] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'kb{5 .
z pgLx¿ ;xefuL x'g] lqmofsnfkdf pgLx¿sf] cy{k"0f{ e"ldsf x'g'kb{5 .
z ul/g] lqmofsnfk k|i6 kfl/;s]kl5 dfq pgLx¿ :j]lR5s ¿kn] lqmofsnfkdf
;xefuL x'g ;Sb5g .

21. != unt lsl;daf6 ul/Psf] k|of]u (Manipulation)
jo:sx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ s'g}
sfddf k|of]u u/]sf 5g t/ s] sfdsf]
nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fFOb}5 eGg]
af/]df pgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L 5}g jf
;xefuL u/fOPsf sfo{qmddf 5nkmn
ul/Psf ljifoj:t'sf] af/]sf a'emb}gg,
cfˆgf] sfd klg a'emg ;Sb}gg eg] of]
afnaflnsfnfO{ unt 9+uaf6 k|of]u
ul/Psf] xf] . of] afn;xeflutfsf] e¥ofªsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] l;+9L xf] . pbfx/0fsf
nflu afnaflnsfnfO {ke|fljt kfg {];fdflhs ;/fs]f/sf gLltx¿;uF ;DalGwt
/fhgLlts gf/fx¿ ePsf] Kn]sf8{x¿ af]sL h'n';df lxF8fOPsf] x'G5 eg] of]
afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u dfq xf] . of] jf:tjdf afn;xeflutf xf]Og . lsgls pm
lsg hn';'df lx8Fs]f ]xf ]eGg ]s/'f p;nfO {yfxf xbF'g} . Toxf F5nkmn ul/Psf]
ljifoj:ta'f/d]f p;nfO {hfgsf/L xbF'g} . o;n ]afnaflnsfsf ];jfQ{]d lxtsf]
l;4fGtnfO {cg;'/0f u/s]f ]xbF'g} .
@= sfoq{mdsf ]zfe]f a9fpgsf nflu dfq aRrfx¿nfO {;xefuL u/fPsf]
(Decoration)
o; lsl;dsf] ;xeflutf
afn;xeflutfsf] e¥ofªsf] bf]>f] l;+9L
xf] . slxnsfFxL ljz]if cj;/x¿df
lglZrt k|of]hgsf nflu
afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg gf/fx¿
n]lvPsf u~hL, Sofk cflb ljt/0f u/L
lrl6Ss kf//] grfpbF }pkmfb {}lx8FfOG5 .
u~hL kfPsf]df afnaflnsfx¿ bË
ePsf] b]lvP tfklg pgLx¿nfO{
jo:sx¿n] cfˆgf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ k|of]u
u/]sf x'G5g . jf:tjdf afnaflnsfnfO{ xftdf km"ndfnf u~hL, Sofk cflb lsg
;zQmLs/0f 21

22. nufP/ lx8gk'/s]f ]xf ]k0"f {¿kn ]yfxf xbF'g} . afnaflnsfsf ];G'b/tfnfO {;hfj6sf]
¿kdf pkofu] ug {]ul/G5 .
#= aRrfx¿sf] s'g} e"ldsflagf g} ;xefuL agfPsf]
(Tokenism)
o; txsf] ;xeflutfdf
afnaflnsfx¿n] k|ToIf ¿kdf
cfˆgf cfjfhx¿ p7fpF5g t/
jf:tjdf ;+rf/–k|jfxdf
pgLx¿sf cfjfhnfO{ cToGt
sd dxTj lbOG5 cyjf :yfg
lbObFg} eg ]klg xG'5 . cfˆgf OR5fcg;'f/ kl/ofh]gfx¿ tof/ ug {]cj;/ guGo
¿kdf lbOPsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Dd]ngdf ;f+s]lts
¿kdf ;xefuL u/fOg] sfdnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . slxn]sfFxL afnclwsf/;DaGwL
uf]i7Lsf] pb3f6g afnaflnsfx¿åf/f u/fOG5 . uf]i7Ldf ul/g] lg0f{odf pgLx¿sf]
sg' }el"dsf xbF'g} . afn;xeflutf sj]n bv]fj6L dfq xG'5 . o:tf ]l:yltdf
pgLx¿sf ];frFf ]kl|tlglwTj eO/xs]f ]xbF'g} .
$= afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fd|f]
hfgsf/L lbP/ sfdsf] lhDdf
lbPsf] (Assigned and informed)
o; txsf] ;xeflutfdf afnaflnsfnfO{ dfly
# g+=df elgPsf ;"rgf lbP/ :j]lR5s ¿kdf
sfd ug{ elgG5 . of] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf]
klxnf] kfOnf xf] .
22 ;zQmLs/0f

23. %= 7"nf]n] sfo{qmd u/] tfklg afnaflnsfx¿;Fu /fd|/L
5nkmn u/s]f ]/ hfgsf/L lbPsf ](Consulted and Informed)
o; txsf] ;xeflutfdf
jo:sx¿af6 afnaflnsfx¿sf]
ljrf/nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnOG5 .
o;n] ubf{ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]udf
afnaflnsfx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ k|efj
/xg;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ nlIft u/]/ pTkfbg
ul/Psf pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
pTkfbg k/LIf0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df
Jofkfl/s sDkgLx¿n]
afnaflnsfnfO{ o; txsf] ;xeflutf u/fpg] ub{5g .
^= 7"nf]sf] cu|;/tfdf sfd ;'? eP tfklg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
5nkmn / lg0f{odf ;xefuL agfPsf] . (Adult-Initiated shared
decisions with children)
of] klxnf] r/0fsf] k|efjsf/L
;xeflutf xf] . o4lk ;]jf,
kl/of]hgf jf lqmofsnfkx¿sf]
lg0f{o cem} ao:sx¿sf] kxndf
xg' ]ub5{ t/ lg0fo{ ug {]an]fdf
afnaflnsfnfO{ klg hfgsf/L
u/fOG5 .
&= afnaflnsfx¿sf ]cu;|/tf / lgbz{]gdf sfd ePsf]
(Child-Initiated and Directed)
o; txsf] ;xeflutfdf jo:sx¿dfly e/ gkl/sg g} afnaflnsf cfkm} lrGtg
dgg ub{5g . cfˆgf k|fyldstfx¿ lgwf{/0f ub{5g . o; k|sf/sf] ;xeflutf
;zQmLs/0f 23

24. kf|oMu/L afnaflnsfn ]vn] vN]bf ko|fu] ug {]ub5{g . t/ o; lsl;dsf ];fr]nfO{
cGo sfo{qmd jf lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ubf{ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfs}
lgbz{]gdf ags]f sfoq{md tyf lqmofsnfkn ]>ft] / ;fwgdfly afnaflnsfs}
lgoGq0f / pgLx¿n ]g }ko|fu] ug {]l:yltsf ]ljsf; xG'5 .
*= afnaflnsfx¿s} ;lqmotfdf sfd ;'? ePsf] / lg0f{odf
7"nf;Fu ;/;Nnfx lnPsf] (Child-Initiated, Shared Decisions
with Adults)
of] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] ;xeflutf xf] . o;df afnaflnsfx¿n] g} lg0f{o
u5{g . pgLx¿ cfkm"n] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿ jo:sx¿;Fu k|:t't ug]{ u5{g .
afn;xeflutfsf] o; txdf >f]t ;fwgdflysf] lgoGq0f / kl/rfngdf jo:sx¿sf]
e"ldsf g]t[TjbfoL xf]Og s]jn ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf dfq x'G5 . sfo{qmd tyf
lqmofsnfksf] pknlAw afnaflnsfn] jo:sx¿nfO{ ;'gfpg] ub{5g . o;af6
afnaflnsfsf ]rfvcg;'f/sf sfoq{mdx¿ ugs{f nflu jo:sx¿nfO {lbzflgbz{]
klg ug{;S5 .
24 ;zQmLs/0f

25. ;zQmLs/0f 25
k|efjzfnL ;f]g'
;f]g' rf}w/L cfheGbf kfFr aif{ klxnf cgf}krfl/s sIffdf k9g cfpFbf pgn]
cfkmgf] clwsf/ / cj:yfsf] af/]df Tolt w]/} s'/f a'em]sL lyOgg . cgf}krfl/s
sIff k9]/ ljBfno egf{ eO;Sbf klg pgn] ;fdfGo ;fIf/ / ;r]t x'g]eGbf gofF
sx]L klg ug {]cj;/ kfPsL lyOgg .
ljBfnodf cWoog ul//xFbf pgn] afnSnaaf/] ;'lgg / cfkm}nfO{ cgf}krfl/s
sIff k9fpg'ePsf] o'j/fh ;/nfO{ cfkm" h:tf cGo afnaflnsfx¿ klg ;lDdlnt
eO {afnSna agfpgk'g {]cg/'fw] ul/g . pgsf ]s/'f ]l;lj;df sfd ugx{'g' ]oj'/
fh ;/nfO {klg /fd }|nfUof ]/ ;?'df cgfk}rfl/s sIffdf cWoog u/L ;kmn
ePsf afnaflnsfx?n ]k5L;Dd klg e6]3f6 ug {]ynfs]f ]¿kdf pgLx?n ]3/n]'
afn>lds d~r u7g u/] .
cfh 3/]n' afn>lds d~rn] rf/ aif{ kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 / ;f]g' klg ca jo:s
eO;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
3/]n' afn>lds d~rn] clxn];Dd afn>ldssf clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu / afn>d
zfi]f0f cGTosf nflu yk' }|sfos{d|x¿ ;DkGg ul/;ss]f ]5 / To;kl5sf lbgx¿df
3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt $@ j6f eGbf a9L afnSnax? u7g eO{ ls|ofzLn
eO;ss]f 5g . clxn ]3/n] 'afn>lds d~r tL ;a }afnSnax¿sf ];dGjo ug{]
;~hfnsf] ¿kdf ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . lxhf] :yfkgfsf] ;dodf /xg'ePsf
;fyLx¿dWo] w]/} hgf x/fO;s]sf 5g . t/ ;f]g' cem} klg o;} cleofgdf x'gx'G5 .
jxfsFf ]o:tf ]kl|tj4tfsf ]sb/ ub {}s6]fs6]L 86 sd h:tf ;:+yfx¿n ]jxfnFfO{
;Ddfg klg u/]sf 5g .
;fg] 'clxn ];a }afnaflnsfx¿sf ]nflu k/]|0ffbfoL xg'e'Psf ]5 . jxfnF ]ljleGg
/fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o d+rx¿df afn>ldssf cfjfhx¿nfO{ p7fpg'ePsf] 5 .
;fg]s'f ]o; cj:yfsf ]sb/ ub {}l;lj;n ]klg jxfnFfO {l;lj;sf ]sfo;{ldltsf]
;b:odf r'g]sf] 5 .
;f]g' clxn] jo:s eP klg 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0fsf] cGTosf nflu plQs} ls|ofzLn
x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] jxfFn] cfkmgf] ls|ofzLntfnfO{ hLjGttf lbg jo:s 3/]n'
>ldsx¿sf] ;d"x u7g u/L 3/]n' >ldssf] dfgjclwsf/sf s'/fx¿ klg p7fpg
yfNg'ePsf] 5 .
;f]g' o:tf] x'g'df pgn] kfPsf] cj;/, pgdf /x]sf] k|ltj4tf / cfTdljZjf;, clg
/f]huf/bftf, ;fyLefO / 3/kl/jf/sf] k|f]T;fxg / l;lj;af6 k|fKt ljleGg tflndx¿
g} xf] eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff 5 .

26. 26 ;zQmLs/0f
rf/
k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf
afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L ;xefuL u/fpg]
afnaflnsfx¿sf ]lg0fo{ ug {]Ifdtf
afnaflnsf ;fgf xG'5g, dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ¿kdf kl/kSj eO;ss]f xbF'g}g .
To;}n] pgLx¿ cfˆgf] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}gg . pgLx¿ /fd|f] g/fd|f] 5'6ofpg ;Sb}gg .
To;}n] ;a} lqmofsnfkdf 7"nf dfG5]n] g} lg0f{o ul/lbg'kb{5 eGg] ;f]r unt xf] .
pgLx¿ klg cfˆgf af/]df lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5g . o;/L /fd|f] / ;xL lg0f{o ug{
;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg pgLx¿nfO{ x/]s lqmofsnfksf] lg0f{o ug{ nufpg'kb{5 .

27. afs]s]f ]ss'/'n ]du[ dfbg{} eg ]em +}afnaflnsfnfO {aj]f:tf u/L sg' }klg sfoq{md
jf lqmofsnfkdf 7"nfn] dfq lg0f{o ug{ yfNg] xf] eg] k/]sf] a]nfdf Ps}rf]6L s'g}
s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ nufpg] xf] eg] pgLx¿ lxlRsrfpg' :jefljs} x'G5 . Snadf
jf cGo sfoq{mdsf ];Gbed{f afnaflnsfnfO {lg0fo{ ug {]cEof; u/fO/xg ]xf]
eg ]pgLx¿sf ]lg0fo{ ug {]Ifdtf a95 . jo:sx¿n ]pgLx¿sf ];/fs]f/sf
;fgf—;fgf ljifox¿df klg pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]w]/ lg0f{o lng ;lsG5 .
;xL lg0f{o ug{ gkfpg'sf sf/0fx¿ M
!= jo:sx¿ cufl8 a;]df jf a;]sf] b]v]df
afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ jo:sx¿ cufl8 a;]sf] v08df
pgLx¿df ;+sf]r k}bf x'g] ub{5 . jo:sx¿ pgLx¿eGbf hfGg] ;'Gg] ePsf]n]
lg0f{o ubf{ uNtL kf] x'g] xf] ls eGg] 8/n] dgsf s'/fx¿ ws k'msfP/ eGg
;Sb}gg . jo:s dflg;sf a'l4, cg'ejn] lsRg] x'gfn] pgLx¿ cfˆgf s'/fx¿
lg;+sf]r eP/ ug{ ;Sb}gg .
@= lg0fo{ ugk{'g {]ljifosf ]bl[i6sf0]f
h;/L s'g} s'/fsf] af/]df jo:sn] klxn] h:tf] b[li6sf]0f agfpg] ub{5g kl5
To;nfO {abNg ufxf| ]xG'5, To;u}/L afnaflnsfn ]sg' }ljifodf lg0fo{ uge{'Gbf
cufl8 g} To; af/]df jo:sx¿n] cfˆgf ljrf/ JoQm u/]df afnaflnsfx¿ Tof]
ljrf/sf] k|efjdf k/L cfˆgf ljrf/ slxNo} aflx/ NofpFb}gg / cGo b[li6sf]0faf6
g;fR]g,] gxg] {]l:ylt l;hg{f xG'5 . o;n ]ubf {pgLx¿ sg' }s/'fsf ]lg0fo{ ug {'k/d]f
hlxNo }jo:sx¿dfly e/ kg {]kj|l[Qsf ]ljsf; xG'5 .
#= ljifoj:t'af/]df 1fg
lg0fo{ ugk{'g {]ljifosf ]af/d]f /fdf| ]1fg 5g} eg ]klg lg0fo{ ug {cK7of/f ]xG'5 .
;DalGwt ljifodf lsg lg0fo{ lngk'g {]xf ]< lg0fo{ s:tf ]lngk'g {]xf ]< lg0fo{ ubf{
s ]xG'5 < cflb ljifoj:ts'f ]af/d]f kIf ljkIfaf6 xg], {]ljZni]f0f ug {]zn}Lsf]
ljsf; ePdf lg0fo{ ug {]sfd ug {;lhnf ]xG'5 . o;n} ]afnaflnsfnfO {lg0fo{
ugk{'g {]ljifosf ]af/d]f ulx/f ]hfgsf/L xg' cfjZos 5 . o;sf ]nflu jo:sx¿n]
;DalGwt ljifosf] af/]df oy]i6 ;"rgfx¿ lbg'kb{5 .
;zQmLs/0f 27

28. $= ;sf/fTds dfq 1fg
jo:sx¿n ]afnaflnsfsf ]lg0fo{ ug {]Ifdtfsf ]ljsf; ugs{f ]nflu lg0fo{ ugk{'g{]
ljifoj:t'sf] ;sf/fTds gsf/fTds b'j} lsl;dsf hfgsf/Lx¿ lbg'kb{5 . s]jn
;sf/fTds dfq hfgsf/L lbg] xf] / kmfObf x'g] kIfx¿ dfq atfOlbg] xf] eg]
pgLx¿n ]cfkm +}ljZni]f0f u//] ;xL lg0fo{df kU'gs'f ];f6f ]jo:sx¿n ]egs]f
e/df dfq lg0fo{ ug {]l:ylt l;hg{f xG'5 . To;n} ]ljifoj:ts'f ];sf/fTds jf
gsf/fTds b'j} kIfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbOof] eg] afnaflnsfnfO{ lg0f{o ug{
;lhnf ]xG'5 / o;n ]pgLx¿sf ]lg0fo{ ug {]Ifdtfdf ljsf; ub5{ .
%= unt lg0f{oaf/] k|i6 kfl/lbg]
s'g} gofF ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ afnaflnsfn] unt lg0f{o klg ug{ ;Sb5g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf jo:sx¿n ]lg0fo{ unt eof ]eg/] 7f8 }elgxfNg 'xbF'g} . o;f ]egd]f
afnaflnsfdf g/}fZotf cfpg;S5 / kml]/ cfkm +}lg0fo{ ug {cf6F ubg{}g . a? cfkm+}
lg0fo{ ug {]s/'fdf cf6F u/s]f ]af/d]f pgLx¿nfO {:ofjf;L lbgk'b5{ / pgLx¿nfO{
Tof] lg0f{on] Nofpg] kl/0ffdsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'kb{5 . pgLx¿ cfkm}n]
g };fRFr }lg0fo{ unt g }ePsf ]/x5] eg/] dx;;' u/k]l5 To;nfO {;w'f/ ug]{
pkfox¿sf] af/]df cfˆgf /fox¿ lbO{ ;Rofpg nufpg'kb{5 .
ke|fjsf/L / Jojxfl/s afn;xeflutf kj|4g{ ug {]pkfox¿
!= afn;xeflutf k|hftflGqs cEof;sf] Pp6f k|lqmof M
;xeflutfnfO{ ;+jfb, sfo{, ljZn]if0f, / kl/jt{gsf nflu lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul/g]
k|hftflGqs k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf lnOg'kb{5 . o;}n] sfo{;"rL agfpFbf, ;"rgf ;+sng,
ljZn]if0f, sfo{of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, tflnd, ;fdu|L pTkfbg, cg'udg, d"NofÍg /
clen]vLs/0fsf x/]s r/0fdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 . jo:s /
afnaflnsfsf cg'ej, Ifdtf / of]UotfnfO{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmofaf6 Jojxf/df
ptfgk{'b5{ .
@= afnaflnsfnfO {dfgj / afnclwsf/nfO {dfgjclwsf/s }cËsf ]¿kdf lnOgk'g {]M
x/]s afnaflnsfsf] cfˆgf] clwsf/ x'G5 / p;sf] cfˆg} ljrf/ / efjgf x'G5 .
;a} afnaflnsf dfgj ePsf gftfn] ljrf/ cleJoQm ug{, pgLx¿sf] hLjg;Fu
;DalGwt lg0f{ox¿df ;xefuL aGg tyf :yfgLo / cfd ;d'bfodf cfˆgf] ;lqmo
e"ldsf lgefpg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ afnaflnsfnfO{ h'g s'g} klg
lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 .
28 ;zQmLs/0f

29. ;zQmLs/0f 29
#= lgikIftf M
afnaflnsfx¿ ;a}dfly lgikIf, Jojxf/ xf]; eGg] rfxG5g . To;}n] afn;xeflutf
u/fpbFf kIfkftsf ]uGw sta}f6 cfpg 'xbF'g} . sg' }s/'f xg' ;Sof ]jf ;sg] eg]
To;sf ] sf/0fx¿ ki|6 kfl/gk'b5{ . afnaflnsfx¿ dfemd +}klg wg, hft, sn',
:yfg cflbsf cfwf/df eb]efj ul/g 'xbF'g} .
$= kf/blz{tf M
kf/blz{tf sfo{qmdsf] x/]s txdf plQs} cfjZos x'G5 . P]g lgoddf tf]s]sf]
cj:yfdf afx]s s'g} klg ;+:yfleq x'g] ;f+u7lgs, cfly{s, gLlt lg0f{onufotsf
s'/fx¿ ;+:yfleq / aflx/ /x]sf ;a}n] k|i6 9+uaf6 a'emg] u/L ;"rgf jf
hfgsf/L lng] lbg] k|lqmof g} kf/blz{tf xf] . kf/blz{tf eg]sf] nlIft ;d"xsf]
;r"gf kfpg ]clwsf/nfO {;Ddfg ug '{klg xf ]. kf/blzt{fn ];:+yf, sfoq{md jf
lqmofsnfkleq bv]f kg {];d:ofx¿ xn ug {;xh agfOlbG5 . afn;xeflutfnfO{
k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu kf/blz{tfsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 .
%= ;r+f/ / jftfd{f lhtsf ]bl[i6sf0]fsf ]ljsf; ugk{'g {]M
afnaflnsfdf ;~rf/, jftf {tyf åGå ;dfofh]g ug {];Lksf ]ljsf; ug {'cfjZos
x'G5 . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ jo:sx¿;Fu cy{k"0f{ ;fem]bf/Lsf] nflu ;zQm agfpF5 .
o; b[li6sf]0fn] afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿aLrsf] zlQm x:tfGt/0f sfo{ ;sf/fTds
9+uaf6 x'G5 / afnaflnsf / jo:saLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cem uf9f agfpF5 .
^= nrstf / :jcfnf]rgf M
nrstf / :jcfnf]rgfn] Ps csf{aLrsf] b"/LnfO{ x6fOlbG5 . unt ljrf/ abNgsf]
nflu af6f] v'nf ul/lbG5 . ljleGg ;+:s[lt, cfly{s kl/j]z, efiff, hghflt,
of]Uotfnufotsf kl/j]zaf6 cfPsf afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿aLr ljleGg sfo{qmd
jf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;femb]f/L ug {]qmddf c;dembf/Lx¿ ljsf; xg';S5g . oL
c;dembf/Lx¿ x6fpg nrstf / :jcfnf]rgfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 .
&= kf/:kl/s ;Ddfg
afnaflnsfnfO{ bafa lbP/ xf]Og kf/:kl/s ;Ddfgsf] ;xof]uaf6 dfq jf:tljs
¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfsf] :jt:km"t{ ;xeflutfsf] nflu
jo:sx¿n ]ko|fu] ug {]zAb tyf Jojxf/df Wofg k¥'ofpgk'b5{ .

