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Safe Schol toolkit Nepali

The document appears to discuss various aspects of project management and planning, primarily focusing on an ongoing program by Plan International Nepal. It includes references to specific reports, potential collaborators, and key contact information associated with project operations. The language is technical and includes specific codes or terminologies relevant to the field.

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Eff]lnsf] nflu /fd|f] kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ afnaflnsfdf cfh}b]lv nufgL u/f}“ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn /fli6«o sfof{no k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/
© Knfg g]kfn, @)!# -k|:t't ;Gbe{;fdu|L gf]/f8sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf Knfg OG6/g];gnn] g]kfndf sfof{Gjog u/]sf] ;'/lIft ljBfno kxn ;g @)!@÷!# sf] l;sfOsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] xf] ._ Knfg g]kfn /fli6«o sfof{no k'Nrf]s, sf7df8f}F kmf]g M )! – %%#%%*), %%@@&!@ kmofS; M )! –%%#^$#! O{d]n M nepal.co@plan-international.org j]a;fO6 M www.plannepal.org zf]wstf{ 8f= w|'j uf}td sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /fli6«o ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f s]Gb| -Pg8Lcf/;L_ g]kfn ;Ëd rf]s, afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}F kmf]g÷kmofS; M )! –$!!%^!(, (*%!)–(%*)* Od]n Mndrcnepal2007@gmail.com, drrgautam@gmail.com cfVofg M o; ;Gbe{;fdu|Ldf k|:t't ul/Psf ljifoj:t', To;sf] JofVof / lgisif{ zf]wstf{sf lghL x'g h;n] Knfg g]kfnsf] ljrf/nfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/n] k|ltljlDat ub{}gg . o; ;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z ul/Psf tYofªssf] z'4tfsf] k|Tofe"lt Knfg g]kfnn] ub}{g . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu zf]wstf{ jf Knfg g]kfn;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|fSsyg ljBfno ;fgf afnaflnsfsf nflu bf];|f] 3/ xf] . oBlk, ha;Dd afnaflnsfn] eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] cfkmgf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpFb}gg ta;Dd ljBfnon] bf];|f] 3/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb}g . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g] k|sf]kåf/f pTkGg ljkb xf]; jf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 x'g] 36gfaf6, ljkbsf] ;jf{lws hf]lvddf afnaflnsf g} /x]sf x'G5g . cem cNkljsl;t d'n'sx¿df ;'/lIft ljBfno tyf u'0f:t/Lo lzIffnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o; ;d:ofaf6 g]kfn klg cnu /x]sf] 5}g . oxL b[lisf]0fsf cfwf/df ljBfno ;'/lIft / Go"gtd ;'ljwfo'Qm x'g'kg]{ oyfy{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L a[xQ/ ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrfsf] ljZjJofkL cjwf/0ffcg'?k of] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't ;Gbe{;fdu|L g]kfndf /x]sf ljkbhGo hf]lvd / To;af6 k/]sf] k|efj, afnaflnsfsf] c6'6 ¿kdf lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . of] ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf] tof/Lsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf ¿kdf ;/sf/åf/f sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] ljBfno ;'wf/ sfo{qmd, Knfg g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] ;'/lIft ljBfno kl/of]hgf / lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] l;sfO /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{;fdu|Ln] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;'/lIft ljBfnosf Go"gtd cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L Xof]uf] sfo{;+/rgf @))%–@)!