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jt{dfg tyf eljio b'j} cToGt} uDeL/ / lrGtfhgs b]lvG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf klg
aL; nfveGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g h;dWo] ! nfv @&
xhf/ afnaflnsfx¿ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>ddf ;+nUg /xL cfkmgf] hLjg ofkg
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xfl;n u/]sf] ;+:yfsf] x}l;otn] klg xfdLn] cfkmgf cg'ejx¿ ljleGg ;+3;+:yf
tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;uF ;f6f;f6 ug {'h?/L bl]vG5 h;n ]ubf {cfufdL lbgdf
o; If]qdf x'g] ljsf;] x:tIf]kx¿ k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL x'g ;s"g .
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lbjf/leq sfl]rP/ zfi]f0f bJ'oj{xf/sf ]l;sf/ ePsf xhf/f +}3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿n]
si6;fWo hLjg latfpg afWo 5g . cfˆgf] hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu dfq xf]Og
so}fn+} ]t kl/jf/s }nflu ;dt] cyfk{]fhg{ ug {]sfddf cfˆgf slnnf xftx¿
nufpg afWo eO/x]sf 5g . ;dfhn] eg] o; lsl;dsf] afn>dnfO{ ;xh /
:jefljs ¿kn] lnO/x]sf] 5 . ^÷& jif{b]lv g} cfdfafa'b]lv la5f]l8P/ csf{sf]
3/df a;]/ cfˆgf afNofj:yfsf] pkef]u ug{ gkfO{ zf]if0fo'Qm cj:yfdf ul/g]
sfd jf:tjd} hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d xf] . hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dsf] b'ikl/0ffd cToGt
3fts x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf oL afnaflnsfsf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg', 3/]n'
afn>dsf] lj?4df ;r]tgtf clej[l4 ug{' tyf lgs[i6 cj:yfdf /x]sf
afn>ldsx¿sf ]hLjgdf ;w'f/ NofpbF }3/n] 'afn>dnfO {pGdn"g ug {]lbzflt/
cufl8 a9g 'cfhsf ]cfjZostf ags]f ]5 . oxL cfjZostf dx;;' ub {}cGt/fl{i6o«
>d ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf l;lj;n] o; k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] lj?4df Pp6f cleofg
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zlQmnfO{ cfTdan klg elgG5 .
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k/Dk/fjfbL jf k'/fgf] ljrf/cg';f/ zlQm hGdhft (By Birth) k|fKt x'G5 .
-hGdhft eGgfn] b}jL zlQmaf6 k|fKt ug{;Sg] jf k"j{hGdsf] sdfO{af6 kfpg
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x'g k'u]sf] xf] . t/ cfw'lgs ljrf/cg';f/ zlQm cfh{g ug{ (By Earn) ;lsG5 .
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klxrfg ug {'/ To;nfO {Jojxf/df ko|fu] ug {;Sg 'xf ].
dflg; ;DklQsf ]cefj, ;fgf ]pd/], cfkmn" ]kfpgk'g {]clwsf/sf ]pkefu] ug{
gkfP/ h:tf ljljw sf/0fn] zlQmxLg aGg k'u]sf] x'G5 . p;sf] clwsf/ s;}n]
l5lglbPsf]n] p;nfO{ zlQmxLg agfOPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] lxhf]cfh ;dfhdf
3/]n'nufot cGo afn>lds, dlxnf, blnt, hghflt cfly{s ¿kn] lakGg ju{nfO{
k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{sf] ¿kdf lng yflnPsf] 5 .
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;a} lsl;dsf zf]if0f vKg afWo agfOPsf zlQmxLg afnaflnsfx¿ x'g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L ;zQm agfpg] eGg] Pp6f uDeL/ r'gf}tLsf]
ljifo ags]f ]5 . Jojxfl/s cge'jaf6 afn;xeflutfaf6 g }cGo afnaflnsf em}+
3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ klg ;zQm agfpg, pgLx¿df cfTdan
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uLtf M cf====, tkfO +{klg o;/L l;Ëfg ]e/'fe/'LnfO {va/ ug {cfkm }bM'v ug{'
k5{ / < s;}sf xftdf va/ k7fPsf] eP t eOxfNYof] lg .
a'wnfn M To;/L sxfF x'G5 / . va/ k'u]g eg] t afnaflnsfx¿ cfOk'Ub}gg
a7}s ke|fjsf/L xbF'g} . clg s ]ug {].
uLtf M a}7sdf tL gfy] s]6fs]6Ln] s] kf] s'/f Nofpnfg / a}7s k|efjsf/L
xg' '< ;a }cfkmn} ]gu/L xbF'g} . a7}s klg s ]a:g 'k¥of ]/ . o;f]
a7}s kl':tsfdf ugk{'g {]lg0fo{ nV]of ]clg s6]fs6]Lx¿sf ];xL
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l;sfof] eg] kf] pgLx¿n] klg l;S5g t . a}7ssf nflu ljifo
rog ug,{] a7}s s;/L a:g,] s;/L lg0fo{ ug {]cflb ljifout tyf
k|fljlws s'/fx¿ yfxf kfpF5g .

uLtf M tkfO {+rflx Fa9L cfbz{ xg' vfH]gx'G'5 . tkfOn{+ ]ubf {xfdL ;an}]
em0em6df km:g'kb{5 . tL ;a emGem6 gu/L Ps} l5gdf x'g]
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/ < sfdsf ];?'jft ug {]kf|/lDes sfd g }a7}s xf ]. xg]x{'f;]
tkfOn{+ ]clxnb]l]v g }a7}s a:g ]tf/} tl/sfsf af/d]f afnaflnsfnfO{
cEo:t agfpg 'ePg eg ]tkfO {+slt lbg;Dd pgLx¿sf ]kl5kl5
s'lb/xg'x'G5 < a}7s a:g' eg]sf] s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf
agfpg,' To;cg;'f/sf ]lhDdj]f/L lng '/ sfd ;DkGg ugt{]km{
nfUg' klg t xf] . clg xfdL ;xhstf{x¿sf] lhDd]jf/L s]xL xNsf
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dGyg ug'xf];
!= a'wnfn / uLtfaLr s] ljifodf s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf] lyof] <
@= uLtfsf] afnaflnsf;DaGwL wf/0ff s:tf] lyof] <
#= s] afnaflnsfn] ;fFRr} s]xL klg ug{ ;Sb}gg t <
$= a'wnfnsf] s'g s'/fn] uLtfsf] ljrf/ abNg ;xof]u u¥of] <

16 ;zQmLs/0f
b'O{
afn;xeflutf
æafnaflnsf ;dfhsf ;lqmo ;b:o x'g To;}n] pgLx? jt{dfg x'g . s]jn
eljiosf s0f{wf/ dfq xf]Ogg .Æ
afn;xeflutf eg]sf] s] xf] <
afn;xeflutf eg]sf] afnaflnsfsf] hLjg;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lsl;dsf sfd ubf{
sg' }klg lg0fo{ lng ]an]fdf afnaflnsfn ]cfˆgf ljrf/ JoQm ug {]dfs}f kfpg'
tyf cy{k"0f{ / ;lqmo ;+nUgtf x'g' xf] . afn;xeflutf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/
xf] . afn;xeflutf Pp6f lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . ;du|df afnaflnsfn]
ljrf/ JoQm ug{ kfpg', JoQm u/]sf] ljrf/sf] sb/ x'g', To;df 5nkmn x'g',
;fc]g;'f/ lg0fo{ kl|qmofdf ;xefuL xg' kfpg,' ePsf lg0fo{x¿ sfofG{jog ug{]
s'/fdf pgLx¿n] efu lng kfpg', sfof{Gjogaf6 ePsf kmfObf jf a]kmfObfdf
klg ;';"lrt x'g] tyf ;+nUg x'g kfpg' g} afn;xeflutf xf] .
afnaflnsfsf] pRrtd lxtsf nflu x'g] kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs tyf cGo ljsf;sf
lqmofsnfkx¿, h;n] pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf c;/ kf5{, tL ;a}df pgLx¿sf] pd]/,
Ifdtf, ?lr jf OR5f / kl/j]zcg';f/ efu lng] jf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ -;sf/fTds_
JoQm ug {]kl|qmof g }afn;xeflutf xf ].
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf wf/f @, %, !@, !#, !$, !%, !&, @#, @(, / #! n]
afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/dfly hf]8 lbPsf 5g .

;zQmLs/0f 17
afn;xeflutf lsg <
bLw{hLjg ljsf;
;xeflutf
;+/If0f
-!_ afn;xeflutf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] M
dgdf nfu]sf s'/f JoQm ug{ kfpg], :jtGqtfk"j{s cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg kfpg],
;r"gf kf|Kt ug,{] ;u+l7t xg' kfpg ]pgLx¿sf ]g;}lus{ clwsf/ xf ]. cGo
afnaflnsfsf] cltl/Qm 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] klg ;xeflutfsf] ;dfg clwsf/
5 .
-@_ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/n] cGo clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ d2t ldN5 M
afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"n] g} ;a}eGbf klxn] cfˆgf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;S5g . afnaflnsfn]
dgdf nfu]sf s'/fx¿ eGg kfP, ;+ul7t x'g kfPsf] v08df g} pgLx¿dfly x'g]
;a} lsl;dsf zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/af6 cfkm"nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;S5g / afFRg
kfpg], bL3{ hLjgsf clwsf/x¿ pkef]u ug{ ;S5g .
3/]n' afn>d tyf cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsf cfTdansf]
b[li6n] x]bf{ ;dfhsf ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ agfOPsf ;b:o x'g . pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf]
kIfdf rnfOg] cleofgdf 3/]n' afn>ldsnufot cGo afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfn]

7"nf] d2t k'Ub5 . afn>ldsx¿ / sfddf ;+nUg gx'g] cGo afnaflnsfx¿ Ps
csf{sf] ;d:of a'emg ;Sb5g . o;}n] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg
afnaflnsfx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g .
-#_ k|hftGq / ;Eo ;dfhsf] l;h{gfdf of]ubfg lbg ;S5g M
afnaflnsf ;dfhsf ;lqmo tyf lhpFbf hfUbf ;b:o ePsf]n] ;xeflutfsf]
sf/0faf6 pgLx¿n] ;dfhnfO{ /fd|/L a'emg ;S5g . ;lqmo gful/ssf] ¿kdf
cfkm"nfO{ ¿kfGtl/t ug{ ;S5g . afNofj:yfb]lv g} k|hftflGqs cEof;df nfUg]
x'gfn] ;dfhnfO{ 7Ls lbzflt/ 8f]¥ofpg ;S5g .
18 ;zQmLs/0f
afn;xeflutf
s] xf]Og
z afnaflnsfnfO{ of] u/ / of] eg
eg]/ cx|fpg]
z jo:sx¿ afnaflnsf;Fu l;Sgsf
nflu pbfl;g ePdf
z jo:sx¿sf] cg'ej / ;Lksf]
cjd"Nog ePdf
z jo:sx¿sf] sfddf afnaflnsfnfO{
k|of]u u/]df
z jo:sx¿sf] s'g} clwsf/ gx'g] l:ylt
/ afnaflnsfsf] s'g} st{Jo gx'g]
l:ylt ePdf
z afnaflnsfnfO{ ;a} zlQm ;'lDkPdf
z oyfl:ylts} kl5 nfu]df
afn;xeflutf
s] xf]
z afnaflnsfsf] 1fg / ljrf/sf]
dxTjnfO{ dfGotf lbPdf
z afnaflnsf;Fu cg'ej / ;Lk
cfbfg k|bfg ul/Pdf
z afnaflnsfaf6 l;Sg'k5{ eGg]
efjgf ePdf
z afnaflnsfnfO{ lg0f{o lng /
pQ/bfloTj lngsf nflu ;lhnf]
pkfo kQf nufPdf
z afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿nfO{
pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ /
pQ/bfloTjsf] af/]df a'emfpg
;xof]u u/]df
z afnaflnsfnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/
zlQm x:tfGt/0f ul/Pdf
z afnclwsf/k|lt ;Ddfg u/]df .

;zQmLs/0f 19
-$_ afnljsf;df ljz]if of]ubfg k'Ub5 M
afn;xeflutfn ];r+f/ ug {]Ifdtfsf ]ljsf; xG'5 . ;Demft}f ug {];Lk, sx]L u/f+}
eGg] :jtM:km"t{ efjgf tyf cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; x'G5 . pgLx¿df ;fd'bflos
efjgfsf ]ljsf; xG'5 . o;/L ;du |JolQmTjsf ]ljsf; xbF' }pgLx¿ 3/, ;dfh /
b]zk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g k'Ub5g . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] ;xeflutfn] pgLx¿ cGo
afnaflnsf h:t} eljiodf ;Ifd gful/ssf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'g ;Sb5g .
-%_ ;xeflutfsf] dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{ ;Sb5g M
afnaflnsf ;dfhsf ;lqmo afn;b:o ePsfn] s'g} klg ;d:ofnfO{ afncfFvfn]
xg] {]ub5{g, hg' s/'f jo:sx¿n ]x/]s]f ]eGbf km/s klg xg';S5 . pgLx¿ cfˆgf
;d:of / ;jfnx¿nfO{ jo:ssf] eGbf /fd|/L hfGg / a'‰g ;S5g . pgLx¿sf]
;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ cem l;h{gfTds 9+un] xn ug{ ;lsG5 .
h:t} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfkm"n] ef]u]sf kL8fx¿ Pscsf{df cfbfg—k|bfg
ub{5g .

20 ;zQmLs/0f
tLg
afn;xeflutfsf ljleGg cj:yfx¿
afn;xeflutf eGgfn] 3/kl/jf/, ljBfno, ;ef, ;Dd]ng, cflbdf afnaflnsfx¿sf]
cy{k"0f{ lsl;dsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
ljleGg ;ef,;df/f]x / h'n';x¿df ;xefuL u/fpg] ub{5g . t/ To:tf] ;xeflutfsf]
af/]df :jo+ pgLx¿nfO{ slQsf] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] x'G5 < o:tf ;df/f]xdf ul/g]
lg0f{ox¿df pgLx¿sf] ;'emfjnfO{ slQsf] k|fyldstf lbOG5 < s] pgLx¿n]
cfˆgf] af/]df s;n] s;/L lg0f{o ub{5g eGg] a'emb5g < oL k|Zgx¿sf] vf]hL
ul/g'kb{5 . olb afnaflnsfx¿ lg0f{osf] tx;Dd kxn tyf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿sf]
k|jfx ug{;Sg] ePsf 5g eg] pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs ;xeflutf ePsf] a'lemG5 .
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ jo:sx¿åf/f ;xefuL u/fpg] s'/fnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu
;g !((@ df o'lg;]kmdf sfo{/t cd]l/sfsf /f]u/ P xf6{ cf/n] afn;xeflutfsf]
e¥ofª tof/ u/]sf lyP M h;cg';f/ afn;xeflutfsf ljleGg cf7 cj:yfx¿
5g .
cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] nflu cfjZos s'/fx¿
z afnaflnsfn] pgLx¿ ;xefuL ePsf] lqmofsnfksf] p2]Zo a'em]sf] x'g'k5{ .
z pgLx¿nfO{ ;DjlGwt lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg] lg0f{o s;n] / lsg
u¥of] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'kb{5 .
z pgLx¿ ;xefuL x'g] lqmofsnfkdf pgLx¿sf] cy{k"0f{ e"ldsf x'g'kb{5 .
z ul/g] lqmofsnfk k|i6 kfl/;s]kl5 dfq pgLx¿ :j]lR5s ¿kn] lqmofsnfkdf
;xefuL x'g ;Sb5g .

!= unt lsl;daf6 ul/Psf] k|of]u (Manipulation)
jo:sx¿n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ s'g}
sfddf k|of]u u/]sf 5g t/ s] sfdsf]
nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fFOb}5 eGg]
af/]df pgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L 5}g jf
;xefuL u/fOPsf sfo{qmddf 5nkmn
ul/Psf ljifoj:t'sf] af/]sf a'emb}gg,
cfˆgf] sfd klg a'emg ;Sb}gg eg] of]
afnaflnsfnfO{ unt 9+uaf6 k|of]u
ul/Psf] xf] . of] afn;xeflutfsf] e¥ofªsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] l;+9L xf] . pbfx/0fsf
nflu afnaflnsfnfO {ke|fljt kfg {];fdflhs ;/fs]f/sf gLltx¿;uF ;DalGwt
/fhgLlts gf/fx¿ ePsf] Kn]sf8{x¿ af]sL h'n';df lxF8fOPsf] x'G5 eg] of]
afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u dfq xf] . of] jf:tjdf afn;xeflutf xf]Og . lsgls pm
lsg hn';'df lx8Fs]f ]xf ]eGg ]s/'f p;nfO {yfxf xbF'g} . Toxf F5nkmn ul/Psf]
ljifoj:ta'f/d]f p;nfO {hfgsf/L xbF'g} . o;n ]afnaflnsfsf ];jfQ{]d lxtsf]
l;4fGtnfO {cg;'/0f u/s]f ]xbF'g} .
@= sfoq{mdsf ]zfe]f a9fpgsf nflu dfq aRrfx¿nfO {;xefuL u/fPsf]
(Decoration)
o; lsl;dsf] ;xeflutf
afn;xeflutfsf] e¥ofªsf] bf]>f] l;+9L
xf] . slxnsfFxL ljz]if cj;/x¿df
lglZrt k|of]hgsf nflu
afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg gf/fx¿
n]lvPsf u~hL, Sofk cflb ljt/0f u/L
lrl6Ss kf//] grfpbF }pkmfb {}lx8FfOG5 .
u~hL kfPsf]df afnaflnsfx¿ bË
ePsf] b]lvP tfklg pgLx¿nfO{
jo:sx¿n] cfˆgf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ k|of]u
u/]sf x'G5g . jf:tjdf afnaflnsfnfO{ xftdf km"ndfnf u~hL, Sofk cflb lsg
;zQmLs/0f 21

nufP/ lx8gk'/s]f ]xf ]k0"f {¿kn ]yfxf xbF'g} . afnaflnsfsf ];G'b/tfnfO {;hfj6sf]
¿kdf pkofu] ug {]ul/G5 .
#= aRrfx¿sf] s'g} e"ldsflagf g} ;xefuL agfPsf]
(Tokenism)
o; txsf] ;xeflutfdf
afnaflnsfx¿n] k|ToIf ¿kdf
cfˆgf cfjfhx¿ p7fpF5g t/
jf:tjdf ;+rf/–k|jfxdf
pgLx¿sf cfjfhnfO{ cToGt
sd dxTj lbOG5 cyjf :yfg
lbObFg} eg ]klg xG'5 . cfˆgf OR5fcg;'f/ kl/ofh]gfx¿ tof/ ug {]cj;/ guGo
¿kdf lbOPsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ ;Dd]ngdf ;f+s]lts
¿kdf ;xefuL u/fOg] sfdnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . slxn]sfFxL afnclwsf/;DaGwL
uf]i7Lsf] pb3f6g afnaflnsfx¿åf/f u/fOG5 . uf]i7Ldf ul/g] lg0f{odf pgLx¿sf]
sg' }el"dsf xbF'g} . afn;xeflutf sj]n bv]fj6L dfq xG'5 . o:tf ]l:yltdf
pgLx¿sf ];frFf ]kl|tlglwTj eO/xs]f ]xbF'g} .
$= afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fd|f]
hfgsf/L lbP/ sfdsf] lhDdf
lbPsf] (Assigned and informed)
o; txsf] ;xeflutfdf afnaflnsfnfO{ dfly
# g+=df elgPsf ;"rgf lbP/ :j]lR5s ¿kdf
sfd ug{ elgG5 . of] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf]
klxnf] kfOnf xf] .
22 ;zQmLs/0f