30. o;sf nflu jo:sx¿n ]lgDg s/'fdf ;Ddfg ugk{'b5{ M
Š ug{ nfluPsf] sfdsf] af/]df afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / :jLs[lt lng] M jo:sx¿n]
cfˆgf egfO /fVbf, xfpefp k|:t't ubf{, af]Nbf k|of]u ul/Psf zAbx¿af6
afnaflnsfn] s'g} sfd ug{ jf s'g} pQ/ eGg afWo ePsf] h:tf] dx;';
gu¿g eGg ]s/'fdf ;l'glZrt ug {].
Š afnaflnsfn] eg]sf s'/f /fd|/L ;'Gg] M afnaflnsfn] eg]sf s'/fx¿ ;'Ggsf]
nflu ;do lbg], afnaflnsfn] af]ln/x]sf] a]nfdf jo:s jf cGo s'g}
afnaflnsfnfO {x:tIfk] gug,{]
Š lg0fo{ / sfdsf af/d]f JofVof ug {]M sg' }s/'fdf lg0fo{ ubf {afnaflnsfn]
lbPsf ;Nnfx Jojxfl/s gePsf] v08df lsg tL ;Nnfx Jojxfl/s 5}gg,
csf {];Nnfx lsg Jojxfl/s 5 eGga]f/d]f ki|6 kfl/lbg ].
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf cleJolQmx¿ eGg] df}sf lbg] M afnaflnsfn]
cfkmg }lsl;daf6 cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ JoQm ul//xs]f xG'5g . ;r+f/ ug {];Lkx¿
klg km/s—km/s txsf x'g;S5g . jo:s ;xhstf{n] pgLx¿nfO{ v'Nnf
9+uaf6 eGg] cj;/ lbg] .
Š pkoQ'm kfz]fs nufpg ]/ ;xh Jojxf/ kb|zg{ ug {]M jo:s ;xhstfs{f]
kf]zfs vlr{nf], a9L cf}krfl/s lsl;dsf] 5 / afnaflnsfx¿sf] kf]zfs
k'/fgf, RofltPsf 5g eg] o;n] pgLx¿df cfTdxLgtfsf] af]w x'ghfG5 .
njfO{vjfO, Jojxf/ cflbn] klg afnaflnsfn] pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg x'G5 ls
xbF'g} eGga]f/d]f cgd'fg ug;{S5g . To;n} ];xhstfx{¿n ]nufpg ]kfz]fs /
Jojxf/df ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .
Š ;dfg Jojxf/ M afnaflnsfnfO{ sltko cj;/x¿df bf]>f] bhf{sf] Jojxf/
ul/G5 . h:t} M ;Dd]ng, tflnd cflbdf cGo jo:s ;xefuLx¿sf] t'ngfdf
afnaflnsfnfO{ tNnf] :t/sf] oftfoft, vfgf, cGo ;/;'ljwf vr{ lbOg]
ul/G5 . ;fy} To:tf sfo{qmdx¿ jo:s ;xefuLx¿sf] rfv / cfjZostf
cg's"n x'g] u/L a9L cf}krfl/s 9+un] tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
afnaflnsfn] cfkm"x¿nfO{ jo:sx¿sf] t'ngfdf sd dxTj lbPsf] dx;';
ub{5g . To;}n] afnaflnsfsf] k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfsf] nflu o:tf sfo{qmdx¿
tof/ ubf{ cgf}krfl/s lsl;dsf] / afnd}qL x'g] lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx¿
agfpg'kb{5 .
30 ;zQmLs/0f

31. ;zQmLs/0f 31
*= afnd}qLk"0f{ ;+rf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;"rgf M
afnaflnsfn] a'emg] z}nLdf jf:tljs, k"0f{ / kl/dflh{t ;"rgf gkfp~h]n;Dd
sg' }klg lqmofsnfkx¿sf ]ofh]gf thd{'f ug,{] lg0fo{ ug {]h:tf sfdx¿ ke|fjsf/L
9u+n ]ug {;Sbg}g . h:t }M afnSna u7g ug '{/ ;r+fng ugk{'g {]cj:yfdf klg
pgLx¿nfO{ afnSna s] xf] < To;sf] cf}lrTo, cfjZostfsf af/]df k|i6 9+uaf6
atfOlbg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt lstfa, 6]k, >Job[Zo, gf6s,
el"dsf, clego, uLt, kfi]6/, afna7}s tyf en]fx¿df k:|tl't ug {]nufot ;a}
lsl;dsf js}lNks ;r+f/sf dfWodx¿ cjnDag ugk{'b5{ . 3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿nfO{
lhNnf, /fli6«o, If]qLo, cGt/fli6«o txsf sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5
h;af6 pgLx¿n] cfˆgf clwsf/sf af/]df cGo k|sf/sf afn>ldsx¿;Fu ;"rgfx¿
cfbfg—kb|fg ug {]cj;/ kfp5Fg .
(= ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;xdlt M
afnaflnsfn] s'g} lqmofsnfkdf efu lng'eGbf cufl8 pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf
:j]lR5s xf] ls xf]Og eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu k|d'v s]xL
kZ|gx¿sf ]pQ/sf ]vfh]L ugk{'b5{ .
;xdltsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu kfFr k|Zgx¿ M
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} lqmofsnfkdf lsg ;xefuL x'g] < eGg] s'/f yfxf
x'g'kb{5 .
Š slt ;do nfU5 < s–]s ]ugk{'b5{ < eGg ]yfxf kfpgk'b5{ .
Š ;xefuL ePkl5 s] pknlAw x'G5 < eGg] yfxf kfpg'kb{5 .
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} lqmofsnfk ug{sf nflu lg0f{o lng;Sg] agfpg s'g
;:+yfsf ]s;n ]s;/L ;xofu] ug {]xf ]< eGg ]yfxkfpg 'kb5{ .
Š lqmofsnfk ug{sf nflu s]–slt ef}lts, ljQLo, dfgjLo ;xof]u x'g] xf] .
of ];xofu] jtd{fgbl]v eljio;Dd sg' ;:+yf jf ;femb]f/L ;:+yfn ]ug {]xf ]<
eGg] yfxf kfpg'kb{5 .

32. ;xdltsf ]cy {afnaflnsfx¿n ]ugk{'g {]lqmofsnfksf ]af/d]f cfjZos ;r"gf
kfO;s]kl5 s'/f a'em]/ ;f] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL gx'g] ljrf/ JoQm ug{ kfpg]
pgLx¿sf ]clwsf/sf ];Ddfg ug {'klg xf ]. olb sg' }lqmofsnfk ubf {pgLx¿
hf]lvddf kg{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 eg,] lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu 3/b]lv
6f9f hfgk'g {]ePdf, olb afnaflnsfsf kmf6]fx]¿ kr|f/—k;|f/sf nflu nluG5
eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xdlt lng' cToGt h?/L x'G5 .
!)= ljZj;gLotf M
olb afnaflnsfn] afnaflnsfdfly x'g] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] lj?4df x'g]
5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g] xf] eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf ljZj;gLotfn] 7"nf] e"ldsf
v]Ng;S5 . lsgls ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ 5 . vf;u/L
cfdfafa'n] yfxf gkfOsg o:tf] 5nkmndf ;xefuL ePsf] cj:yf 5 eg] o:tf]
cj:yfdf jo:s tyf cGo afnaflnsfn ]of ]ufk]gLotfsf ]clwsf/sf ];Ddfg ug{}
kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ x'g] a9L
;Defjgf ePsf]n] o;df ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . lsgls o:tf ;jfn
/f]huf/bftfx¿;Fu} ufFl;Psf] x'g;S5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;xeflutfn] afn>ldsx¿sf]
hLjg g} vt/fdf kg{;S5 . afn>ldsx¿sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'Ug;S5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf ;xhstf{x¿n] ;DalGwt afnaflnsfsf] jf:tljs gfd n'sfP/
cs {}gfdaf6 klg ;r"gfx¿ aflx/ Nofpg ;Sb5g . afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿
Pscfk;df ;Nnfx u/]/ ;"rgfx¿ aflx/ Nofpg] jf gNofpg] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5g .
!!= afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f M
sg' }klg lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL xbF'f To;n ]afnaflnsfsf ]zf/Ll/s, dgfj]1}flgs,
;j+u]fTds, ljsf;fTds tyf gl}ts dN"odf rf6] gku'f;] eg/] ;/+If0f ugk{'b5{ .
3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsfx¿
hfl]vddf kg {]ka|n ;e+fjgf ePsfn] ]o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL u/fpbFf
ljz]if ljrf/ k'¥ofpg} kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos k/]df k|x/L, cGo u}/;/sf/L
;:+yf, :yfgLo ;/sf/ / sfgg' Joj;foL;uF ;dGjo ugk{'g {]xg';S5 .
!@= ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;dfg clwsf/ M
dfgjclwsf/ tyf afnclwsf/sf] Pp6f df}lns l;4fGt ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ xf] .
afnaflnsfn] hft hflt, j0f{, lnË, hGd jf cGo tx, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlts jf
32 ;zQmLs/0f

33. cGo cf:yf, /fli6«otf, ;fdflhs :t/ cflb s'g} klg s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L
;dfg 9+un] ;xefuL x'g kfpF5g . o;}n] s'g} klg lqmofsnfkx¿df afnaflnsfsf]
;xeflutf u/fpFbf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 M
pd]/ M pd]/n] afnaflnsfaLr cfkmg} lsl;dsf] txsf] l;h{gf ub{5 . o'jfx¿n]
lszf]/x¿nfO{ lszf]/x¿n] pgLx¿eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ sdhf]/ / cfkm"nfO{
hfGg];'Gg] kl/kSj 7flg/x]sf x'G5g . jo:sx¿n] oxL sf/0fn] afnaflnsfn] s]xL
hfgs]f xbF'g}g eGg ];fr]sf ]sf/0f ;xefuL u/fO/xs]f xbF'g}g . csf {]s/'f lszf/]
cj:yfaf6 o'jf cj:yflt/ 9Ns]sf afnaflnsfx¿ / lszf]/ cj:yfeGbf sd
pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿n] rf;f] /fVg] s'/fx¿df klg km/s kg{;S5 . h] eP klg
oxfFg]/ la;{g} gx'g] s'/f s] xf] eg] ;a} pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] pd]/
cg';f/sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5 . olb ;+rf/sf ;fwg / tl/sfx¿
pko'Qm lsl;dsf 5g eg] 3/]n' afn>ldsnufot cGo afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg cK7of/f ]kbg{} .
;fdflhs lnËe]b M ;fdflhs lnËe]bn] afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/dfly
gsf/fTds c;/ ul//x]sf] 5 . ;dfhdf s]6fx¿sf] t'ngfdf s]6Lx¿n] sd
cj;/x¿ kfPsf ]sf/0fn ]ubf {pgLx¿sf ] cfTdan dhat' xg' kfPsf ]xb‘'g}, /
afnsx¿ h:t }:jtGq xbF'g}g . o;n ]pgLx¿df nfdf ];do;Dd cfTdljZjf;
kb}f xg' / ;xefuL xg'sf ]nflu cfjZos kg {];Lkx¿sf ]ljsf; ug {;ls/xs]f
xbF'g}g . 3/kl/jf/leq klg s6]Lx¿sf ];xeflutfsf ]nflu kl|tsn" l:ylt xG'5 .
3/leq s]6Lx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf nufOg] x'gfn] km';{bsf] ;do Hofb} sd
x'G5 . To;}u/L ;fdflhs lje]bsf] rfk s]6fx¿sf] sfFwdf klg cfOk/]sf] x'G5 .
s6]Lx¿nfO {3/leqsf ]sfddf nufOg ]xg'fn ]s6]fx¿ 3/ 5f8]L 6f9f hfgk'g,{]
hfl]vdoQ'm sfdx¿ ugk{'g {]l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . oL s/'fx¿n ]klg afnaflnsfsf]
;xeflutfsf] clwsf/df gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . ;xhstf{x¿n] o:tf] lsl;dsf]
ljeb]nfO {lg?T;flxt ug {];dfg ;xeflutfsf ]nflu kxn ugk{'b5{ .
ckfËtf M ;fdfGotof ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿ lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g
;Sb}gg eGg] ul/G5 . s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ckfËtfsf] sf/0faf6 afnaflnsfnfO{
;xeflutfaf6 al~rt u/fOg 'xbF'g} . a? ckfË afnaflnsfsf ];xeflutfsf ]nflu
l;h{gfTds ljlw / tl/sfx¿ k|of]u u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;'xfpFbf lqmofsnfkx¿
lgdf0{f ugk{'b5{ . ;/'lIft :yfgdf / ;xh 9u+af6 pgLx¿nfO {;xefuL u/fpgsf
nflu cgs'n" jftfj/0f tof/ ugk{'b5{ . alx/f, cGwf / cGo lsl;dsf ckfË
;zQmLs/0f 33

34. afnaflnsfnfO{ klg jfbljjfb, lg0f{o tyf ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg, v]nnufotsf
ultljlw plQs} cfjZostf x'G5 .
;fdflhs x}l;ot jf k|lti7f M k|foM h;f] 3/]n' afn>ldsnufot ;a} lsl;dsf
afn>ldsx¿ ;'ljwfljxLg tyf cfTdan sdhf]/ x'g k'u]sf ;dfhsf ;b:o
x'g . ul/a afnaflnsf, ;8s afnaflnsf, b]xJofkf/df nfu]sf afnaflnsfn]
;dfhsf c? dflg;x¿af6 x]kfO tyf e]befjsf] l;sf/ x'g'kb{5 .
afn;xhstfx{¿n ];a }afnaflnsfkl|t ;dfg Jojxf/ ugk{'b5{ . cem }klg kf|oM
h;f] 7"nf—7"nf ;Dd]ng tyf uf]i7Lx¿df ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ ;dfhsf k|ltli7t
/ ;'ljwf;DkGg kl/jf/af6 cfPsf afnaflnsfx¿n] kfO/x]sf x'G5g . s'g} klg
;xefuLtfd"ns lqmofsnfkx¿df ;dfhsf ;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ efu
lng] cj;/ lbO{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;zQm agfOg'kb{5 . ;dfhdf ;fdflhs x}l;ot jf
k|lti7fsf sf/0f zlQmdf /x]sf ;d"xx¿af6 ;'ljwfljxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsf
/ ;d"xnfO{ cy{k"0f{ / ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df zlQm x:tfGt/0f ug{sf] nflu ;xhLs/0f
ul/g'kb{5 . o;n] ;fFrf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;xh jftf/0f tof/ ub{5 .
hghflt, wd{ / eflifs ;d"xsf] ;b:otf M ;dfhdf ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s
;d'bfox¿ x'g] x'gfn] ;a} hft wd{ efiffsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L afn ;+3 tyf
;+u7gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5 . a]rlavg tyf c;'/lIft cfk|jf;gdf k/L :jb]zleq
jf ljb]z k'¥ofOPsf afnaflnsfx¿ a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ hLjg latfpg afWo eO/x]sf
x'G5g . 3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ tTsfn ;xof]usf] cfjZostf k/]sf] x'g;S5 . cj}w sfddf
;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsfx¿ c? dflg;x¿n] yfxf kfpF5g eg]/ o:tf
afnlqmofsnfkx¿df ;xeflutf c:jLsf/ ug{ ;S5g . o;}n] afn ;xhstf{x¿
oL ;jfnx¿df ;j+b]gzLn xg' 'h?/L 5 . afnaflnsfsf ];jfQ{]d lxtnfO {Wofgdf
/fvL afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPdf o;n] jf:tljs ¿kdf ;'ljwfljxLg tyf
hf]lvdo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 .
!#= cfkmd+}fly e/ kg {]afgLsf ]ljsf;
afn;xeflutfsf ]cy {afnaflnsfnfO {jo:sx¿dfly lge/{ ug {]afgL ljsf; ug{'
xf]Og . jo:sx¿ t s]jn afn;xhstf{x¿ x'g . ;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfnfO{
cfTdan kb|fg ub5{ . afnaflnsf Pscsfd{f / cfkmd}+f e/ kg {]afgLsf ]ljsf;
ub{5 . o:tf] lge{/tf s]jn sfo{qmd ;+rfng u?~h]n dfq xf]Og hLjgsf] x/
If]qdf h?/L x'G5 . afn;+:yfsf cu'jfx¿n] cfkm" !* jif{ k'u]kl5 qmdzM gofF
34 ;zQmLs/0f

35. afnaflnsfdfly lhDd]jf/L ;'lDk+b} afNosfndf l;s]sf cg'ejx¿nfO{ lnP/ cfkm"x¿
o'jfo'jtLx¿sf] ;+u7gdf ;fd]n x'g;S5g . To;}u/L sltko afnaflnsfs}
;xhstf{ klg aGg ;Sb5g . To;}n] ;xhstf{n] afn;+u7gdf ;+ul7t ePs}
an]fbl]v cfTdlge/{ aGg kf|T];flxt ug '{kb5{ .
!$= ;xof]ufTds kl/j]z
afn;xeflutfsf nflu ;xof]ufTds kl/j]z x'g cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] jftfj/0fn]
afnaflnsfnfO{ lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g xNsf / ;xh agfpF5 . o;n] d}qLk"0f{
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{5 . o;n] pgLx¿leq /x]sf] lxlRsrfpg] afgL, 8/, qf;
lg/fzf lj:tf/} x6]/ ljrf/x¿ JoQm ug{ / :j]R5fn] sfd ug{ yfNb5g .
;xeflutfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg a;fOdf klg Wofg k'¥ofpg['kb{5 .
lqmofsnfkdf efu lnFbf ;xhstf{ / afnaflnsf ;a} e'O{df uf]nf] eP/ a:g]
u/]df afnaflnsf a9L ;xefuL x'g ?rfpF5g . t/ afnaflnsfn] s';L{df a:bf
cfˆgf] x}l;ot dfly ePsf] 7fGg] ub{5g eg] s';L{ 6]annfO{ uf]nf] kf/L /fv]/ klg
lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ v]n a9L ?rfpg] x'gfn] a9L v]n v]nfpg'kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy}
l;h{gfTds lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+rfng ul//xg'kb{5 . v]n v]Ng] s'/f s]jn ;do
latfpgsf nflu dfq xf]Og o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ cGo lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL x'g
a9L pTkl]|/t ug {]ub5{ .
olb afnaflnsfx¿ ;xhstf{sf] cg'kl:yltdf :jtGq ¿kn] lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL
xg' ;xh 7fGb5g eg ];xhstfn{ ]6f9f a;/] /v]bv] ugk{'b5{ .
!%= pko'Qm ljlw M
afnaflnsfsf nflu ;+rfng ul/g] ;a} lqmofsnfk tyf tl/sfx¿ afnaflnsfsf]
pd]/ Ifdtfcg';f/ ldNg] x'g'kb{5 . ePsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L ;xefuL
agfpg] eGg] pkfo kQf nufpg] s'/f ;xhstf{sf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] s'/f xf] . vf;u/L
lg/If/, cGo ;Lkx¿ gePsf tyf ckfË afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL x'gsf nflu
;xh xg' ]tl/sfx¿sf ]vfh]L ul/gk'b5{ . ;xhstfn{ ]o:tf ]pkfosf ]vfh]L ugk{'b5{
h;af6 ;'ljwfljxLg / ;'ljwfo'Qm afnaflnsf tyf afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿aLrsf]
zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{ ;lsof]; .
;zQmLs/0f 35