%, ljkb hf]lvd /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ / ljkb tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL pknAw ;"rgf, ljBfnodf eO/x]sf c;n cEof;nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfg]/ of] ;fdu|L tof/ ePsf] 5 . ax"ljkbsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;'/lIft ljBfnosf Go"gtd cfwf/ tof/ ug{ of] ;Gbe{;fdu|L pkof]uL x'g] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk, k|:t't ;Gbe{ ;dfu|LnfO{ Knfg g]kfnn] k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . o; qmddf ;'/lIft ljBfnosf nflu ;/sf/åf/f hf/L ePsf jf x'g] gLltlgb]{zgnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L cfufdL ;dodf k"0f{tf lbOg]5 . o; ;fdu|Lsf] tof/Ldf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] 8f= w|'j uf}tdnufot ;fdu|Lsf] tof/Lsf qmddf ;xof]u ug]{ lzIff dGqfno;Da4 clwsf/Lx¿ 8f= /f]hgfy kf08], lzIff ljefusf >L emKk/ l;+x ljZjsdf{nufot lj1x¿, lhNnf lzIff sfof{{no dsjfgk'/, ljBfno, lzIfs, cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{x¿, ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ / g]kfnL efiff ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]uL Osf]–g]kfnsf cWoIf >L /fdrGb| Gof}kfg]k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 . Knfg g]kfn /fli6«o sfof{no ;'/lIft ljBfno kl/of]hgf
;+lIfKt zAbfjnL ;LaLcf] (CBO) ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf ;L;LP (CCA) hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng 8Lcf]O (DOE) lzIff ljefu 8LOcf] (DEO) lhNnf lzIff sfof{no 8Lcf/cf/ (DRR) ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f hLPncf]Pkm (GLOF) lxdtfn ljikmf]6af6 pTkGg af9L PreLcf/;LP (HVRCA) k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf PghLcf] (NGO) u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf kL6LP (PTA) cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 P;8LPd;L (SDMC) ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt P;8LPdkL (SDMP) ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf P;Pd;L (SMC) ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
ljifo;"rL ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf ;DaGwdf s= ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L s] xf] <============================================ !! v= of] ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]hg s] xf] <========================================================= !! u= k|:t't ;fdu|Lsf] s;/L k|of]u ug]{ <================================================= !! 3= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L s–s;sf nflu xf] < ================================================ !@ ª= of] ;fdu|L s;/L tof/ ul/of] < ===================================================== !@ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L M ;+/rgfTds :j?k != k[i7e"ld !=! ;'/lIft Bfno========================================================================== !# !=@ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTo =========================================== !# !=# g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] cj:yf=============================================== !& @= ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfwf/:De================================================================= !& @=! cfwf/:tDe ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿======================================= !* @=!=! ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6================================================================= !* @=!=@ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut nf]vfhf]vf==================================== @) @=@ cfwf/:tDe @ M ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ======================================== @^ @=@=! ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ========================== @& @=@=@ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g ======================================================== #$ @=@=# ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf ============================================= #% @=@=$ ;~rf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ =================================================== #( @=@=% ;r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"jf{Eof; -l8«n_ ;~rfng ==================================================================== $) @=# cfwf/:tDe # M hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff =========================================== $! @=#=! cf}krfl/s tyf cgf{krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;dfof]hg ug]{ ================================== $! @=#=@ lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{====================================== $@
@=#=# ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ============================================ $# @=#=$ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ ======================= $# @=#=% lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ================================================ $$ @=#=^ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL ;DefJo r'gf}tL tyf cj/f]w x6fpg] ================================================================================ $% cg';"rLx¿ M cg';"rL ! M g]kfndf ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL kxnx¿ -;g !(** – @)!@_===== $& cg';"rL @ M cfwf/e"t ;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08 ========================================= %! cg";"rL # MljleGg sfo{bnsf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTj ===================================== %! cg';"rL $ M ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfnosf dfkg -:jd"Nofªsg kmf/fd_ =========== %# cg';"rL % M g]kfnsf k|d'v k|sf]kx¿========================================================= ^) cg';"rL ^ M ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfsf nflu ;fdfGo ;'emfjx¿ ======================== &) cg';"rL & M x'/Latf;, cfuf], af9L / e"sDkLo c;/af6 ;'/lIft /xg df}h'bf ljBfno ejgsf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf k/LIf0f ;"rL === &%
9 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf ;DaGwdf s= ;'/lIft ljBfno ;|Gbe{ ;fdu|L -Toolkit_ s] xf] < ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsg ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf nflu ;Gbe{sf] ¿kdf ;xof]uL xf]; eGg] cfzon] tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L g} ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L xf] . o;n] ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] tLg cfwf/:tDenfO{ k|:t't u5{, tL x'g !_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿, @_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg, / #_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lZfIff . k|:t't ;fdu|L ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] of]hgf tyf of]hgfsf] 9fFrf tof/ ug{;d]t pkof]uL 5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf k|Kt ePsf c;n cEof; / l;sfOnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ o; ;fdu|LnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . v= of] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]hg s] xf] < cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ljsl;t a[xQ/ ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t eP/ tof/ ul/Psf] o; ;fdu|Ln] ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL ;/n, ;+lIfKt / ;';ªut hfgsf/L k|bfg u5{ . o;n] ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kf5{ . ljBfnodf kg{;Sg] ;DefJo k|sf]k / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] ljkbsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{, ljkb k|ltsfo{sf nflu pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] klxrfg