%= 7"nf]n] sfo{qmd u/] tfklg afnaflnsfx¿;Fu /fd|/L
5nkmn u/s]f ]/ hfgsf/L lbPsf ](Consulted and Informed)
o; txsf] ;xeflutfdf
jo:sx¿af6 afnaflnsfx¿sf]
ljrf/nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnOG5 .
o;n] ubf{ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]udf
afnaflnsfx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ k|efj
/xg;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ nlIft u/]/ pTkfbg
ul/Psf pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
pTkfbg k/LIf0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df
Jofkfl/s sDkgLx¿n]
afnaflnsfnfO{ o; txsf] ;xeflutf u/fpg] ub{5g .
^= 7"nf]sf] cu|;/tfdf sfd ;'? eP tfklg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
5nkmn / lg0f{odf ;xefuL agfPsf] . (Adult-Initiated shared
decisions with children)
of] klxnf] r/0fsf] k|efjsf/L
;xeflutf xf] . o4lk ;]jf,
kl/of]hgf jf lqmofsnfkx¿sf]
lg0f{o cem} ao:sx¿sf] kxndf
xg' ]ub5{ t/ lg0fo{ ug {]an]fdf
afnaflnsfnfO{ klg hfgsf/L
u/fOG5 .
&= afnaflnsfx¿sf ]cu;|/tf / lgbz{]gdf sfd ePsf]
(Child-Initiated and Directed)
o; txsf] ;xeflutfdf jo:sx¿dfly e/ gkl/sg g} afnaflnsf cfkm} lrGtg
dgg ub{5g . cfˆgf k|fyldstfx¿ lgwf{/0f ub{5g . o; k|sf/sf] ;xeflutf
;zQmLs/0f 23

kf|oMu/L afnaflnsfn ]vn] vN]bf ko|fu] ug {]ub5{g . t/ o; lsl;dsf ];fr]nfO{
cGo sfo{qmd jf lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ubf{ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfs}
lgbz{]gdf ags]f sfoq{md tyf lqmofsnfkn ]>ft] / ;fwgdfly afnaflnsfs}
lgoGq0f / pgLx¿n ]g }ko|fu] ug {]l:yltsf ]ljsf; xG'5 .
*= afnaflnsfx¿s} ;lqmotfdf sfd ;'? ePsf] / lg0f{odf
7"nf;Fu ;/;Nnfx lnPsf] (Child-Initiated, Shared Decisions
with Adults)
of] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] ;xeflutf xf] . o;df afnaflnsfx¿n] g} lg0f{o
u5{g . pgLx¿ cfkm"n] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿ jo:sx¿;Fu k|:t't ug]{ u5{g .
afn;xeflutfsf] o; txdf >f]t ;fwgdflysf] lgoGq0f / kl/rfngdf jo:sx¿sf]
e"ldsf g]t[TjbfoL xf]Og s]jn ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf dfq x'G5 . sfo{qmd tyf
lqmofsnfksf] pknlAw afnaflnsfn] jo:sx¿nfO{ ;'gfpg] ub{5g . o;af6
afnaflnsfsf ]rfvcg;'f/sf sfoq{mdx¿ ugs{f nflu jo:sx¿nfO {lbzflgbz{]
klg ug{;S5 .
24 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 25
k|efjzfnL ;f]g'
;f]g' rf}w/L cfheGbf kfFr aif{ klxnf cgf}krfl/s sIffdf k9g cfpFbf pgn]
cfkmgf] clwsf/ / cj:yfsf] af/]df Tolt w]/} s'/f a'em]sL lyOgg . cgf}krfl/s
sIff k9]/ ljBfno egf{ eO;Sbf klg pgn] ;fdfGo ;fIf/ / ;r]t x'g]eGbf gofF
sx]L klg ug {]cj;/ kfPsL lyOgg .
ljBfnodf cWoog ul//xFbf pgn] afnSnaaf/] ;'lgg / cfkm}nfO{ cgf}krfl/s
sIff k9fpg'ePsf] o'j/fh ;/nfO{ cfkm" h:tf cGo afnaflnsfx¿ klg ;lDdlnt
eO {afnSna agfpgk'g {]cg/'fw] ul/g . pgsf ]s/'f ]l;lj;df sfd ugx{'g' ]oj'/
fh ;/nfO {klg /fd }|nfUof ]/ ;?'df cgfk}rfl/s sIffdf cWoog u/L ;kmn
ePsf afnaflnsfx?n ]k5L;Dd klg e6]3f6 ug {]ynfs]f ]¿kdf pgLx?n ]3/n]'
afn>lds d~r u7g u/] .
cfh 3/]n' afn>lds d~rn] rf/ aif{ kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 / ;f]g' klg ca jo:s
eO;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
3/]n' afn>lds d~rn] clxn];Dd afn>ldssf clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu / afn>d
zfi]f0f cGTosf nflu yk' }|sfos{d|x¿ ;DkGg ul/;ss]f ]5 / To;kl5sf lbgx¿df
3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt $@ j6f eGbf a9L afnSnax? u7g eO{ ls|ofzLn
eO;ss]f 5g . clxn ]3/n] 'afn>lds d~r tL ;a }afnSnax¿sf ];dGjo ug{]
;~hfnsf] ¿kdf ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . lxhf] :yfkgfsf] ;dodf /xg'ePsf
;fyLx¿dWo] w]/} hgf x/fO;s]sf 5g . t/ ;f]g' cem} klg o;} cleofgdf x'gx'G5 .
jxfsFf ]o:tf ]kl|tj4tfsf ]sb/ ub {}s6]fs6]L 86 sd h:tf ;:+yfx¿n ]jxfnFfO{
;Ddfg klg u/]sf 5g .
;fg] 'clxn ];a }afnaflnsfx¿sf ]nflu k/]|0ffbfoL xg'e'Psf ]5 . jxfnF ]ljleGg
/fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o d+rx¿df afn>ldssf cfjfhx¿nfO{ p7fpg'ePsf] 5 .
;fg]s'f ]o; cj:yfsf ]sb/ ub {}l;lj;n ]klg jxfnFfO {l;lj;sf ]sfo;{ldltsf]
;b:odf r'g]sf] 5 .
;f]g' clxn] jo:s eP klg 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0fsf] cGTosf nflu plQs} ls|ofzLn
x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] jxfFn] cfkmgf] ls|ofzLntfnfO{ hLjGttf lbg jo:s 3/]n'
>ldsx¿sf] ;d"x u7g u/L 3/]n' >ldssf] dfgjclwsf/sf s'/fx¿ klg p7fpg
yfNg'ePsf] 5 .
;f]g' o:tf] x'g'df pgn] kfPsf] cj;/, pgdf /x]sf] k|ltj4tf / cfTdljZjf;, clg
/f]huf/bftf, ;fyLefO / 3/kl/jf/sf] k|f]T;fxg / l;lj;af6 k|fKt ljleGg tflndx¿
g} xf] eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff 5 .

26 ;zQmLs/0f
rf/
k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf
afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L ;xefuL u/fpg]
afnaflnsfx¿sf ]lg0fo{ ug {]Ifdtf
afnaflnsf ;fgf xG'5g, dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ¿kdf kl/kSj eO;ss]f xbF'g}g .
To;}n] pgLx¿ cfˆgf] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}gg . pgLx¿ /fd|f] g/fd|f] 5'6ofpg ;Sb}gg .
To;}n] ;a} lqmofsnfkdf 7"nf dfG5]n] g} lg0f{o ul/lbg'kb{5 eGg] ;f]r unt xf] .
pgLx¿ klg cfˆgf af/]df lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5g . o;/L /fd|f] / ;xL lg0f{o ug{
;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg pgLx¿nfO{ x/]s lqmofsnfksf] lg0f{o ug{ nufpg'kb{5 .

afs]s]f ]ss'/'n ]du[ dfbg{} eg ]em +}afnaflnsfnfO {aj]f:tf u/L sg' }klg sfoq{md
jf lqmofsnfkdf 7"nfn] dfq lg0f{o ug{ yfNg] xf] eg] k/]sf] a]nfdf Ps}rf]6L s'g}
s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ nufpg] xf] eg] pgLx¿ lxlRsrfpg' :jefljs} x'G5 . Snadf
jf cGo sfoq{mdsf ];Gbed{f afnaflnsfnfO {lg0fo{ ug {]cEof; u/fO/xg ]xf]
eg ]pgLx¿sf ]lg0fo{ ug {]Ifdtf a95 . jo:sx¿n ]pgLx¿sf ];/fs]f/sf
;fgf—;fgf ljifox¿df klg pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]w]/ lg0f{o lng ;lsG5 .
;xL lg0f{o ug{ gkfpg'sf sf/0fx¿ M
!= jo:sx¿ cufl8 a;]df jf a;]sf] b]v]df
afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ jo:sx¿ cufl8 a;]sf] v08df
pgLx¿df ;+sf]r k}bf x'g] ub{5 . jo:sx¿ pgLx¿eGbf hfGg] ;'Gg] ePsf]n]
lg0f{o ubf{ uNtL kf] x'g] xf] ls eGg] 8/n] dgsf s'/fx¿ ws k'msfP/ eGg
;Sb}gg . jo:s dflg;sf a'l4, cg'ejn] lsRg] x'gfn] pgLx¿ cfˆgf s'/fx¿
lg;+sf]r eP/ ug{ ;Sb}gg .
@= lg0fo{ ugk{'g {]ljifosf ]bl[i6sf0]f
h;/L s'g} s'/fsf] af/]df jo:sn] klxn] h:tf] b[li6sf]0f agfpg] ub{5g kl5
To;nfO {abNg ufxf| ]xG'5, To;u}/L afnaflnsfn ]sg' }ljifodf lg0fo{ uge{'Gbf
cufl8 g} To; af/]df jo:sx¿n] cfˆgf ljrf/ JoQm u/]df afnaflnsfx¿ Tof]
ljrf/sf] k|efjdf k/L cfˆgf ljrf/ slxNo} aflx/ NofpFb}gg / cGo b[li6sf]0faf6
g;fR]g,] gxg] {]l:ylt l;hg{f xG'5 . o;n ]ubf {pgLx¿ sg' }s/'fsf ]lg0fo{ ug {'k/d]f
hlxNo }jo:sx¿dfly e/ kg {]kj|l[Qsf ]ljsf; xG'5 .
#= ljifoj:t'af/]df 1fg
lg0fo{ ugk{'g {]ljifosf ]af/d]f /fdf| ]1fg 5g} eg ]klg lg0fo{ ug {cK7of/f ]xG'5 .
;DalGwt ljifodf lsg lg0fo{ lngk'g {]xf ]< lg0fo{ s:tf ]lngk'g {]xf ]< lg0fo{ ubf{
s ]xG'5 < cflb ljifoj:ts'f ]af/d]f kIf ljkIfaf6 xg], {]ljZni]f0f ug {]zn}Lsf]
ljsf; ePdf lg0fo{ ug {]sfd ug {;lhnf ]xG'5 . o;n} ]afnaflnsfnfO {lg0fo{
ugk{'g {]ljifosf ]af/d]f ulx/f ]hfgsf/L xg' cfjZos 5 . o;sf ]nflu jo:sx¿n]
;DalGwt ljifosf] af/]df oy]i6 ;"rgfx¿ lbg'kb{5 .
;zQmLs/0f 27

$= ;sf/fTds dfq 1fg
jo:sx¿n ]afnaflnsfsf ]lg0fo{ ug {]Ifdtfsf ]ljsf; ugs{f ]nflu lg0fo{ ugk{'g{]
ljifoj:t'sf] ;sf/fTds gsf/fTds b'j} lsl;dsf hfgsf/Lx¿ lbg'kb{5 . s]jn
;sf/fTds dfq hfgsf/L lbg] xf] / kmfObf x'g] kIfx¿ dfq atfOlbg] xf] eg]
pgLx¿n ]cfkm +}ljZni]f0f u//] ;xL lg0fo{df kU'gs'f ];f6f ]jo:sx¿n ]egs]f
e/df dfq lg0fo{ ug {]l:ylt l;hg{f xG'5 . To;n} ]ljifoj:ts'f ];sf/fTds jf
gsf/fTds b'j} kIfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbOof] eg] afnaflnsfnfO{ lg0f{o ug{
;lhnf ]xG'5 / o;n ]pgLx¿sf ]lg0fo{ ug {]Ifdtfdf ljsf; ub5{ .
%= unt lg0f{oaf/] k|i6 kfl/lbg]
s'g} gofF ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ afnaflnsfn] unt lg0f{o klg ug{ ;Sb5g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf jo:sx¿n ]lg0fo{ unt eof ]eg/] 7f8 }elgxfNg 'xbF'g} . o;f ]egd]f
afnaflnsfdf g/}fZotf cfpg;S5 / kml]/ cfkm +}lg0fo{ ug {cf6F ubg{}g . a? cfkm+}
lg0fo{ ug {]s/'fdf cf6F u/s]f ]af/d]f pgLx¿nfO {:ofjf;L lbgk'b5{ / pgLx¿nfO{
Tof] lg0f{on] Nofpg] kl/0ffdsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'kb{5 . pgLx¿ cfkm}n]
g };fRFr }lg0fo{ unt g }ePsf ]/x5] eg/] dx;;' u/k]l5 To;nfO {;w'f/ ug]{
pkfox¿sf] af/]df cfˆgf /fox¿ lbO{ ;Rofpg nufpg'kb{5 .
ke|fjsf/L / Jojxfl/s afn;xeflutf kj|4g{ ug {]pkfox¿
!= afn;xeflutf k|hftflGqs cEof;sf] Pp6f k|lqmof M
;xeflutfnfO{ ;+jfb, sfo{, ljZn]if0f, / kl/jt{gsf nflu lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul/g]
k|hftflGqs k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf lnOg'kb{5 . o;}n] sfo{;"rL agfpFbf, ;"rgf ;+sng,
ljZn]if0f, sfo{of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, tflnd, ;fdu|L pTkfbg, cg'udg, d"NofÍg /
clen]vLs/0fsf x/]s r/0fdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 . jo:s /
afnaflnsfsf cg'ej, Ifdtf / of]UotfnfO{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmofaf6 Jojxf/df
ptfgk{'b5{ .
@= afnaflnsfnfO {dfgj / afnclwsf/nfO {dfgjclwsf/s }cËsf ]¿kdf lnOgk'g {]M
x/]s afnaflnsfsf] cfˆgf] clwsf/ x'G5 / p;sf] cfˆg} ljrf/ / efjgf x'G5 .
;a} afnaflnsf dfgj ePsf gftfn] ljrf/ cleJoQm ug{, pgLx¿sf] hLjg;Fu
;DalGwt lg0f{ox¿df ;xefuL aGg tyf :yfgLo / cfd ;d'bfodf cfˆgf] ;lqmo
e"ldsf lgefpg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ afnaflnsfnfO{ h'g s'g} klg
lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 .
28 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 29
#= lgikIftf M
afnaflnsfx¿ ;a}dfly lgikIf, Jojxf/ xf]; eGg] rfxG5g . To;}n] afn;xeflutf
u/fpbFf kIfkftsf ]uGw sta}f6 cfpg 'xbF'g} . sg' }s/'f xg' ;Sof ]jf ;sg] eg]
To;sf ] sf/0fx¿ ki|6 kfl/gk'b5{ . afnaflnsfx¿ dfemd +}klg wg, hft, sn',
:yfg cflbsf cfwf/df eb]efj ul/g 'xbF'g} .
$= kf/blz{tf M
kf/blz{tf sfo{qmdsf] x/]s txdf plQs} cfjZos x'G5 . P]g lgoddf tf]s]sf]
cj:yfdf afx]s s'g} klg ;+:yfleq x'g] ;f+u7lgs, cfly{s, gLlt lg0f{onufotsf
s'/fx¿ ;+:yfleq / aflx/ /x]sf ;a}n] k|i6 9+uaf6 a'emg] u/L ;"rgf jf
hfgsf/L lng] lbg] k|lqmof g} kf/blz{tf xf] . kf/blz{tf eg]sf] nlIft ;d"xsf]
;r"gf kfpg ]clwsf/nfO {;Ddfg ug '{klg xf ]. kf/blzt{fn ];:+yf, sfoq{md jf
lqmofsnfkleq bv]f kg {];d:ofx¿ xn ug {;xh agfOlbG5 . afn;xeflutfnfO{
k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu kf/blz{tfsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 .
%= ;r+f/ / jftfd{f lhtsf ]bl[i6sf0]fsf ]ljsf; ugk{'g {]M
afnaflnsfdf ;~rf/, jftf {tyf åGå ;dfofh]g ug {];Lksf ]ljsf; ug {'cfjZos
x'G5 . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ jo:sx¿;Fu cy{k"0f{ ;fem]bf/Lsf] nflu ;zQm agfpF5 .
o; b[li6sf]0fn] afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿aLrsf] zlQm x:tfGt/0f sfo{ ;sf/fTds
9+uaf6 x'G5 / afnaflnsf / jo:saLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cem uf9f agfpF5 .
^= nrstf / :jcfnf]rgf M
nrstf / :jcfnf]rgfn] Ps csf{aLrsf] b"/LnfO{ x6fOlbG5 . unt ljrf/ abNgsf]
nflu af6f] v'nf ul/lbG5 . ljleGg ;+:s[lt, cfly{s kl/j]z, efiff, hghflt,
of]Uotfnufotsf kl/j]zaf6 cfPsf afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿aLr ljleGg sfo{qmd
jf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;femb]f/L ug {]qmddf c;dembf/Lx¿ ljsf; xg';S5g . oL
c;dembf/Lx¿ x6fpg nrstf / :jcfnf]rgfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 .
&= kf/:kl/s ;Ddfg
afnaflnsfnfO{ bafa lbP/ xf]Og kf/:kl/s ;Ddfgsf] ;xof]uaf6 dfq jf:tljs
¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsG5 . afnaflnsfsf] :jt:km"t{ ;xeflutfsf] nflu
jo:sx¿n ]ko|fu] ug {]zAb tyf Jojxf/df Wofg k¥'ofpgk'b5{ .