36. !^= ;xeflutfsf] nflu afnaflnsfsf] rog M
s]lx ;xefuLd"ns lqmofsnfkx¿df ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg ;ls+b}g .
o:tf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsf :jo+nfO{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] lqmofsnfkdf pgLx¿dWo]
s;nfO{ ;xefuL agfp‘bf pko'Qm x'G5 eg]/ rog ug{ nufpg ;lsG5 . k|ltlglw
rog ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] k|hftflGqs cEof; s} tl/sf ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
sg' }klg 5gf6} kl|qmof ;?' ug {'eGbf cufl8 jo:sx¿n ]ug {nfluPsf ]lqmofsnfk
jf sfo{qmdsf af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} klg s'/f g5'6g] u/L s'/fx¿ atfpg'
kb{5 . vf; u/L lqmofsnfkdf efu lng] afnaflnsfaf6 s] cfzf ul/Psf] xf]
eGg] s'/f k|i6 kfl/lbg' kb{5 . oxL s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ afnaflnsfn] ;xefuL
x'g] s]xL ;fyLx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ ;Sb5g . ;xefuL x'g rfxg]x¿sf] ;+Vof
w]/} ePdf jf cfjZostf k/]df dtbfg klg ug{ ;Sb5g . o:tf] cj:yfdf
afnaflnsfsf ]rognfO {;Ddfg ug {'kb5{ . vf; u/L cj;/x¿ yf/] }xG'5g t/
lg/Gt/ cfO/xg ;S5g . c? afnaflnsfnfO{ kl5Nnf cj;/x¿ lbg] eGg] s'/f
k|i6 kfl/lbg' kb{5 . lqmofsnfk jf sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] afns jf aflnsfn]
;xefuL eP/ cfPkl5 Toxf‘ k|fKt cg'ej jf l;s]sf s'/fx¿sf] k|ltj]bg tof/
u/L ;a }c? ;fyLx¿nfO {;g'fpg 'kg {]s/'f atfpbFf /fdf| ]xG'5 .
!&= efiff M
lhNnf, /fli6«o If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o txdf x'g] lqmofsnfkx¿df ljleGg b]z,
If]q, hghflt ;d"xaf6 ;xefuL x'g] afnaflnsfsf] k|efjsf/L tyf ;lqmo
;xeflutfsf] nflu efiffn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] ub{5 . olb efiff ga'emg] l:ylt
ePdf afnaflnsf] ;xeflutf k|efjsf/L gx'g] dfq xf]Og o;n] gsf/fTds k|efj
;d]t kfg{ ;Sb5 . ;fdflhs k|lti7f, x}l;ot / efiff Ps csf{df uf‘l;Psf
s'/fx¿ x'g . h:t} lzlIft afnaflnsfn] /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o efiff klg l;Sg]
df}sf kfPsf] x'G5 . olb ;xefuL afnaflnsf sfo{qmddf k|of]u ul/g] efiff
a'emb}g eg] efiffsf] ;§fdf lrq, kf]i6/, >Job[Zo, ;+rf/sf l;h{gfTds tl/sfx¿
ckgfpg' kb{5 . bf]efif]x¿ afnclwsf/af/]df ;+j]bgzLn x'g h?/L 5 . 5nkmn
ePsf ljifox¿sf] ;f/ ;+If]k ;/n efiff / xfpefpsf] dfWodaf6 k|i6 kfl/g'
kb5{ . ;xhstfn{ ]5nkmn tyf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO {lj:tf/ };~rfng ug {'kb5{ .
;xhstf{n] 5nkmn / lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ w}o{tfk"j{s ;'Ggsf] nflu k|f]T;fxg ul//xg'
kb{5 .
36 ;zQmLs/0f

37. ;zQmLs/0f 37
!*= ;kmntfdf v';L dgfpg] M
of]hgf ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿ ;kmn ePdf ;xefuL ePsf lqmofsnfksf] ;kmntfsf]
nflu v';LofnL dgfpg] . ;fgf] 7"nf] hqf] ;kmntf k|fKt eP klg ;xefuL x'g]nfO{
awfO lbg] . o;n] km]l/—km]l/ o:tf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ tyf ;xefuL x'gsf]
nflu c? afnaflnsfnfO{ klg k|f]T;fxg ldNb5 .
!(= sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu yk lqmofsnfk M
sg' }klg lqmofsnfk jf sfoq{md ;lsPkl5 To;kl5 s ]ug {]eGga]f/d]f ;fR]gk'b5{ .
olb sfo{qmddf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] eP To;sf] k|ltj]bg jf
pgLx¿ efu lnPsf] a}7ssf] 3f]if0ff pgLx¿nfO{ lbg] .
sltko afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"n] sfo{qmddf efu lnP/ cfPkl5 l;s]sf 1fg tyf
;Lkx¿ ;+u7gdf nfu" ug{ rfxG5g . of] :jefljs s'/f xf] . o;}n] sfo{qmd
;+rfnsx¿n] ;xefuLx¿;Fu pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf of]hgfsf af/]df 5nkmn
ugk'{b5{ . olb yk sfoq{md ;~rfngsf nflu >ft] h6'fpg k/d]f ;fs]f nflu
cGo ;:+yfx¿;uF ;dGjo u/L afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ .

38. Wofg lbgk'g {]s/'fx¿ M
afn;xeflutfn],
Š nfdf] ;do lng;S5 .
Š afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtfsf] clwstd / l;{hgfTds 9+un] pkof]u ub{5 .
Š of] Pp6f l;sfOsf] k|lqmof xf]
Š JolQmut pGgltsf nflu Pp6f cj;/ xf] .
Š afn;xeflutf lqmofsnfk xfO]g a? cGo lqmofsnfkx¿ ug {]Pp6f tl/sf
xf] .
Š Pp6f dfq lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g' jf:tljs ;xeflutf xf]Og,
afn;xeflutfnfO{ hLjgdf x/ If]qdf ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿df d"nk|jfxLs/0f
ul/g'kb{5 .
Š afn;xeflutf sfoq{mdaf6 lgbl{]zt xG'5, of ]Jojxf/af6 ;DkGg ul/g ]sfo{
xf], of] afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;DkGg x'G5 .
Š afn;xeflutf ;w +}Pl]R5s, ;;'l"rt, cyk{0"f {/ afnaflnsfsf ];jfQ{]d lxtsf]
kIfdf x'G5 .
Š afn;xeflutfn] ;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;zQm agfpg'kb{5 .
Š afn;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfsf] 1fg, k|j[lQ / ;Lksf] ljsf;df ;xof]u u/L
pgLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿leq cGt/lglxt Ifdtf dx;'; u/fpF5, pQ/bfoL / ;lqmo
gful/ssf] ljsf; u5{ .
Š afn;xeflutfn] afnaflnsf cfkm}nfO{ zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;'/Iff ug{sf]
nflu ;Ifd agfpg ;xof]u ug{;S5 .
Š olb afnaflnsf;Fu 5nkmn u/]df / pgLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fPdf 3/]n'
afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>d;DaGwL sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfx¿ a9L
;do;fk]If / To;sf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
38 ;zQmLs/0f

39. Š sfo{qmdsf] zf]ef a9fpgsf nflu dfq / afnaflnsfsf] s'g} e"ldsflagf g}
pgLx¿nfO {;xefuL u/fpgsf ]nflu ko|fu] ug {]s/'fnfO {k>|o lbg 'xbF'g} .
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xh, d}qLk"0f{ / k|hftflGqs kl/j]zdf ;xefuL u/fpg] s'/fnfO{
;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .
Š afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿ aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGw ;Ddfghgs x'g'kb{5 .
Š ;Dej eP;Dd w]/} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] nIo lnOg'kb{5 .
Š afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf, cfjZostf / rfvcg';f/ pko'Qm x'g] tl/sf /
lqmofsnfkx¿ k|of]u ul/g'kb{5 .
Š aflx/L lqmofsnfkdf efu lng] hfg];DaGwL lg0f{o ubf{ afnaflnsfnfO{ g}
lg0f{o ug{ lbOg'kb{5 .
Š sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg kIfn] s'g} lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg] a]nf afnaflnsf
/ ;xhstfx{¿nfO {hfl]vddf kg {]jf gkg {]s/'f ;l'glZrt ul/gk'b5{ .
Š afn;xeflutfnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf 3/]n'nufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg
ePsf afnaflnsfnfO {kg':yfk{gf tyf ;u+l7t ug {]sfdlt/ pGdv' ul/gk'b5{ .
Š sfo{qmd jf lqmofsnfksf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 afnaflnsfx¿;Fu} a;]/
v';LofnL dgfpg'kb{5 .
Š k|To]s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg eO;s]kl5 tL lqmofsnfkx¿af6 pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf
ePsf] kl/jt{g hfFRg nfut – -/sd, ;fdu|L, dfgjLo >f]t ;fwg slt vr{
eof] <_ k|lqmof – -tL ;fdu|Lx¿ s;/L k|of]u ul/P <_ lgut{ -tfNsfnLg
kl/0ffd s] cfof] <_ / pknlAw –-bL3{sfnLg k|efj s] k¥of] <_ eGg] af/]df
afnaflnsfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg} kb{5 .
Š sfoq{md jf lqmofsnfk ;dfKt ePkl5 Tof ]sfoq{mdkZrft ug {]gof ‘ofh]gfsf]
af/]df afnaflnsf;Fu ;f]lwg'kb{5 / cfjZos >f]t ;fwg h'6fOlbg'kb{5 .
Š afn;xeflutf g} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xf]Og a?
o;n] ltgLx¿sf] afFRg], bL3{ hLjg lhpg], ljsf; ug{, ;+/If0f kfpg] nufotsf
clwsf/nfO {;l'glZrt ug {]sfddf ;xofu] ub5{ .
;zQmLs/0f 39

40. afn;xeflutfsf cj/f]wx¿
Š æafnaflnsfn] s] ug{ ;S5g / <Æ eGg] jo:sx¿sf] wf/0ff
Š ;xeflutfsf] gfddf afnaflnsfnfO{ æk|of]uÆ u/fOPsf]
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] dfof / ;'/Iffsf] cefj
Š afnaflnsfnfO {cfjZostfeGbf a9L lgoGq0f / lgbz{]g ug {vfH]g'
Š lg0f{o ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] sdL
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ 1fg / ;"rgfsf] sdL
Š 3/]n' afn>dnufot ;a} k|sf/sf] afn>dnfO{ sfg'gn] ;d]6g g;Sg'
Š jo:sx¿df afnaflnsfnfO {;xhLs/0f ug {];Lk gxg''
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ sfd ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;Lk, tflnd glbOg'
Š afnaflnsfdf pgLx¿sf cfwf/e"t clwsf/af/] r]tgfsf] sdL
Š afnd}qLk"0f{ ;+rf/sf] cefj
Š afnaflnsfn ]ug {]lg0fo{df jo:sx¿n ]cfˆgf ]kmfObfsf nflu x:tIfk] ug{'
Š ;db'fo / kl/jf/af6 jf:tf gug{'
Š pTk/]|0ffsf ]cefj
Š Ps csf{df ;Dks{ / ;dGjosf] sdL
40 ;zQmLs/0f

41. 3/n] 'afn>ldsnfO {;xefuL u/fpbFf Wofg lbgk'g {]s/'fx¿
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL u/fpFbf w}o{tf, nrstf /
l;h{gfTdstfsf] vf‘rf] kb{5 . o;sf nflu p;sf] /f]huf/bftf, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo,
;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿;uF ;dyg{ / ;xofu] kf|Kt ug '{cfjZos xG'5 . lgDg
s'/fx¿n] ubf{ of] r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 M
!= 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df k9fOsf] :t/ / cGo ;Lksf] ljsf; Go"g x'G5 M
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df, plgx¿sf] kl/jf/ ;fdfGo ;fIf/ jf lg/If/ klg x'g;S5g .
pgLx¿sf ]afN]g;Sg ];Lksf ]ljsf; ePsf ]xbF'g} . cGo afnaflnsf h:tf ]lrq
sfg],{] gS;f agfpg ]h:tf ;Lkx¿sf ]klg /fdf| ]ljsf; gePsf ]xg';S5 . o;n}]
jo:s ;xhstf{n] l;h{gfTds 9+un] pko'Qm ljlwx¿ vf]Hg'kb{5 .
;zQmLs/0f 41
@= ;xh jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ sl7g M
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ a]rlavgdf k/]sf], a;fFO ;/]sf] cnu—cnu /f]huf/bftfx¿sf]
3/df a;]sf]n] Ps 7fpFdf e]nf x'g sl7g x'G5 . ufp‘af6 cfPsf] x'gfn] ;x/lt/
af]lng] :yfgLo efiff af]Ng klg sl7g x'G5 . Ps csf{aLr 3'nldn x'g, ljZjf;
k|fKt ug{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . ;xeflutfsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+rfngsf nflu ;xh
jftfj/0f agfpg ;do nfUg;S5 .
#= ;dosf] cefj / vf]h]sf] a]nf e]§fpg ufx|f] M
3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿n ]nfdf ];do;Dd sfddf Jo:t xg'k'g {]xg'fn ]km;'b{sf ];do
lgsfNg sl7g x'G5 . lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>ddf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{
/f]huf/bftfx¿n] s7f]/ lgoGq0fdf /fv]sf x'G5g . 8/ qf;sf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿
rfx]sf] a]nf aflx/ lg:sg g;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . Sna cflbdf ;xefuL x'g klg
;dosf] cefj / sfdsf] rfkn] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] Snadf efu lng] ?lr klg gx'g
;S5 . ?lr eP klg vf]h]sf] a]nf e]§fpg ufx|f] x'G5 . o;}n] pgLx¿ ;+nUg ePsf
;+:yf jf sfo{x¿sf] k|ult l9nf] x'g;S5 .

42. $= lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d ;+j]bgzLn ;jfn M
lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d ;+j]bgzLn ;jfn xf] . o;df afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg,
afn of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ x'g;Sg], sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] eGbf sd pd]/df sfddf
nufPsf] jf cGo k|sf/sf] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{x¿ x'g ;Sb5g, h'g sfg'gn] klg
lgifw] u/s]f ]xG'5 . o:tf ;jfnx¿ ;dfhsf ]cufl8 nfhdbf {]xg' ]/ cgl}ts klg
x'G5g . ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{ eGg] gfddf o:tf ;jfnx¿af/] 5nkmn ubf{ /f]huf/bftf
/ 3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿nfO {Ps }7fpdFf afn]fO {5nkmn ug {'xbF'g} . afnaflnsfnfO{
5'§} 9+un] ;xefuL u/fpg' kb{5 . gq eg] o:tf ;jfnx¿ uDeL/ / vt/gfs klg
x'g;S5g . o:tf ;jfnx¿df ;r]tgf Nofpg] tyf /f]huf/bftf, k|x/L, sfg'g;Fu
;Da4 lgsfosf clwsf/Lx¿;Fu 5nkmn rnfpgsf] nflu nfdf] /0fgLlt agfO{
sfd ugk{'b5{ .
%= dgf]j}1flgs c;/ M
lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>dn] afnaflnsfnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs / efjgfTds ¿kn]
rf]6 k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . ;xhstf{n] pgLx¿dfly k/]sf] c;/sf] af/]df /f]huf/bftf;Fu
5nkmn rnfpg cfkm +};lsG5 ;lsb+g} ;l'glZrt ugk{'b5{ . cfkmn+} ]xn ug {g;s]
c?;Ifd ;+:yfx¿nfO{ lhDdf lbg'kb{5 . o:t} lsl;dsf ;d:ofdfly ljho k|fKt
ug{ ;kmn ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u lng'kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] sdhf]/
cfTdannfO{ dfly p7fpgsf nflu cGo afnaflnsfx¿;Fu 3'nldn u/fpg'kb{5 .
o;n] Psflt/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cGo afnaflnsfx¿af6 w]/} s'/f l;Sg]
cj;/ kfpF5g eg] cGo afnaflnsfn] klg 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] ef]u]sf kL8f
tyf cGo Jojxfl/s 1fg l;Sg] a'emg] cj;/ kfpF5g .
42 ;zQmLs/0f

43. ;zQmLs/0f 43
kfFr
afn;xeflutfsf] nflu afnSna
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ dfq xf]Og cGo afn>ldsnufot ;a} afnaflnsfsf] nflu
Sna jf ;dx" afn;xeflutfsf ]cEof; ug {];ae}Gbf pkoQ'm :yn xf ]. lsgeg ]M
z ;+ul7t x'g kfpg] afn>ldsx¿sf] clwsf/ xf] .
z 3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿ cbZ[o / kxrF'af6 6f9f eP klg afn;u+7gx¿ bZ[o
x'G5g / k'Ug ;lsg] :yndf x'G5g .
z afn>ldsx¿ >lds eP klg 68]« ol'gogx¿df ;u+l7t xg' ;Sbg}g lsgls
>d;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcg';f/ !% jif{d'lgsfnfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf dfGotf
k|fKt 5}g .
z afn;+u7gsf] ;b:otf / ;+u7gsf] gfdn] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;zQm
agfpF5 .
z o;n] 3/]n' afn>lds / /f]huf/bftfaLrsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ xn ug{ d2t
ub{5 .
z ;fdfGotof jo:sx¿sf] nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+ul7t ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 t/
3/]n' afn>ldssf] xsdf eg] /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df a;]sf] sf/0f km';{bsf]
;do kfpg / lx8+8n' ug {]:jtGqtf sd dfq xg' ]ePsfn] ];u+l7t ug {ufxf|]
x'G5 .
z ;+u7gdf ;xefuL x'gfn] afnaflnsfn] ;xeflud"ns 9+uaf6 ;Lkx¿ l;Sg]
/ lje]b/lxt jftfj/0fdf a:g / sfd ug{sf] nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf
ub{5 .

44. ;d"x s] xf] <
;d"x eGgfn] lglZrt p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf nflu b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L dflg;x¿
ldn]/ ;fd"lxs efjgf / klxrfg;lxt lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;+u7g xf] .
;d"x lsg <
z nIf k"/f ug{ jf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ .
z Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿aLr ljrf/ cfbfg—k|bfg ug{ .
z Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] cg'ej cfbfg—k|bfg ug{ .
z Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
of]hgf agfpg .
z Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] zlQm ;+ro ug{ .
z Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] >f]t ;fwg h'6fpg .
z PSn}n] k"/f ug{ g;Sg] sfd ug{ jf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ jf lk/dsf{
x6fpg .
z g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{ .
afnSna s] xf] <
afnaflnsfx¿sf ];xeflutf ug {kfpg ]tyf JolQmTj ljsf; ug {]clwsf/sf]
Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t u/]/ agfOPsf]
Pp6f afn;d"x xf] . cGo afnaflnsfx¿sf] cltl/Qm 3/sf] rf/ lbjf/leq y'lgP/
cb[Zo tyf cf]em]ndf k/]sf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df cfTdansf] ljsf; ug{sf]
nflu afnSnan] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 .
3/]n' afn>dsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yf jf ;xhstf{af6 pko'Qm jftfj/0f tof/
u/L cgf}krfl/s afnsIffdf ;xefuL eO/x]sf jf ljBfno uO/x]sf tyf s'g}
44 ;zQmLs/0f

45. klg sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL ePsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ g} ;+ul7t u/]/ afnSna
u7g ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] cj;/ kfPsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ lg/Gt/ ;d"xdf
pkl:yt xg' ]xbF'f pgLx¿nfO {;u+l7t ug {;lhnf ]xG'5 .
3/]n' afn>ldssf nflu afnSna lsg cfjZos 5 <
;zQmLs/0f 45
Š af]Ng], n]Vg] ;Lkdf ljsf; ug{
Š g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{
Š cfTdansf] ljsf; ug{
Š d]nldnfksf] efjgf a9fpg
Š cfkm"dfly k/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug{ / hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg
ug{
Š hftLo, n}lËs e]befj x6fpg
Š Ps cfk;df ;xof]usf] efjgf j[l4 ug{
Š cGo afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{,
Š 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] hLjgdf r]tgf hufpg
Š afnaflnsfk|lt ul/g] cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf] lj/f]w jf k|lt/f]w ug{
Š /rgfTds tyf l;h{gfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{
3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿nfO {;u+l7t ubf {cfOkg {];d:ofx¿
Š afnaflnsfx¿ /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf x'g] x'gfn] afnSna u7g
x'g] s'/f /f]huf/bftfn] yfxf kfPkl5 ca s] ug{ nfu] eGg] z+sf pTkGg
eO{ ;d"x tyf e]nfdf cfpg k|ltaGw nfUg;S5 .