ug{, ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ / ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;'b[9 agfpg] ;Gbe{df o; ;fdu|Ln] ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . u= k|:t't ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ < ljBfno ;'/Iffsf ;jfndf 5l/tf] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsof]; eg]/ k|:t't ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . k|of]ustf{n] o;nfO{ cfkmgf] :yfgLo kl/j]z cg's"n u|x0f / pkof]u ug{ ;S5g . o; ;fdu|Ln] ;/n ljlw / tl/sfx¿ k|of]u u/L ljBfnonfO{ s;/L
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 10 ;'/lIft agfpg] eGg]af/] Jofjxfl/s pkfox¿ ;'emfpF5 . 3= ;Gbe{;fdu|L s–s;sf nflu xf] < k|:t't ;fdu|LnfO{ z}lIfs of]hgfsf/, gLltlgdf{tf, sfo{qmd lgdf{tfsf ;fy} dfgjLo ;xfotf k|bfos / ;'/lIft ljBfnocg'¿ksf] ljZjJofkL lzIffsf kIfw/x¿sf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/G5 . To;}u/L ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfno lgdf{0fsf cg'ofoLx¿sf nflu of] ;fdu|L cem pkof]uL x'g]5 . o; ;fdu|Laf6 nfe lng;Sg] nlIft ju{x¿ b]xfoadf]lhd 5g M • ;fd'bflos tyf lghL ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, • cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3, • lzIfs tyf ljBfnosf sd{rf/L, • ljBfyL{, afnaflnsf tyf o'jf, • :yfgLo lgsfo -ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt_, • ;|f]t s]Gb|, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, • ljBfno ejgsf] vfsflrq (Design), nfut cg'dfg / lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg k|fljlws, • u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf, • ljBfnonfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] sfo{df ¿lr /fVg] ;a} JolQm, / • ;'/lIft ljBfno;Da4 cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg ;+:yf tyf JolQm . ª= of] ;fdu|L s;/L tof/ ul/of] < lzIff;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] JolQmx¿;Fu a[xt tyf ;"Id b'j} :t/df k/fdz{ u/L of] ;fdu|L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o tyf lhNnf txdf a[xt / :yfgLo txdf ;'Id ¿kdf k/fdz{ ul/of] . /fli6«o txdf lzIff ljefu, lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t lgsfox¿, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] u7aGwgcGtu{t ljkb Joj:yfkg sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿ / z}lIfs If]qsf k]zfsdL{x¿;Fu k/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof] . lhNnf txdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L, ;|f]t s]Gb| k|d'v / lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;d'bflos ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿;Fu k/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof] . :yfgLo txdf ljBfno k|zf;s, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3, lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿;Fu z[ªvnfa4 5nkmnx¿ ul/Psf lyP . k|:t't ;fdu|LnfO{ dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] Ps ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L ;f] qmddf cfPsf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ljrf/ / rf;f]nfO{ qmlds ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/L k|of]ufTds agfpg k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