o;sf nflu jo:sx¿n ]lgDg s/'fdf ;Ddfg ugk{'b5{ M
Š ug{ nfluPsf] sfdsf] af/]df afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / :jLs[lt lng] M jo:sx¿n]
cfˆgf egfO /fVbf, xfpefp k|:t't ubf{, af]Nbf k|of]u ul/Psf zAbx¿af6
afnaflnsfn] s'g} sfd ug{ jf s'g} pQ/ eGg afWo ePsf] h:tf] dx;';
gu¿g eGg ]s/'fdf ;l'glZrt ug {].
Š afnaflnsfn] eg]sf s'/f /fd|/L ;'Gg] M afnaflnsfn] eg]sf s'/fx¿ ;'Ggsf]
nflu ;do lbg], afnaflnsfn] af]ln/x]sf] a]nfdf jo:s jf cGo s'g}
afnaflnsfnfO {x:tIfk] gug,{]
Š lg0fo{ / sfdsf af/d]f JofVof ug {]M sg' }s/'fdf lg0fo{ ubf {afnaflnsfn]
lbPsf ;Nnfx Jojxfl/s gePsf] v08df lsg tL ;Nnfx Jojxfl/s 5}gg,
csf {];Nnfx lsg Jojxfl/s 5 eGga]f/d]f ki|6 kfl/lbg ].
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf cleJolQmx¿ eGg] df}sf lbg] M afnaflnsfn]
cfkmg }lsl;daf6 cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ JoQm ul//xs]f xG'5g . ;r+f/ ug {];Lkx¿
klg km/s—km/s txsf x'g;S5g . jo:s ;xhstf{n] pgLx¿nfO{ v'Nnf
9+uaf6 eGg] cj;/ lbg] .
Š pkoQ'm kfz]fs nufpg ]/ ;xh Jojxf/ kb|zg{ ug {]M jo:s ;xhstfs{f]
kf]zfs vlr{nf], a9L cf}krfl/s lsl;dsf] 5 / afnaflnsfx¿sf] kf]zfs
k'/fgf, RofltPsf 5g eg] o;n] pgLx¿df cfTdxLgtfsf] af]w x'ghfG5 .
njfO{vjfO, Jojxf/ cflbn] klg afnaflnsfn] pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg x'G5 ls
xbF'g} eGga]f/d]f cgd'fg ug;{S5g . To;n} ];xhstfx{¿n ]nufpg ]kfz]fs /
Jojxf/df ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .
Š ;dfg Jojxf/ M afnaflnsfnfO{ sltko cj;/x¿df bf]>f] bhf{sf] Jojxf/
ul/G5 . h:t} M ;Dd]ng, tflnd cflbdf cGo jo:s ;xefuLx¿sf] t'ngfdf
afnaflnsfnfO{ tNnf] :t/sf] oftfoft, vfgf, cGo ;/;'ljwf vr{ lbOg]
ul/G5 . ;fy} To:tf sfo{qmdx¿ jo:s ;xefuLx¿sf] rfv / cfjZostf
cg's"n x'g] u/L a9L cf}krfl/s 9+un] tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
afnaflnsfn] cfkm"x¿nfO{ jo:sx¿sf] t'ngfdf sd dxTj lbPsf] dx;';
ub{5g . To;}n] afnaflnsfsf] k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfsf] nflu o:tf sfo{qmdx¿
tof/ ubf{ cgf}krfl/s lsl;dsf] / afnd}qL x'g] lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx¿
agfpg'kb{5 .
30 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 31
*= afnd}qLk"0f{ ;+rf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;"rgf M
afnaflnsfn] a'emg] z}nLdf jf:tljs, k"0f{ / kl/dflh{t ;"rgf gkfp~h]n;Dd
sg' }klg lqmofsnfkx¿sf ]ofh]gf thd{'f ug,{] lg0fo{ ug {]h:tf sfdx¿ ke|fjsf/L
9u+n ]ug {;Sbg}g . h:t }M afnSna u7g ug '{/ ;r+fng ugk{'g {]cj:yfdf klg
pgLx¿nfO{ afnSna s] xf] < To;sf] cf}lrTo, cfjZostfsf af/]df k|i6 9+uaf6
atfOlbg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt lstfa, 6]k, >Job[Zo, gf6s,
el"dsf, clego, uLt, kfi]6/, afna7}s tyf en]fx¿df k:|tl't ug {]nufot ;a}
lsl;dsf js}lNks ;r+f/sf dfWodx¿ cjnDag ugk{'b5{ . 3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿nfO{
lhNnf, /fli6«o, If]qLo, cGt/fli6«o txsf sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5
h;af6 pgLx¿n] cfˆgf clwsf/sf af/]df cGo k|sf/sf afn>ldsx¿;Fu ;"rgfx¿
cfbfg—kb|fg ug {]cj;/ kfp5Fg .
(= ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;xdlt M
afnaflnsfn] s'g} lqmofsnfkdf efu lng'eGbf cufl8 pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf
:j]lR5s xf] ls xf]Og eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu k|d'v s]xL
kZ|gx¿sf ]pQ/sf ]vfh]L ugk{'b5{ .
;xdltsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu kfFr k|Zgx¿ M
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} lqmofsnfkdf lsg ;xefuL x'g] < eGg] s'/f yfxf
x'g'kb{5 .
Š slt ;do nfU5 < s–]s ]ugk{'b5{ < eGg ]yfxf kfpgk'b5{ .
Š ;xefuL ePkl5 s] pknlAw x'G5 < eGg] yfxf kfpg'kb{5 .
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} lqmofsnfk ug{sf nflu lg0f{o lng;Sg] agfpg s'g
;:+yfsf ]s;n ]s;/L ;xofu] ug {]xf ]< eGg ]yfxkfpg 'kb5{ .
Š lqmofsnfk ug{sf nflu s]–slt ef}lts, ljQLo, dfgjLo ;xof]u x'g] xf] .
of ];xofu] jtd{fgbl]v eljio;Dd sg' ;:+yf jf ;femb]f/L ;:+yfn ]ug {]xf ]<
eGg] yfxf kfpg'kb{5 .

;xdltsf ]cy {afnaflnsfx¿n ]ugk{'g {]lqmofsnfksf ]af/d]f cfjZos ;r"gf
kfO;s]kl5 s'/f a'em]/ ;f] sfo{qmddf ;xefuL gx'g] ljrf/ JoQm ug{ kfpg]
pgLx¿sf ]clwsf/sf ];Ddfg ug {'klg xf ]. olb sg' }lqmofsnfk ubf {pgLx¿
hf]lvddf kg{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 eg,] lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu 3/b]lv
6f9f hfgk'g {]ePdf, olb afnaflnsfsf kmf6]fx]¿ kr|f/—k;|f/sf nflu nluG5
eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xdlt lng' cToGt h?/L x'G5 .
!)= ljZj;gLotf M
olb afnaflnsfn] afnaflnsfdfly x'g] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] lj?4df x'g]
5nkmndf ;xefuL x'g] xf] eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf ljZj;gLotfn] 7"nf] e"ldsf
v]Ng;S5 . lsgls ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ 5 . vf;u/L
cfdfafa'n] yfxf gkfOsg o:tf] 5nkmndf ;xefuL ePsf] cj:yf 5 eg] o:tf]
cj:yfdf jo:s tyf cGo afnaflnsfn ]of ]ufk]gLotfsf ]clwsf/sf ];Ddfg ug{}
kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ x'g] a9L
;Defjgf ePsf]n] o;df ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . lsgls o:tf ;jfn
/f]huf/bftfx¿;Fu} ufFl;Psf] x'g;S5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;xeflutfn] afn>ldsx¿sf]
hLjg g} vt/fdf kg{;S5 . afn>ldsx¿sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'Ug;S5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf ;xhstf{x¿n] ;DalGwt afnaflnsfsf] jf:tljs gfd n'sfP/
cs {}gfdaf6 klg ;r"gfx¿ aflx/ Nofpg ;Sb5g . afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿
Pscfk;df ;Nnfx u/]/ ;"rgfx¿ aflx/ Nofpg] jf gNofpg] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5g .
!!= afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f M
sg' }klg lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL xbF'f To;n ]afnaflnsfsf ]zf/Ll/s, dgfj]1}flgs,
;j+u]fTds, ljsf;fTds tyf gl}ts dN"odf rf6] gku'f;] eg/] ;/+If0f ugk{'b5{ .
3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsfx¿
hfl]vddf kg {]ka|n ;e+fjgf ePsfn] ]o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL u/fpbFf
ljz]if ljrf/ k'¥ofpg} kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos k/]df k|x/L, cGo u}/;/sf/L
;:+yf, :yfgLo ;/sf/ / sfgg' Joj;foL;uF ;dGjo ugk{'g {]xg';S5 .
!@= ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;dfg clwsf/ M
dfgjclwsf/ tyf afnclwsf/sf] Pp6f df}lns l;4fGt ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ xf] .
afnaflnsfn] hft hflt, j0f{, lnË, hGd jf cGo tx, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlts jf
32 ;zQmLs/0f

cGo cf:yf, /fli6«otf, ;fdflhs :t/ cflb s'g} klg s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L
;dfg 9+un] ;xefuL x'g kfpF5g . o;}n] s'g} klg lqmofsnfkx¿df afnaflnsfsf]
;xeflutf u/fpFbf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 M
pd]/ M pd]/n] afnaflnsfaLr cfkmg} lsl;dsf] txsf] l;h{gf ub{5 . o'jfx¿n]
lszf]/x¿nfO{ lszf]/x¿n] pgLx¿eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ sdhf]/ / cfkm"nfO{
hfGg];'Gg] kl/kSj 7flg/x]sf x'G5g . jo:sx¿n] oxL sf/0fn] afnaflnsfn] s]xL
hfgs]f xbF'g}g eGg ];fr]sf ]sf/0f ;xefuL u/fO/xs]f xbF'g}g . csf {]s/'f lszf/]
cj:yfaf6 o'jf cj:yflt/ 9Ns]sf afnaflnsfx¿ / lszf]/ cj:yfeGbf sd
pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿n] rf;f] /fVg] s'/fx¿df klg km/s kg{;S5 . h] eP klg
oxfFg]/ la;{g} gx'g] s'/f s] xf] eg] ;a} pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] pd]/
cg';f/sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5 . olb ;+rf/sf ;fwg / tl/sfx¿
pko'Qm lsl;dsf 5g eg] 3/]n' afn>ldsnufot cGo afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg cK7of/f ]kbg{} .
;fdflhs lnËe]b M ;fdflhs lnËe]bn] afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/dfly
gsf/fTds c;/ ul//x]sf] 5 . ;dfhdf s]6fx¿sf] t'ngfdf s]6Lx¿n] sd
cj;/x¿ kfPsf ]sf/0fn ]ubf {pgLx¿sf ] cfTdan dhat' xg' kfPsf ]xb‘'g}, /
afnsx¿ h:t }:jtGq xbF'g}g . o;n ]pgLx¿df nfdf ];do;Dd cfTdljZjf;
kb}f xg' / ;xefuL xg'sf ]nflu cfjZos kg {];Lkx¿sf ]ljsf; ug {;ls/xs]f
xbF'g}g . 3/kl/jf/leq klg s6]Lx¿sf ];xeflutfsf ]nflu kl|tsn" l:ylt xG'5 .
3/leq s]6Lx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf nufOg] x'gfn] km';{bsf] ;do Hofb} sd
x'G5 . To;}u/L ;fdflhs lje]bsf] rfk s]6fx¿sf] sfFwdf klg cfOk/]sf] x'G5 .
s6]Lx¿nfO {3/leqsf ]sfddf nufOg ]xg'fn ]s6]fx¿ 3/ 5f8]L 6f9f hfgk'g,{]
hfl]vdoQ'm sfdx¿ ugk{'g {]l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . oL s/'fx¿n ]klg afnaflnsfsf]
;xeflutfsf] clwsf/df gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . ;xhstf{x¿n] o:tf] lsl;dsf]
ljeb]nfO {lg?T;flxt ug {];dfg ;xeflutfsf ]nflu kxn ugk{'b5{ .
ckfËtf M ;fdfGotof ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿ lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g
;Sb}gg eGg] ul/G5 . s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ckfËtfsf] sf/0faf6 afnaflnsfnfO{
;xeflutfaf6 al~rt u/fOg 'xbF'g} . a? ckfË afnaflnsfsf ];xeflutfsf ]nflu
l;h{gfTds ljlw / tl/sfx¿ k|of]u u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;'xfpFbf lqmofsnfkx¿
lgdf0{f ugk{'b5{ . ;/'lIft :yfgdf / ;xh 9u+af6 pgLx¿nfO {;xefuL u/fpgsf
nflu cgs'n" jftfj/0f tof/ ugk{'b5{ . alx/f, cGwf / cGo lsl;dsf ckfË
;zQmLs/0f 33

afnaflnsfnfO{ klg jfbljjfb, lg0f{o tyf ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg, v]nnufotsf
ultljlw plQs} cfjZostf x'G5 .
;fdflhs x}l;ot jf k|lti7f M k|foM h;f] 3/]n' afn>ldsnufot ;a} lsl;dsf
afn>ldsx¿ ;'ljwfljxLg tyf cfTdan sdhf]/ x'g k'u]sf ;dfhsf ;b:o
x'g . ul/a afnaflnsf, ;8s afnaflnsf, b]xJofkf/df nfu]sf afnaflnsfn]
;dfhsf c? dflg;x¿af6 x]kfO tyf e]befjsf] l;sf/ x'g'kb{5 .
afn;xhstfx{¿n ];a }afnaflnsfkl|t ;dfg Jojxf/ ugk{'b5{ . cem }klg kf|oM
h;f] 7"nf—7"nf ;Dd]ng tyf uf]i7Lx¿df ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ ;dfhsf k|ltli7t
/ ;'ljwf;DkGg kl/jf/af6 cfPsf afnaflnsfx¿n] kfO/x]sf x'G5g . s'g} klg
;xefuLtfd"ns lqmofsnfkx¿df ;dfhsf ;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ efu
lng] cj;/ lbO{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;zQm agfOg'kb{5 . ;dfhdf ;fdflhs x}l;ot jf
k|lti7fsf sf/0f zlQmdf /x]sf ;d"xx¿af6 ;'ljwfljxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsf
/ ;d"xnfO{ cy{k"0f{ / ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df zlQm x:tfGt/0f ug{sf] nflu ;xhLs/0f
ul/g'kb{5 . o;n] ;fFrf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;xh jftf/0f tof/ ub{5 .
hghflt, wd{ / eflifs ;d"xsf] ;b:otf M ;dfhdf ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s
;d'bfox¿ x'g] x'gfn] ;a} hft wd{ efiffsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L afn ;+3 tyf
;+u7gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5 . a]rlavg tyf c;'/lIft cfk|jf;gdf k/L :jb]zleq
jf ljb]z k'¥ofOPsf afnaflnsfx¿ a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ hLjg latfpg afWo eO/x]sf
x'G5g . 3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ tTsfn ;xof]usf] cfjZostf k/]sf] x'g;S5 . cj}w sfddf
;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsfx¿ c? dflg;x¿n] yfxf kfpF5g eg]/ o:tf
afnlqmofsnfkx¿df ;xeflutf c:jLsf/ ug{ ;S5g . o;}n] afn ;xhstf{x¿
oL ;jfnx¿df ;j+b]gzLn xg' 'h?/L 5 . afnaflnsfsf ];jfQ{]d lxtnfO {Wofgdf
/fvL afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPdf o;n] jf:tljs ¿kdf ;'ljwfljxLg tyf
hf]lvdo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 .
!#= cfkmd+}fly e/ kg {]afgLsf ]ljsf;
afn;xeflutfsf ]cy {afnaflnsfnfO {jo:sx¿dfly lge/{ ug {]afgL ljsf; ug{'
xf]Og . jo:sx¿ t s]jn afn;xhstf{x¿ x'g . ;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfnfO{
cfTdan kb|fg ub5{ . afnaflnsf Pscsfd{f / cfkmd}+f e/ kg {]afgLsf ]ljsf;
ub{5 . o:tf] lge{/tf s]jn sfo{qmd ;+rfng u?~h]n dfq xf]Og hLjgsf] x/
If]qdf h?/L x'G5 . afn;+:yfsf cu'jfx¿n] cfkm" !* jif{ k'u]kl5 qmdzM gofF
34 ;zQmLs/0f

afnaflnsfdfly lhDd]jf/L ;'lDk+b} afNosfndf l;s]sf cg'ejx¿nfO{ lnP/ cfkm"x¿
o'jfo'jtLx¿sf] ;+u7gdf ;fd]n x'g;S5g . To;}u/L sltko afnaflnsfs}
;xhstf{ klg aGg ;Sb5g . To;}n] ;xhstf{n] afn;+u7gdf ;+ul7t ePs}
an]fbl]v cfTdlge/{ aGg kf|T];flxt ug '{kb5{ .
!$= ;xof]ufTds kl/j]z
afn;xeflutfsf nflu ;xof]ufTds kl/j]z x'g cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] jftfj/0fn]
afnaflnsfnfO{ lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g xNsf / ;xh agfpF5 . o;n] d}qLk"0f{
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{5 . o;n] pgLx¿leq /x]sf] lxlRsrfpg] afgL, 8/, qf;
lg/fzf lj:tf/} x6]/ ljrf/x¿ JoQm ug{ / :j]R5fn] sfd ug{ yfNb5g .
;xeflutfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg a;fOdf klg Wofg k'¥ofpg['kb{5 .
lqmofsnfkdf efu lnFbf ;xhstf{ / afnaflnsf ;a} e'O{df uf]nf] eP/ a:g]
u/]df afnaflnsf a9L ;xefuL x'g ?rfpF5g . t/ afnaflnsfn] s';L{df a:bf
cfˆgf] x}l;ot dfly ePsf] 7fGg] ub{5g eg] s';L{ 6]annfO{ uf]nf] kf/L /fv]/ klg
lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ v]n a9L ?rfpg] x'gfn] a9L v]n v]nfpg'kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy}
l;h{gfTds lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+rfng ul//xg'kb{5 . v]n v]Ng] s'/f s]jn ;do
latfpgsf nflu dfq xf]Og o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ cGo lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL x'g
a9L pTkl]|/t ug {]ub5{ .
olb afnaflnsfx¿ ;xhstf{sf] cg'kl:yltdf :jtGq ¿kn] lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL
xg' ;xh 7fGb5g eg ];xhstfn{ ]6f9f a;/] /v]bv] ugk{'b5{ .
!%= pko'Qm ljlw M
afnaflnsfsf nflu ;+rfng ul/g] ;a} lqmofsnfk tyf tl/sfx¿ afnaflnsfsf]
pd]/ Ifdtfcg';f/ ldNg] x'g'kb{5 . ePsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L ;xefuL
agfpg] eGg] pkfo kQf nufpg] s'/f ;xhstf{sf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] s'/f xf] . vf;u/L
lg/If/, cGo ;Lkx¿ gePsf tyf ckfË afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL x'gsf nflu
;xh xg' ]tl/sfx¿sf ]vfh]L ul/gk'b5{ . ;xhstfn{ ]o:tf ]pkfosf ]vfh]L ugk{'b5{
h;af6 ;'ljwfljxLg / ;'ljwfo'Qm afnaflnsf tyf afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿aLrsf]
zlQm ;DaGwnfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{ ;lsof]; .
;zQmLs/0f 35