46. Š afnSnadf ;u+l7t ePkl5 clns a9L ;do lbgk'g {]l:ylt cfpg ;Sg]
x'gfn] /f]huf/bftfaf6 /f]s nufOg;S5 .
Š /f]huf/bftfsf] 8/n] afnaflnsfx¿ Snadf ga:g] ;+efjgf x'G5 .
Š Snasf] ultljlwn] sIffut k9fOnfO{ w]/} afwf k'u]df afnaflnsfx¿sf]
k9fO sdhf]/ x'g;S5 .
Š yf]/}nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{ ;lsP klg cem w]/} afnaflnsfx¿ ul/a kl/jf/sf
:s'n ghfg], ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf c;+ul7t cj:yfd} /x]sf]n]
ltgnfO {;dfjz] ug {]ko|f; gxg' ]xf ]eg ]Sna;uF ltgsf ]b/"L a9g;S5
jf ltgLk|lt ul/g] e]befj emg a9g]5 .
g]kfnsf afnSansf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld
;g !(*( df afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] kfl/t u¥of] . To;sf]
Ps jif{kl5 cyjf !(() df g]kfnn] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ tyf
cg'df]bg u¥of] . o;/L afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]kl5 dxf;lGw
g]kfnsf] sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . o;n] !* jif{d'lgsfnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf
dfGotf lbg'sf ;fy} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+u7g vf]Ng;Sg] clwsf/ lbof] . afnclwsf/
dxf;lGwn ]Joj:yf u/s]f ]clwsf/nfO {sfofG{jog ug {]p2Z]on ]Knfg OG6/gz]gnåf/f
;xofu] k¥'ofOPsf afnSnax¿sf ]:yfkgf eof ]. o;u}/L ;e] b lrN8g]« gjå{]f/f
;xof]u k'¥ofOPsf Snax¿ ;g !((@÷!((# lt/ ndh'ª, pbok'/ / kfNkfdf
:yfkgf eP .
;g !(($ df sf7df08f}df dxf;lGwsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ hDdf ePsf
afnaflnsfsf] ;d"xnfO{ g} ;Ël7t u/L afnr]tgf ;d"xsf] :yfkgf eof] . o;}
;do PS;g P8n] afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfdf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfTds cg';Gwfg
;~rfng ugs'{f ;fy }afn;dx"x¿ klg :yfkgf u¥of ]. xftd]fnf ]afn;dx"sf]
:yfkgf ;g !((^ df eof ]. ;e] b lrN8g]« o='s=] tyf ;e] b lrN8g«], o='P;=åf/f
;xofu] k¥'ofOPsf afnSnax¿sf ]:yfkgf klg ;e] b lrN8g]« gjn{] ];xofu]
ul/Psf afnSnax¿s} 9fFrfdf eof] . ;g !((& b]lv cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb«
-OG;]s_n] cfˆgf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf lhNnfdf afnclwsf/ r]tgf ;d"x u7g
u¥of] . o;} qmddf !((&÷(*df afndhb'/ ;/f]sf/ s]Gb« -l;ljg_n] cfˆgf
afnclwsf/ d~r u7g ug]{ sfdsf] ;'?jft u¥of] . l;ljgn] klg :s'nsf
46 ;zQmLs/0f

47. ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ g} afnclwsf/ d~r u7g u/]sf] 5 . oltv]/;Dd 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿nfO{ g} ;+ul7t u/]/ s'g} klg afnSnax¿ u7g ePsf] lyPg .
;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_n] 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;zQm agfpg] p2]Zon] @)%* ;fndf 3/]n' afn>lds d~r
:yfkgf u¥of] . of] g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] afnSna xf] . xfn
o; ;+:yfsf] kxndf $@ j6f 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] afnSnax¿ ;+rflnt 5g .
oL Snax¿ :s'ndf k9g] 3/]n' afn>lds / cGo afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ u7g
ul/Psf] 5 . oL Snax¿df *) k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ / @) k|ltzt cGo
afnaflnsfx¿ ;+ul7t 5g .
o;/L afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] kxnaf6 xfn g]kfndf
# xhf/eGbf a9L afnSnax¿ sfo{/t 5g . afnSnasf] cfsf/sf] kl/lw ( hgf
b]lv *& hgf;Ddsf] kfOPsf]n] oxL cf};tnfO{ /fli6«o ¿kdf lnFbf /fli6«o :t/df
#) xhf/ ! ;o &) hgf afnaflnsf afnSnadf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . t/
of] ;+Vofdf cGo ;+:yfx¿åf/f u7g ul/Psf afnSnax¿sf] cf};t afnaflnsfsf]
;+Vof yfxf gePsf]n] of] cg'dflgt tYofÍ dfq xf] . gofF ;+:yfx¿ :yfkgf x'g]
tyf gofF—gofF afnSnax¿ u7g x'g] sfd lg/Gt/ eO/xg] x'gfn] o;sf] jf:tljs
;+Vof cfpg sl7g x'G5 . dfly pNn]lvt tYofÍx¿n] ;g !((* sf] cGTolt/;Ddsf]
afnSnasf] cg'dflgt ljj/0f atfpFb5g .
gk]fndf afnSnax¿sf ]ljlwjt btf {ug {]ks|o[fn ]eg ]ldlt @)%* >fj0f @% ut]
hful[t afnSnan ]lhNnf kz|f;g sfofn{olj?4 bfo/ u/s]f ]d2'fdf ;jfR{]r
cbfntn] btf{ ug{ kfpg] km};nf u/]kl5 ;'? ePsf] xf] .
o;afx]s cGo ;+:yfx¿n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+ul7t u/L afnSnax¿ lgdf{0f
u/]sf 5g . o:tf ;+:yfx¿df OGefO/f]gd]G6n SofDk km/ sGh/e];g Pj]/g];
-PSsf_, :6'8]06 kf6{g/l;k jN8{jfO8n] klg jftfj/0fLo Snax¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5
eg] c08/lk|len]H8 lrN8«G; Pzf]l;o;g -pKsf_, sG;g{, ;]km Pj+ xfn afnr]tgf
;d"xsf Snax¿ /x]sf 5g .
xfn;Dd :yfkgf ePsf Snax¿sf] ef}uf]lns b[li6n] x]bf{ g]kfnsf dWokxf8L
If]qdf w]/} afnSnax¿ /x]sf 5g eg] t/fO{ If]qn] bf]>f] :yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 . t/
pRr kxf8L lhNnfdf eg] s'g} Sna 5}gg .
;zQmLs/0f 47

48. o;/L afnSnax¿sf ]u7g ug {]sfd cGt/fl{i6o«, /fli6o« tyf :yfgLo txdf /xs]f
u/};/sf/L ;:+yfx¿sf ]kxndf xbF' }cfPsf ]bl]vG5 . w/]h};f ]afn Snax¿ !(()
sf] bzssf] k"jf{4{b]lv ufpF÷;d'bfodf ;~rflnt æafnaflnsf Pscsf{sf] nfluÆ
sfo{qmdaf6 ljsl;t ePsf kfOG5g . s]xL eg] afn ;fIf/tf sIff ;DkGg
ePkl5 ;d"xsf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g . cGo sltko Snax¿ ljsf; ;+:yfåf/f
;f]em} Snasf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf b]lvG5g . s]xL afnSnax¿ l5d]sL ufpFsf
afnaflnsfåf/f afnSnasf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'gf;fy pT;flxt eP/ dfu ePcg';f/
ljsl;t ePsf lyP . o;/L afnSna u7g x'g'df xft]dfnf] afn /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf]
k|efj klg xf] .
afnSna / ;xof]uL ;+3;+:yfx¿
h;/L Pp6f JolQmn] cfˆgf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ c?sf] ;xof]u lng'kb{5 .
afnSna ;+:yf xf] . ;+:yf eg]sf] klg Pp6f JolQm;/x g} x'G5 . To;}n] Snan]
ug ]{eg/] ;fr]s]f ;a }sfox{¿ p;n ]PSn }ug {g;Sg ]l:ylt klg xg';S5 . so}f+}
sfdx¿ ugs{f nflu cGo ;:+yfx¿sf ];xofu] lngk}g {]xG'5 . o;n} ];:+yfut
¿kn ]sfd ug {]ubf {c?sf ];xofu] lngsf nflu ;jk{y|d Snasf ;xofu]L
;:+yfx¿ sg'–sg' xg' eg/] klxrfg ugk{'b5{ . ;fdfGotof afnSnasf ;xofu]L
;+:yfx¿ lgDg x'g ;Sb5g M
j8f sfof{no ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsf
:jf:Yo rf}sL÷pk:jf:Yo rf}sL ljBfno
k|x/L rf}sL lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
kqsf/x¿ cGo Snax¿
afnclwsf/;Fu ;Da4 ePsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
afnclwsf/k|lt rf;f] /fVg]
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf cGo ;+:yfx¿
48 ;zQmLs/0f

49. ;zQmLs/0f 49
5
afnSna Joj:yfkg
afnSNj / o;nfO {ke|fj kfg {]tTjx¿
afnSna Pp6f ;+u7g xf] o;}n] SnanfO{ ;'rf? ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{sf nflu
Snasf] cfGtl/s cj:yf hlt;'s} :j:Yo, ;zQm eP klg aflx/L kl/j]zn] klg
Snasf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n]
Snasf ;xhstf{ tyf o;df cfa4 x'g] afnaflnsfx¿n] klg SnaeGbf aflx/
/x]sf] ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf /fhg}lts kl/j]znfO{ rgfvf] cfFvfn]
x]l//xg'kb{5 .

50. afnSna s;/L u7g ug {]<
afnSna u7g ugs{f nflu lgDg sfdx¿ ugk'{b5{ M
!= afnSan u7g uge{'Gbf cufl8 ug {]sfdx¿ M
Š afnSna u7g ug {]ljBfno, cgfk}rfl/s sIff tyf ;db'fosf ]jl/kl/sf
/f]huf/bftf uf=lj=;, gu/kflnsfsf k|ltlglw, ;+3;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿,
:yfgLo /fhg}lts JolQmTj, cleefjsx¿;Fu e]63f6 u/L pgLx¿nfO{
afnSna s ]xf ]< o;sf ]u7g lsg ug {]< o;sf kmfObfx¿ s—]s ]5g <
o;df ;dfj]z ePsf afnaflnsfsf st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L s—s] x'G5g <
h:tf ljifox¿df k"0f{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ afnSna u7g ul/Psf] v08df Sna
;'rf? ¿kn] ;+rfng ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .
Š Sna u7g ug {]ljBfnosf kw|fgfWofks tyf cGo lzIfs / lzlIfsf;uF
nuftf/ ;Dks {/ ;dGjo ug {].
Š afnaflnsfx¿sf /f]huf/bftf tyf cleefjsx¿;Fu afnSna u7gsf]
p2]Zoaf/] k|i6 hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
Š afnSnasf] nflu cfjZos Go"gtd ef}lts ;]jfx¿ h:t} e]nf x'g] 7fpF,
cfwf/e"t d;nGb, v]n ;fdu|L, kf7o ;fdu|L cflb h'6fpgsf nflu ;d'bfo
/ afnaflnsf;uF ldn/] kxn ug {'kb5{ . o;sf ]nflu :yfgLo o:t/sf
lgsfo / bft[;+:yfaf6 s] s:tf ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 ;f]sf] vf]hlag
ugk{'b5{ .
Š Sna u7g ug{sf nflu lglZrt of]hgf tof/ u/L ;DalGwt ;xof]uL ;+:yf
/ ;d'bfo tyf afnaflnsf;Fu ;d]t 5nkmn ugkb{5 .
Š afnSna vf;u/L 3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fdf s]lGb«t x'g'sf] ;fy}
afnaflnsf;uF ;DalGwt ;a }d2'fdf sfd ug {]af/d]f ;xofu]L ;:+yf, ;db'fo
/ afnaflnsfnufot ;a};Fu 5nkmn rnfpg'kb{5 .
50 ;zQmLs/0f

51. ;zQmLs/0f 51
@= u7g k|lqmof
Š ljBfnodf cWoog/t 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ / cGo afnaflnsfx¿sf] e]nf
u/fpg] . o;/L e]nf u/fpFbf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] ;+Vof *) k|ltzt /
cGo afnaflnsfsf ];V+of @) kl|tzt xg' ]u/L va/ ug {].
Š ;f] e]nfdf ;xhstf{af6 afnSna u7g ug{ nfu]sf] hfgsf/L lbg] .
Š afnSna lsg u7g ug{ nfu]sf] xf] / o;n] s] sfd u5{ eGg] af/]df
/fd/|L ;;'l"rt kfg {] .
Š ;xhstf{n] afn>ldsx¿aLr 5nkmn rnfP/ pgLx¿n] g} rog u/]sf]
gfdaf6 Snasf] gfd /fVg'kb{5 . o;f] u/]df pgLx¿df Snak|lt ckgTjsf]
efjgf hfu[t x'G5 . gfdsf] ;fy} 7]ufgf klg to ug{ nufpg] .
Š gLlt lgod thd{'f ug {].
Š sfdsf ]af8Fkmf8F ug {].
Š kbflwsf/Lsf ]rog ug {].
Š Snasf ]p2Z]o to ug {].
Š p2]Zocg';f/sf] sfo{of]hgf agfpg] .
Š afnSnasf ]ljwfg lgdf0{f ug {].
Š Sna u7g ug{ e]nf ePsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f ;b:o agfpg] .
afnSnasf] ;+/rgf / kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L
slt hgfsf ];ldlt u7g ug {]<
;fdfGotof Snasf ]sfos{f/L ;ldlt u7g ubf {lahf/] ;V+ofdf u7g ug {]rng
5 . vf;u/L sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sdf olb s'g} ljifodf ljjfb ePdf a/fa/ dt

52. ePdf sg' lg0fo{ dfGg ]jf gdfGg ]eGg ]af/d]f cK7/]f ]kg {]xg'fn ]of ]cK7/]f]
km'sfpgsf nflu sfo{;ldlt lahf]/ ;+Vofdf /fVg] rng rn]sf] xf] .
;fwf/0f ;b:o alg;s]kl5 Snasf ;xhstf{ tyf ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿sf] 5nkmnaf6
& hgfb]lv !# hgf;Ddsf] Pp6f sfo{;ldlt u7g ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d"xdf a:g]
afnaflnsf !* jife{Gbf dflysf ]xg'x'bF'g} . o;/L ags]f ]sfo;{ldltdf ;Dej eP
& hgf aflnsf ^ hgf afns ;f] geP $ hgf aflnsf clgjfo{ ¿kn] ;+ul7t
ul/g'k5{ . Sna u7g ul/;s]kl5 Pp6f /lhi6/df e]nfdf pkl:yt ePsf ;a}sf]
;xL u/fpg'kb{5 .
;fdfGotof Snasf] sfo{;ldltdf lgDg kbflwsf/Lx¿ x'G5g M cWoIf, pkfWoIf,
;lrj, ;x–;lrj, sf]iffWofIf, ;b:ox¿ -# b]lv * hgf;Dd_
s'g} klg afnSnadf dflyelgP cg';f/ g} x'g'kb{5 eGg] xf]Og cfjZostfcg';f/
s]xL yk36 klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
olb Snasf] sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} eP lgDgcg';f/ sfo{
ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
afnSnasf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfsf] -sfo{sf/L ;ldlt_ gd"gf
52 ;zQmLs/0f

53. af= ;ldlt – aflnsf ;ldlt ;f= ;ldlt – ;f+:s[lts ;ldlt
cf= ;ldlt – cfly{s ;ldlt ; = ;ldlt – ;/;kmfO ;ldlt
;f= ;]= ;ldlt – ;fdflhs ;]jf ;ldlt af=c= ;ldlt – afnclwsf/ ;ldlt
v]= ;ldlt – v]ns'b ;ldlt
s'g} klg afnSnadf dfly elgPcg';f/ g} x'g'k5{ eGg] xf]Og cfjZostfcg';f/ yk36 klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
dfly b]vfOPcg';f/ sfo{;ldlt w]/} hgfsf] ePdf sfo{;ldltleq sfo{ljefhg
ug {]qmddf ljleGg ;ldltx¿ lgdf0{f ug {;lsG5 . hlt j6f ;ldltx¿ agfOG5
tL ;ldltx¿sf ;+of]hsx¿ sfo{;ldlts} ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 rog u/L cGo
;b:onfO{ tL ;ldltsf ;b:o agfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf ;ldltx¿df v]ns"b
;ldlt, ;f+:s[lts ;ldlt, ;/;kmfO ;ldlt, afnclwsf/ ;ldlt, ;fdflhs ;]jf
;ldlt, cfly{s ljsf; ;ldlt, aflnsf ljsf; ;ldlt cflb . o:tf ;ldltx¿
lgdf{0f ul/Pdf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lhnf] x'G5 . sfo{;ldlt ;fg}
eP klg k|To]s ;b:onfO{ s]xL g s]xL lhDd]jf/L lbg'kb{5 . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{
lhDd]jf/ / ;lqmo agfpFb5 .
Snasf ]ultljlw l:yltnfO {ljrf/ ub {};fdfGotof dlxgfsf ]! k6s jf @ k6s
a7}s ;r+fng ug {'pkoQ'm xG'5 . t/ cfjZostcg;'f/ o;eGbf a9L k6s klg
;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
Sna u7g ul/;sk]l5 sfo;{ldltnfO {afnSna ;r+fng ug,{] lx;fa lstfa /fVg,]
a7}s ;~rfng ug {]nufotsf ljifox¿df tflnd lbgk'b5{ . tflnd lbgc'l3 jf
kl5 ;xhstf{n] afnSnasf ultljlwsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg / ;xhLs/0f
ul//xg'kb{5 .
afnSnasf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf lhDd]jf/L / Sna ;+rfng k|lqmof
cWoIfn ]ugk{'g {]sfd
;zQmLs/0f 53
!= Snasf x/s] sfd sf/afxLdf gt]T[j kb|fg ug,{]
@= a7}s a:bf cWoIftf ug,{] ;dflKtsf ]3fi]f0ff ug,{]
#= p2Z]o kf|lKtsf nflu Snasf kbflwsf/L tyf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO {pT;flxt ug {].

54. $= ;lrj;uF ;Nnfx u/L a7}ssf ]sfos{d| tof/ ug {].
%= a}7sdf s'g} kbflwsf/L jf ;b:ox¿af6 uNtL ePsf] eP cfnf]rgf, cfTdfnf]rgf
ug {nufO {uNtL ;w'fgs{f nflu kf|T];fxg ug,{]
^= a7}sdf kz] ePsf,] 5nkmn ePsf ]sg' }ljifodf dtbfg xbF'f kIf ljkIf a/fa/
ePdf lg0ff{os dt lbg] .
&= Snasf] h; ckh;sf] lhDd]jf/L lng]
*= ;a}sf] s'/f ;'g]/ dfq cfˆgf] lg0f{o lbg]
pkfWoIfn ]ugk{'g {]sfd
!= cWoIfnfO {;:+yfsf ]sfo {;~rfngdf ;xofu] ug {].
@= cWoIfsf ]cgk'l:yltdf cWoIfåf/f ul/g ];Dk0"f {sfo {ug,{] / ug {nufpg ].
;lrjsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
!= cWoIfsf ];/;Nnfxcg;'f/ sfoq{mdsf ]to}f/L ug {]u/fpg]
@= a}7ssf] lg0f{o / Snan] u/]sf sfdx¿sf] clen]v /fVg]
#= Snan ]ug {]sfdx¿sf ]ofh]gf agfpg,] cGo ;3+–;:+yf;uF ;Dks {/ ;dGjo ug{]
$= cfjZostfcg;'f/ Snasf ];Dk0"f {nv]fk9L Pj +kq Jojxf/ ug {].
%= Snasf ]rn–crn ;DklQsf ]clenv] /fVg,] /v]bv] ug {].
^= Snasf] a}7sdf 5nkmn ug{sf nflu cWoIf / cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿;Fu ;/;Nnfx
u/L ljifo;r"L to ug {].
&= a7}ssf ];r+fng ug,{] ;dx"sf sfdx¿ ug {kxn ug{]
;x–;lrjsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
!= ;lrjnfO {;:+yfsf ]sfo {;r+fngdf ;xofu] ug {].
@= ;lrjsf ]cgk'l:yltdf ;lrjåf/f ul/g ];Dk0"f {sfo {ug {]/ u/fpg ].
54 ;zQmLs/0f

55. ;zQmLs/0f 55
sf]iffWoIfsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
!= Snasf] cfo Joosf] lx;fa lstfa /fVg] .
@= Snasf ]sfo;{ldltsf ]lg0fo{cg;'f/ vr {ug {]tyf cGonfO {vr {ug {lbg ].
#= Sansf a7}sdf lx;fa lstfasf ]ljj/0f kz] ug,{] cfo JoonfO {kf/bzL{
agfpg] .
$= Snasf ];Dk0"f {cfo Joosf ] nv]f k/LIf0f ug {]u/fpg ].
%= Snan] u/]sf k|To]s cfo / JoonfO{ lnlvt ¿kdf /fVg] .
;b:ox¿sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
;b:ox¿ Snasf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ x'g o;}n] Snasf cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿;/x
pgLx¿sf] klg plQs} lhDd]jf/L x'G5 .
!= k|To]s a}7sdf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xefuL x'g] .
@= Snasf nflu l;h{gfTds 9+uaf6 of]hgf agfpg] .
#= a7}sn ]tfs]s]f ]lhDdj]f/Lcg;'f/ sfd ug {]u/fpg ].
$= Snasf nflu gofF–gofF of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ u/L a}7sdf /fVg] .
afnSnasf ]a7}s ;~rfngdf ljrf/ k¥'ofpgk'g {]s/'fx¿ M
a}7scl3
Š a7}ssf ljifoj:ts'f ]klxrfg ug]{
Š a7}ssf ];do, 7fp,F ldlt lgSofn{} ug,{]
Š ;b:ox¿nfO{ a}7ssf] ljifoj:t';lxt k"j{hfgsf/L lbg],
Š a7}sdf cflys{ ljifodf 5nkmn ugk{'g {]ePdf ;DalGwt ;b:ox¿nfO {To;sf]
ljj/0f tof/ kf/L a}7sdf k]z ug{ nufpg]