11 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M ;+/rgfTds :j¿k != k[i7e"ld !=! ;'/lIft ljBfno ljkbhGo hf]lvd gePsf] If]qdf cjl:yt jf ljkbsf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg]u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ljBfnonfO{ g} ;'/lIft ljBfno elgG5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno ljkb / cGo sf/0faf6 x'g] Ifltaf6 ;'/lIft x'G5 . olb ljBfno Ifltu|:t eOxfNof] eg] klg ;DalGwt æljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltÆ / æcleefjs lzIfs ;ª3Æ To:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g . !=@ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTo ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTonfO{ lgDg kl/R5]bx¿n] k|i6 kf5{g M s_ ljkbn] afnaflnsfnfO{ 3fOt] agfp“5 / pgLx¿sf] d[To'b/ a9fp“5 ljBfno;Fu ljkbsf] ;fdgf Ifdtf sdhf]/ eP ljkbdf k/]/ ljBfyL{sf] d[To'b/ a9g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ljkbn] ljZjsf nfvf}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ 3fOt] agfpF5, ljkbsf sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ rf]6k6s nfU5 h'g pgLx¿sf] hLjge/ klg /xg ;S5 . cem ljBfnox¿df x'g] afnaflnsf tyf lzIfsx¿sf] d[To'n] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo tyf /fi6«df g} ck'/0fLo Iflt k'¥ofpF5 .1 cWoog pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿n] %) k|ltzt ;do ljBfnodf g} latfpg'kg]{ oyfy{ eP klg k|foM ljBfnox¿ ljkb pTyfgzLn x'g]u/L lgdf{0f jf dd{t;Def/ ul/Psf x'Fb}gg . ljkb k|lt/f]wL ljBfno ejgx¿sf] b'O{ k|d'v pkof]lutf b]lvG5 . klxnf], ljkbsf] ;dodf ejg Iflt eP/ ToxfFleq /x]sf dflg;dfly v:g] / 3fOt] x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ 36fpF5 . bf];|f], ljkbsf] ;dodf cf>o:yn / ljkbkZrft /fxts]Gb|sf] nflu 7fpF pknAw u/fpF5 . ljBfno ejgx¿ bl/nf] ;fdflhs d"No :yfkgf ug{] pTs[i6 :yn x'g h;n] ;a} txdf ;'/Iff tyf pTyfgzLn ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu 1fg, gjLgtf / lzIffnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ d~rsf ¿kdf sfd u5{g . ;'/lIft ljBfno ejgn] hLjgnfO{ ;'/lIft 1 o"PgcfO{P;8Lcf/, OgL tyf hLPkm8Lcf/cf/ M ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{g l6kf]6 .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 12 /fVg'sf ;fy} afnaflnsf, lzIfs / sd{rf/LnfO{ rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 arfpF5 . afnaflnsf / o'jfdf ljkbn] 7"nf] k|efj kf5{ . cem pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s / af}l4s Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ z}lIfs ;+:yfdf ljkbsf] k|efjn] pgLx¿sf] efjL hLjgdf gs/fTds c;/ k5{ . ljkbsf] k|j[lQ / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;DefJo kl/0ffd;DaGwL ul/Psf kl5Nnf cWoogx¿n] klg x/]s jif{ k|fs[lts k|sf]k;Fu ;Da4 ljkbaf6 dfq !& s/f]8 %) nfv afnaflnsf k|efljt x'g;Sg] b]vfPsf] 5 .2 ljZje/ k|fylds tyf dfWolds ljBfnox¿df sl/a ! ca{ @) s/f]8 afnaflnsf egf{ x'G5g h;dWo] *& s/f]8 %) nfv afnaflnsf pRr e"sDkLo hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf /xG5g eg] s/f]8f}F afnaflnsf lgoldt cfpg] af9L, klx/f], x'/Latf;, ;d'b|L cfFwL / cfuf]af6 pTkGg ljkbsf] ;fdgf ug{ afWo x'G5g . v= ljBfno ejgx¿ cfktsfndf cf>o:ynsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5g ljkbaf6 pTkGg cfktsfndf lj:yflkt x'g] 7"nf] ;ªVofsf dflg;nfO{ /fVg ljBfnox¿nfO{ cf>o:ynsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . sIffsf]7fx¿ a:g] / vfg] 7fpFdf kl/0ft x'Fbf lgoldt sIff ;~rfngdf cj/f]w cfpF5 . /fxt Joj:yfkgdfkm{t lj:yflktx¿nfO{ csf]{ 7fpFdf g;f/];Dd ;'/lIft c:yfoL cfjf;sf ¿kdf ljBfnon] sfd ug{ ;Sg' ;sf/fTds kIf eP klg clwsf+z ljBfnox¿ cfktsfnLg cf>o / cWoog b'j} k|of]hgdf cfpg;Sg] u/L agfOPsf x'Fb}gg h;n] cGttM lzIffdf gsf/fTds c;/ kf5{ . cfktsfndf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff ;'/lIft ug'{sf] cy{ ljkb pTyfgzLn x'g / cfkmgf] Pj+ ;d'bfosf] /Iff ug{ cfjZos hLjg/Ifs tyf hLjga4{s (life saving and life enhancing) ;Lk Pj+ hfgsf/Ldf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr 5 eGg] xf] .3 hf]lvd / ;ªs6f;Ggtf ljBfnoleq dfq xf]Og, afnaflnsf a;f]af; ug]{ :yfg / ljBfno cfpg]–hfg] dfu{df klg x'G5g . ;'/lIft dfu{sf] cefj x'g', klx/f] tyf af9Ln] dfu{ cj¿4 ug'{h:tf sf/0fn] x/]s jif{ jiff{ofddf ljBfyL{x¿sf] k9fOdf afwf pTkGg x'G5 . 2 of] cfFsng /]8qm; cGt/f{li6«o dxf;ª3 / /]8lqm;]G6 ;f];fO6Låf/f k|sflzt æljZj ljkb k|ltj]bg, @))^Æ sf] tYofªsdf cfwfl/t 5 . 3 http://www.ineesite.org/uploads/files/resources/doc_1_n}lËs ;dfgtf– afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfsf] lzIff= kL8LPkm .