!^= ;xeflutfsf] nflu afnaflnsfsf] rog M
s]lx ;xefuLd"ns lqmofsnfkx¿df ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg ;ls+b}g .
o:tf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsf :jo+nfO{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] lqmofsnfkdf pgLx¿dWo]
s;nfO{ ;xefuL agfp‘bf pko'Qm x'G5 eg]/ rog ug{ nufpg ;lsG5 . k|ltlglw
rog ug{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] k|hftflGqs cEof; s} tl/sf ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
sg' }klg 5gf6} kl|qmof ;?' ug {'eGbf cufl8 jo:sx¿n ]ug {nfluPsf ]lqmofsnfk
jf sfo{qmdsf af/]df afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} klg s'/f g5'6g] u/L s'/fx¿ atfpg'
kb{5 . vf; u/L lqmofsnfkdf efu lng] afnaflnsfaf6 s] cfzf ul/Psf] xf]
eGg] s'/f k|i6 kfl/lbg' kb{5 . oxL s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ afnaflnsfn] ;xefuL
x'g] s]xL ;fyLx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{ ;Sb5g . ;xefuL x'g rfxg]x¿sf] ;+Vof
w]/} ePdf jf cfjZostf k/]df dtbfg klg ug{ ;Sb5g . o:tf] cj:yfdf
afnaflnsfsf ]rognfO {;Ddfg ug {'kb5{ . vf; u/L cj;/x¿ yf/] }xG'5g t/
lg/Gt/ cfO/xg ;S5g . c? afnaflnsfnfO{ kl5Nnf cj;/x¿ lbg] eGg] s'/f
k|i6 kfl/lbg' kb{5 . lqmofsnfk jf sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] afns jf aflnsfn]
;xefuL eP/ cfPkl5 Toxf‘ k|fKt cg'ej jf l;s]sf s'/fx¿sf] k|ltj]bg tof/
u/L ;a }c? ;fyLx¿nfO {;g'fpg 'kg {]s/'f atfpbFf /fdf| ]xG'5 .
!&= efiff M
lhNnf, /fli6«o If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o txdf x'g] lqmofsnfkx¿df ljleGg b]z,
If]q, hghflt ;d"xaf6 ;xefuL x'g] afnaflnsfsf] k|efjsf/L tyf ;lqmo
;xeflutfsf] nflu efiffn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] ub{5 . olb efiff ga'emg] l:ylt
ePdf afnaflnsf] ;xeflutf k|efjsf/L gx'g] dfq xf]Og o;n] gsf/fTds k|efj
;d]t kfg{ ;Sb5 . ;fdflhs k|lti7f, x}l;ot / efiff Ps csf{df uf‘l;Psf
s'/fx¿ x'g . h:t} lzlIft afnaflnsfn] /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o efiff klg l;Sg]
df}sf kfPsf] x'G5 . olb ;xefuL afnaflnsf sfo{qmddf k|of]u ul/g] efiff
a'emb}g eg] efiffsf] ;§fdf lrq, kf]i6/, >Job[Zo, ;+rf/sf l;h{gfTds tl/sfx¿
ckgfpg' kb{5 . bf]efif]x¿ afnclwsf/af/]df ;+j]bgzLn x'g h?/L 5 . 5nkmn
ePsf ljifox¿sf] ;f/ ;+If]k ;/n efiff / xfpefpsf] dfWodaf6 k|i6 kfl/g'
kb5{ . ;xhstfn{ ]5nkmn tyf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO {lj:tf/ };~rfng ug {'kb5{ .
;xhstf{n] 5nkmn / lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ w}o{tfk"j{s ;'Ggsf] nflu k|f]T;fxg ul//xg'
kb{5 .
36 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 37
!*= ;kmntfdf v';L dgfpg] M
of]hgf ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿ ;kmn ePdf ;xefuL ePsf lqmofsnfksf] ;kmntfsf]
nflu v';LofnL dgfpg] . ;fgf] 7"nf] hqf] ;kmntf k|fKt eP klg ;xefuL x'g]nfO{
awfO lbg] . o;n] km]l/—km]l/ o:tf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ tyf ;xefuL x'gsf]
nflu c? afnaflnsfnfO{ klg k|f]T;fxg ldNb5 .
!(= sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu yk lqmofsnfk M
sg' }klg lqmofsnfk jf sfoq{md ;lsPkl5 To;kl5 s ]ug {]eGga]f/d]f ;fR]gk'b5{ .
olb sfo{qmddf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] eP To;sf] k|ltj]bg jf
pgLx¿ efu lnPsf] a}7ssf] 3f]if0ff pgLx¿nfO{ lbg] .
sltko afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"n] sfo{qmddf efu lnP/ cfPkl5 l;s]sf 1fg tyf
;Lkx¿ ;+u7gdf nfu" ug{ rfxG5g . of] :jefljs s'/f xf] . o;}n] sfo{qmd
;+rfnsx¿n] ;xefuLx¿;Fu pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf of]hgfsf af/]df 5nkmn
ugk'{b5{ . olb yk sfoq{md ;~rfngsf nflu >ft] h6'fpg k/d]f ;fs]f nflu
cGo ;:+yfx¿;uF ;dGjo u/L afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ .

Wofg lbgk'g {]s/'fx¿ M
afn;xeflutfn],
Š nfdf] ;do lng;S5 .
Š afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtfsf] clwstd / l;{hgfTds 9+un] pkof]u ub{5 .
Š of] Pp6f l;sfOsf] k|lqmof xf]
Š JolQmut pGgltsf nflu Pp6f cj;/ xf] .
Š afn;xeflutf lqmofsnfk xfO]g a? cGo lqmofsnfkx¿ ug {]Pp6f tl/sf
xf] .
Š Pp6f dfq lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g' jf:tljs ;xeflutf xf]Og,
afn;xeflutfnfO{ hLjgdf x/ If]qdf ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿df d"nk|jfxLs/0f
ul/g'kb{5 .
Š afn;xeflutf sfoq{mdaf6 lgbl{]zt xG'5, of ]Jojxf/af6 ;DkGg ul/g ]sfo{
xf], of] afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;DkGg x'G5 .
Š afn;xeflutf ;w +}Pl]R5s, ;;'l"rt, cyk{0"f {/ afnaflnsfsf ];jfQ{]d lxtsf]
kIfdf x'G5 .
Š afn;xeflutfn] ;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;zQm agfpg'kb{5 .
Š afn;xeflutfn] afnaflnsfsf] 1fg, k|j[lQ / ;Lksf] ljsf;df ;xof]u u/L
pgLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿leq cGt/lglxt Ifdtf dx;'; u/fpF5, pQ/bfoL / ;lqmo
gful/ssf] ljsf; u5{ .
Š afn;xeflutfn] afnaflnsf cfkm}nfO{ zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/af6 ;'/Iff ug{sf]
nflu ;Ifd agfpg ;xof]u ug{;S5 .
Š olb afnaflnsf;Fu 5nkmn u/]df / pgLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fPdf 3/]n'
afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>d;DaGwL sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfx¿ a9L
;do;fk]If / To;sf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
38 ;zQmLs/0f

Š sfo{qmdsf] zf]ef a9fpgsf nflu dfq / afnaflnsfsf] s'g} e"ldsflagf g}
pgLx¿nfO {;xefuL u/fpgsf ]nflu ko|fu] ug {]s/'fnfO {k>|o lbg 'xbF'g} .
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xh, d}qLk"0f{ / k|hftflGqs kl/j]zdf ;xefuL u/fpg] s'/fnfO{
;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .
Š afnaflnsf / jo:sx¿ aLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGw ;Ddfghgs x'g'kb{5 .
Š ;Dej eP;Dd w]/} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] nIo lnOg'kb{5 .
Š afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf, cfjZostf / rfvcg';f/ pko'Qm x'g] tl/sf /
lqmofsnfkx¿ k|of]u ul/g'kb{5 .
Š aflx/L lqmofsnfkdf efu lng] hfg];DaGwL lg0f{o ubf{ afnaflnsfnfO{ g}
lg0f{o ug{ lbOg'kb{5 .
Š sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg kIfn] s'g} lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fpg] a]nf afnaflnsf
/ ;xhstfx{¿nfO {hfl]vddf kg {]jf gkg {]s/'f ;l'glZrt ul/gk'b5{ .
Š afn;xeflutfnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf 3/]n'nufot cGo k|sf/sf afn>ddf ;+nUg
ePsf afnaflnsfnfO {kg':yfk{gf tyf ;u+l7t ug {]sfdlt/ pGdv' ul/gk'b5{ .
Š sfo{qmd jf lqmofsnfksf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 afnaflnsfx¿;Fu} a;]/
v';LofnL dgfpg'kb{5 .
Š k|To]s lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg eO;s]kl5 tL lqmofsnfkx¿af6 pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf
ePsf] kl/jt{g hfFRg nfut – -/sd, ;fdu|L, dfgjLo >f]t ;fwg slt vr{
eof] <_ k|lqmof – -tL ;fdu|Lx¿ s;/L k|of]u ul/P <_ lgut{ -tfNsfnLg
kl/0ffd s] cfof] <_ / pknlAw –-bL3{sfnLg k|efj s] k¥of] <_ eGg] af/]df
afnaflnsfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg} kb{5 .
Š sfoq{md jf lqmofsnfk ;dfKt ePkl5 Tof ]sfoq{mdkZrft ug {]gof ‘ofh]gfsf]
af/]df afnaflnsf;Fu ;f]lwg'kb{5 / cfjZos >f]t ;fwg h'6fOlbg'kb{5 .
Š afn;xeflutf g} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg xf]Og a?
o;n] ltgLx¿sf] afFRg], bL3{ hLjg lhpg], ljsf; ug{, ;+/If0f kfpg] nufotsf
clwsf/nfO {;l'glZrt ug {]sfddf ;xofu] ub5{ .
;zQmLs/0f 39

afn;xeflutfsf cj/f]wx¿
Š æafnaflnsfn] s] ug{ ;S5g / <Æ eGg] jo:sx¿sf] wf/0ff
Š ;xeflutfsf] gfddf afnaflnsfnfO{ æk|of]uÆ u/fOPsf]
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] dfof / ;'/Iffsf] cefj
Š afnaflnsfnfO {cfjZostfeGbf a9L lgoGq0f / lgbz{]g ug {vfH]g'
Š lg0f{o ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] sdL
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ 1fg / ;"rgfsf] sdL
Š 3/]n' afn>dnufot ;a} k|sf/sf] afn>dnfO{ sfg'gn] ;d]6g g;Sg'
Š jo:sx¿df afnaflnsfnfO {;xhLs/0f ug {];Lk gxg''
Š afnaflnsfnfO{ sfd ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;Lk, tflnd glbOg'
Š afnaflnsfdf pgLx¿sf cfwf/e"t clwsf/af/] r]tgfsf] sdL
Š afnd}qLk"0f{ ;+rf/sf] cefj
Š afnaflnsfn ]ug {]lg0fo{df jo:sx¿n ]cfˆgf ]kmfObfsf nflu x:tIfk] ug{'
Š ;db'fo / kl/jf/af6 jf:tf gug{'
Š pTk/]|0ffsf ]cefj
Š Ps csf{df ;Dks{ / ;dGjosf] sdL
40 ;zQmLs/0f

3/n] 'afn>ldsnfO {;xefuL u/fpbFf Wofg lbgk'g {]s/'fx¿
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL u/fpFbf w}o{tf, nrstf /
l;h{gfTdstfsf] vf‘rf] kb{5 . o;sf nflu p;sf] /f]huf/bftf, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo,
;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿;uF ;dyg{ / ;xofu] kf|Kt ug '{cfjZos xG'5 . lgDg
s'/fx¿n] ubf{ of] r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 M
!= 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df k9fOsf] :t/ / cGo ;Lksf] ljsf; Go"g x'G5 M
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df, plgx¿sf] kl/jf/ ;fdfGo ;fIf/ jf lg/If/ klg x'g;S5g .
pgLx¿sf ]afN]g;Sg ];Lksf ]ljsf; ePsf ]xbF'g} . cGo afnaflnsf h:tf ]lrq
sfg],{] gS;f agfpg ]h:tf ;Lkx¿sf ]klg /fdf| ]ljsf; gePsf ]xg';S5 . o;n}]
jo:s ;xhstf{n] l;h{gfTds 9+un] pko'Qm ljlwx¿ vf]Hg'kb{5 .
;zQmLs/0f 41
@= ;xh jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ sl7g M
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ a]rlavgdf k/]sf], a;fFO ;/]sf] cnu—cnu /f]huf/bftfx¿sf]
3/df a;]sf]n] Ps 7fpFdf e]nf x'g sl7g x'G5 . ufp‘af6 cfPsf] x'gfn] ;x/lt/
af]lng] :yfgLo efiff af]Ng klg sl7g x'G5 . Ps csf{aLr 3'nldn x'g, ljZjf;
k|fKt ug{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . ;xeflutfsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+rfngsf nflu ;xh
jftfj/0f agfpg ;do nfUg;S5 .
#= ;dosf] cefj / vf]h]sf] a]nf e]§fpg ufx|f] M
3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿n ]nfdf ];do;Dd sfddf Jo:t xg'k'g {]xg'fn ]km;'b{sf ];do
lgsfNg sl7g x'G5 . lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>ddf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{
/f]huf/bftfx¿n] s7f]/ lgoGq0fdf /fv]sf x'G5g . 8/ qf;sf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿
rfx]sf] a]nf aflx/ lg:sg g;Sg] cj:yf x'G5 . Sna cflbdf ;xefuL x'g klg
;dosf] cefj / sfdsf] rfkn] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] Snadf efu lng] ?lr klg gx'g
;S5 . ?lr eP klg vf]h]sf] a]nf e]§fpg ufx|f] x'G5 . o;}n] pgLx¿ ;+nUg ePsf
;+:yf jf sfo{x¿sf] k|ult l9nf] x'g;S5 .

$= lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d ;+j]bgzLn ;jfn M
lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d ;+j]bgzLn ;jfn xf] . o;df afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg,
afn of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ x'g;Sg], sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] eGbf sd pd]/df sfddf
nufPsf] jf cGo k|sf/sf] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{x¿ x'g ;Sb5g, h'g sfg'gn] klg
lgifw] u/s]f ]xG'5 . o:tf ;jfnx¿ ;dfhsf ]cufl8 nfhdbf {]xg' ]/ cgl}ts klg
x'G5g . ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{ eGg] gfddf o:tf ;jfnx¿af/] 5nkmn ubf{ /f]huf/bftf
/ 3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿nfO {Ps }7fpdFf afn]fO {5nkmn ug {'xbF'g} . afnaflnsfnfO{
5'§} 9+un] ;xefuL u/fpg' kb{5 . gq eg] o:tf ;jfnx¿ uDeL/ / vt/gfs klg
x'g;S5g . o:tf ;jfnx¿df ;r]tgf Nofpg] tyf /f]huf/bftf, k|x/L, sfg'g;Fu
;Da4 lgsfosf clwsf/Lx¿;Fu 5nkmn rnfpgsf] nflu nfdf] /0fgLlt agfO{
sfd ugk{'b5{ .
%= dgf]j}1flgs c;/ M
lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>dn] afnaflnsfnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs / efjgfTds ¿kn]
rf]6 k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . ;xhstf{n] pgLx¿dfly k/]sf] c;/sf] af/]df /f]huf/bftf;Fu
5nkmn rnfpg cfkm +};lsG5 ;lsb+g} ;l'glZrt ugk{'b5{ . cfkmn+} ]xn ug {g;s]
c?;Ifd ;+:yfx¿nfO{ lhDdf lbg'kb{5 . o:t} lsl;dsf ;d:ofdfly ljho k|fKt
ug{ ;kmn ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u lng'kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] sdhf]/
cfTdannfO{ dfly p7fpgsf nflu cGo afnaflnsfx¿;Fu 3'nldn u/fpg'kb{5 .
o;n] Psflt/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cGo afnaflnsfx¿af6 w]/} s'/f l;Sg]
cj;/ kfpF5g eg] cGo afnaflnsfn] klg 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] ef]u]sf kL8f
tyf cGo Jojxfl/s 1fg l;Sg] a'emg] cj;/ kfpF5g .
42 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 43
kfFr
afn;xeflutfsf] nflu afnSna
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ dfq xf]Og cGo afn>ldsnufot ;a} afnaflnsfsf] nflu
Sna jf ;dx" afn;xeflutfsf ]cEof; ug {];ae}Gbf pkoQ'm :yn xf ]. lsgeg ]M
z ;+ul7t x'g kfpg] afn>ldsx¿sf] clwsf/ xf] .
z 3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿ cbZ[o / kxrF'af6 6f9f eP klg afn;u+7gx¿ bZ[o
x'G5g / k'Ug ;lsg] :yndf x'G5g .
z afn>ldsx¿ >lds eP klg 68]« ol'gogx¿df ;u+l7t xg' ;Sbg}g lsgls
>d;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcg';f/ !% jif{d'lgsfnfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf dfGotf
k|fKt 5}g .
z afn;+u7gsf] ;b:otf / ;+u7gsf] gfdn] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;zQm
agfpF5 .
z o;n] 3/]n' afn>lds / /f]huf/bftfaLrsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ xn ug{ d2t
ub{5 .
z ;fdfGotof jo:sx¿sf] nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+ul7t ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 t/
3/]n' afn>ldssf] xsdf eg] /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df a;]sf] sf/0f km';{bsf]
;do kfpg / lx8+8n' ug {]:jtGqtf sd dfq xg' ]ePsfn] ];u+l7t ug {ufxf|]
x'G5 .
z ;+u7gdf ;xefuL x'gfn] afnaflnsfn] ;xeflud"ns 9+uaf6 ;Lkx¿ l;Sg]
/ lje]b/lxt jftfj/0fdf a:g / sfd ug{sf] nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf
ub{5 .

;d"x s] xf] <
;d"x eGgfn] lglZrt p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf nflu b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L dflg;x¿
ldn]/ ;fd"lxs efjgf / klxrfg;lxt lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;+u7g xf] .
;d"x lsg <
z nIf k"/f ug{ jf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ .
z Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿aLr ljrf/ cfbfg—k|bfg ug{ .
z Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] cg'ej cfbfg—k|bfg ug{ .
z Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
of]hgf agfpg .
z Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] zlQm ;+ro ug{ .
z Pp6} jf p:t} ;d:of jf ;jfn ePsfx¿n] >f]t ;fwg h'6fpg .
z PSn}n] k"/f ug{ g;Sg] sfd ug{ jf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ jf lk/dsf{
x6fpg .
z g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{ .
afnSna s] xf] <
afnaflnsfx¿sf ];xeflutf ug {kfpg ]tyf JolQmTj ljsf; ug {]clwsf/sf]
Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t u/]/ agfOPsf]
Pp6f afn;d"x xf] . cGo afnaflnsfx¿sf] cltl/Qm 3/sf] rf/ lbjf/leq y'lgP/
cb[Zo tyf cf]em]ndf k/]sf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df cfTdansf] ljsf; ug{sf]
nflu afnSnan] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng;S5 .
3/]n' afn>dsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yf jf ;xhstf{af6 pko'Qm jftfj/0f tof/
u/L cgf}krfl/s afnsIffdf ;xefuL eO/x]sf jf ljBfno uO/x]sf tyf s'g}
44 ;zQmLs/0f

klg sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL ePsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ g} ;+ul7t u/]/ afnSna
u7g ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] cj;/ kfPsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ lg/Gt/ ;d"xdf
pkl:yt xg' ]xbF'f pgLx¿nfO {;u+l7t ug {;lhnf ]xG'5 .
3/]n' afn>ldssf nflu afnSna lsg cfjZos 5 <
;zQmLs/0f 45
Š af]Ng], n]Vg] ;Lkdf ljsf; ug{
Š g]t[Tj ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{
Š cfTdansf] ljsf; ug{
Š d]nldnfksf] efjgf a9fpg
Š cfkm"dfly k/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn ug{ / hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg
ug{
Š hftLo, n}lËs e]befj x6fpg
Š Ps cfk;df ;xof]usf] efjgf j[l4 ug{
Š cGo afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{,
Š 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] hLjgdf r]tgf hufpg
Š afnaflnsfk|lt ul/g] cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf] lj/f]w jf k|lt/f]w ug{
Š /rgfTds tyf l;h{gfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{
3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿nfO {;u+l7t ubf {cfOkg {];d:ofx¿
Š afnaflnsfx¿ /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf x'g] x'gfn] afnSna u7g
x'g] s'/f /f]huf/bftfn] yfxf kfPkl5 ca s] ug{ nfu] eGg] z+sf pTkGg
eO{ ;d"x tyf e]nfdf cfpg k|ltaGw nfUg;S5 .