56. Š ;b:ox¿nfO {cfkmn" ]lnPsf ]lhDdj]f/L k/"f eP gePsf ]ljj/0f tof/ ug{]
tyf gePsf ]cj:yfdf To;sf ]sf/0f tof/ ug]{
Š sx]L sf/0fn ]a7}s ;fgk{'g {]ePdf ;fs]f ]hfgsf/L ;an}fO {;dodf g }k7fpg,]
Š Snasf ;b:oafxs] cGo JolQmnfO {a7}sdf afn]fpgk'g {]ePdf oyf ;dodf
kqfrf/ ug ]{.
a}7s ;~rfngsf] ;dodf
Š klxnfsf ]lg0f{o tyf lg0fo{ kl':tsfnfO {kg'/fjnfs]g ug {]tyf To;nfO{
:jLst[ ug,{]
Š ;fdfGotM %! k|ltzt ;b:osf] pkl:ylt ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ u0fk"/s ;+Vof
dflgg ]kf|jwfgsf ];DDffg ug,]{
Š s'g} ljifo lsg 5nkmn ug{ nfluPsf] xf] eGg] af/]df ;a} ;b:ox¿ :ki6 x'g]
jftfj/0f agfpg a7}ssf ];~rfng÷Joj:yfkgdf lgDg sfd ugk{'b5{ M
!= cWoIfsf] rog, cf;g u|x0f
@= Ps–Ps j6f ljifodf 5nkmn
#= ;a}nfO{ af]Ng] df}sf lbg] / lng]
$= bIftf Pj +?lrcg;'f/ ;b:ox¿dfem sfdsf ]af8Fkmf8F ug{]
%= x/]s ljifodf pQd ljsNkx¿ vf]Hg] .
^= cflys{ sf/fa]f/÷ljj/0f kz] ugk{'g {]eP To;nfO {klxNo }tof/ ug{]
Š a7}ssf lg0fo{x¿ lg0fo{kl':tsfdf ptf/ ug {afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ug,{]
Š s'g} ljifodf ljjfb eP ax'dtnfO{ dfGg'k5{ .
Š Snasf a}7sx¿df Snasf ;xof]uL Ps hgf jo:snfO{ ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf
/fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
Š cfufdL a7}ssf ];do lgwf/{0f ug {].
56 ;zQmLs/0f

57. ;zQmLs/0f 57
a}7s ;lsPkl5
Š x/]s a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿ a}7s k'l:tsfdf n]Vg] / ;f] k'l:tsfdf a}7sdf
pkl:yt ;a}sf] x:tfIf/ u/fpg],
Š ;b:ox¿n] lnPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ pgLx¿;Fu ;xof]u ug{ / To;f] ug{
ufxf| ]eP ljsNkx¿ vfH]g tyf To;af/d]f pgLx¿;uF 5nkmn ug,{]
Š sg' };b:onfO {cfˆgf ]lhDdj]f/L k/"f ug {;xofu] rflxPdf ;fs]f ]k:|tfj ug]{
/ cfjZos k/]sf] v08df 5'§} ;ldlt jf ;d"x agfpg] .
Š ;xof]uL ;+:yf, /f]huf/bftfnufot cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿nfO{
afnaflnsfn] Snadf u/]sf ultljlw / To;af6 pgLx¿n] u/]sf
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbO/xg'kb{5 .
afnSna Joj:yfkg
afnSnanfO{ ;'rf? ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu lgDg s'/fsf] Joj:yfkgdf Wofg
k¥'ofpgk'[b5{ M
!= Snasf nflu sf]7f jf 3/ M
Snasf sfuhftx¿ /fVg, lgoldt a}7s a:gsf nflu afnSnasf] nflu
Pp6f sf]7f jf 3/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ jf jo:sx¿
8n'lkm/ ug {]:ynx¿df a7}s:yn /fVg 'pkoQ'm xbF'g} . kf|oM u//] ;x/lt/
ljBfnos }sf7]fx¿nfO {Snasf ]a7}s:ynsf ]¿kdf ko|fu] ug {]rng 5 . t/
o;sf nflu ljBfno k|zf;gsf] :jLs[lt lng'kb{5 .
@= Snasf cfjZos sfuhftx¿ /fVg] Pp6f b/fh jf afs;, 6]an, s';L{ M
Snasf s]xL cfwf/e"t k|zf;lgs d;nGb ;fdu|Lx¿, lg0f{o k'l:tsf, snd
tyf :6]kn/, v]n ;fdfu|Lnufotsf s'/fx¿ ;'/lIft /fVgsf nflu Pp6f
b/fh jf afs; /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;}u/L Snasf nflu ;Dej eP 6]an
s';L{, geP u'Gb«L, af]/f h] eP klg pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . o;afx]s klg w]/}
;fdfuL|x¿sf ]cfjZostf kg {;S5 t/ tL ;fdfuL|x¿ Sna Jojl:yt xbF'}
hfbFf cfjZostfx¿ a9b }uPkl5 lj:tf/ }kl"t {xbF' }hfg ]s/'f xf ].

58. #= afnSnasf ]clenv] /fVgsf ]nflu cfjZos kg {]d;nGb ;fduL|x¿M
z a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿ lnlvt ¿kn] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu a}7s k'l:tsf
z SnaeGbf aflx/sf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿n] k7fPsf] lr67L kqx¿ btf{ ug{sf
nflu btf{ k'l:tsf
z Snaaf6 c? JolQm jf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k7fOg] kqx¿sf] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu
rnfgL k'l:tsf
z SaneGbf aflx/af6 cfPsf kqx¿ /fVg] kmfOn
z Snaaf6 aflx/ k7fOPsf kqx¿sf] gSsn /fVg] kmfOn
z Snan] u/]sf sfdx¿sf] clen]v /fVg] k|ltj]bg kmfOn
z Snasf ;b:ox¿sf] clen]v /fVg] /lhi6/ jf kmfOn
z Sna;Fu ePsf lhG;L ;fdfgsf] clen]v /fVg] kmfOn jf k'l:tsf
z lan / e/kfO{ /fVg] kmfOn
z Snan] s;}nfO{ /sd lbg' k/]df ;f]sf] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu e/kfO{
z Snan] s;}af6 ;xof]u lng' k/]df ;f]sf] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu /l;b
z n]6/ Kof8
z Snasf] cfo / JoonfO{ b'?:t /fVg Pp6f /lhi6/
58 ;zQmLs/0f

59. ;zQmLs/0f 59
Snasf] lx;fa lstfa s;/L /fVg] <
z afnSnasf] s'g} klg cfo Joo ;a}n] a'emg] u/L / yfxf kfpg] u/L /fVg] .
z k|To]s lx;fa lstfa /fVg Pp6f /lhi6/ /fVg] To;df cnu cnu kfgfdf
Psflt/ cfo / Psflt/ Joo n]vL 5'66f5'66} /fVg] .
z cfkm"n] ;fdfg lsGbf lan dfUg] / c?nfO{ /sd a'emfpFbf jf ltbf{ e/kfO{
u/fpg ]/ lan / e/kfO {kmfOndf kmfOlnª ug {].
z e/kfO{ ubf{ s;nfO{, s] sfdsf] nflu, slt /sd / s'g ldltdf lbPsf] xf]
vn'fpg }k5 {tyf h;nfO {k;}f lbPsf ]xf ]p;sf ]x:tfIf/ u/fpg la;g{ 'xbF'g} .
z Snasf] nflu ;fdfg lsg]kl5 landf sf]iffWoIf / cWoIfsf] ;xL u/fP/ dfq
/fVg'kb{5 .
z lan / e/kfO{x¿ Pp6f 5'6} kmfOndf lvn]/ /fVg'kb{5 .
z kT|os] a7}sdf sfi]ffWoIfn ]Snasf] cfDbfgL / vrs{f] ljj/0f ;g'fpg ]ug{' k5 {.
Snan] lgDg lsl;daf6 cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg ;S5g M
Š bft[;+:yf, ljBfno, uf=lj=;= cflbaf6 cfly{s ;xof]u h'6fP/
Š rGbf ;xof]u p7fP/
Š ;b:otf z'Nsaf6
Š 3f]uf bfg, d'7L bfg p7fP/
Š u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 ;xof]u lnP/
Š b]p;L e}nf] v]n]/
Š ljBfno÷uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfaf6 ;xof]u lnP/
Š ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]/

60. afnSna u7g ePkl5 ugk{'g {]sfdx¿
Š Snasf] cfly{s >f]t h'6fpg afnaflnsfx¿ ;b:otf z'Ns p7fpg rfxG5g
ls rfxbg+}g, ltg {;Ifd 5g ls 5g}g . o:tf Snadf 3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿sf]
afx'Notf a9L x'g] x'gfn] ltg{;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf ;b:otf z'Ns p7fpg
d~h/' gePdf cflys{ >ft] ;s+ngsf nflu cGo ljsNkx¿ vfh]L ugk'{b5{ .
Š afnSnan] s;/L / s'g lsl;daf6 >f]t ;+sng ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] af/]df
klxnf] r/0fdf 5nkmn eP d'tflas sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ ;xhstf{n] ;xof]u
ugk{'b5{ .
Š klxn]b]lv g} ;+rfng eO/x]sf afnSnax¿, uflj; :t/Lo afnSna /
lhNnf :t/Lo ;+hfn;Fu ;Dks{ sfod ug{ / ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{ afnaflnsf;Fu
ldn/] sfd ugk{'b5{ .
Š afnaflnsfx¿ s:tf vfnsf sfoq{md ug {rfxfG5g ;f ]klxrfg ugk{'b5{ .
tL sfoq{mdx¿ Snasf ]p2Z]ocg¿'k eP gePsf] lGfSofn{} ug{ d2t ugk{'b5{ .
Š afnSnasf ]cfGtl/s tyf jfxo sfoq{md ;xflutfdn"s 9u+af6 ofh]gf ug{]
/ ;fs]f ]sfofG{jog ug {afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ .
Snadf afn;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu Wofg lbgk'g {]s/'fx¿ M
Š ;fyLx¿sf ]s/'f ;G'g]Š cj;/ vfH]g d2t ug{]
Š Ps cfk;df cfTdLo Jojxf/ ug Š ;an} ]ae'mg ]efiff ko|fu] ug{]
Š pd/]cg;'f/ Jojxf/ ug{]Š uNtL u/d]f :jLsf/ ug{]
Š cfˆgf] ljrf/ lgw{Sstfk"j{s /fVg] Š cGo ;fyLx¿nfO{ Snadf Nofpg]
Š 8/qf;sf ]jftfj/0f slxNo }l;hg{f gug ;w +}ko|Tg/t /xg]
60 ;zQmLs/0f

61. ;zQmLs/0f 61
;ft
afnSnasf] ;+:yfut ljsf;
d}qLk"0f{ afnSna
afnaflnsfsf] cfjZostf, rfxgfcg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;dfg
;xeflutfdf afnSna ;+rfng ePdf, Tof] afnSnj d}qLk"0f{ afn Sna x'G5 .
d}qLk"0f{ afnSnasf ;"rsx¿
!= ;as}f ]ljrf/sf ]sb/ ug,{]
@= ;xofu] cfbfg—kb|fg ug,{]
#= ;fdl"xs sfo {ug,{]
$= dgf/]~hgfTds sfo {ug,{]
%= eb]efj gug,{]
^= ;as}f ];dfg ;xeflutf xg'k'g,{]
&= Snadf dgf/]~hgsf ;fy }lzIffkb| ;fduL| xg'k'g,{]
*= Snasf ];DklQsf ]plrt ko|fu] tyf Joj:yfkg xg'k'g,{]
(= ;a} ;b:osf] kmfObf x'g] sfo{df hf]8 lbg],
!)= Snasf ]gLlt lgod ljkl/t sfo {gug,{]
!!= ljleGg lsl;sf ]kl|tofl]utfx¿ ug,{]
!@= ;f:+sl[ts sfoq{mdx¿ ug,{]

62. !#= ljleGg lsl;dsf ]kl|tofl]utf ug,{]
!$= ed|0f, lklSgs cfofh]gf ug,{]
!%= afndn]f jf en]f, ¥ofnLx¿sf ]cfofh]gf ug,{]
!^= kT|os] dlxgf gof Fsfoq{mdx¿ ;r+fng ug{]
!&= afnaflnsfdfly x'g] cGofosf] lj?4df cfjfh p7fpg],
!*= afnaflnsfaLr xg' ]ljjfbnfO {sz'ntfkj"s{ Joj:yfkg ug,{]
afnSnasf ;+:yfut ljsf;sf ;ft If]qx¿
s'g} klg ;+:yf hlGdG5, x's{G5 clg bl/nf], ;'b[9 / lbuf] ePkl5 To;n] ;+:yfut
:j¿k lnPsf] dflgG5 . oxL ;+:yfut ljsf;sf :j¿ksf ljleGg cj:yfx¿sf]
:t/ klxNofpg] pkfo jf dfWodsf ¿kdf afnSnax¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf
lgDgfg';f/sf ;ft If]qnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
!= k|i6 ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] p2]Zo
x/]s ;+:yfx¿n] cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] d"No, dfGotf Pj+ kl/sNkgf to u/]sf] x'G5 .
To;}u/L afnSnan] cfˆgf] d"No, dfGotf jf kl/sNkgf to u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g <
Snasf] p2]Zo k|i6 ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] 5 jf 5}g < oL s'/fx¿ Snasf ;a}
kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 ls 5}g < olb ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;d]t yfx 5 eg] dfq
Sansf] p2]Zocg';f/sf sfdx¿ /fd|/L x'g;S5 . x/]s ;kmntfsf] r'nLdf k'u]sf]
afnSna cyf{t ;+:yfut :j¿k lnO;s]sf] afnSnan] /fv]sf] d"No, dfGotf,
kl/sNkgf, w]o, nIo / p2]Zosf af/]df x/]s ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|i6 yfxf x'g'kb{5 .
3/]n' afn>ldssf] ;Gbe{df afnSnasf] p4]Zo lgs[i6 txsf] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{
pGdn"g ug {]/ 3/n] '>ldsx¿sf ]Gog"td clwsf/sf ];/+If0f ug {]xg';Sb5 .
@= Snasf] agfj6
;+:yfut :j¿k lnO;s]sf] afnSna o;leq cfPsf ;fgfltgf ljjfbaf6 etfe'Ë
gxg' ]vfnsf ]xg'k'b5{ . afn Snasf ]agfj6 7f8f ]geP/ t;]f {]xg'k'b5{ . afnSnasf]
agfj6 7f8f] ePdf cWoIf, pkfWoIf, ;lrj / sf]iffWoIfnfO{ w]/} clwsf/ x'ghfG5 .
dflyNnf ]kbdf a:gn] ]tNnf ]kb Pj +;b:ox¿nfO {cgfjZos lgoGq0f ug {]jf
sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfg 9+un] ;xeflutf gu/fpg] k|j[lQsf] ljsf; x'G5 t/ t];f]{
62 ;zQmLs/0f

63. ePdf kb / :yfgn] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L s]xL km/s eP klg ;a} kbflwsf/L Pj+
;b:ox¿sf ]lg0fo{ kl|qmof tyf cgu'dg ug {]sfddf ;dfg clwsf/ / ;xeflutf
x'g] ub{5 .
#= sfd ug {]tl/sf
afnSnasf x/]s sfd sf/afxLx¿ k|i6 gLlt lgodaf6 ;+rflnt ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
JolQmnfO {h:tf ]dg nfUof ]p:t }9u+n ]afnSna ;r+fng ug {]xf ]eg ]To:tf]
Snan ]w/] };d:ofx¿ emN]gk'g {]xG'5 . ;:+yfdf ljjfb a9g;S5 . sg' }klg afnSnan]
olb gLlt lgod agfPsf] 5 / ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog klg ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] Sna
;+:yfut ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;"rs xf] .
afnSnan ]ug {]lsl;dsf sfdx¿ ugs{f nflu s:tf ];Lk ePsf ]afnaflnsfsf]
rog ePsf ]5 eGg ]s/'fdf Wofg k¥'ofpgk'b5{ . ;an} ];a }sfd hfgs]f xb‘'g}g .
To;}n] h'g JolQmdf h:tf] ;Lk 5 To;nfO{ To;} cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L lbOof] eg]
p;n] Tof] sfd /fd|/L ug{;S5 . cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;Lkcg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;dod}
kfPdf lhDd]jf/L kfpg] JolQm klg v';L x'G5 h;af6 /fd|f] pknlAw lg:sg;S5 .
o;f ]ePdf afnSnan ];Ifd ;an xbF' };:+yfut ljsf;df km8sf ]dfg;{S5 .
$= g]t[Tj z}nL
Snasf] ;a}eGbf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ Snasf cWoIf tyf ;lrjx¿ x'g . Snaleqsf
kbflwsf/L, sfo{;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ / ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿nfO{ ldnfP/ /fVgsf
nflu gt]T[jdf /xs]f afnaflnsfn ]ljzi]f kxn ugk{'b5{ . pgLx¿n ]cfˆgf ]dfq}
s/'f dflyaf6 kfg,{] c?sf ]s/'f g;G'g ]jf c?nfO {afN]g glbg ]u5g{ jf cfkmn"fO{
dfq ;j;{]jf {7fG5g eg ]To:tf ]afnSnasf ]ljsf; xg';Sbg} . Snasf ]cuj'f
hlxn] klg ;dfgx¿dWo]sf] 7"nf] (Top among the equals) x'g'kb{5 . Snasf
x/]s ;b:onfO{ Snasf] gLlt lgod agfp‘bf, Sna u7g ubf{ ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5 .
o;sf] ;fy} SnanfO{ c? ;+:yfaLr lrgfpg klg g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
%= sfo{gLlt
afnSnan ];:+yfut ljsf;sf ]nflu s ]ug,{] s ]gug,{] s;/L ug,{] slxn ]ug,{] slt
ug {]h:tf s/'fx¿df ki|6 gLlt to ugk{'b5{ . Snasf ;Dk0"f {;b:ox¿nfO {o;sf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 . afnSnan] cfˆgf] p2]Zocg';f/ to ul/Psf sfdx¿afx]s
;zQmLs/0f 63

64. cGo h;n ]h ]eG5 ToxL ug,{] h;n ]h ]lbG5 ToxL lng,] lagfofh]gf hlxn ]kfof]
tlxn ]ug {]h:tf sfdx¿ ug {]u/s]f ]5 eg ]To;nfO {afnSnasf ];:+yfut ¿kn]
ljsf; ePsf] 5 eg]/ dfGg ;ls+b}g .
^= >f]t÷;fwg
x/s] afnSnan ]cfkmn" ]]ofh]gf u/s]f sfoq{mdx¿ ug {s ]slt >ft] / ;fwg nfU5 <
tL >ft] ;fwg sxfaFf6 pknAw ug {]< eGg ]s/'f klg ki|6 xg' h?/L 5 . olb
o;af/ ]sg' }rf;f ]lbOPsf ]5g}, hlxn ]kfOPnf tlxn ]u/fn+}f eg/] a;s]f ]5 eg]
Tof ];:+yfut ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf ]afnSnasf ];r"s xfO]g . cfkmn" ]ug {]eg/]
to ul/Psf sfoq{mdsf nflu cfjZos kg {]efl}ts tyf dfgjLo >ft] ;fwgx¿
sxfFaf6 h'6fpg], s;/L cfTdflge{/ aGg] eGg] af/]df hlt k|i6tf 5 plt g}
afnSna ;+:yfut ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 .
&= dfgjLo zlQm
sg' }klg afnSna >ft] / ;fwgaf6 ;DkGg xbF'd}f dfq Tof ]Sna ;an / ;Ifd
ePsf ]dflgb+g} . lsgls tL >ft] ;fwg kl/rfng ug {];Lk ePsf bIf dfgjLo
zlQm 5 eg] dfq tL >f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} tflnd ;~rfng
ug {];a }>ft] ;fwgx¿ 5g t/ afnkl|zIfsx¿ 5g}g eg ]tflnd ;~rfng ug{
;lsb+g} . To;n} ]x/s] afnSnax¿n ]cfˆgf ]Snaleq ;b:otf ljt/0f ug,{] ljleGg
Ifdtf, ;Lk ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ Snadf ;fd]n u/fpg], ltgLx¿sf] ;Lksf]
ljsf; ugt]{km {klg plQs }Wofg lbgk'b5{ .
64 ;zQmLs/0f

65. ;zQmLs/0f 65
cf7
afnSnasf lqmofsnfkx¿
!= afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{g
leQ]klqsf k|sfzg M afnclwsf/;DaGwL n]v, syf sljtf, r'6lsnf, :yfgLo
;dfrf/, hgr]tgfd"ns ;Gb]zx¿, ;fdfGo 1fgsf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z u/]/
leQ]klqsf k|sfzg ug{ ;lsG5 .
hgjsfnt sfo{qmd M afnSnan] afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf afnaflnsfx¿, kl/jf/
tyf cfd ;d'bfoaLr hgjsfnt sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g . To;sf
nflu afnSnan] kf]i6/ tyf xft] krf{, ;8s gf6s, cGt/lqmof uf]i7L / a}7sx¿,
cleefjs ;r]tgf sfo{qmd, 3/b}nf] e]63f6 / afnclwsf/ lbj; h:tf sfo{qmdx¿
cfofh]gf ug {]ub5{g . hgjsfnt sfoq{mds }qmddf afnSnan ];fdflhs lnËeb],
hftLo e]befj, nfu" kbfy{ b'Jo{;g, Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8;, r]nLa]6L / afnaflnsf
a]rlavg, lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf] afn>d tyf
afnof}g zf]if0fsf lj?4df ultljlwx¿ ug{ ;S5g .
afnclwsf/af/] k|lzIf0f lbg] M Snasf gofF ;b:ox¿, ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿ tyf
ljBfnosf afnaflnsfnfO{ afnclwsf/af/] k|lzIf0f lbg] sfo{ ug{ ;S5g .
afnclwsf/ cg'udg M afnclwsf/ xgg ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfo
jf JolQm;Dd k¥'ofpg ]/ To;sf ]cgu'dg ugs{'f ];fy }afnaflnsfdfly xg']
zf]if0f, lje]b / b'Jo{jxf/sf] lj?4sf] cleofgdf afnSna ;+nUg 5g .