13 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L u= ljkbn] aLr}df ljBfno TofUg] b/ pRr agfpg'sf ;fy} lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df k|efj kf5{ . ljkbsf k|d'v kl/0ffd jf k|efjdWo] afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf kg]{ k|efj dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn xf] . xfn;Ddsf cEof;n] klg ljkbkZrftsf] klxnf] sfo{ ljBfno aGb ug'{ b]vfPsf] 5 .4 ljBfnosf] lgoldt ultljlwdf cj/f]w cfpFbf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s ;'/Iff / dgf]j}1flgs :jf:Yo b'j} hf]lvddf k5{ . ljkbaf6 JolQmut ¿kdf x'g] Ifltn] dfq xf]Og, lzIffdf x'g] cj/f]wn] klg :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;d[l4 a[xt ¿kdf vl:sg] x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf] lxt tyf eljiodfly g} bL3{sfnLg c;/ k5{ . ha ljkbaf6 afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf afwf pTkGg x'G5, pgLx¿ :yfoL ¿k d} ljBfnoaf6 aflx/ /xg'kg]{ ;Defjgf a95 .5 Affnaflnsf ;dfhsf] ;a}eGbf a9L ;ªs6f;Gg ju{ x'g / ljkb sf] df/df pgLx¿ g} a9L kb{5g . afnaflnsfx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd ljBfnoaf6 aflx/ /xg'kbf{ k9fO 5f]8g] qmd a95 . o;sf] bL3{sfnLg k|efj yk lzIff k|flKtdf dfq xf]Og, /f]huf/L / cGo cj;/df klg k5{ . x/]s k6s ljkb cfpFbf 7"nf] ;ªVofdf ljBfyL{x¿ ljBfnoaf6 aflxl/G5g . ljkbaf6 kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf x'g] Iflt / cGo kfl/jfl/s sf/0fn] ubf{ clwsf+z ljBfyL{ slxNo} ljBfno kmls{+b}gg . ljkbkZrft klg afnaflnsfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf hf] lvd pTkGg x'G5 . d[To', zf/Ll/s czQmtf / rf]6k6ssf ;jfndf pgLx¿ sd ;'/lIft x'G5g, pgLx¿n] 6'x'/f]kg / ul/aLsf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ , z}lIfs cj;/af6 k"0f{¿kn] jl~rt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . ljutsf cg'ej tyf k|df0fn] klg z}lIfs If]q cGo If]qeGbf sd k|efljt gx'g] b]lvG5 . ljkbsf sf/0f ljBfnosf k"jf{wf/ Iflt x'Fbf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df klg k|ToIf k|efj k5{ . 3= ljkbn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t clwsf/ k|flKtaf6 jl~rt u5{ ljkbn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|flKtaf6 jl~rt ug{ ;S5, pgLx¿sf] df}lns clwsf/ s'l07t ug{ ;S5 . ;'/lIft z}lIfs cj;/x¿n] ljz]ifu/L aflnsfx¿nfO{ zf]if0f tyf xflgaf6 ;'/Iff u5{ / ljkbsf] ;dodf ;fdfGo cj:yfsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg ;S5 .6 4 o'lg;]km tyf Knfg OG6/g];gn -@)!!_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu ckgfOg] afns]lGb|t k4ltsf nfe . 5 n]lj;, Pd / nsxL8, Pd -@))^_ cIfDo cg'kl:ylt M cem} klg ^ s/f]8 aflnsf ljBfnodf lsg 5}gg / o; ;DaGwdf s] ug]{ . ljZj ljsf; s]Gb| Pg jfg{/, c~h' dNxf]qf / Pln;g Dofsuf]gfUnsf] aflnsf lzIff, ;zQmLs/0f tyf jo:sfj:yfdf ¿kdGt/0f M ;femf Ph]G8f df p4[t . dlxnf cg';Gwfg cGt/f{li6«o s]Gb| . 6 http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/ lzIff kv{g ;Sb}g=kL8LPkm .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 14 lzIff If]qn] ljkbhGo r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / k|sf]knfO{ ljkbdf ?kfGt/0f x'gaf6 /f]Sg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;S5 . lZfIffn] ljkbaf6 ;'/lIft / tof/L /xg] hLjg/Ifs hfgsf/L lbG5 h;n] hLjg/If0f ;Lk / ;fdgf ;+oGqnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpF5 . ljkb k|efljt afnaflnsfdf ;fdfGo cj:yf dx;'; u/fpg / cfktsfndf cg'e"lt x'g] dgf];fdflhs tgfjnfO{ Go"g ug{ z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf cfjZos 5 . afnfaflnsfsf] lzIff k|flKtsf] clwsf/ k"/f ug{ ;'/lIft l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f