Š afnSnadf ;u+l7t ePkl5 clns a9L ;do lbgk'g {]l:ylt cfpg ;Sg]
x'gfn] /f]huf/bftfaf6 /f]s nufOg;S5 .
Š /f]huf/bftfsf] 8/n] afnaflnsfx¿ Snadf ga:g] ;+efjgf x'G5 .
Š Snasf] ultljlwn] sIffut k9fOnfO{ w]/} afwf k'u]df afnaflnsfx¿sf]
k9fO sdhf]/ x'g;S5 .
Š yf]/}nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{ ;lsP klg cem w]/} afnaflnsfx¿ ul/a kl/jf/sf
:s'n ghfg], ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsf c;+ul7t cj:yfd} /x]sf]n]
ltgnfO {;dfjz] ug {]ko|f; gxg' ]xf ]eg ]Sna;uF ltgsf ]b/"L a9g;S5
jf ltgLk|lt ul/g] e]befj emg a9g]5 .
g]kfnsf afnSansf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld
;g !(*( df afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] kfl/t u¥of] . To;sf]
Ps jif{kl5 cyjf !(() df g]kfnn] afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ tyf
cg'df]bg u¥of] . o;/L afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]kl5 dxf;lGw
g]kfnsf] sfg'g;/x nfu" eof] . o;n] !* jif{d'lgsfnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf
dfGotf lbg'sf ;fy} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+u7g vf]Ng;Sg] clwsf/ lbof] . afnclwsf/
dxf;lGwn ]Joj:yf u/s]f ]clwsf/nfO {sfofG{jog ug {]p2Z]on ]Knfg OG6/gz]gnåf/f
;xofu] k¥'ofOPsf afnSnax¿sf ]:yfkgf eof ]. o;u}/L ;e] b lrN8g]« gjå{]f/f
;xof]u k'¥ofOPsf Snax¿ ;g !((@÷!((# lt/ ndh'ª, pbok'/ / kfNkfdf
:yfkgf eP .
;g !(($ df sf7df08f}df dxf;lGwsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ hDdf ePsf
afnaflnsfsf] ;d"xnfO{ g} ;Ël7t u/L afnr]tgf ;d"xsf] :yfkgf eof] . o;}
;do PS;g P8n] afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfdf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfTds cg';Gwfg
;~rfng ugs'{f ;fy }afn;dx"x¿ klg :yfkgf u¥of ]. xftd]fnf ]afn;dx"sf]
:yfkgf ;g !((^ df eof ]. ;e] b lrN8g]« o='s=] tyf ;e] b lrN8g«], o='P;=åf/f
;xofu] k¥'ofOPsf afnSnax¿sf ]:yfkgf klg ;e] b lrN8g]« gjn{] ];xofu]
ul/Psf afnSnax¿s} 9fFrfdf eof] . ;g !((& b]lv cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb«
-OG;]s_n] cfˆgf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf lhNnfdf afnclwsf/ r]tgf ;d"x u7g
u¥of] . o;} qmddf !((&÷(*df afndhb'/ ;/f]sf/ s]Gb« -l;ljg_n] cfˆgf
afnclwsf/ d~r u7g ug]{ sfdsf] ;'?jft u¥of] . l;ljgn] klg :s'nsf
46 ;zQmLs/0f

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ g} afnclwsf/ d~r u7g u/]sf] 5 . oltv]/;Dd 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿nfO{ g} ;+ul7t u/]/ s'g} klg afnSnax¿ u7g ePsf] lyPg .
;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf -l;lj;_n] 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;zQm agfpg] p2]Zon] @)%* ;fndf 3/]n' afn>lds d~r
:yfkgf u¥of] . of] g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] afnSna xf] . xfn
o; ;+:yfsf] kxndf $@ j6f 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] afnSnax¿ ;+rflnt 5g .
oL Snax¿ :s'ndf k9g] 3/]n' afn>lds / cGo afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ u7g
ul/Psf] 5 . oL Snax¿df *) k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ / @) k|ltzt cGo
afnaflnsfx¿ ;+ul7t 5g .
o;/L afnaflnsfsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] kxnaf6 xfn g]kfndf
# xhf/eGbf a9L afnSnax¿ sfo{/t 5g . afnSnasf] cfsf/sf] kl/lw ( hgf
b]lv *& hgf;Ddsf] kfOPsf]n] oxL cf};tnfO{ /fli6«o ¿kdf lnFbf /fli6«o :t/df
#) xhf/ ! ;o &) hgf afnaflnsf afnSnadf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . t/
of] ;+Vofdf cGo ;+:yfx¿åf/f u7g ul/Psf afnSnax¿sf] cf};t afnaflnsfsf]
;+Vof yfxf gePsf]n] of] cg'dflgt tYofÍ dfq xf] . gofF ;+:yfx¿ :yfkgf x'g]
tyf gofF—gofF afnSnax¿ u7g x'g] sfd lg/Gt/ eO/xg] x'gfn] o;sf] jf:tljs
;+Vof cfpg sl7g x'G5 . dfly pNn]lvt tYofÍx¿n] ;g !((* sf] cGTolt/;Ddsf]
afnSnasf] cg'dflgt ljj/0f atfpFb5g .
gk]fndf afnSnax¿sf ]ljlwjt btf {ug {]ks|o[fn ]eg ]ldlt @)%* >fj0f @% ut]
hful[t afnSnan ]lhNnf kz|f;g sfofn{olj?4 bfo/ u/s]f ]d2'fdf ;jfR{]r
cbfntn] btf{ ug{ kfpg] km};nf u/]kl5 ;'? ePsf] xf] .
o;afx]s cGo ;+:yfx¿n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+ul7t u/L afnSnax¿ lgdf{0f
u/]sf 5g . o:tf ;+:yfx¿df OGefO/f]gd]G6n SofDk km/ sGh/e];g Pj]/g];
-PSsf_, :6'8]06 kf6{g/l;k jN8{jfO8n] klg jftfj/0fLo Snax¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5
eg] c08/lk|len]H8 lrN8«G; Pzf]l;o;g -pKsf_, sG;g{, ;]km Pj+ xfn afnr]tgf
;d"xsf Snax¿ /x]sf 5g .
xfn;Dd :yfkgf ePsf Snax¿sf] ef}uf]lns b[li6n] x]bf{ g]kfnsf dWokxf8L
If]qdf w]/} afnSnax¿ /x]sf 5g eg] t/fO{ If]qn] bf]>f] :yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 . t/
pRr kxf8L lhNnfdf eg] s'g} Sna 5}gg .
;zQmLs/0f 47

o;/L afnSnax¿sf ]u7g ug {]sfd cGt/fl{i6o«, /fli6o« tyf :yfgLo txdf /xs]f
u/};/sf/L ;:+yfx¿sf ]kxndf xbF' }cfPsf ]bl]vG5 . w/]h};f ]afn Snax¿ !(()
sf] bzssf] k"jf{4{b]lv ufpF÷;d'bfodf ;~rflnt æafnaflnsf Pscsf{sf] nfluÆ
sfo{qmdaf6 ljsl;t ePsf kfOG5g . s]xL eg] afn ;fIf/tf sIff ;DkGg
ePkl5 ;d"xsf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g . cGo sltko Snax¿ ljsf; ;+:yfåf/f
;f]em} Snasf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf b]lvG5g . s]xL afnSnax¿ l5d]sL ufpFsf
afnaflnsfåf/f afnSnasf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'gf;fy pT;flxt eP/ dfu ePcg';f/
ljsl;t ePsf lyP . o;/L afnSna u7g x'g'df xft]dfnf] afn /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf]
k|efj klg xf] .
afnSna / ;xof]uL ;+3;+:yfx¿
h;/L Pp6f JolQmn] cfˆgf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ c?sf] ;xof]u lng'kb{5 .
afnSna ;+:yf xf] . ;+:yf eg]sf] klg Pp6f JolQm;/x g} x'G5 . To;}n] Snan]
ug ]{eg/] ;fr]s]f ;a }sfox{¿ p;n ]PSn }ug {g;Sg ]l:ylt klg xg';S5 . so}f+}
sfdx¿ ugs{f nflu cGo ;:+yfx¿sf ];xofu] lngk}g {]xG'5 . o;n} ];:+yfut
¿kn ]sfd ug {]ubf {c?sf ];xofu] lngsf nflu ;jk{y|d Snasf ;xofu]L
;:+yfx¿ sg'–sg' xg' eg/] klxrfg ugk{'b5{ . ;fdfGotof afnSnasf ;xofu]L
;+:yfx¿ lgDg x'g ;Sb5g M
j8f sfof{no ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt÷gu/kflnsf
:jf:Yo rf}sL÷pk:jf:Yo rf}sL ljBfno
k|x/L rf}sL lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
kqsf/x¿ cGo Snax¿
afnclwsf/;Fu ;Da4 ePsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿
afnclwsf/k|lt rf;f] /fVg]
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf cGo ;+:yfx¿
48 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 49
5
afnSna Joj:yfkg
afnSNj / o;nfO {ke|fj kfg {]tTjx¿
afnSna Pp6f ;+u7g xf] o;}n] SnanfO{ ;'rf? ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{sf nflu
Snasf] cfGtl/s cj:yf hlt;'s} :j:Yo, ;zQm eP klg aflx/L kl/j]zn] klg
Snasf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n]
Snasf ;xhstf{ tyf o;df cfa4 x'g] afnaflnsfx¿n] klg SnaeGbf aflx/
/x]sf] ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf /fhg}lts kl/j]znfO{ rgfvf] cfFvfn]
x]l//xg'kb{5 .

afnSna s;/L u7g ug {]<
afnSna u7g ugs{f nflu lgDg sfdx¿ ugk'{b5{ M
!= afnSan u7g uge{'Gbf cufl8 ug {]sfdx¿ M
Š afnSna u7g ug {]ljBfno, cgfk}rfl/s sIff tyf ;db'fosf ]jl/kl/sf
/f]huf/bftf uf=lj=;, gu/kflnsfsf k|ltlglw, ;+3;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿,
:yfgLo /fhg}lts JolQmTj, cleefjsx¿;Fu e]63f6 u/L pgLx¿nfO{
afnSna s ]xf ]< o;sf ]u7g lsg ug {]< o;sf kmfObfx¿ s—]s ]5g <
o;df ;dfj]z ePsf afnaflnsfsf st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L s—s] x'G5g <
h:tf ljifox¿df k"0f{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ afnSna u7g ul/Psf] v08df Sna
;'rf? ¿kn] ;+rfng ug{ d2t k'Ub5 .
Š Sna u7g ug {]ljBfnosf kw|fgfWofks tyf cGo lzIfs / lzlIfsf;uF
nuftf/ ;Dks {/ ;dGjo ug {].
Š afnaflnsfx¿sf /f]huf/bftf tyf cleefjsx¿;Fu afnSna u7gsf]
p2]Zoaf/] k|i6 hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
Š afnSnasf] nflu cfjZos Go"gtd ef}lts ;]jfx¿ h:t} e]nf x'g] 7fpF,
cfwf/e"t d;nGb, v]n ;fdu|L, kf7o ;fdu|L cflb h'6fpgsf nflu ;d'bfo
/ afnaflnsf;uF ldn/] kxn ug {'kb5{ . o;sf ]nflu :yfgLo o:t/sf
lgsfo / bft[;+:yfaf6 s] s:tf ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 ;f]sf] vf]hlag
ugk{'b5{ .
Š Sna u7g ug{sf nflu lglZrt of]hgf tof/ u/L ;DalGwt ;xof]uL ;+:yf
/ ;d'bfo tyf afnaflnsf;Fu ;d]t 5nkmn ugkb{5 .
Š afnSna vf;u/L 3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fdf s]lGb«t x'g'sf] ;fy}
afnaflnsf;uF ;DalGwt ;a }d2'fdf sfd ug {]af/d]f ;xofu]L ;:+yf, ;db'fo
/ afnaflnsfnufot ;a};Fu 5nkmn rnfpg'kb{5 .
50 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 51
@= u7g k|lqmof
Š ljBfnodf cWoog/t 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ / cGo afnaflnsfx¿sf] e]nf
u/fpg] . o;/L e]nf u/fpFbf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] ;+Vof *) k|ltzt /
cGo afnaflnsfsf ];V+of @) kl|tzt xg' ]u/L va/ ug {].
Š ;f] e]nfdf ;xhstf{af6 afnSna u7g ug{ nfu]sf] hfgsf/L lbg] .
Š afnSna lsg u7g ug{ nfu]sf] xf] / o;n] s] sfd u5{ eGg] af/]df
/fd/|L ;;'l"rt kfg {] .
Š ;xhstf{n] afn>ldsx¿aLr 5nkmn rnfP/ pgLx¿n] g} rog u/]sf]
gfdaf6 Snasf] gfd /fVg'kb{5 . o;f] u/]df pgLx¿df Snak|lt ckgTjsf]
efjgf hfu[t x'G5 . gfdsf] ;fy} 7]ufgf klg to ug{ nufpg] .
Š gLlt lgod thd{'f ug {].
Š sfdsf ]af8Fkmf8F ug {].
Š kbflwsf/Lsf ]rog ug {].
Š Snasf ]p2Z]o to ug {].
Š p2]Zocg';f/sf] sfo{of]hgf agfpg] .
Š afnSnasf ]ljwfg lgdf0{f ug {].
Š Sna u7g ug{ e]nf ePsf ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f ;b:o agfpg] .
afnSnasf] ;+/rgf / kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L
slt hgfsf ];ldlt u7g ug {]<
;fdfGotof Snasf ]sfos{f/L ;ldlt u7g ubf {lahf/] ;V+ofdf u7g ug {]rng
5 . vf;u/L sfo{;ldltsf] a}7sdf olb s'g} ljifodf ljjfb ePdf a/fa/ dt

ePdf sg' lg0fo{ dfGg ]jf gdfGg ]eGg ]af/d]f cK7/]f ]kg {]xg'fn ]of ]cK7/]f]
km'sfpgsf nflu sfo{;ldlt lahf]/ ;+Vofdf /fVg] rng rn]sf] xf] .
;fwf/0f ;b:o alg;s]kl5 Snasf ;xhstf{ tyf ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿sf] 5nkmnaf6
& hgfb]lv !# hgf;Ddsf] Pp6f sfo{;ldlt u7g ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d"xdf a:g]
afnaflnsf !* jife{Gbf dflysf ]xg'x'bF'g} . o;/L ags]f ]sfo;{ldltdf ;Dej eP
& hgf aflnsf ^ hgf afns ;f] geP $ hgf aflnsf clgjfo{ ¿kn] ;+ul7t
ul/g'k5{ . Sna u7g ul/;s]kl5 Pp6f /lhi6/df e]nfdf pkl:yt ePsf ;a}sf]
;xL u/fpg'kb{5 .
;fdfGotof Snasf] sfo{;ldltdf lgDg kbflwsf/Lx¿ x'G5g M cWoIf, pkfWoIf,
;lrj, ;x–;lrj, sf]iffWofIf, ;b:ox¿ -# b]lv * hgf;Dd_
s'g} klg afnSnadf dflyelgP cg';f/ g} x'g'kb{5 eGg] xf]Og cfjZostfcg';f/
s]xL yk36 klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
olb Snasf] sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} eP lgDgcg';f/ sfo{
ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
afnSnasf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfsf] -sfo{sf/L ;ldlt_ gd"gf
52 ;zQmLs/0f

af= ;ldlt – aflnsf ;ldlt ;f= ;ldlt – ;f+:s[lts ;ldlt
cf= ;ldlt – cfly{s ;ldlt ; = ;ldlt – ;/;kmfO ;ldlt
;f= ;]= ;ldlt – ;fdflhs ;]jf ;ldlt af=c= ;ldlt – afnclwsf/ ;ldlt
v]= ;ldlt – v]ns'b ;ldlt
s'g} klg afnSnadf dfly elgPcg';f/ g} x'g'k5{ eGg] xf]Og cfjZostfcg';f/ yk36 klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
dfly b]vfOPcg';f/ sfo{;ldlt w]/} hgfsf] ePdf sfo{;ldltleq sfo{ljefhg
ug {]qmddf ljleGg ;ldltx¿ lgdf0{f ug {;lsG5 . hlt j6f ;ldltx¿ agfOG5
tL ;ldltx¿sf ;+of]hsx¿ sfo{;ldlts} ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 rog u/L cGo
;b:onfO{ tL ;ldltsf ;b:o agfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf ;ldltx¿df v]ns"b
;ldlt, ;f+:s[lts ;ldlt, ;/;kmfO ;ldlt, afnclwsf/ ;ldlt, ;fdflhs ;]jf
;ldlt, cfly{s ljsf; ;ldlt, aflnsf ljsf; ;ldlt cflb . o:tf ;ldltx¿
lgdf{0f ul/Pdf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg ;lhnf] x'G5 . sfo{;ldlt ;fg}
eP klg k|To]s ;b:onfO{ s]xL g s]xL lhDd]jf/L lbg'kb{5 . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{
lhDd]jf/ / ;lqmo agfpFb5 .
Snasf ]ultljlw l:yltnfO {ljrf/ ub {};fdfGotof dlxgfsf ]! k6s jf @ k6s
a7}s ;r+fng ug {'pkoQ'm xG'5 . t/ cfjZostcg;'f/ o;eGbf a9L k6s klg
;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
Sna u7g ul/;sk]l5 sfo;{ldltnfO {afnSna ;r+fng ug,{] lx;fa lstfa /fVg,]
a7}s ;~rfng ug {]nufotsf ljifox¿df tflnd lbgk'b5{ . tflnd lbgc'l3 jf
kl5 ;xhstf{n] afnSnasf ultljlwsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg / ;xhLs/0f
ul//xg'kb{5 .
afnSnasf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf lhDd]jf/L / Sna ;+rfng k|lqmof
cWoIfn ]ugk{'g {]sfd
;zQmLs/0f 53
!= Snasf x/s] sfd sf/afxLdf gt]T[j kb|fg ug,{]
@= a7}s a:bf cWoIftf ug,{] ;dflKtsf ]3fi]f0ff ug,{]
#= p2Z]o kf|lKtsf nflu Snasf kbflwsf/L tyf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO {pT;flxt ug {].