66. k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng M afnclwsf/;DaGwL sljtf, syf, n]v n]Vg] / k|sfzg
ug {]tyf kl|tofl]utfx¿ ;~rfng ug {]sfd ug {;S5g .
afnclwsf/ kj|4g{df ;xofu] M ufp3F/sf ljBfno ghfg ]afnaflnsfnfO {ljBfnodf
k7fpg pTk/]|0ff lbg tyf ljBfnodf egf {ug {/ snd sfkL tyf kfz]fs lsGg
Snasf ]sfi]fsf ]kl/rfng ug {]sfd afnSnan ]ub {}cfPsf 5g .
@= ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
:yfgLo :t/df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ M afnaflnsf ;/fs]f/sf ljifox¿df ;db'fosf
ljleGg JolQm, sfofn{o / ;3+;:+yfx¿;uF ;dGjo ug,{] ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug {]/
cGt/lqmof ug {]. h:t }lzIfs, cleefjs, :yfgLo hgkl|tlglw, cfdf ;dx",
oj'fSna cflb;uF ;dGjo / ;xsfo {ug {]. To;/L g };db'fosf ]jo:s JolQm,
;dx" / ;3+;:+yf;uF xftd]fnf ]ub {}:jf:Yo lzlj/, le6fldg vfk] sfoq{mddf
;xefuL xbF' }cfPsf 5g .
g]6js{ u7g M uf=lj=;=, If]qLo tyf lhNnf :t/df afnSna g]6js{sf] u7g /
;fd]fkmt{ cfjlws ljrf/ / cge'j cfbfg—kb|fg a7}s ugs{'f ;fy }cGo Snasf
sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL x'g] sfd klg afnSnaaf6 eO/x]sf] 5 .
#= JolQmut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO
Š 6f]n tyf ufpF ;kmfO sfo{qmdx¿
Š j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{s|dx¿
Š JolQmut tyf jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO ;DaGwdf ;8s gf6s, k|ltof]lutfx¿
tyf cGt/lqmofx¿ ;~rfng
$= afnk|ltef k|ikm'6g / ljsf;
k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng M xflh/Lhjfkm, sljtf, gf6s, lrqsnf, g[To, v]ns'b cflb
k|ltof]lutfx¿ ;~rfng .
sf]if :yfkgf / cfod"ns sfo{qmd M afnSnax¿n] cfˆgf] 5'§} sf]if v8f u/L
afnclwsf/ k|j4{g ug{ tyf afnaflnsfsf k|ltef k|ikm'6g u/fpg sfo{qmd
ul//x]sf 5g . o;sf] ;fy} sltko :yfgdf afnSnan] cfo cfh{g sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g .
66 ;zQmLs/0f

67. tflnd ;+rfng M g]t[Tj ljsf;, afnaflnsf Ps csf{sf] nflu -C to C_ sfo{qmd,
afnclwsf/, pb3f]if0f, ;[hgfTds n]vg, leQ]klqsf k|sfzg, Pr=cfO=eL=÷
P8;, hLjg pkof]uL ;Lkx¿ h:tf ljleGg tflndx¿ ;+rfng ul//x]sf 5g .
To;}u/L tflnd tyf ljrf/, cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg u/L cGo 7fpFsf afnaflnsfnfO{
;dx"÷Sna vfN]g k/]|0ff / ;xofu] lbO/xs]f 5g .
afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg ;xof]u M afnSnasf efOalxgLx¿n] ljkGg
jus{f afnaflnsfnfO {ljBfno hfg cflys{ ;xofu] ug {]/ cleefjsx¿nfO{
;Demfpg] u/]sf 5g .
$= cGo sfo{x¿ M
afnSnasf ]dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfx¿n ]gof–Fgof Fbft+}/Lx¿aLr ldqtfk0"f {;DaGw
ljsf;, Snaleq} lg/If/ /x]sf afn ;fyL;+uLx¿nfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg], cfˆgf]
JolQmTjsf ]ljsf; ug {]h:tf sfox{¿ ul//xs]f 5g .
afnSnadf ug{ kfOg] t/ cGoq st} ug{ gkfOg] ultljlwx?
;zQmLs/0f 67
Š ;df/f]x÷ljz]if lbgx¿
Š pks/0f k|fKt ug{
Š lqmofsnfkx¿
Š ;r]tgf j[l4
Š k|lt:kwf{x?÷k|ltof]lutfx¿
Š dgf]/~hgfTds v]nx¿
Š v]ns'b
Š Sna Joj:yfkg
Š snf÷;f+:s[lts cleJolQm
Š ljsf; sfo{
Š bf}t/L ;DaGw ljsf;
Š ldqjt u'0f
Š ;+:yfut ¿kn] kl/lrt x'g afnaflnsf / v]n

68. afnaflnsf / v]n
afnSna ;~rfng ug {];xhstfn{ ]afnaflnsfsf nflu vn]sf ]dxTjsf ]af/d]f
klg yfxf kfpg' cfjZos x'G5 .
;a} afnaflnsfx¿ v]n v]Ng dg k/fpF5g . ltgLx¿nfO{ plrt 9+uaf6 v]Ng
d2t ug{ ;lsG5 . plrt v]nn] afnaflnsfnfO{ /fd|/L l;Sg / x's{g ;xof]u
k'¥ofpF5 . plrt v]nn] afnaflnsfdf ;dembf/L Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . km/s–
km/s pd]/df leGg–leGg v]nx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] ;fgf
afnaflnsfnfO{ plrt v]n v]Ng ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g . hGd]b]lv g} lzz'x¿nfO{
pTk/]|0ff lbgk'b5{ . lzz;'uF vn]/], afn]/] pTkl]|/t ug {;lsG5 . o;/L hlt lzzx'¿sf]
z/L/ / lbdfu rnfodfg agfpg ;lsG5 Tolt a9L z/L/ / lbdfusf] k|of]u /
Jofofd ug{ d2t k'U5 . 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] lzz'x¿sf] ljsf;sf] af/]df hfgsf/L
lng;S5g . s;/L ljleGg k|sf/n] ljleGg pd]/sf lzz'x¿;Fu v]Ng'kb{5 To;af/]
hfgsf/L lnP/ lzz'x¿nfO{ x's{g d2t k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g .
/fd|f] v]n lsg <
z /fd|f] v]ndf lzz' tyf ;fgf s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] z/L/ / dlitissf] ;a} efusf]
;Fu;Fu} k|of]u x'G5 / lzz' / ;fgf s]6fs]6Lx¿ cem hLjGt x'G5g .
z /fd|f] v]ndf cfFvf, xft, zAb, :j/sf] k|of]u x'G5 . o;af6 7"nf dflg;x¿
/ s]6fs]6Lsf] aLrdf ;dembf/L / ;~rf/sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
/fd|f] v]naf6 afnaflnsfn] M
z cfˆgf] rf/}lt/sf j:t'x¿sf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;S5g .
z gofF k|of]u / lqmofsnfkaf/] sf]lz; ug{ ;Sb5g .
z cfkmg} xft, cfFvf / :j/ ldnfP/ cfkm}n] ;–;fgf k|of]usf] cg'ej ug{
;Sb5g .
z cfˆgf] z/L/sf] /fd|f] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g .
z xg],{] ;G'g,] afN]g,] ;£F'g ]/ :kz {ug {]h:tf kfrFj6 }OlGbo«x¿sf ]ke|fjsf/L ko|fu]
ug{ ;Sb5g .
68 ;zQmLs/0f

69. z gof Flarf/ Nofpg ]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ugs{f nflu kxn ug ]{afgLsf ]ljsf;
;zQmLs/0f 69
x'G5 .
z cfˆgf] sNkgfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g .
z cfk;L ;xof]u / ;d"xsf] dxTjaf/] a'emb5g .
z w}o{tf /fVg] afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
z g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 .
z km"lt{nf] agfpF5 .
z cfTdljZjf; a9fpF5 .
z cfgGb / dgf]/~hg lbG5 .
z gLlt lgodleq /x]/ a:g'kb{5 eGg] l;sfpF5 .
o;}n] v]n v]Ng kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] . ljleGg pd]/df ljleGg
vfnsf v]nx¿ afnaflnsfn] v]Ng' h?/L x'G5 . slxn]sfxL+ v]Ngsf] nflu
afnaflnsfnfO{ v]nf}gf rflxG5 t/ w]/}h;f] ;dodf pgLx¿sf] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f
/ jl/kl/sf jo:sx¿n ]pgLx¿nfO {cfjZos kg {];a }pTk/]|0ffx¿ lbO/xs]f
x'G5g . afnaflnsfx¿ s] v]N5g eGbf klg s;/L v]Nb5g eGg] s'/f a9L
dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
slxn]sfxL+ xfdLn] v]nsf] of]hgf agfP/ c? k|efjsf/L 9+un] aRrfx¿nfO{ v]n
vN]g ;xofu] ug {;S5f +}t/ w/]h};f ];dodf s6]fs6]Lx¿n ]vn]sf cfkmg }tl/sf
kQf nufO{ v]Ng ;S5g .
v]naf6 ;a}n] dgf]/~hg lng / w]/} s'/f l;Sg ;S5g
s]jn lzz' / s]6fs]6Lx¿n] dfq v]naf6 l;Sg] xf]Og ls 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] ;fgf
gfgLx¿sf] nflu gofF–gofF v]nx¿ cfljisf/ ubf{ v]nf}gfx¿ agfpFbf w]/} 1fg
xfl;n u5{g . of] sfddf w]/} ;Lk, ;[hgfTds sNkgf rflxG5 / 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n]

70. ;d"xdf a;]/ ;a};Fu ldnL of] sfddf h'6]/ of]hgf agfpF5g jf tof/ kf5{g .
cfdfafa' / s]6fs]6Lx¿ kl/jf/sf lzz'x¿;Fu v]Ng] s'/fn] Pp6f ;'dw'/ kfl/jfl/s
jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'G5 .
klxnf] b'O{ jif{sf] cjlwdf dl:tissf] ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLj|tf lbg tyf :j:y
9u+af6 cufl8 a9fpg lzzn'fO {vfgf, dfof / pTk/]|0ffsf ]cfjZostf kb5{ . of]
;dodf lzzn' ]kofK{t vfgf, kofK{t pTk/]|0ff kfPg eg ]Tof ]lzzs'f ]l;Sg ]l;sfpg]
sfddf cj/f]wx¿ l;h{gf x'G5 . To;sf] ;fy} hLjgsf] ;kmntfdf g} gsf/fTds
k|efj kg{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
blIf0f cd]l/sfdf s]xL afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ tLg j6f ;d"x agfO{ Pp6f cWoog
ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] ;d"xdf /fd|f] :jf:Yosf] x]/rfx ul/Psf] t/ kof{Kt vfgfsf]
sdL lyof] . o;/L x'sf{OPsf afnaflnsfsf] dl:tis ljsf;df ;'wf/ b]lvPg /
ltgLx¿ /fd|/L x's{g a9g ;s]gg . bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ kof{Kt vfg]s'/fsf] plrt
ka|Gw / /fdf| ]x/]rfx ul/Psf ]lyof ]t/ pgLx¿nfO {vn]nufotsf pTk/]|0ff hufpg]
ul/Psf ]lyPg . o:tf ]kl/jz]df xs'fO{Psf afnaflnsfx¿ ;fdfGotof /fdu}|/L
x'ls{P klg pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s cË tyf dl:tissf] ljsf; pNn]vgLo 9+uaf6
x'g ;s]g . To;}u/L t];|f] ;d"xnfO{ :jf:Yosf] /fd|f] x]/rfx, cfjZostf cg';f/sf
vfgs]/'f, pTk/]|0ffoQ'm 3/, dfof / x/]rfxsf ]jftj/0fdf xs'fO{of ]. o;/L cGo
;d"xsf] t'ngfdf t];|f] ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;
/fd|/L ePsf] kfOof] .
;+;f/el/ g} k|foM h;f] ;a} kl/jf/x¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof / x]/rfx
ub{5g . t/ sltkon] afnaflnsfnfO{ v]Ng lbg] s'/fdf lxlRsrfpg] ub{5g .
o;sf] ;fy} pgLx¿;Fu v]Ng], k|f]T;fxg lbg] gu/L a9L 8/ / qf; b]vfP/ cg'zf;gdf
/fVg] ub{5g . o;f] u/]df afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj kg{;S5 .
lgod sfg'gdf a:g l;sfpgsf] nflu v]n Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ dfWod x'g;S5 .
lsgls x/]s v]ndf gLlt lgodx¿ x'G5g . o;df 7"nf afnaflnsfn] ;fgfnfO{
af6f] b]vfpg ;S5g .
;dosf] cefj, v]Ng] cj;/ gkfPsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu t v]n cTofjZos
5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf v]n v]Ng kfOg] x'gfn] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu afnSna
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cfs{if0f x'ghfG5 . o;}n] afnSnasf] cj:yf, ;'ljwf cflbsf]
cfwf/df ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;Dej eP;Ddsf v]nx¿ v]Ng] Joj:yf
ul/g'kb{5 .
70 ;zQmLs/0f

71. ;zQmLs/0f 71
gf}
afnSnadf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf
afnSna ;xhstf{n] afnSna u7gk"j{ / kZrft ljleGg lsl;dsf e"ldsfx¿
lgjfx{ ugk{'g {]xG'5 M
u7gk"j{sf ;Defljt sfo{x¿
s_ >f]t kl/rfng
Š ljBfnodf cWoog/t 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{sf] nflu ljBfnosf
k|wfgfWofks / lzIfs lzlIfsfx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL u/L e]nf x'g] sIff jf xnsf]
Joj:yf ug{, tyf 3/]n' afn>lds tyf cGo afnaflnsfnfO{ e]nf x'gsf] nflu
aGbf]j:t ldnfpg] .
Š cGo afnSnasf] nflu cfjZos Go"gtd ef}lts ;]jfx¿ h:t} e]nf x'g] 7fpF,
cfwf/e"t d;nGb, v]n;fdu|L, kf7o;fdu|L -kqklqsf_ cflb h'6fpg ;xhstf{n]
;db'fo / afnaflnsf;uF kf|Kt ug {;lsg ];xofu]sf ]af/d]f vfh]lag ugk{'b5{ .
v_ ofh]gf / sfoq{mdsf ]thd{'f / sfofG{jgsf ]r/0f
;xhstfn{ ]cfkmn" ]ugk{'g {]sfox{¿ ;DkGg ug {]ltlyldlt ;lxtsf ]cfjlws ofh]gf
tof/ u/L To;df ;DalGwt ljBfno, ;xof]uL ;+:yfx¿, ;d'bfo tyf 3/]n'
afn>lds / cGo afnaflnsf;uF ;dt] 5nkmn ugk{'b5{ . o; cGtut{ afnSna
;xhLs/0fsf cnfjf ;+:yfn] lghnfO{ ;'Dk]sf cGo lhDd]jf/Lx¿ klg kb{5g

72. ;xhstf{n] afnSna u7g ubf{ eP u/]sf sfo{x¿, k|oTgx¿, k|fKt ;kmntf,
efu]s]f rg'ft}Lx¿ cflb s/'fx¿nfO {l;nl;nf ldnfP/ nv]L kl|tjb]g tof/ ugk{'b5{ .
o;af6 c? JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿sf] nflu of] dxTjk"0f{ l;sfO x'g;S5 .
u_ d'2f klxrfg M
;xhstf{n] ;f] afnSna s'g} vf; ljifo jf d'2fdf s]lGb«t x'g] xf] jf ;fdfGotM
afnaflnsf;uF ;DalGwt ;a }d2'fdf sfd ug {]vfnsf ]xg' ]xf ]eGg ]af/d]f ;xofu]L
;+:yf, ;d'bfo / afnaflnsfnufot ;a};Fu 5nkmn rnfpg'kb{5 .
3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿nfO {;zQmLs/0f ug {]p2Z]on ]u7g ul/g ]lsl;dsf ]afnSnasf]
d'2f jf ;jfn vf;u/L hf]lvdo'Qm 3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt x'g;S5g . o;sf]
;fy} cfjZostf dx;'; ePdf cGo ;jfnx¿ klg p7fpg ;lsG5 .
3_ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] ;Dks{ / ;DaGw
;xhstf{n] /f]huf/bftf, ljBfno, 3/]n' afn>ldssf cleefjsnufotsf
;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yf, afnSnasf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf] cfjZostf cflbsf] af/]df
5nkmn ugk{'b5{ .
o;u}/L ;xhstfn{ ]afnaflnsfnfO {afnSna s ]xf ]< lsg u7g ug {]< o;sf
kmfObfx¿ s]–s] 5g < afnSnadf ;fd]n ePsf afnaflnsfn] s]–s] sfdx¿
ugk{'b5{ < h:tf s/'fx¿sf ]ki|6 hfgsf/L u/fpgk'b5{ .
afnSna u7g ugc{'l3 ;xhstfn{ ]lgDg s/'fdf Wofg k¥'ofpgk'b5{ M
z afnSna lsg u7g ug {]<
z afnSnaaf/ ];db'fodf sf–]sf;]uF 5nkmn ug {]<
z afnSnasf] 9fFrf jf :j¿k s:tf] x'G5 <
z afnSnan] s]—s] sfd jf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb5 <
z ;f] If]qsf afnaflnsfsf k|d'v d'2fx¿ s]–s] 5g <
z afnSnasf ;b:osf ¿kdf sf]–sf] ;+nUg x'g;Sb5g <
z lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf tyf ckfË afnaflnsfnfO{ afnSnadf s;/L ;+nUg
u/fpg] <
z afnSnadf aflnsfsf] ;xeflutf s;/L a9fpg] <
72 ;zQmLs/0f

73. ;zQmLs/0f 73
u7gkZrftsf ;Defljt sfo{x¿
s_ >f]t kl/rfng
;xhstfn{ ]afnSnan ]s;/L / sg' lsl;daf6 >ft] ;s+ng ug ]{eGg ]af/d]f
5nkmn ugk{'b5{ . o;u}/L klxNob}l]v ;r+fng ePsf afnSnax¿, uf=lj=;=:t/Lo
afnSna / lhNnf :t/Lo g]6js{ cflb;Fu ;Dks{ sfod ug{ / ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{
;xhLs/0f ugk{'5 {. ltgLx¿n ]u/s]f sfdaf6 l;Sb } gjul7t afnSna;uF
ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;Fu} sfd ug{sf nflu cufl8 a9g afnaflnsfnfO{
kf|T];flxt ugk{'b5{ .
;b:ox¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] ug{'kg]{ sfdsf] af/]df v'Nnf jftfj/0fdf 5nkmn
rnfpgk'b5{ . afnaflnsfnfO {pgLx¿s }kxndf sfd ug {kf|T];flxt ug,{] ;s;]Dd
pgLx¿ cfkmn}fO {sfd ug {lbg,] ;d:of k/s]f ]an]f ;xofu] ug {]ugk{'b5{ .
v_ of]hgf / sfo{qmd
afnSna u7g ePkl5sf] k|f/lDes cj:yfdf afnaflnsfn] s:tf] lsl;dsf
sfo{qmd ug{ rfx]sf 5g ;f] kQf nufpg / pgLx¿nfO{ g} klxrfg ug{ nufpg
;xhLs/0f ug {]. pgLx¿n ]klxrfg u/s]f sfoq{mdx¿ Snasf ]p2Z]o;uF dn]
vfG5 ls vfbFg} eGg ]s/'f xg] {d2t ugk{'b5{ .
;xhstf{n] Snan] cfˆgf] Snaleq / aflx/ ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿df
afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu ljz]if 9+uaf6 of]hgf ug'{kb{5 . of]hgf
sfofG{jogsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ . ags]f sfoo{fh]gfx¿
kmnbfoL 5g ls 5}gg ljrf/ u/L olb kmnbfoL gb]lvP a}slNks sfo{of]hgf
agfpg d2t ugk{'b5{ .
u_ d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg
;xhstf{n] ;'? ;'?df afnaflnsfnfO{ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;Lk, ljlw
/ tl/sfx¿ l;sfpg'kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf a9L /xg] ub{5 .
t/ kl5 ;Lkx¿ l;sfO;sk]l5 lj:tf/ }cfˆgf ]el"dsf sd ub {}nfgk'b5{ .