clgjfo{ x'g'k5{ . ª= afnaflnsf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pTs[i6 ;+jfxs x'g ljkbsf ;Gbe{df afnaflnsf ;a}eGbf a9L ;ªs6f;Gg ju{ t x'g g} t/ ljkb pTyfgzLn jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ pTs[i6 ;+jfxs klg x'g . afnaflnsf cfkm" / cfpFbf] k':tfnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] gofF 1fgk|lt w]/} u|x0fzLn x'G5g . pgLx¿ cfˆgf] 3/kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf ljkbsf] ;fdgf tyf hLjg /Iffljlwsf] k|jfxsf nflu 1fg k|a4{g tyf k}/jLstf{ / pTk|]/s x'g . ljkb af/] cfkmgf] kl/jf/, ;dfh / ljBffnonfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;r]t u/fpg ;Sg] kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs x'g . afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf u/fP/ ljBfno k|zf;gn] ;'/lIft jftfj/0f / ;'/lIft ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g . ;d'bfodf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL ;r]tgf km}nfpg ;'/lIft ljBfno Ps k|efjsf/L dfWod xf] . l;sfOsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{, ;d'bfonfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ / ljkb pTyfgzLn ;dfhsf] ljsf;df ;3fpg ljBfnox¿sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k'/fgf ljBfnosf] k|anLs/0f / gofF lgdf{0f x'g] ejgdf ;'/lIft pkfox¿sf] cjnDagdf hf]8 lbFb} ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;'/lIft ejgsf] cfjZostf / dxTjaf/] ;d'bfodf ;Gb]z km}nfpg afnaflnsfsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . r= cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿sf] d'Vo Ph]G8f k'/fgf ljBfnosf] :t/f]Gglt u/L ;'/lIft agfpg' / ljkbsf ;dodf ;'/lIft /xg] gofF ljBfno ejg lgdf{0f ug'{ s'g} klg /fi6«sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cleGg cªu x'g'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] nflu bjfa lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljkbsf] cfj[lQ a9]sf] / o;sf] k|lts"n k|efj ljBfnodf w]/} b]lvg yfn]kl5 vf;u/L ;g
15 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L @))) otf of] cleofg cl3 a9fOPsf] xf] . lzIff If]qn] k|sf]knfO{ ljkb x'gaf6 /f]Sg pNn]Vo of]ubfg ug]{ s'/fdf ;a} lgsfox¿ ;xdt 5g . tflnsf @ df ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL k|d'v kxnx¿nfO{ ;doqmdcg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . !=# g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] cj:yf ljZjel/ g} a9bf] cfj[lQ, r/d df};dL 36gf / clglZrttf;lxt ljkb sf 36gf eO/x]sf 5g .7 hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt ;ªs6nufot k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 l;lh{t k|sf]kaf6 x'g] ljkbx¿n] g]kfndf dfgjLo tyf ljsf;hGo r'gf} tL l;h{gf u5{g . ljkb g]kfnsf nflu gf}nf] xf]Og . oxfFsf] ;+j]bgzLn ef}ule{s agf]6 / le/fnf] ef}uf]lns ;+/rgfn] o; /fi6«nfO{ ljZjsf] aL;f}F clt ljkbf]Gd'v d'n's agfPsf] 5 . g]kfn hnjfo' kl/jt{g, e"sDk, af9L tyf klx/f]sf ljkbsf] ;Gbe{df ljZjdf qmdzM rf}yf], P3f/f}F / tL;f}F :yfgdf kb{5 . g]kfn af9L, klx/f], e"sDk, cfunfuL, cl;gf, x'/Latf;, v8]/L, r6Øfª, lxdtfn ljikmf]6gaf6 pTkGg af9L, lxdklx/f] / dxfdf/Lh:tf ax'k|sf]k b[li6sf]0fn] ;ªs6f;Gg 5 . b]zsf] a9bf] hg3gTj, pRr jftfj/0fLo x|f;, sdhf]/ e"–agf]6, Jofks ul/aL, ejg -cfjf; tyf ljBfno_ lgdf{0f ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf] cefj / cfktsfnLg k"j{tof/Lsf] ckof{Kttf cflbn] ljkbaf6 x'g] Ifltsf] dfqf a9fpF5g . sdhf]/ ¿kdf lgdf{0f ePsf] ljBfno ejg k|fs[lts ljkbsf] kl/0fltaf6 afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff ug{ c;kmn x'G5g . @= ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfwf/:tDe8 ;'/lIft ljBfno k4ltsf tLg d'Vo cfwf/:tDe 5g M -s_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf 7 ;g @)!