$= ;lrj;uF ;Nnfx u/L a7}ssf ]sfos{d| tof/ ug {].
%= a}7sdf s'g} kbflwsf/L jf ;b:ox¿af6 uNtL ePsf] eP cfnf]rgf, cfTdfnf]rgf
ug {nufO {uNtL ;w'fgs{f nflu kf|T];fxg ug,{]
^= a7}sdf kz] ePsf,] 5nkmn ePsf ]sg' }ljifodf dtbfg xbF'f kIf ljkIf a/fa/
ePdf lg0ff{os dt lbg] .
&= Snasf] h; ckh;sf] lhDd]jf/L lng]
*= ;a}sf] s'/f ;'g]/ dfq cfˆgf] lg0f{o lbg]
pkfWoIfn ]ugk{'g {]sfd
!= cWoIfnfO {;:+yfsf ]sfo {;~rfngdf ;xofu] ug {].
@= cWoIfsf ]cgk'l:yltdf cWoIfåf/f ul/g ];Dk0"f {sfo {ug,{] / ug {nufpg ].
;lrjsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
!= cWoIfsf ];/;Nnfxcg;'f/ sfoq{mdsf ]to}f/L ug {]u/fpg]
@= a}7ssf] lg0f{o / Snan] u/]sf sfdx¿sf] clen]v /fVg]
#= Snan ]ug {]sfdx¿sf ]ofh]gf agfpg,] cGo ;3+–;:+yf;uF ;Dks {/ ;dGjo ug{]
$= cfjZostfcg;'f/ Snasf ];Dk0"f {nv]fk9L Pj +kq Jojxf/ ug {].
%= Snasf ]rn–crn ;DklQsf ]clenv] /fVg,] /v]bv] ug {].
^= Snasf] a}7sdf 5nkmn ug{sf nflu cWoIf / cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿;Fu ;/;Nnfx
u/L ljifo;r"L to ug {].
&= a7}ssf ];r+fng ug,{] ;dx"sf sfdx¿ ug {kxn ug{]
;x–;lrjsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
!= ;lrjnfO {;:+yfsf ]sfo {;r+fngdf ;xofu] ug {].
@= ;lrjsf ]cgk'l:yltdf ;lrjåf/f ul/g ];Dk0"f {sfo {ug {]/ u/fpg ].
54 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 55
sf]iffWoIfsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
!= Snasf] cfo Joosf] lx;fa lstfa /fVg] .
@= Snasf ]sfo;{ldltsf ]lg0fo{cg;'f/ vr {ug {]tyf cGonfO {vr {ug {lbg ].
#= Sansf a7}sdf lx;fa lstfasf ]ljj/0f kz] ug,{] cfo JoonfO {kf/bzL{
agfpg] .
$= Snasf ];Dk0"f {cfo Joosf ] nv]f k/LIf0f ug {]u/fpg ].
%= Snan] u/]sf k|To]s cfo / JoonfO{ lnlvt ¿kdf /fVg] .
;b:ox¿sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
;b:ox¿ Snasf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ x'g o;}n] Snasf cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿;/x
pgLx¿sf] klg plQs} lhDd]jf/L x'G5 .
!= k|To]s a}7sdf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xefuL x'g] .
@= Snasf nflu l;h{gfTds 9+uaf6 of]hgf agfpg] .
#= a7}sn ]tfs]s]f ]lhDdj]f/Lcg;'f/ sfd ug {]u/fpg ].
$= Snasf nflu gofF–gofF of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ u/L a}7sdf /fVg] .
afnSnasf ]a7}s ;~rfngdf ljrf/ k¥'ofpgk'g {]s/'fx¿ M
a}7scl3
Š a7}ssf ljifoj:ts'f ]klxrfg ug]{
Š a7}ssf ];do, 7fp,F ldlt lgSofn{} ug,{]
Š ;b:ox¿nfO{ a}7ssf] ljifoj:t';lxt k"j{hfgsf/L lbg],
Š a7}sdf cflys{ ljifodf 5nkmn ugk{'g {]ePdf ;DalGwt ;b:ox¿nfO {To;sf]
ljj/0f tof/ kf/L a}7sdf k]z ug{ nufpg]

Š ;b:ox¿nfO {cfkmn" ]lnPsf ]lhDdj]f/L k/"f eP gePsf ]ljj/0f tof/ ug{]
tyf gePsf ]cj:yfdf To;sf ]sf/0f tof/ ug]{
Š sx]L sf/0fn ]a7}s ;fgk{'g {]ePdf ;fs]f ]hfgsf/L ;an}fO {;dodf g }k7fpg,]
Š Snasf ;b:oafxs] cGo JolQmnfO {a7}sdf afn]fpgk'g {]ePdf oyf ;dodf
kqfrf/ ug ]{.
a}7s ;~rfngsf] ;dodf
Š klxnfsf ]lg0f{o tyf lg0fo{ kl':tsfnfO {kg'/fjnfs]g ug {]tyf To;nfO{
:jLst[ ug,{]
Š ;fdfGotM %! k|ltzt ;b:osf] pkl:ylt ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ u0fk"/s ;+Vof
dflgg ]kf|jwfgsf ];DDffg ug,]{
Š s'g} ljifo lsg 5nkmn ug{ nfluPsf] xf] eGg] af/]df ;a} ;b:ox¿ :ki6 x'g]
jftfj/0f agfpg a7}ssf ];~rfng÷Joj:yfkgdf lgDg sfd ugk{'b5{ M
!= cWoIfsf] rog, cf;g u|x0f
@= Ps–Ps j6f ljifodf 5nkmn
#= ;a}nfO{ af]Ng] df}sf lbg] / lng]
$= bIftf Pj +?lrcg;'f/ ;b:ox¿dfem sfdsf ]af8Fkmf8F ug{]
%= x/]s ljifodf pQd ljsNkx¿ vf]Hg] .
^= cflys{ sf/fa]f/÷ljj/0f kz] ugk{'g {]eP To;nfO {klxNo }tof/ ug{]
Š a7}ssf lg0fo{x¿ lg0fo{kl':tsfdf ptf/ ug {afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ug,{]
Š s'g} ljifodf ljjfb eP ax'dtnfO{ dfGg'k5{ .
Š Snasf a}7sx¿df Snasf ;xof]uL Ps hgf jo:snfO{ ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf
/fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
Š cfufdL a7}ssf ];do lgwf/{0f ug {].
56 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 57
a}7s ;lsPkl5
Š x/]s a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿ a}7s k'l:tsfdf n]Vg] / ;f] k'l:tsfdf a}7sdf
pkl:yt ;a}sf] x:tfIf/ u/fpg],
Š ;b:ox¿n] lnPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ pgLx¿;Fu ;xof]u ug{ / To;f] ug{
ufxf| ]eP ljsNkx¿ vfH]g tyf To;af/d]f pgLx¿;uF 5nkmn ug,{]
Š sg' };b:onfO {cfˆgf ]lhDdj]f/L k/"f ug {;xofu] rflxPdf ;fs]f ]k:|tfj ug]{
/ cfjZos k/]sf] v08df 5'§} ;ldlt jf ;d"x agfpg] .
Š ;xof]uL ;+:yf, /f]huf/bftfnufot cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿nfO{
afnaflnsfn] Snadf u/]sf ultljlw / To;af6 pgLx¿n] u/]sf
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbO/xg'kb{5 .
afnSna Joj:yfkg
afnSnanfO{ ;'rf? ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu lgDg s'/fsf] Joj:yfkgdf Wofg
k¥'ofpgk'[b5{ M
!= Snasf nflu sf]7f jf 3/ M
Snasf sfuhftx¿ /fVg, lgoldt a}7s a:gsf nflu afnSnasf] nflu
Pp6f sf]7f jf 3/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ jf jo:sx¿
8n'lkm/ ug {]:ynx¿df a7}s:yn /fVg 'pkoQ'm xbF'g} . kf|oM u//] ;x/lt/
ljBfnos }sf7]fx¿nfO {Snasf ]a7}s:ynsf ]¿kdf ko|fu] ug {]rng 5 . t/
o;sf nflu ljBfno k|zf;gsf] :jLs[lt lng'kb{5 .
@= Snasf cfjZos sfuhftx¿ /fVg] Pp6f b/fh jf afs;, 6]an, s';L{ M
Snasf s]xL cfwf/e"t k|zf;lgs d;nGb ;fdu|Lx¿, lg0f{o k'l:tsf, snd
tyf :6]kn/, v]n ;fdfu|Lnufotsf s'/fx¿ ;'/lIft /fVgsf nflu Pp6f
b/fh jf afs; /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;}u/L Snasf nflu ;Dej eP 6]an
s';L{, geP u'Gb«L, af]/f h] eP klg pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . o;afx]s klg w]/}
;fdfuL|x¿sf ]cfjZostf kg {;S5 t/ tL ;fdfuL|x¿ Sna Jojl:yt xbF'}
hfbFf cfjZostfx¿ a9b }uPkl5 lj:tf/ }kl"t {xbF' }hfg ]s/'f xf ].

#= afnSnasf ]clenv] /fVgsf ]nflu cfjZos kg {]d;nGb ;fduL|x¿M
z a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿ lnlvt ¿kn] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu a}7s k'l:tsf
z SnaeGbf aflx/sf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿n] k7fPsf] lr67L kqx¿ btf{ ug{sf
nflu btf{ k'l:tsf
z Snaaf6 c? JolQm jf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k7fOg] kqx¿sf] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu
rnfgL k'l:tsf
z SaneGbf aflx/af6 cfPsf kqx¿ /fVg] kmfOn
z Snaaf6 aflx/ k7fOPsf kqx¿sf] gSsn /fVg] kmfOn
z Snan] u/]sf sfdx¿sf] clen]v /fVg] k|ltj]bg kmfOn
z Snasf ;b:ox¿sf] clen]v /fVg] /lhi6/ jf kmfOn
z Sna;Fu ePsf lhG;L ;fdfgsf] clen]v /fVg] kmfOn jf k'l:tsf
z lan / e/kfO{ /fVg] kmfOn
z Snan] s;}nfO{ /sd lbg' k/]df ;f]sf] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu e/kfO{
z Snan] s;}af6 ;xof]u lng' k/]df ;f]sf] clen]v /fVgsf] nflu /l;b
z n]6/ Kof8
z Snasf] cfo / JoonfO{ b'?:t /fVg Pp6f /lhi6/
58 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 59
Snasf] lx;fa lstfa s;/L /fVg] <
z afnSnasf] s'g} klg cfo Joo ;a}n] a'emg] u/L / yfxf kfpg] u/L /fVg] .
z k|To]s lx;fa lstfa /fVg Pp6f /lhi6/ /fVg] To;df cnu cnu kfgfdf
Psflt/ cfo / Psflt/ Joo n]vL 5'66f5'66} /fVg] .
z cfkm"n] ;fdfg lsGbf lan dfUg] / c?nfO{ /sd a'emfpFbf jf ltbf{ e/kfO{
u/fpg ]/ lan / e/kfO {kmfOndf kmfOlnª ug {].
z e/kfO{ ubf{ s;nfO{, s] sfdsf] nflu, slt /sd / s'g ldltdf lbPsf] xf]
vn'fpg }k5 {tyf h;nfO {k;}f lbPsf ]xf ]p;sf ]x:tfIf/ u/fpg la;g{ 'xbF'g} .
z Snasf] nflu ;fdfg lsg]kl5 landf sf]iffWoIf / cWoIfsf] ;xL u/fP/ dfq
/fVg'kb{5 .
z lan / e/kfO{x¿ Pp6f 5'6} kmfOndf lvn]/ /fVg'kb{5 .
z kT|os] a7}sdf sfi]ffWoIfn ]Snasf] cfDbfgL / vrs{f] ljj/0f ;g'fpg ]ug{' k5 {.
Snan] lgDg lsl;daf6 cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg ;S5g M
Š bft[;+:yf, ljBfno, uf=lj=;= cflbaf6 cfly{s ;xof]u h'6fP/
Š rGbf ;xof]u p7fP/
Š ;b:otf z'Nsaf6
Š 3f]uf bfg, d'7L bfg p7fP/
Š u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 ;xof]u lnP/
Š b]p;L e}nf] v]n]/
Š ljBfno÷uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfaf6 ;xof]u lnP/
Š ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]/

afnSna u7g ePkl5 ugk{'g {]sfdx¿
Š Snasf] cfly{s >f]t h'6fpg afnaflnsfx¿ ;b:otf z'Ns p7fpg rfxG5g
ls rfxbg+}g, ltg {;Ifd 5g ls 5g}g . o:tf Snadf 3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿sf]
afx'Notf a9L x'g] x'gfn] ltg{;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf ;b:otf z'Ns p7fpg
d~h/' gePdf cflys{ >ft] ;s+ngsf nflu cGo ljsNkx¿ vfh]L ugk'{b5{ .
Š afnSnan] s;/L / s'g lsl;daf6 >f]t ;+sng ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] af/]df
klxnf] r/0fdf 5nkmn eP d'tflas sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ ;xhstf{n] ;xof]u
ugk{'b5{ .
Š klxn]b]lv g} ;+rfng eO/x]sf afnSnax¿, uflj; :t/Lo afnSna /
lhNnf :t/Lo ;+hfn;Fu ;Dks{ sfod ug{ / ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{ afnaflnsf;Fu
ldn/] sfd ugk{'b5{ .
Š afnaflnsfx¿ s:tf vfnsf sfoq{md ug {rfxfG5g ;f ]klxrfg ugk{'b5{ .
tL sfoq{mdx¿ Snasf ]p2Z]ocg¿'k eP gePsf] lGfSofn{} ug{ d2t ugk{'b5{ .
Š afnSnasf ]cfGtl/s tyf jfxo sfoq{md ;xflutfdn"s 9u+af6 ofh]gf ug{]
/ ;fs]f ]sfofG{jog ug {afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ .
Snadf afn;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu Wofg lbgk'g {]s/'fx¿ M
Š ;fyLx¿sf ]s/'f ;G'g]Š cj;/ vfH]g d2t ug{]
Š Ps cfk;df cfTdLo Jojxf/ ug Š ;an} ]ae'mg ]efiff ko|fu] ug{]
Š pd/]cg;'f/ Jojxf/ ug{]Š uNtL u/d]f :jLsf/ ug{]
Š cfˆgf] ljrf/ lgw{Sstfk"j{s /fVg] Š cGo ;fyLx¿nfO{ Snadf Nofpg]
Š 8/qf;sf ]jftfj/0f slxNo }l;hg{f gug ;w +}ko|Tg/t /xg]
60 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 61
;ft
afnSnasf] ;+:yfut ljsf;
d}qLk"0f{ afnSna
afnaflnsfsf] cfjZostf, rfxgfcg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;dfg
;xeflutfdf afnSna ;+rfng ePdf, Tof] afnSnj d}qLk"0f{ afn Sna x'G5 .
d}qLk"0f{ afnSnasf ;"rsx¿
!= ;as}f ]ljrf/sf ]sb/ ug,{]
@= ;xofu] cfbfg—kb|fg ug,{]
#= ;fdl"xs sfo {ug,{]
$= dgf/]~hgfTds sfo {ug,{]
%= eb]efj gug,{]
^= ;as}f ];dfg ;xeflutf xg'k'g,{]
&= Snadf dgf/]~hgsf ;fy }lzIffkb| ;fduL| xg'k'g,{]
*= Snasf ];DklQsf ]plrt ko|fu] tyf Joj:yfkg xg'k'g,{]
(= ;a} ;b:osf] kmfObf x'g] sfo{df hf]8 lbg],
!)= Snasf ]gLlt lgod ljkl/t sfo {gug,{]
!!= ljleGg lsl;sf ]kl|tofl]utfx¿ ug,{]
!@= ;f:+sl[ts sfoq{mdx¿ ug,{]

!#= ljleGg lsl;dsf ]kl|tofl]utf ug,{]
!$= ed|0f, lklSgs cfofh]gf ug,{]
!%= afndn]f jf en]f, ¥ofnLx¿sf ]cfofh]gf ug,{]
!^= kT|os] dlxgf gof Fsfoq{mdx¿ ;r+fng ug{]
!&= afnaflnsfdfly x'g] cGofosf] lj?4df cfjfh p7fpg],
!*= afnaflnsfaLr xg' ]ljjfbnfO {sz'ntfkj"s{ Joj:yfkg ug,{]
afnSnasf ;+:yfut ljsf;sf ;ft If]qx¿
s'g} klg ;+:yf hlGdG5, x's{G5 clg bl/nf], ;'b[9 / lbuf] ePkl5 To;n] ;+:yfut
:j¿k lnPsf] dflgG5 . oxL ;+:yfut ljsf;sf :j¿ksf ljleGg cj:yfx¿sf]
:t/ klxNofpg] pkfo jf dfWodsf ¿kdf afnSnax¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf
lgDgfg';f/sf ;ft If]qnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
!= k|i6 ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] p2]Zo
x/]s ;+:yfx¿n] cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] d"No, dfGotf Pj+ kl/sNkgf to u/]sf] x'G5 .
To;}u/L afnSnan] cfˆgf] d"No, dfGotf jf kl/sNkgf to u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g <
Snasf] p2]Zo k|i6 ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] 5 jf 5}g < oL s'/fx¿ Snasf ;a}
kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 ls 5}g < olb ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;d]t yfx 5 eg] dfq
Sansf] p2]Zocg';f/sf sfdx¿ /fd|/L x'g;S5 . x/]s ;kmntfsf] r'nLdf k'u]sf]
afnSna cyf{t ;+:yfut :j¿k lnO;s]sf] afnSnan] /fv]sf] d"No, dfGotf,
kl/sNkgf, w]o, nIo / p2]Zosf af/]df x/]s ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|i6 yfxf x'g'kb{5 .
3/]n' afn>ldssf] ;Gbe{df afnSnasf] p4]Zo lgs[i6 txsf] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{
pGdn"g ug {]/ 3/n] '>ldsx¿sf ]Gog"td clwsf/sf ];/+If0f ug {]xg';Sb5 .
@= Snasf] agfj6
;+:yfut :j¿k lnO;s]sf] afnSna o;leq cfPsf ;fgfltgf ljjfbaf6 etfe'Ë
gxg' ]vfnsf ]xg'k'b5{ . afn Snasf ]agfj6 7f8f ]geP/ t;]f {]xg'k'b5{ . afnSnasf]
agfj6 7f8f] ePdf cWoIf, pkfWoIf, ;lrj / sf]iffWoIfnfO{ w]/} clwsf/ x'ghfG5 .
dflyNnf ]kbdf a:gn] ]tNnf ]kb Pj +;b:ox¿nfO {cgfjZos lgoGq0f ug {]jf
sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfg 9+un] ;xeflutf gu/fpg] k|j[lQsf] ljsf; x'G5 t/ t];f]{
62 ;zQmLs/0f

ePdf kb / :yfgn] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L s]xL km/s eP klg ;a} kbflwsf/L Pj+
;b:ox¿sf ]lg0fo{ kl|qmof tyf cgu'dg ug {]sfddf ;dfg clwsf/ / ;xeflutf
x'g] ub{5 .
#= sfd ug {]tl/sf
afnSnasf x/]s sfd sf/afxLx¿ k|i6 gLlt lgodaf6 ;+rflnt ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
JolQmnfO {h:tf ]dg nfUof ]p:t }9u+n ]afnSna ;r+fng ug {]xf ]eg ]To:tf]
Snan ]w/] };d:ofx¿ emN]gk'g {]xG'5 . ;:+yfdf ljjfb a9g;S5 . sg' }klg afnSnan]
olb gLlt lgod agfPsf] 5 / ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog klg ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] Sna
;+:yfut ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;"rs xf] .
afnSnan ]ug {]lsl;dsf sfdx¿ ugs{f nflu s:tf ];Lk ePsf ]afnaflnsfsf]
rog ePsf ]5 eGg ]s/'fdf Wofg k¥'ofpgk'b5{ . ;an} ];a }sfd hfgs]f xb‘'g}g .
To;}n] h'g JolQmdf h:tf] ;Lk 5 To;nfO{ To;} cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L lbOof] eg]
p;n] Tof] sfd /fd|/L ug{;S5 . cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;Lkcg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;dod}
kfPdf lhDd]jf/L kfpg] JolQm klg v';L x'G5 h;af6 /fd|f] pknlAw lg:sg;S5 .
o;f ]ePdf afnSnan ];Ifd ;an xbF' };:+yfut ljsf;df km8sf ]dfg;{S5 .
$= g]t[Tj z}nL
Snasf] ;a}eGbf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ Snasf cWoIf tyf ;lrjx¿ x'g . Snaleqsf
kbflwsf/L, sfo{;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ / ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿nfO{ ldnfP/ /fVgsf
nflu gt]T[jdf /xs]f afnaflnsfn ]ljzi]f kxn ugk{'b5{ . pgLx¿n ]cfˆgf ]dfq}
s/'f dflyaf6 kfg,{] c?sf ]s/'f g;G'g ]jf c?nfO {afN]g glbg ]u5g{ jf cfkmn"fO{
dfq ;j;{]jf {7fG5g eg ]To:tf ]afnSnasf ]ljsf; xg';Sbg} . Snasf ]cuj'f
hlxn] klg ;dfgx¿dWo]sf] 7"nf] (Top among the equals) x'g'kb{5 . Snasf
x/]s ;b:onfO{ Snasf] gLlt lgod agfp‘bf, Sna u7g ubf{ ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5 .
o;sf] ;fy} SnanfO{ c? ;+:yfaLr lrgfpg klg g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
%= sfo{gLlt
afnSnan ];:+yfut ljsf;sf ]nflu s ]ug,{] s ]gug,{] s;/L ug,{] slxn ]ug,{] slt
ug {]h:tf s/'fx¿df ki|6 gLlt to ugk{'b5{ . Snasf ;Dk0"f {;b:ox¿nfO {o;sf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 . afnSnan] cfˆgf] p2]Zocg';f/ to ul/Psf sfdx¿afx]s
;zQmLs/0f 63