74. dN"ofÍg tyf cgu'dg ubf {Wofg lbgk'g {]s/'fx¿ M
z sfo{qmdn] afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut hLjg tyf kl/jf/df s] s:tf ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g Nofof] <
z sfo{qmdsf] ;sf/fTds kIfx¿ s]–s] /x] <
z sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]vfk/]sf ;d:of, sdL–sdhf]/L s]–s] lyP / ;f]sf]
lg/fs/0f s] s;/L ul/of] <
z sfo{qmdnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L 9+udf ;~rfng ug{ s]–s] u/]sf] eP x'g]lyof] <
z ;xhstf{n] sfo{qmdsf] d"NofÍg / cg'udgsf] clen]v /fVg] af/] Snasf
afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ .
3_ d'2f klxrfg
3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿sf] cltl/Qm ;xhstf{n] /f]huf/bftfsf]
kl/jf/, 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfno txdf ePsf d'2fx¿
klxrfg ug,{ jo:sx¿ tyf cGo;uF 5nkmn ug {afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ .
3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿ g }afnSnadf ;u+l7t ePsf ]xbF'f pgLx¿n ]efu]s]f ;d:ofx¿
lgsi[6 afn>d;u+F ;DalGwt eP ltg };d:ofnfO {;jfnsf ]¿kdf p7fpg ;lsG5 .
o;}n] afn>ldsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] ef]Ug] u/]sf kL8fx¿nfO{ Snadf /fVg k|f]T;fxg
lbg] tyf pgLx¿n] /fv]sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s ;'Gg tyf uDeL/tfk"j{s
lngsf nflu cGo afnaflnsfnfO {kl]|/t ugk{'b5{ .
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] em]ln/x]sf ;d:ofx¿ cltl/Qm ljBfno tyf j/k/ b]lvPsf
cGo ;jfnx¿ klxrfg ug{sf nflu ;xhstf{n] ckfËtf, e]befj, zf]if0fdf k/]sf
tyf cGo >ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfsf lrqx¿sf] 5nkmn tyf 36gf cWoog
ug nufpg] . tL lrq tyf 36gfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg k|Zgx¿
afnaflnsfx¿aLr /fvL ;jfn klxrfg ug{sf nflu d2t ug{ ;lsG5 .
74 ;zQmLs/0f

75. ;zQmLs/0f 75
ª_ ;/fs]f/jfnf;u+Fsf ];Dks÷{;DaGw
;xhstf{n] afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿ sf—sf]
xg' klxrfg ug {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ . ltgLx¿;uF ;Dks {tyf ;DaGw la:tf/ ug{
d2t ugk{'b5{ . Sna ;~rfngsf ;?'sf lbgx¿df ;xhstfn{ ]o; sfddf a9L
el"dsf vN]gk'b5{ eg ]kl5 afnaflnsfx¿ cEo:t xbF' }uPkl5 cfˆgf ]el"dsf sd
ub {}nfgk'b5{ .
Sna cfkm };~rfng xg' yfns]f ]cj:yfdf ugk{'g {]sfox{¿ M
s_ >f]t kl/rfng
o; cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf afnSnanfO{ ;'rf? ¿kn] ;+rfng ug{ cfjZos >f]tx¿
kl/rfng ug{ Snasf afnaflnsfx¿ ;Ifd x'G5g / o;sf nflu cfjZos
>f]tx¿ pknAw x'G5g .
o; cj:yfdf ;xhstf{n] ;Nnfxsf/sf] e"ldsf lgefpg'kb{5 .
v_ of]hgf / sfo{qmd
afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{g, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ JolQmut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO,
kl|tef k:|km6'g / ljsf;;uF ;DalGwt sfoq{mdx¿sf ]ofh]gf thd{'f ug {]/ ;~rfng
ug {]s/'fdf ;xhstfn{ ]d2t ugk{'b5{ . vf;u/L afnSnaleqsf ;b:ox¿aLr,
afnSna–afnSnaaLr, k|ltof]lutfTds sfo{qmd / cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx¿
;~rfng ug {afnSnax¿nfO {kf|T];flxt ugk{'b5{ .
afnSnasf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] clen]v /fVg / k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ afnSnasf
;b:ox¿nfO {d2t ugk{'b5{ .
afnSnasf] g]t[Tj ;Dxfn]sf jf g]t[Tj txdf /x]sf ;b:ox¿df c?sf] klg g]t[Tj
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ pgLx¿df klg cj;/ lbg'kb{5 eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf;
u/fpg hf]8 lbOg'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsf;Fu ldn]/ of]hgf
agfpg] / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . o;
r/0fdf ;xhstf{n] cjnf]sgstf{sf] e"ldsf lgefpg'kb{5 / afnaflnsfn] s]xL
;xof]u dfu]df ;f] pknAw u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L lng'kb{5 .

76. u_ d"NofÍg / cg'udg
;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfsf] cfjZostf tyf Ifdtfsf] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cg'udg
tyf dN"ofÍg ugk{'b5{ . afnSnasf ]sfoq{mdsf ]thd{'f tyf Joj:yfkgdf To;nfO{
oyfl]rt ¿kdf pkofu] ugk{'b5{ . o;sf ];fy }afnaflnsf;uF ldn/] sfoq{mdsf]
cfjlws dN"ofÍg tyf cgu'dg ug {]/ ;fs]f ]kl|tjb]g tof/ ugk{'b5{ . ;fy}
o;nfO {cfufdL ofh]gf tof/ ug {pkofu] ugk{'b5{ .
3_ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] ;Dks{÷;DaGw
;xhstf{n] a]nfa]nfdf /f]huf/bftf, 3/]n'af>ldssf cleefjs tyf cGo
cleefjs;Fu e]63f6 u/L afnSnasf ultljlwx¿ tyf To;n] xfl;n u/]sf
pknlAwx¿sf af/d]f 5nkmn÷cGt/lqmof ugk{'b5{ . o;sf ];fy }afnaflnsfdf
cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿sf af/]df / afnSnasf sfo{qmdsf af/]df /f]huf/bftf tyf
cleefjsx¿sf] wf/0ff a'emg'kb{5 .
;xhstf{n] cfkm"n] ;DxfNb} cfPsf] ;xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsf lj:tf/} afnaflnsfnfO{
x:tfGt/0f ub {}hfgk'b5{ . o;sf ]nflu ;b:ox¿sf ]Ifdtf a9fpg To;df klg
ljz]if u/L g]t[Tj txdf /x]sf jf g]t[Tj Ifdtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm"n]
ul/cfPsf sfdx¿ l;sfpg pgLx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lng] cj;/ lbg'kb{5 .
afnSnax¿ cfkm };zQm jf ;Ifd ePsf ]cj:yfdf ugk{'g{]
;Defljt sfo{x¿
lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, uf=lj=;= j8f sfof{no h:tf
;:+yf jf lgsfox¿df 3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿sf ]xslxt ug {]sfd, afnaflnsfsf]
kl|tlglwTj ug {]jftfj/0f tof/ ugs{f lglDt bjfj l;hg{f ug {]/ jsfnt ug{]
ugk{'b5{ . o;sf ]nflu ;xhstfn{ ]afnaflnsf;uF+ ldn/] ofh]gf thd{'f ugk{'b5{
/ ;fs]f ]sfofG{jogsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO {;Lk tyf cge'jx¿ kb|fg ugk{'b5{ .
afnSna tyf ;b:ox¿sf] lglDt cfjZos hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;xhstf{n]
>ft]JolQmsf ]el"dsf lgjfx{ ugk{'b5{ .
afnSna jf ;b:ox¿nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;d:of cfOkbf{ ;f]sf]
;dfwfg ug{ ;xhstf{÷;xof]uL JolQmsf ¿kdf k|:t't x'g'kb{5 .
76 ;zQmLs/0f

77. ;zQmLs/0f 77
s_ >f]t kl/rfng
o; r/0fdf >f]t kl/rfngdf ;xhstf{ / afnaflnsfsf] lhDd]jf/L sl/a–sl/a
a/fa/ vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf ;xhstf{n] afnSna;Fu ePsf >f]t
;fwgx¿sf] klxrfg u/fpg] tyf ltgsf] plrt k|of]u / Joj:yfkgsf] nflu
afnaflnsf tof/ x'g'kb{5 .
v_ of]hgf / sfo{qmd
o; r/0fdf ofh]gf thd{'f / sfoq{md ;~rfng ug {k0"f¿{kdf afnaflnsfnfO {g}
lbg'kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] o; cj:yf;Dd afnSna / afnaflnsfnfO{ ;zQm
agfpg'kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfn] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf agfPsf of]hgfdf cfˆgf]
tkma{f6 ;e'mfj k:|tt' u/L ofu]bfg lbgk'b5{ . afnaflnsf;uF a;/] ofh]gf thd{'f
tyf sfofG{jogdf ;DnUg xg'k'g {]cj:yfdf ;xhstfn{ ]cfkmn" ]ugk{'g {]sfdsf
Ifq]x¿ klxrfg ugk{'b5{ / To;nfO {afnaflnsf;uF ;dt] 5nkmn u/L nfu"
u/fpg'kb{5 . o; r/0fdf afnaflnsfx¿n] cGo afnSna tyf o'jfSna,
;+3;+:yfx¿;Fu ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] lj?4df ;DalGwt
lgsfox¿df bjfj lbg], h'n'; lgsfNg] h:tf sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Sb5g .
o;sf] ;fy} !* jif{ k'u]sf afnaflnsfn] kl5 Snadf /x]sf cGo afnaflnsfnfO{
1fg tyf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpbF }cfˆgf lhDdj]f/L x:tfGt/ ub {}hfgk'g {]lsl;dsf
of]hgfx¿ klg agfpg'kb{5 .
u_ d"NofÍg / cg'udg
o; r/0fdf cfOk'Ubf afnaflnsf lgoldt ¿kdf cfˆgf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg'udg
tyf d"NofÍg ug{ ;Ifd x'g] ePsf]n] ;xhstf{n] pgLx¿nfO{ o;sf nflu tof/
ugk{'b5{ . ;xhstfn{ ];Nnfxsf/sf ]el"dsf lgjfx{ ugk{'b5{ . dN"ofÍg / cgu'dgaf6
cfPsf ;jfnx¿nfO {cfufdL ofh]gfsf ]r/0f / kl|qmofdf s;/L ;dfjz] ug {]eGg]
;l'glZrt ug {;xhstfn{ ]afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ . ;xhstfn{ ]klg
;do–;dodf afnSnasf ;b:ox¿ tyf cleefjsx¿;Fu e]63f6 u/L Snasf
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg'udg u/L cfjZos ;/;Nnfx lbg'kb{5 .

78. 3_ d'2f klxrfg
o; r/0fdf afnSna cfkm} cfˆgf d'2fx¿ klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd eO;s]sf x'g]5g .
tyflk Snadf gof F;b:ox¿ cfpg ]qmd klg xg' ]xbF'f tL gof F;b:ox¿nfO {d2'f
klxrfg ug ]{tl/sfsf af/d]f 1fg lbg k/'fgf tyf gt]T[j txdf /xs]f ;b:ox¿nfO{
;Ifd agfpg ;xhstfn{ ]d2t ugk{'b5{ . o;sf ];fy }lgtfGt gof Fd2'f klxrfg
ul/Psf] v08df ;xhstf{n] cjwf/0ffut 1fg tyf ;Lk x:tfGt/0f ug{
afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ .
ª_ ;/fs]f/jfnf;u+F ;Dks÷{;DaGw
o; cj:yfdf afnaflnsf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo ug{ Pj+ ltgLx¿;dIf
Snasf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g . ;xhstf{n] s'g} klg lgsfox¿df uP/
Snasf] tkm{af6 s'/f /fVg' eg]sf] p;sf] JolQmut ljrf/ /fVg dfq geP/
Snasf ;b:ox¿sf ]efjgf JoQm ug '{klg xf ]eGg ]s/'f ;b:ox¿nfO {ae'mfpgk'b5{ .
o;sf nflu To:tf 5nkmnk"j{ afnaflnsf;Fu k"j{tof/L a}7sx¿ ul/g'kb{5 eGg]
s/'f ;l'glZrt ug {];xhstfn{ ]lhDdj]f/L axg ugk{'b5{ .
;xhstfd{f xg'k'g {]u0'fx¿
z ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs cfjZostfsf af/]df ;xhstf{
;+j]bgzLn x'g'kb{5 .
z ;xhstfd{f ;do ;dodf afnaflnsf;uF e6]3f6 ug,{] /dfOnf ]cGt/lqmof
ug {]/ afnSnadf hfbFf ;wF }gof Fs/'f, kl|zIf0f kl|jlw, ;r"gf lnP/ hfgk'b5{
eGg] efjgf x'g'kb{5 .
z ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfsf JolQmut s'/fx¿sf] uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg'kb{5 .
;fs]f ];Ddfg ugk{'b5{ .
z ;xhstfn{ ]afnSnadf cfOk/s]f ;d:of / åGåx¿ ;dfwfg ug {]ko|f;
ugk{'b5{ .
z ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsf e]63f6 x'g] :yfg ;xh / ;'/lIft ePsf] Plsg
ugk{'b5{ .
78 ;zQmLs/0f

79. z ;xhstf{n] afaflnsfk|lt ldqjt Jojxf/ b]vfpg ;Sg'kb{5 . t/ c?n] x]bf{
To:tf ]Jojxf/ c:jefljs bl]vg ]vfnsf ]eg ]xg' 'xbF'g} eGgt]km {;xhstf{
;hu x'g'kb{5 .
z ;xhstf{n] 8/, nfh, kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f jf cGo sf/0fn] kl5 k/]sf
afnaflnsfnfO {cl3 a9fpg kf|T];fxg ug {ljzi]f ko|Tg ugk{'b5{ .
;zQmLs/0f 79
cfbz{ ;xhstf{ s:tf] x'G5 <
z cfkm"nfO{ yfxf gePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ ub{5 / ;f]af/] ;"rgfsf] vf]hL u/L
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xL hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg k|oTg ub{5 .
z afnaflnsfnfO {sg' }klg cfwf/df eb]efj ubg{} / pgLx¿df klg eb]efj;DaGwL
wf/0ff, afgL tyf Jojxf/ x6fpg] vfnsf] jftfj/0f agfpg kxn ub{5 .
z afnSna jf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿;Fu ePsf] leGg–leGg 1fg, ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{
cfb/ ub5{ / To;sf ]pkofu] ub {}nfg e/dUb/' ko|f; ub5{ .
z afnaflnsfdf s'g} tflnd, ;ef, uf]i7L, afnd]nfdf ;Fw} cfkm"n] PSn} dfq efu
glnO{ c?nfO{ klg cj;/ lbg'kb{5 eGg] efjgf ljsl;t u/fpg kxn ub{5 .
;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u jf ;zQmLs/0f ug{ ;xhstf{n],
z cfkmn" ]l;ss]f ;LknfO {c?x¿df x:tfGt/0f ub {}hfg5]g / ;f;]DaGwL
tl/sf l;sfpg]5g .
z afnSna / ao:s -JolQm tyf ;+:yf_ sf] aLrdf cfjZos k/]df dWo:ytf
ul/lbg]5g .
z cfˆgf cge'j / ;LknfO {l6kf6] ug {]/ To;nfO {c?x¿;uF cfbfg–kb|fg
ug {]cfˆgf ]afgL afnaflnsfnfO {klg l;sfpg5]g .
z ;w +}cfkmn+} ]dfq cfˆgf ]afnSna jf g6]jss{f ]kl|tlglwTj ug {;S5 'eGg]

80. efjgfnfO {sd ub {}nu/] c?n ]klg To;f ]ug {;Sb5g eGg ]s/'fdf ;a}
afnaflnsfnfO {ljZj:t kfg5{]g . o;af/d]f kh|ftflGqs 9u+n ]ofh]gf
sfofG{jog ub {}hfg ;b:ox¿nfO {pTkl]|/t ug5{]g .
z cfˆgf] pd]/ !* jif{ k'u]kl5 :j]lR5s ¿kn] ;b:otf tyf g]t[Tjsf] x:tfGt/0f
ugk{'b5{ eGg ]s/'fnfO {:jLsf/ u/fpbF }nfg5]g . o;f ]ug {an]fan]fdf
;b:ox¿aLr 5nkmn ub {}nfg5]g .
z k'/fgf ;b:on] 5f8b} uP klg gofF ;b:on] Sna / ;d"xsf] lg/Gt/tf
lbg;Sg] agfpg pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfdf jl[4 ug{ ]cj;/ / k|lqmof ldnfOlbg]5g .
;xhstf{n] ug{ gx'g] s'/fx¿
;xhstf{n] slxNo} klg
z afnaflnsfn ]æof ]ae'mbg}g jf ae'mg ;Sbg}gÆ eg/] ;fR]g 'jf eGg 'xbF'g} .
z cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ afnaflnsfdfly yfk]g {]ug {'xbF'g} .
z c? ;fyLx¿af6 6f9f /fv]/ s'g} afns jf aflnsf;Fu PSn} rflxg]eGbf a9L
;do latfpg ]ug {'xbF'g} .
z unt cEof; tyf bJ'oj{xf/ dflgg;Sg ]sfd sf/afxL tyf Jojxf/ ug {'xbF'g}
/ To;f ]ug {afnaflnsfnfO {psf:g ]ug {'xbF'g} .
z sg' }afnaflnsfnfO {eb]efj ug,{] aU]n }Jojxf/ ug {]jf c?nfO {pkI]ff xg' ]u/L
s;n}fO {ljzi]f :gx] bv]fpg 'xbF'g} .
z s'g} klg JolQm jf afnaflnsfnfO{ of}g pQ]hgf hufpg] 9+un] pgLx¿sf]
z/L/sf ]:kz {ug {]tyf To;f ]ug {kl]|/t ug {'xbF'g} .
z ufk]gLotf eË gug {]/ ;j+b]gzLn 36gf jf kl/l:Yfltdf afnaflnsfsf ]gfd
hg';s' }cj:yfdf klg vn'f;f ug {'xbF'g} .
80 ;zQmLs/0f

81. ;zQmLs/0f 81
z afnaflnsfnfO {JolQmut cfIfk] nufpg 'xbF'g} .
z afnSnadf k'/fgf]÷gofF, hftLo, n}lËs, ckfËtf ePsf ÷gePsf, pd]/, /
;:+sl[t cflb sg' }klg cfwf/df sg' }klg afnaflnsfnfO {eb]efj ug {'xbF'g} .
z /ft af; a:g] u/L s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ s;}sf] ;'kl/j]If0flagf cfˆgf] 3/
jf cGt st }nfg 'xbF'g} . olb nfgk'g {]eP cleefjs / cfˆgf ];:+yfsf]
lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ c? afnaflnsfsf ;fy nfg'kb{5 .
z afnaflnsfnfO {ufnL ug,{] lk6g ]jf cGo sg' }vfnsf ]zf/Ll/s oftgf lbg ]jf
bJ'oj{xf/ ug {'xbF'g} .
z afnaflnsfnfO {nlHht kfg,{] xLgtfafw] xg',] jf cGo sg' }lsl;daf6 efjgfdf
7;] kU'g ]lsl;dn ]sfd sf/afxL ug {'xbF'g} .
z afnaflnsfnfO {;fgf ]5 eg/] sfoq{mddf ;xefuL gu/fpg 'xbF'g} .
z afnaflnsf;uF l/;fpg ]/ emsfk{]msf {]ug {]ug {'xbF'g} .
z cfkm" dfq af]Ng,] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ cleJoQm ug{ cj;/ glbg]
ug {'xbF'g} . afnaflnsfsf ]aLrdf tn'gf ug {'xbF'g} . h:t }æsÆ eGbf æuÆ
ghfGg] 5 cflb .
z /flt can]f;Dd ldl6Ë a7}s sfoq{md ;~rfng ug {'xbF'g} . olb sx]L u/L
To;f] x'g uPdf afnaflnsfn] PSn} 3/ hfg ;S5' eg] klg s;}sf] ;fy nufP/
dfq 3/ k7fpg'kb{5 .