cGo h;n ]h ]eG5 ToxL ug,{] h;n ]h ]lbG5 ToxL lng,] lagfofh]gf hlxn ]kfof]
tlxn ]ug {]h:tf sfdx¿ ug {]u/s]f ]5 eg ]To;nfO {afnSnasf ];:+yfut ¿kn]
ljsf; ePsf] 5 eg]/ dfGg ;ls+b}g .
^= >f]t÷;fwg
x/s] afnSnan ]cfkmn" ]]ofh]gf u/s]f sfoq{mdx¿ ug {s ]slt >ft] / ;fwg nfU5 <
tL >ft] ;fwg sxfaFf6 pknAw ug {]< eGg ]s/'f klg ki|6 xg' h?/L 5 . olb
o;af/ ]sg' }rf;f ]lbOPsf ]5g}, hlxn ]kfOPnf tlxn ]u/fn+}f eg/] a;s]f ]5 eg]
Tof ];:+yfut ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf ]afnSnasf ];r"s xfO]g . cfkmn" ]ug {]eg/]
to ul/Psf sfoq{mdsf nflu cfjZos kg {]efl}ts tyf dfgjLo >ft] ;fwgx¿
sxfFaf6 h'6fpg], s;/L cfTdflge{/ aGg] eGg] af/]df hlt k|i6tf 5 plt g}
afnSna ;+:yfut ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 .
&= dfgjLo zlQm
sg' }klg afnSna >ft] / ;fwgaf6 ;DkGg xbF'd}f dfq Tof ]Sna ;an / ;Ifd
ePsf ]dflgb+g} . lsgls tL >ft] ;fwg kl/rfng ug {];Lk ePsf bIf dfgjLo
zlQm 5 eg] dfq tL >f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} tflnd ;~rfng
ug {];a }>ft] ;fwgx¿ 5g t/ afnkl|zIfsx¿ 5g}g eg ]tflnd ;~rfng ug{
;lsb+g} . To;n} ]x/s] afnSnax¿n ]cfˆgf ]Snaleq ;b:otf ljt/0f ug,{] ljleGg
Ifdtf, ;Lk ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ Snadf ;fd]n u/fpg], ltgLx¿sf] ;Lksf]
ljsf; ugt]{km {klg plQs }Wofg lbgk'b5{ .
64 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 65
cf7
afnSnasf lqmofsnfkx¿
!= afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{g
leQ]klqsf k|sfzg M afnclwsf/;DaGwL n]v, syf sljtf, r'6lsnf, :yfgLo
;dfrf/, hgr]tgfd"ns ;Gb]zx¿, ;fdfGo 1fgsf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z u/]/
leQ]klqsf k|sfzg ug{ ;lsG5 .
hgjsfnt sfo{qmd M afnSnan] afnclwsf/sf] kIfdf afnaflnsfx¿, kl/jf/
tyf cfd ;d'bfoaLr hgjsfnt sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g . To;sf
nflu afnSnan] kf]i6/ tyf xft] krf{, ;8s gf6s, cGt/lqmof uf]i7L / a}7sx¿,
cleefjs ;r]tgf sfo{qmd, 3/b}nf] e]63f6 / afnclwsf/ lbj; h:tf sfo{qmdx¿
cfofh]gf ug {]ub5{g . hgjsfnt sfoq{mds }qmddf afnSnan ];fdflhs lnËeb],
hftLo e]befj, nfu" kbfy{ b'Jo{;g, Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8;, r]nLa]6L / afnaflnsf
a]rlavg, lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf] afn>d tyf
afnof}g zf]if0fsf lj?4df ultljlwx¿ ug{ ;S5g .
afnclwsf/af/] k|lzIf0f lbg] M Snasf gofF ;b:ox¿, ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿ tyf
ljBfnosf afnaflnsfnfO{ afnclwsf/af/] k|lzIf0f lbg] sfo{ ug{ ;S5g .
afnclwsf/ cg'udg M afnclwsf/ xgg ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfo
jf JolQm;Dd k¥'ofpg ]/ To;sf ]cgu'dg ugs{'f ];fy }afnaflnsfdfly xg']
zf]if0f, lje]b / b'Jo{jxf/sf] lj?4sf] cleofgdf afnSna ;+nUg 5g .

k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng M afnclwsf/;DaGwL sljtf, syf, n]v n]Vg] / k|sfzg
ug {]tyf kl|tofl]utfx¿ ;~rfng ug {]sfd ug {;S5g .
afnclwsf/ kj|4g{df ;xofu] M ufp3F/sf ljBfno ghfg ]afnaflnsfnfO {ljBfnodf
k7fpg pTk/]|0ff lbg tyf ljBfnodf egf {ug {/ snd sfkL tyf kfz]fs lsGg
Snasf ]sfi]fsf ]kl/rfng ug {]sfd afnSnan ]ub {}cfPsf 5g .
@= ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
:yfgLo :t/df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ M afnaflnsf ;/fs]f/sf ljifox¿df ;db'fosf
ljleGg JolQm, sfofn{o / ;3+;:+yfx¿;uF ;dGjo ug,{] ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug {]/
cGt/lqmof ug {]. h:t }lzIfs, cleefjs, :yfgLo hgkl|tlglw, cfdf ;dx",
oj'fSna cflb;uF ;dGjo / ;xsfo {ug {]. To;/L g };db'fosf ]jo:s JolQm,
;dx" / ;3+;:+yf;uF xftd]fnf ]ub {}:jf:Yo lzlj/, le6fldg vfk] sfoq{mddf
;xefuL xbF' }cfPsf 5g .
g]6js{ u7g M uf=lj=;=, If]qLo tyf lhNnf :t/df afnSna g]6js{sf] u7g /
;fd]fkmt{ cfjlws ljrf/ / cge'j cfbfg—kb|fg a7}s ugs{'f ;fy }cGo Snasf
sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL x'g] sfd klg afnSnaaf6 eO/x]sf] 5 .
#= JolQmut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO
Š 6f]n tyf ufpF ;kmfO sfo{qmdx¿
Š j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{s|dx¿
Š JolQmut tyf jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO ;DaGwdf ;8s gf6s, k|ltof]lutfx¿
tyf cGt/lqmofx¿ ;~rfng
$= afnk|ltef k|ikm'6g / ljsf;
k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng M xflh/Lhjfkm, sljtf, gf6s, lrqsnf, g[To, v]ns'b cflb
k|ltof]lutfx¿ ;~rfng .
sf]if :yfkgf / cfod"ns sfo{qmd M afnSnax¿n] cfˆgf] 5'§} sf]if v8f u/L
afnclwsf/ k|j4{g ug{ tyf afnaflnsfsf k|ltef k|ikm'6g u/fpg sfo{qmd
ul//x]sf 5g . o;sf] ;fy} sltko :yfgdf afnSnan] cfo cfh{g sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g .
66 ;zQmLs/0f

tflnd ;+rfng M g]t[Tj ljsf;, afnaflnsf Ps csf{sf] nflu -C to C_ sfo{qmd,
afnclwsf/, pb3f]if0f, ;[hgfTds n]vg, leQ]klqsf k|sfzg, Pr=cfO=eL=÷
P8;, hLjg pkof]uL ;Lkx¿ h:tf ljleGg tflndx¿ ;+rfng ul//x]sf 5g .
To;}u/L tflnd tyf ljrf/, cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg u/L cGo 7fpFsf afnaflnsfnfO{
;dx"÷Sna vfN]g k/]|0ff / ;xofu] lbO/xs]f 5g .
afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg ;xof]u M afnSnasf efOalxgLx¿n] ljkGg
jus{f afnaflnsfnfO {ljBfno hfg cflys{ ;xofu] ug {]/ cleefjsx¿nfO{
;Demfpg] u/]sf 5g .
$= cGo sfo{x¿ M
afnSnasf ]dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfx¿n ]gof–Fgof Fbft+}/Lx¿aLr ldqtfk0"f {;DaGw
ljsf;, Snaleq} lg/If/ /x]sf afn ;fyL;+uLx¿nfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg], cfˆgf]
JolQmTjsf ]ljsf; ug {]h:tf sfox{¿ ul//xs]f 5g .
afnSnadf ug{ kfOg] t/ cGoq st} ug{ gkfOg] ultljlwx?
;zQmLs/0f 67
Š ;df/f]x÷ljz]if lbgx¿
Š pks/0f k|fKt ug{
Š lqmofsnfkx¿
Š ;r]tgf j[l4
Š k|lt:kwf{x?÷k|ltof]lutfx¿
Š dgf]/~hgfTds v]nx¿
Š v]ns'b
Š Sna Joj:yfkg
Š snf÷;f+:s[lts cleJolQm
Š ljsf; sfo{
Š bf}t/L ;DaGw ljsf;
Š ldqjt u'0f
Š ;+:yfut ¿kn] kl/lrt x'g afnaflnsf / v]n

afnaflnsf / v]n
afnSna ;~rfng ug {];xhstfn{ ]afnaflnsfsf nflu vn]sf ]dxTjsf ]af/d]f
klg yfxf kfpg' cfjZos x'G5 .
;a} afnaflnsfx¿ v]n v]Ng dg k/fpF5g . ltgLx¿nfO{ plrt 9+uaf6 v]Ng
d2t ug{ ;lsG5 . plrt v]nn] afnaflnsfnfO{ /fd|/L l;Sg / x's{g ;xof]u
k'¥ofpF5 . plrt v]nn] afnaflnsfdf ;dembf/L Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . km/s–
km/s pd]/df leGg–leGg v]nx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] ;fgf
afnaflnsfnfO{ plrt v]n v]Ng ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g . hGd]b]lv g} lzz'x¿nfO{
pTk/]|0ff lbgk'b5{ . lzz;'uF vn]/], afn]/] pTkl]|/t ug {;lsG5 . o;/L hlt lzzx'¿sf]
z/L/ / lbdfu rnfodfg agfpg ;lsG5 Tolt a9L z/L/ / lbdfusf] k|of]u /
Jofofd ug{ d2t k'U5 . 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] lzz'x¿sf] ljsf;sf] af/]df hfgsf/L
lng;S5g . s;/L ljleGg k|sf/n] ljleGg pd]/sf lzz'x¿;Fu v]Ng'kb{5 To;af/]
hfgsf/L lnP/ lzz'x¿nfO{ x's{g d2t k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g .
/fd|f] v]n lsg <
z /fd|f] v]ndf lzz' tyf ;fgf s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] z/L/ / dlitissf] ;a} efusf]
;Fu;Fu} k|of]u x'G5 / lzz' / ;fgf s]6fs]6Lx¿ cem hLjGt x'G5g .
z /fd|f] v]ndf cfFvf, xft, zAb, :j/sf] k|of]u x'G5 . o;af6 7"nf dflg;x¿
/ s]6fs]6Lsf] aLrdf ;dembf/L / ;~rf/sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
/fd|f] v]naf6 afnaflnsfn] M
z cfˆgf] rf/}lt/sf j:t'x¿sf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;S5g .
z gofF k|of]u / lqmofsnfkaf/] sf]lz; ug{ ;Sb5g .
z cfkmg} xft, cfFvf / :j/ ldnfP/ cfkm}n] ;–;fgf k|of]usf] cg'ej ug{
;Sb5g .
z cfˆgf] z/L/sf] /fd|f] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g .
z xg],{] ;G'g,] afN]g,] ;£F'g ]/ :kz {ug {]h:tf kfrFj6 }OlGbo«x¿sf ]ke|fjsf/L ko|fu]
ug{ ;Sb5g .
68 ;zQmLs/0f

z gof Flarf/ Nofpg ]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg ugs{f nflu kxn ug ]{afgLsf ]ljsf;
;zQmLs/0f 69
x'G5 .
z cfˆgf] sNkgfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g .
z cfk;L ;xof]u / ;d"xsf] dxTjaf/] a'emb5g .
z w}o{tf /fVg] afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
z g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 .
z km"lt{nf] agfpF5 .
z cfTdljZjf; a9fpF5 .
z cfgGb / dgf]/~hg lbG5 .
z gLlt lgodleq /x]/ a:g'kb{5 eGg] l;sfpF5 .
o;}n] v]n v]Ng kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ xf] . ljleGg pd]/df ljleGg
vfnsf v]nx¿ afnaflnsfn] v]Ng' h?/L x'G5 . slxn]sfxL+ v]Ngsf] nflu
afnaflnsfnfO{ v]nf}gf rflxG5 t/ w]/}h;f] ;dodf pgLx¿sf] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f
/ jl/kl/sf jo:sx¿n ]pgLx¿nfO {cfjZos kg {];a }pTk/]|0ffx¿ lbO/xs]f
x'G5g . afnaflnsfx¿ s] v]N5g eGbf klg s;/L v]Nb5g eGg] s'/f a9L
dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
slxn]sfxL+ xfdLn] v]nsf] of]hgf agfP/ c? k|efjsf/L 9+un] aRrfx¿nfO{ v]n
vN]g ;xofu] ug {;S5f +}t/ w/]h};f ];dodf s6]fs6]Lx¿n ]vn]sf cfkmg }tl/sf
kQf nufO{ v]Ng ;S5g .
v]naf6 ;a}n] dgf]/~hg lng / w]/} s'/f l;Sg ;S5g
s]jn lzz' / s]6fs]6Lx¿n] dfq v]naf6 l;Sg] xf]Og ls 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] ;fgf
gfgLx¿sf] nflu gofF–gofF v]nx¿ cfljisf/ ubf{ v]nf}gfx¿ agfpFbf w]/} 1fg
xfl;n u5{g . of] sfddf w]/} ;Lk, ;[hgfTds sNkgf rflxG5 / 7"nf s]6fs]6Lx¿n]

;d"xdf a;]/ ;a};Fu ldnL of] sfddf h'6]/ of]hgf agfpF5g jf tof/ kf5{g .
cfdfafa' / s]6fs]6Lx¿ kl/jf/sf lzz'x¿;Fu v]Ng] s'/fn] Pp6f ;'dw'/ kfl/jfl/s
jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'G5 .
klxnf] b'O{ jif{sf] cjlwdf dl:tissf] ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLj|tf lbg tyf :j:y
9u+af6 cufl8 a9fpg lzzn'fO {vfgf, dfof / pTk/]|0ffsf ]cfjZostf kb5{ . of]
;dodf lzzn' ]kofK{t vfgf, kofK{t pTk/]|0ff kfPg eg ]Tof ]lzzs'f ]l;Sg ]l;sfpg]
sfddf cj/f]wx¿ l;h{gf x'G5 . To;sf] ;fy} hLjgsf] ;kmntfdf g} gsf/fTds
k|efj kg{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
blIf0f cd]l/sfdf s]xL afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ tLg j6f ;d"x agfO{ Pp6f cWoog
ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] ;d"xdf /fd|f] :jf:Yosf] x]/rfx ul/Psf] t/ kof{Kt vfgfsf]
sdL lyof] . o;/L x'sf{OPsf afnaflnsfsf] dl:tis ljsf;df ;'wf/ b]lvPg /
ltgLx¿ /fd|/L x's{g a9g ;s]gg . bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ kof{Kt vfg]s'/fsf] plrt
ka|Gw / /fdf| ]x/]rfx ul/Psf ]lyof ]t/ pgLx¿nfO {vn]nufotsf pTk/]|0ff hufpg]
ul/Psf ]lyPg . o:tf ]kl/jz]df xs'fO{Psf afnaflnsfx¿ ;fdfGotof /fdu}|/L
x'ls{P klg pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s cË tyf dl:tissf] ljsf; pNn]vgLo 9+uaf6
x'g ;s]g . To;}u/L t];|f] ;d"xnfO{ :jf:Yosf] /fd|f] x]/rfx, cfjZostf cg';f/sf
vfgs]/'f, pTk/]|0ffoQ'm 3/, dfof / x/]rfxsf ]jftj/0fdf xs'fO{of ]. o;/L cGo
;d"xsf] t'ngfdf t];|f] ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;
/fd|/L ePsf] kfOof] .
;+;f/el/ g} k|foM h;f] ;a} kl/jf/x¿n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ dfof / x]/rfx
ub{5g . t/ sltkon] afnaflnsfnfO{ v]Ng lbg] s'/fdf lxlRsrfpg] ub{5g .
o;sf] ;fy} pgLx¿;Fu v]Ng], k|f]T;fxg lbg] gu/L a9L 8/ / qf; b]vfP/ cg'zf;gdf
/fVg] ub{5g . o;f] u/]df afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj kg{;S5 .
lgod sfg'gdf a:g l;sfpgsf] nflu v]n Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ dfWod x'g;S5 .
lsgls x/]s v]ndf gLlt lgodx¿ x'G5g . o;df 7"nf afnaflnsfn] ;fgfnfO{
af6f] b]vfpg ;S5g .
;dosf] cefj, v]Ng] cj;/ gkfPsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu t v]n cTofjZos
5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf v]n v]Ng kfOg] x'gfn] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu afnSna
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cfs{if0f x'ghfG5 . o;}n] afnSnasf] cj:yf, ;'ljwf cflbsf]
cfwf/df ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;Dej eP;Ddsf v]nx¿ v]Ng] Joj:yf
ul/g'kb{5 .
70 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 71
gf}
afnSnadf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf
afnSna ;xhstf{n] afnSna u7gk"j{ / kZrft ljleGg lsl;dsf e"ldsfx¿
lgjfx{ ugk{'g {]xG'5 M
u7gk"j{sf ;Defljt sfo{x¿
s_ >f]t kl/rfng
Š ljBfnodf cWoog/t 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{sf] nflu ljBfnosf
k|wfgfWofks / lzIfs lzlIfsfx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL u/L e]nf x'g] sIff jf xnsf]
Joj:yf ug{, tyf 3/]n' afn>lds tyf cGo afnaflnsfnfO{ e]nf x'gsf] nflu
aGbf]j:t ldnfpg] .
Š cGo afnSnasf] nflu cfjZos Go"gtd ef}lts ;]jfx¿ h:t} e]nf x'g] 7fpF,
cfwf/e"t d;nGb, v]n;fdu|L, kf7o;fdu|L -kqklqsf_ cflb h'6fpg ;xhstf{n]
;db'fo / afnaflnsf;uF kf|Kt ug {;lsg ];xofu]sf ]af/d]f vfh]lag ugk{'b5{ .
v_ ofh]gf / sfoq{mdsf ]thd{'f / sfofG{jgsf ]r/0f
;xhstfn{ ]cfkmn" ]ugk{'g {]sfox{¿ ;DkGg ug {]ltlyldlt ;lxtsf ]cfjlws ofh]gf
tof/ u/L To;df ;DalGwt ljBfno, ;xof]uL ;+:yfx¿, ;d'bfo tyf 3/]n'
afn>lds / cGo afnaflnsf;uF ;dt] 5nkmn ugk{'b5{ . o; cGtut{ afnSna
;xhLs/0fsf cnfjf ;+:yfn] lghnfO{ ;'Dk]sf cGo lhDd]jf/Lx¿ klg kb{5g

;xhstf{n] afnSna u7g ubf{ eP u/]sf sfo{x¿, k|oTgx¿, k|fKt ;kmntf,
efu]s]f rg'ft}Lx¿ cflb s/'fx¿nfO {l;nl;nf ldnfP/ nv]L kl|tjb]g tof/ ugk{'b5{ .
o;af6 c? JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿sf] nflu of] dxTjk"0f{ l;sfO x'g;S5 .
u_ d'2f klxrfg M
;xhstf{n] ;f] afnSna s'g} vf; ljifo jf d'2fdf s]lGb«t x'g] xf] jf ;fdfGotM
afnaflnsf;uF ;DalGwt ;a }d2'fdf sfd ug {]vfnsf ]xg' ]xf ]eGg ]af/d]f ;xofu]L
;+:yf, ;d'bfo / afnaflnsfnufot ;a};Fu 5nkmn rnfpg'kb{5 .
3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿nfO {;zQmLs/0f ug {]p2Z]on ]u7g ul/g ]lsl;dsf ]afnSnasf]
d'2f jf ;jfn vf;u/L hf]lvdo'Qm 3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt x'g;S5g . o;sf]
;fy} cfjZostf dx;'; ePdf cGo ;jfnx¿ klg p7fpg ;lsG5 .
3_ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] ;Dks{ / ;DaGw
;xhstf{n] /f]huf/bftf, ljBfno, 3/]n' afn>ldssf cleefjsnufotsf
;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yf, afnSnasf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf] cfjZostf cflbsf] af/]df
5nkmn ugk{'b5{ .
o;u}/L ;xhstfn{ ]afnaflnsfnfO {afnSna s ]xf ]< lsg u7g ug {]< o;sf
kmfObfx¿ s]–s] 5g < afnSnadf ;fd]n ePsf afnaflnsfn] s]–s] sfdx¿
ugk{'b5{ < h:tf s/'fx¿sf ]ki|6 hfgsf/L u/fpgk'b5{ .
afnSna u7g ugc{'l3 ;xhstfn{ ]lgDg s/'fdf Wofg k¥'ofpgk'b5{ M
z afnSna lsg u7g ug {]<
z afnSnaaf/ ];db'fodf sf–]sf;]uF 5nkmn ug {]<
z afnSnasf] 9fFrf jf :j¿k s:tf] x'G5 <
z afnSnan] s]—s] sfd jf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb5 <
z ;f] If]qsf afnaflnsfsf k|d'v d'2fx¿ s]–s] 5g <
z afnSnasf ;b:osf ¿kdf sf]–sf] ;+nUg x'g;Sb5g <
z lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf tyf ckfË afnaflnsfnfO{ afnSnadf s;/L ;+nUg
u/fpg] <
z afnSnadf aflnsfsf] ;xeflutf s;/L a9fpg] <
72 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 73
u7gkZrftsf ;Defljt sfo{x¿
s_ >f]t kl/rfng
;xhstfn{ ]afnSnan ]s;/L / sg' lsl;daf6 >ft] ;s+ng ug ]{eGg ]af/d]f
5nkmn ugk{'b5{ . o;u}/L klxNob}l]v ;r+fng ePsf afnSnax¿, uf=lj=;=:t/Lo
afnSna / lhNnf :t/Lo g]6js{ cflb;Fu ;Dks{ sfod ug{ / ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{
;xhLs/0f ugk{'5 {. ltgLx¿n ]u/s]f sfdaf6 l;Sb } gjul7t afnSna;uF
ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;Fu} sfd ug{sf nflu cufl8 a9g afnaflnsfnfO{
kf|T];flxt ugk{'b5{ .
;b:ox¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] ug{'kg]{ sfdsf] af/]df v'Nnf jftfj/0fdf 5nkmn
rnfpgk'b5{ . afnaflnsfnfO {pgLx¿s }kxndf sfd ug {kf|T];flxt ug,{] ;s;]Dd
pgLx¿ cfkmn}fO {sfd ug {lbg,] ;d:of k/s]f ]an]f ;xofu] ug {]ugk{'b5{ .
v_ of]hgf / sfo{qmd
afnSna u7g ePkl5sf] k|f/lDes cj:yfdf afnaflnsfn] s:tf] lsl;dsf
sfo{qmd ug{ rfx]sf 5g ;f] kQf nufpg / pgLx¿nfO{ g} klxrfg ug{ nufpg
;xhLs/0f ug {]. pgLx¿n ]klxrfg u/s]f sfoq{mdx¿ Snasf ]p2Z]o;uF dn]
vfG5 ls vfbFg} eGg ]s/'f xg] {d2t ugk{'b5{ .
;xhstf{n] Snan] cfˆgf] Snaleq / aflx/ ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿df
afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu ljz]if 9+uaf6 of]hgf ug'{kb{5 . of]hgf
sfofG{jogsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ . ags]f sfoo{fh]gfx¿
kmnbfoL 5g ls 5}gg ljrf/ u/L olb kmnbfoL gb]lvP a}slNks sfo{of]hgf
agfpg d2t ugk{'b5{ .
u_ d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg
;xhstf{n] ;'? ;'?df afnaflnsfnfO{ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;Lk, ljlw
/ tl/sfx¿ l;sfpg'kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf a9L /xg] ub{5 .
t/ kl5 ;Lkx¿ l;sfO;sk]l5 lj:tf/ }cfˆgf ]el"dsf sd ub {}nfgk'b5{ .

dN"ofÍg tyf cgu'dg ubf {Wofg lbgk'g {]s/'fx¿ M
z sfo{qmdn] afnaflnsfsf] JolQmut hLjg tyf kl/jf/df s] s:tf ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g Nofof] <
z sfo{qmdsf] ;sf/fTds kIfx¿ s]–s] /x] <
z sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]vfk/]sf ;d:of, sdL–sdhf]/L s]–s] lyP / ;f]sf]
lg/fs/0f s] s;/L ul/of] <
z sfo{qmdnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L 9+udf ;~rfng ug{ s]–s] u/]sf] eP x'g]lyof] <
z ;xhstf{n] sfo{qmdsf] d"NofÍg / cg'udgsf] clen]v /fVg] af/] Snasf
afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ .
3_ d'2f klxrfg
3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt ;jfnx¿sf] cltl/Qm ;xhstf{n] /f]huf/bftfsf]
kl/jf/, 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfno txdf ePsf d'2fx¿
klxrfg ug,{ jo:sx¿ tyf cGo;uF 5nkmn ug {afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ .
3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿ g }afnSnadf ;u+l7t ePsf ]xbF'f pgLx¿n ]efu]s]f ;d:ofx¿
lgsi[6 afn>d;u+F ;DalGwt eP ltg };d:ofnfO {;jfnsf ]¿kdf p7fpg ;lsG5 .
o;}n] afn>ldsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] ef]Ug] u/]sf kL8fx¿nfO{ Snadf /fVg k|f]T;fxg
lbg] tyf pgLx¿n] /fv]sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s ;'Gg tyf uDeL/tfk"j{s
lngsf nflu cGo afnaflnsfnfO {kl]|/t ugk{'b5{ .
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] em]ln/x]sf ;d:ofx¿ cltl/Qm ljBfno tyf j/k/ b]lvPsf
cGo ;jfnx¿ klxrfg ug{sf nflu ;xhstf{n] ckfËtf, e]befj, zf]if0fdf k/]sf
tyf cGo >ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfsf lrqx¿sf] 5nkmn tyf 36gf cWoog
ug nufpg] . tL lrq tyf 36gfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg k|Zgx¿
afnaflnsfx¿aLr /fvL ;jfn klxrfg ug{sf nflu d2t ug{ ;lsG5 .
74 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 75
ª_ ;/fs]f/jfnf;u+Fsf ];Dks÷{;DaGw
;xhstf{n] afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿ sf—sf]
xg' klxrfg ug {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ . ltgLx¿;uF ;Dks {tyf ;DaGw la:tf/ ug{
d2t ugk{'b5{ . Sna ;~rfngsf ;?'sf lbgx¿df ;xhstfn{ ]o; sfddf a9L
el"dsf vN]gk'b5{ eg ]kl5 afnaflnsfx¿ cEo:t xbF' }uPkl5 cfˆgf ]el"dsf sd
ub {}nfgk'b5{ .
Sna cfkm };~rfng xg' yfns]f ]cj:yfdf ugk{'g {]sfox{¿ M
s_ >f]t kl/rfng
o; cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf afnSnanfO{ ;'rf? ¿kn] ;+rfng ug{ cfjZos >f]tx¿
kl/rfng ug{ Snasf afnaflnsfx¿ ;Ifd x'G5g / o;sf nflu cfjZos
>f]tx¿ pknAw x'G5g .
o; cj:yfdf ;xhstf{n] ;Nnfxsf/sf] e"ldsf lgefpg'kb{5 .
v_ of]hgf / sfo{qmd
afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{g, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ JolQmut / jftfj/0fLo ;/;kmfO,
kl|tef k:|km6'g / ljsf;;uF ;DalGwt sfoq{mdx¿sf ]ofh]gf thd{'f ug {]/ ;~rfng
ug {]s/'fdf ;xhstfn{ ]d2t ugk{'b5{ . vf;u/L afnSnaleqsf ;b:ox¿aLr,
afnSna–afnSnaaLr, k|ltof]lutfTds sfo{qmd / cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx¿
;~rfng ug {afnSnax¿nfO {kf|T];flxt ugk{'b5{ .
afnSnasf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] clen]v /fVg / k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ afnSnasf
;b:ox¿nfO {d2t ugk{'b5{ .
afnSnasf] g]t[Tj ;Dxfn]sf jf g]t[Tj txdf /x]sf ;b:ox¿df c?sf] klg g]t[Tj
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ pgLx¿df klg cj;/ lbg'kb{5 eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf;
u/fpg hf]8 lbOg'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsf;Fu ldn]/ of]hgf
agfpg] / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . o;
r/0fdf ;xhstf{n] cjnf]sgstf{sf] e"ldsf lgefpg'kb{5 / afnaflnsfn] s]xL
;xof]u dfu]df ;f] pknAw u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L lng'kb{5 .

u_ d"NofÍg / cg'udg
;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfsf] cfjZostf tyf Ifdtfsf] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cg'udg
tyf dN"ofÍg ugk{'b5{ . afnSnasf ]sfoq{mdsf ]thd{'f tyf Joj:yfkgdf To;nfO{
oyfl]rt ¿kdf pkofu] ugk{'b5{ . o;sf ];fy }afnaflnsf;uF ldn/] sfoq{mdsf]
cfjlws dN"ofÍg tyf cgu'dg ug {]/ ;fs]f ]kl|tjb]g tof/ ugk{'b5{ . ;fy}
o;nfO {cfufdL ofh]gf tof/ ug {pkofu] ugk{'b5{ .
3_ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] ;Dks{÷;DaGw
;xhstf{n] a]nfa]nfdf /f]huf/bftf, 3/]n'af>ldssf cleefjs tyf cGo
cleefjs;Fu e]63f6 u/L afnSnasf ultljlwx¿ tyf To;n] xfl;n u/]sf
pknlAwx¿sf af/d]f 5nkmn÷cGt/lqmof ugk{'b5{ . o;sf ];fy }afnaflnsfdf
cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿sf af/]df / afnSnasf sfo{qmdsf af/]df /f]huf/bftf tyf
cleefjsx¿sf] wf/0ff a'emg'kb{5 .
;xhstf{n] cfkm"n] ;DxfNb} cfPsf] ;xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsf lj:tf/} afnaflnsfnfO{
x:tfGt/0f ub {}hfgk'b5{ . o;sf ]nflu ;b:ox¿sf ]Ifdtf a9fpg To;df klg
ljz]if u/L g]t[Tj txdf /x]sf jf g]t[Tj Ifdtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm"n]
ul/cfPsf sfdx¿ l;sfpg pgLx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lng] cj;/ lbg'kb{5 .
afnSnax¿ cfkm };zQm jf ;Ifd ePsf ]cj:yfdf ugk{'g{]
;Defljt sfo{x¿
lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, uf=lj=;= j8f sfof{no h:tf
;:+yf jf lgsfox¿df 3/n] 'afn>ldsx¿sf ]xslxt ug {]sfd, afnaflnsfsf]
kl|tlglwTj ug {]jftfj/0f tof/ ugs{f lglDt bjfj l;hg{f ug {]/ jsfnt ug{]
ugk{'b5{ . o;sf ]nflu ;xhstfn{ ]afnaflnsf;uF+ ldn/] ofh]gf thd{'f ugk{'b5{
/ ;fs]f ]sfofG{jogsf nflu afnaflnsfnfO {;Lk tyf cge'jx¿ kb|fg ugk{'b5{ .
afnSna tyf ;b:ox¿sf] lglDt cfjZos hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;xhstf{n]
>ft]JolQmsf ]el"dsf lgjfx{ ugk{'b5{ .
afnSna jf ;b:ox¿nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut ¿kdf ;d:of cfOkbf{ ;f]sf]
;dfwfg ug{ ;xhstf{÷;xof]uL JolQmsf ¿kdf k|:t't x'g'kb{5 .
76 ;zQmLs/0f

;zQmLs/0f 77
s_ >f]t kl/rfng
o; r/0fdf >f]t kl/rfngdf ;xhstf{ / afnaflnsfsf] lhDd]jf/L sl/a–sl/a
a/fa/ vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . o; cj:yfdf ;xhstf{n] afnSna;Fu ePsf >f]t
;fwgx¿sf] klxrfg u/fpg] tyf ltgsf] plrt k|of]u / Joj:yfkgsf] nflu
afnaflnsf tof/ x'g'kb{5 .
v_ of]hgf / sfo{qmd
o; r/0fdf ofh]gf thd{'f / sfoq{md ;~rfng ug {k0"f¿{kdf afnaflnsfnfO {g}
lbg'kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] o; cj:yf;Dd afnSna / afnaflnsfnfO{ ;zQm
agfpg'kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfn] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf agfPsf of]hgfdf cfˆgf]
tkma{f6 ;e'mfj k:|tt' u/L ofu]bfg lbgk'b5{ . afnaflnsf;uF a;/] ofh]gf thd{'f
tyf sfofG{jogdf ;DnUg xg'k'g {]cj:yfdf ;xhstfn{ ]cfkmn" ]ugk{'g {]sfdsf
Ifq]x¿ klxrfg ugk{'b5{ / To;nfO {afnaflnsf;uF ;dt] 5nkmn u/L nfu"
u/fpg'kb{5 . o; r/0fdf afnaflnsfx¿n] cGo afnSna tyf o'jfSna,
;+3;+:yfx¿;Fu ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] lj?4df ;DalGwt
lgsfox¿df bjfj lbg], h'n'; lgsfNg] h:tf sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Sb5g .
o;sf] ;fy} !* jif{ k'u]sf afnaflnsfn] kl5 Snadf /x]sf cGo afnaflnsfnfO{
1fg tyf ;Lkx¿ l;sfpbF }cfˆgf lhDdj]f/L x:tfGt/ ub {}hfgk'g {]lsl;dsf
of]hgfx¿ klg agfpg'kb{5 .
u_ d"NofÍg / cg'udg
o; r/0fdf cfOk'Ubf afnaflnsf lgoldt ¿kdf cfˆgf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg'udg
tyf d"NofÍg ug{ ;Ifd x'g] ePsf]n] ;xhstf{n] pgLx¿nfO{ o;sf nflu tof/
ugk{'b5{ . ;xhstfn{ ];Nnfxsf/sf ]el"dsf lgjfx{ ugk{'b5{ . dN"ofÍg / cgu'dgaf6
cfPsf ;jfnx¿nfO {cfufdL ofh]gfsf ]r/0f / kl|qmofdf s;/L ;dfjz] ug {]eGg]
;l'glZrt ug {;xhstfn{ ]afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ . ;xhstfn{ ]klg
;do–;dodf afnSnasf ;b:ox¿ tyf cleefjsx¿;Fu e]63f6 u/L Snasf
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg'udg u/L cfjZos ;/;Nnfx lbg'kb{5 .

3_ d'2f klxrfg
o; r/0fdf afnSna cfkm} cfˆgf d'2fx¿ klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd eO;s]sf x'g]5g .
tyflk Snadf gof F;b:ox¿ cfpg ]qmd klg xg' ]xbF'f tL gof F;b:ox¿nfO {d2'f
klxrfg ug ]{tl/sfsf af/d]f 1fg lbg k/'fgf tyf gt]T[j txdf /xs]f ;b:ox¿nfO{
;Ifd agfpg ;xhstfn{ ]d2t ugk{'b5{ . o;sf ];fy }lgtfGt gof Fd2'f klxrfg
ul/Psf] v08df ;xhstf{n] cjwf/0ffut 1fg tyf ;Lk x:tfGt/0f ug{
afnaflnsfnfO {;xofu] ugk{'b5{ .
ª_ ;/fs]f/jfnf;u+F ;Dks÷{;DaGw
o; cj:yfdf afnaflnsf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu ;dGjo ug{ Pj+ ltgLx¿;dIf
Snasf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g . ;xhstf{n] s'g} klg lgsfox¿df uP/
Snasf] tkm{af6 s'/f /fVg' eg]sf] p;sf] JolQmut ljrf/ /fVg dfq geP/
Snasf ;b:ox¿sf ]efjgf JoQm ug '{klg xf ]eGg ]s/'f ;b:ox¿nfO {ae'mfpgk'b5{ .
o;sf nflu To:tf 5nkmnk"j{ afnaflnsf;Fu k"j{tof/L a}7sx¿ ul/g'kb{5 eGg]
s/'f ;l'glZrt ug {];xhstfn{ ]lhDdj]f/L axg ugk{'b5{ .
;xhstfd{f xg'k'g {]u0'fx¿
z ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿sf] JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs cfjZostfsf af/]df ;xhstf{
;+j]bgzLn x'g'kb{5 .
z ;xhstfd{f ;do ;dodf afnaflnsf;uF e6]3f6 ug,{] /dfOnf ]cGt/lqmof
ug {]/ afnSnadf hfbFf ;wF }gof Fs/'f, kl|zIf0f kl|jlw, ;r"gf lnP/ hfgk'b5{
eGg] efjgf x'g'kb{5 .
z ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfsf JolQmut s'/fx¿sf] uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg'kb{5 .
;fs]f ];Ddfg ugk{'b5{ .
z ;xhstfn{ ]afnSnadf cfOk/s]f ;d:of / åGåx¿ ;dfwfg ug {]ko|f;
ugk{'b5{ .
z ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsf e]63f6 x'g] :yfg ;xh / ;'/lIft ePsf] Plsg
ugk{'b5{ .
78 ;zQmLs/0f

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