82. 82 ;zQmLs/0f
bz
;~rf/ / afnd}qL ;~rf/
;~rf/sf] cy{ (Meaning of Communication)
;~rf/ egs]f ];Gbz], ;r"gf, ljrf/ tyf efjgfsf ]cfbg kb|fg ug {]kl|qmof xf ].
;~rf/sf tTjx¿ (Elements of Communication)
;~rf/df rf/ d'Vo tTjx¿ x'G5g .
s_ >f]tM ;~rf/ k|lqmofdf ;Gb]z jf ;"rgf lbg] JolQm cyjf ;+:yfnfO{
;"rgfsf] >f]t elgG5 .
v_ ;Gbz]M ;r"gfsf ]>ft] / ;r"gf kf|Kt ugs{]f ]cfk;df hg' s/'fsf ]cfbfg
k|bfg x'G5 To;}nfO{ ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z elgG5 .
u_ dfWodM h;åf/f >f]t / k|fksaLr ;Gb]zsf] cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 To;}nfO{
dfWod elgG5 . To:tf dfWod dflg;b]lv lnP/ /]l8of], 6]lnlehg,
k':ts, kq–klqsf, lr7Lkq, x'nfs, uLt, ;ef, 6]lnkmf]g, cfjfh, gf6s,
a}7s÷uf]i7L, cfsfzjf0fL, rnlrq, O;f/f OToflb x'g ;Sb5g .
3_ kf|ks M ;r"gfsf ]>ft]af6 k7fOPsf ];r"gf jf ;Gbz]nfO {kf|Kt ug{]
JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ k|fks elgG5 .
;"rgf jf ljrf/sf] cfbfg k|bfgsf] qmddf >f]t tyf k|fKtstf{ b'j}n] k|fKt ;"rgf
/ ljrf/k|lt cfkmgf] ljutsf cg'ej / 1fgsf] cfwf/df k|ltlqmof cyjf lkm8Jofs

83. -kl/ki]|f0f_ hgfO/fvs]f xG'5g . oxL lkm8Jofssf ]cfwf/df laifoj:ta'f/ ]/fdf|]
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ b'j}nfO{ d2t ldN5 . ;~rf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL agfpgsf
nflu lkm8Jofssf] k|lqmof cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
;~rf/ ljljw ls;dsf x'G5g . afnSnasf] ;Gbe{df eGg'kbf{ ;~rf/nfO{ ljz]if
u/L b'O{ k|sf/n] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
s_ cfd -PstkmL{ ;~rf/
Š ck|ToIf ¿kdf /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kq–klqsf h:tf dfWodaf6 lbOg] ;"rgf
;zQmLs/0f 83
jf ;Gb]znfO{ cfd -PstkmL{ ;~rf/ elgG5 .
Š o;df kT|oIf ¿kdf cfDg ];fDg ]eP/ 5nkmn ug {]dfs}f xbF'g} .
Š xfpefp, ;s+t]nfO {csf {]kIfn ]ae'm ]gae'ms]f ]kl|tlqmofnfO {t?'Gt yfxf kfpg
;lsGg .
Š Ps }k6s nfvf +}dflg;nfO {;Gbz] lbg ;lsG5 .
Š t/ bf]xf]/f] s'/fsfgL ug{ g;lsg] ePsf]n] o;sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ yk
hfgsf/L lbg / lng ;ls+b}g .
v_ cGt/JolQm -b'O{tkmL{ ;~rf/
b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L JolQmx¿sf] cfk;df ;"rgf, ljrf/, efjgf tyf ;Gb]zsf]
cfbfg–k|bfg x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ cGt/JolQm -b'O{tkmL{ ;~rf/ elgG5 .
cGt/JolQm ;~rf/sf ljz]iftfx¿
Š sg' }s/'f ae'm ]gae'ms]f ];fw]/] :ki6 ug {]dfs}f kfOG5 .
Š k|ToIf ¿kdf cfDg] ;fDg] a;]/ bf]xf]/f] 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .
Š efiff jf zAbsf] ;fy} xfpefp jf ;+s]taf6 s'/f a'emg / a'emfpg ;lsG5 .

84. Š cGt/JolQm ;~rf/åf/f lbOg] ;Gb]z jf ;"rgfnfO{ Ps} k6sdf w]/}nfO{ lbg
;lsb}g . of] s]xL JolQm tyf ;d"xdf dfq x'g ;Sb5 .
Š cGt/JolQm ;~rf/df ;xefuL x'g]n] Ps csf{sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ yk
hfgsf/L lbg / ljrf/ a'em]/ dgdf nfu]sf z+sf pkz+sfnfO{ t'/Gt xn ug{
;lsG5 .
cGt/JolQm ;~rf/sf lsl;dx¿M
s_ b'O{ JolQmaLrM >Ldfg >LdtLaLrsf] s'/fsfgL, 8S6/ / lj/fdLaLrsf] s'/fsfgL,
Pp6f h]=l6=P= / s[ifsaLrsf] s'/fsfgL, 3fF; bfp/f vf]Hg hfg] cyjf
kFw]/f]df kfgL eg{ hfg] b'O{ dlxnfaLr x'g] ;/;Nnfx cflb .
v_ Ps JolQm / ;d"xaLrM h:t} sIffdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLr jf dlxnf :jf:Yo
:jo+;]ljsf / cfdf ;d"xaLrsf] s'/fsfgL .
u_ b'O{ ;d"xaLrM af6f], k'n, s'nf] agfpg] laifodf Ps} ufpFsf b'O{ ;d"x jf b'O{
ufpFsf b'O{;d"x aLrsf] 5nkmn .
3_ cGt/ ;d"x ;~rf/M Pp6f ;d"xdf laleGg JolQmx¿aLrsf] 5nkmn . cfdf
;d"xsf] a}7s, pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] a}7s, ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿sf]
a}7s jf laleGg ;+3–;+:yfaf6 k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] lhlj; ;dGjo a}7s
cflb .
;~rf/ k|lqmofdf b]vf kg{;Sg] cj/f]wx¿ M
!= ;Gbz] k7fpg ]/ kf|Kt ug {]sfoa{Lr cfOk{g {]cj/fw]x¿ M
Š k|fks sfg g;'Gg], cfFvf gb]Vg] x'g' .
Š k|fks n]vk9 ug{ ghfGg] x'g' .
Š ki]|fsn ]cfjfh ;fgf ]u/L afN]g,' cIf/ ;fgf ]u/L nV]g '.
Š ki]|fs afl]n/xs]f ]an]f kf|ksn ]Wofg glbg 'jf lgbfpg '.
Š ki]|fs afN]bf esesfpg,' vfS]g 'cflb .
84 ;zQmLs/0f

85. ;zQmLs/0f 85
Š xf]xNnf ePsf] a]nf af]Ng' .
Š k|fkssf] Wofg cGo s'/fdf cfslif{t x'g' .
@= ;Gbz] kf|Kt ug {]/ ae'mg ]sfoa{Lr cfOk{g {]cj/fw]x¿
Š kf|ksn ];Gbz]kl|t Wofg sl]Gbt| gug {'.
Š k|fksn] ga'‰g] efiff, zAb cflb af]Ng' .
Š k|fkssf] lbdfusf] tLI0ftf tyf z}lIfs :t/ gldNg' .
Š Ps} k6s w]/} ;Gb]z lbg' .
Š cgfjZos nfdf] Joxf]/f afFwL ;Gb]z k7fpg' .
Š w/] }hgfsf ]tx kf/ u/L ki]|fs ;dIf ;Gbz] k7fpg '.
Š afN]bf zf/Ll/s efiff -Ozf/f, xfpefp cflb_ sf ]ko|fu] gug '{.
Š x8a8df ;Gbz] kf|Kt ug {'.
Š unt tyf ck"0f{ ;Gb]z k7fpg' .
Š ;wF }Pp6 }dfq dfWodsf ]ko|fu] u/L ;~rf/ ug {'.
Š PseGbf a9L cy {nfUg ]zAbx¿sf ]ko|fu] ug {'.
Š s/'f k/"f g;g'Lsg }o:tf ]xf,] p:tf ]xf ]egL ;Gbz]sf ]ckl/kSj dN"ofÍg ug {'.
Š c? af]ln/x]sf] a]nf cfkm" w]/} af]Ng' .
Š cfkmn"fO {dg gkg {]tyf cfkmn"fO {ljZjf; gePsf ]s/'fnfO {jf:tf gug {'.
Š ;Gbz]af/ ]cfkm +}ki|6 geO {;Gbz] k;|f/0f ug {'.
Š ki[7kfi]f0f glng 'cyft{ ae'm ]gae'ms]f ]s/'fsf ]hfrF gug {'.
#= ;Gbz] ae'mg ]/ :jLsf/ ug {]sfoa{Lr cfOk{g {]cj/fw]x¿
Š ki]|fs cfkme"Gbf tNnf ]:t/ tyf bhfs{f ]eGg ]efjgf xg' '.
Š ki]|fskl|t kj"fu{x| xg' '.

86. Š cfkm"nfO{ dg k/]sf] s'/fx¿ dfq ;'Gg, x]g{rfxg' .
Š km/s wf/0ff tyf d"No÷dfGotf /fVg' .
Š ;Gbz] tyf ki]|fskl|tsf ]kIfkftk0"f {x/]fO .
Š plrt ;do / :yfgdf ;Gb]z k7fpg g;Sg' .
Š ki]|fs / kf|ksaLr efjgfTds åGå xg' '.
Š ki]|fsn ]kf|ksnfO {ljZjf; lbnfpg g;Sg '.
Š :jLsfo {gxg' ]vfnsf ];~rf/ zn}Lsf ]ko|fu] ug {'. -pbfx/0fsf nflu 8/,
wDsL b]vfP/ jf cfb]zsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] ;Gb]z k|fksn] a'em]/ klg
;xh }:jLsf/ ubg{} ._
$= ;Gbz] :jLsf/ ug ]{tyf nfu "ug {]sfoa{Lr cfOk{g{]
cj/f]wx¿
Š k|fks kl/jt{g x'g grfxg' .
Š ki]|fs jf ;Gbz]kl|t kj"fu{x| xg' '.
Š km/s wf/0ff tyf d"No÷dfGotf /fVg' .
Š ki]|fs jf ;Gbz]kl|t ljutsf s6 'cge'jx¿ .
cGt/JolQm ;~rf/sf] nflu s]xL laz]if ;Lksf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}n] JolQm
tyf ;d"xdf s'/fsfgL ubf{ M
Š·c?sf] s'/f Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg] .
Š ;a}sf] s'/fnfO{ plrt dxTj lbg] .
Š c?sf] ;d:ofnfO{ cfkmg} h:tf] 7fGg] .
Š ;se/ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ uf]nfsf/ agfP/ a;fpg] .
Š ;s;]Dd c?n ]ae'mg ]u/L :yfgLo efiff / zAbsf ]ko|fu] ug {].
Š gd |eP/ s/'fsfgL ug{]
86 ;zQmLs/0f

87. Š eGg vfl]hPsf ]s/'fnfO {ToxL j:t 'jf To;sf ]lrq bv]fP/ ae'mfpg ]ko|f; ug{]
;zQmLs/0f 87
Š xfpefp jf O;f/fnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] .
Š ;a}nfO{ cfkmgf] ljrf/ tyf s'/f eGg] a/fj/ df}sf lbg] .
Š s'/fsfgLdf efu lng lxrlsrfpg]nfO{ af]Ng xf};nf lbg] .
Š dlxnfx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ v'n]/ s'/f ug{;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg] .
Š ;~rf/sf] efiff k|i6, z'4 / ;+lIfKt agfpg] .
Š afl]n/xs]f ]s/'fdf Wofg sl]Gbt« ug {].

88. 88 ;zQmLs/0f
afnd}qL ;~rf/
afnaflnsf;uF sfd ubf {pgLx¿;uF ;~rf/ s;/L ug {]/ l;sfO /fdf| ]agfpg]
tyf pgLx¿sf s/'f yfxf kfpg s:tf ]ljlw ko|fu] ug {]eGg ]af/d]f ki|6 xg'k'b5{ .
cem aflx/L ;Dks{af6 6f9f /xL kLl8t Pj+ bldt cj:yfdf /x]sf 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿;uF sfd ug {];xhstfn{ ]pgLx¿;uF ;~rf/ ubf {ljzi]f Wofg
k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .
-!_ afnaflnsfn ]ljleGg tl/sfn ];~rf/ ug {]ub5{g M
z afnaflnsfn] w]/}h;f] v]naf6, ljleGg 36gfsf] gSsn u/]/, clego u/]/
;~rf/ u/]sf x'G5g .
z afnaflnsfn] zAb, jfSo Pj+ Jofs/0f ldnfpg]tkm{ eGbf klg ;+If]k /
;f+s]lts ¿kdf elg/x]sf x'G5g .
z afnaflnsfn ]ljleGg ¿kdf -sfuh, eO"s+{f ]wn'f,] leQf ]cflb_ lrq sfg],{]
v]nf}gf agfpg] cflb ¿kaf6 cfkmgf efjgf JoQm ul//x]sf x'G5g .
z c?df ePsf 36gfnfO {syf eg ]em +};/;tL {eG5g .
z afnaflnsfx¿ w]/}h;f] zf/Ll/s Pj+ efjgfTds cfjZostfnfO{ efj's
eP/ k|:t't u5{g .
-@_ afnaflnsfn] ljleGg cj:yfdf s;/L ;~rf/ u5{g <
z sltko afnaflnsfx¿n ]aflx/sf dflg;x¿;uF s/'fsfgL ug {]cge'j ug{
kfPsf xbF'g}g . of ]s/'f :yfgLo rfnrng÷;:+sl[tcg;'f/ xg' ]ub5{ .
z afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;~rf/ ;Lk Ifdtf ljsf;df ;z:q åGån] k|efj kf/]sf]
x'G5 .
z afnaflnsfx¿ b'Mvk"0f{ 36gf JoQm ug{ a8f] cK7of/f] dx;'; u5{g .

89. ;zQmLs/0f 89
z c;'/lIft cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx¿ af]Ng 8/fpF5g .
z ;z:q åGåsf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx¿ jo:sx¿;Fu v';L gePsf] l:ylt
x'g;S5 t;y{ ;~rf/ ug{ sl7g dfGb5g .
-#_ jo:ssf lgDg lqmofsnfkn] afnaflnsfsf] ;~rf/nfO{ s'l07t
ug{;S5 .
z cfkm"n] w]/} af]n]/
z 7Ls / a]7Ls elglbP/
z lv:;L p8fP/ -xfF;f]df p8fP/_, d"v{ agfOlbP/
z l/;fOlbP/
z w}o{tf u'dfOlbP/ -efjgfTds alglbP/_÷g;'lglbP/
z a9L ts{ /flvlbP/
z afnaflnsf af]ln/x]sf] a]nfdf g}/fZotf b]vfOlbP/
z afnaflnsfsf] s'/faf6 c;lhnf] dflglbP/
z x]lklbP/ -x]kfxf afgL b]vfP/_
z s'/f ul//x]sf] a]nfdf s'g} c+udf Psf]xf]/f] x]/]/
-$_ afnaflnsf;Fu ;~rf/ ubf{ ;xof]uL x'g;Sg] ljlwx¿M
z afnaflnsfsf ]nflu cfkmgf ljrf/, cge'j JoQm ug {];/'lIft jftfj/0f
agfpg'
z lgle{s jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/]/ -8/fpg] jftfj/0f x6fP/_
z ;+rf/ ug{ cfTdan a9fOlbP/

90. z 7"nf] ;fgf] efjgf x6fO{ afn ldqjt Aojxf/ u/]/
z OdfGbf/ ag]/ -OdfGbfl/tf_
z ;sf/fTds xfpefpaf6 k|ltlqmof b]vfP/
z ;xof]uL ag]/
z rf;f] / Psfu|tf b]vfP/
z lrq agfP/, uLt ufP/, sljtf, gf6s cflbaf6 ljrf/ JoQm u/]/, cj;/
k|bfg u/]/
z xf};nf k|bfg u/]/
z Ps}k6s w]/} s'/f ;f]Wg] gu/]/
z v'nf lh1f;f /fv]/
z afnaflnsfn] lbg grfx]sf] hjfkmsf] dfu gu/]/ -s/sfk gu/]/_
z w}o{tf /fv]/, ljrf/ JoQm ug{sf] nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ ;do lbP/
z c? af]ln/x]sf] a]nf cfkm" gaf]n]/ .
z ga'em]sf] s'/f ;f]w]/ .
z af]Ng] JolQmnfO{ x]/]/ .
z af]Ng] JolQmaf6 w]/} 6f9f gpleP/ .
z c?sf] ljrf/ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 / a'emg'kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff /fv]/ .
z ;Gbz]sf ]dV'o a F'bf jf ljrf/x¿ lgsfn/] .
90 ;zQmLs/0f

91. s]xL dxTjk"0f{ egfOx¿
;zQmLs/0f 91
tf]/Ldf ltndf 5 t]n el/nf] cfkm} sxfF em5{ / .
kfg}{ kb{5 lagfk|oTg d'vdf cfP/ s] k5{ / ..
– c1ft
sf]/N5 rNnf Toltdfq kf]yL .
Gofgf] e'jfn] hlt ;S5 5f]kL ..
– slj dfwj l3ld/]
;fx;LnfO{ ;d:ofn] slxNo} klg ntfg{ ;Sb}g .
– g]kfnL nf]so'lQm
ltdL cN5L / ;'tfxf 5f} eg] cGttM bl/b« x'g]5f}
Ao"Fem, s8f kl/>d u/ clg dfq ;'v kfpg]5f} .
– afOan
cN5L dflg;n] cfˆgf] cfjZostfnfO{ lrGb}g .
– Olgo;
ha;Dd af]nL ltd|f] d'vdf /xG5 af]nL ltd|f] lgoGq0fdf /xG5 t/ af]nL ltd|f]
d'vaf6 v'l:sG5, aflx/ km'TsG5 ltdL af]nLsf] lgoGq0fdf x'G5f} .
– c1ft
olb xfdLn ]cfkmn"fO {kl/jtg{ ug {;Sof +}eg ]dfq xfdL a;s]f ];;+f/sf ]kl/jtg{ ug{]
sfdsf] ;'?cft ug{ ;S5f}+ .
– c1ft
ci6fbz k'/f0f]Zo Jof;fo agr+ bf]o
k/f]ksf/ k'0ofo kfkfo k/ kL8g+
– !* j6f k'/f0fsf] ;Gb]z

92. k'U5g x]/ lx+l8/x]/ sldnf, xhf/ sf]; k/ .
k'Ub}gg u?8} klg gp8L tf, To} kf“r laQ} k/ .
92 ;zQmLs/0f
– c1ft
;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0faf6 g} ;dfhdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 .
– c1ft
;'jf;n] o'Qm 5 km"n sfxLF, To;nfO{ lnG5g zL/df r9fO{
h'g km"ndf s]xL ;'jf; 5}g, Tof] km"nsf] gfd sxLF x'Fb}g
– c1ft
h:t} dfgL wgLsf glhs x/38L 6Kk hf]8]/ xft
ems'L u5f {}ljgol;t ;bf gdt|f;fy aft
To:t} b'MvL hgsf;Fu klg dd{ ;Dem]/ af]n
ug {}kbg{} kml]/ jt| hk tkn ]:jus{f ]dfn] tfn]
– c1ft
aQL aln/xg o;df lg/Gt/ t]n ylk/xg'kb{5 .
– db/ 6]/];f

93. ;zQmLs/0f 93
;fef/ ul/Psf ]ljj/0f
;fef/ ul/Psf ]cz+z+
afn;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <
afn;xeflutf lsg <
k|efjsf/L / Jojxf/Ls afn
;xeflutf k|a4{g ug]{ pkfox¿
afn ;xeflutfsf cj/f]wx?
3/]n' afn>ldsnfO{ ;xefuL u/
fpb‘f Wofg lbg 'kg {]s/'fx?
3/]n' afn>ldsx?nfO{ ;+ul7t
ubf{ cfO kg]{ ;d:ofx?
g]kfnsf afn Sansf] P]ltxfl;s
k[i7e"ld
afnSnasf] ;+/rgf
afn Snasf kbflwsf/Lx?sf
lhDd]jf/L / Sna ;+rfng k|lqmof
afn Sna Joj:yfkg
afnSan u7g ePkl5 ug {'kg]{
sfo{x?
afnSnasf lqmofsnfkx? /
afnSnadf ug{ kfOg] t/ cGoq
st} ug{ gkfOg] ultljlwx?
;f|t] ;fdfuf|f|L
Learning to Work Together, A
handbook for managers on
Facilitating children’s participation
in action to address child labor,
RWG-CL 2003
g]kfnsf afnSnax? M Ps k|hftflGqs
ko|fu], ;e] b lrN8g]« gj {]tyf ;e] b
lrN8«]g o'=P;= åf/f ;xof]u ul/Psf
afnSnax?sf] cWoogsf] ;f/f+z tyf
l;kmfl/zx¿, @))!
afnSna ;xhstf{ e"ldsf / sfo{x? M
afnSnax?;+u sfo{/t ;+:yfx?sf]
;femf ;d"x -sG;f]l6{od_
g]kfnsf afnSnax? M Ps k|hftflGqs
ko|fu], ;e] b lrN8g]« gj {]tyf ;e] b
lrN8«]g o'=P;= åf/f ;xof]u ul/Psf
afnSnax?sf] cWoogsf] ;f/f+z tyf
l;kmfl/zx¿, @))!
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94. 94 ;zQmLs/0f
afnSna ;xhstf{ e"ldsf /
sfo{x?, afnSnax?;+u sfo{/t
;+:yfx?sf] ;femf ;d"x -sG;f]l6{od_
Plgd]zg tyf ;fdflhs kl/rfng
tflnd ;~rfng ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
afnSna ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf
dxTjk"0f{ plQmx?
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