@ df Knfgn] #^ j6f ljkb tyf cfktsfndf cfkmgf] bfloTj lgjf{x u¥of] / ljkb hf]lvd cNkLs/0fdf ^ s/f]8 o'/f] vr{ u¥of] -Knfg OG6/g];gn jflif{s ;dLIff @)!@_ . Knfg ;g @))) b]lv ljkbaf6 k|efljt clwsf+z d'n'sx¿ / !) hnjfo'hGo hf]lvdf]Gd'v d'n'sdWo] * d'n'sdf sfd ub}{cfPsf] 5 . -Dofknqmkm6 hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;ªs6f;Ggtf ;"rsfÍ @)!!_ . 8 Knfg OG6/g];gnsf] b[li6sf]0fdf ;'/lIft ljBfno k4ltsf tLg cfwf/:tDe x'g'k5{ M-s_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿, -v_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg, / -u_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 16 k"jf{wf/x¿, -v_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf, / -u_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff . ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿df ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, k|f¿k lrq0f, lgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/ kb{5g eg] oL k"jf{wf/x¿df ;'/lIft Pj+ lg/Gt/ kx'Fr kb{5g .9 ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgn] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg'¿k ;'/lIft l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ / z}lIfs lg/Gt/tfsf] of]hgf agfpg ul/g] Joj:yfksLo sfo{nfO{ ;d]65 .10 hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffn] pTyfgzLn ;d'bfo / ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ lgoldt z}lIfs kf7Øqmd tyf lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf kf7of+zdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg"s"ngsf ljifo ;+nUg u/fpg'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;fd]n u5{ -lrq g+ ! x]g'{xf]; .11 @=! cfwf/:tDe ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿df k|sf]k tyf ;ª6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf u/L 5gf]6 ul/g] ;'/lIft :yfgÙ ejglgdf{0f ;+lxtf tyf dfkb08cg'¿k ljkb pTyfgzLn k|f¿k lrq0fÙ ejglgdf{0f, ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg, lg/LIf0f / k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu tflnddfkm{t Ifdtf clej[l4Ù z}lIfs ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] k|anLs/0f, ;'ljwfx¿df ;'/lIft kxF'r -vf;u/L ckfªutf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] kb{5g . oL cfjZos tTjx¿ tflndk|fKt OlGhlgo/, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs– lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:ox¿, lhNnf lzIff sfof{nob]lv lzIffljefu;Ddsf gLltlgdf{tfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdfkm{t k"/f ul/g'k5{ . lrq !M ;'/lIft ljBfno 9f“rfsf] k|jfx lrq cfwf/:tDe !_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/ x¿Ù cfwf/:tDe @_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgÙ cfwf/:tDe # _hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ r/0fa4 lgb]{lzsf tnlbOPsf] 5 . -lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu cg';"rL @ x]/f}F _. @=!=! ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6 s'g} klg ljBfno ;'/lIft x'g ;f] ljBfno ;'/lIft :yfgdf x'g'k5{ . ;'/lIft :yfgdf /x]sf ljBfnox¿ ax'k|sf]kx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ a9L ;Ifd x'G5 . k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf sf/0f pTkGg 9 a[xt ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrf, dfr{ @)!# . 10 a[xt ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrf, dfr{ @)!# . 11 a[xt ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrf, dfr{ @)!# . lrq ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno 9fFrfsf] k|jfx j[Qlrq
17 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L x'g;Sg] yk k|sf]kx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ljBfno :yfkgf ug]{ 7fpFsf] ;fjwfgLk"j{s n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . h:t}M k|d'v k|sf] k e"sDksf sf/0f ejgleqsf a:t'x¿ v:g] / ejg k"/} 9lNsg]h:tf yk k|sf]k pTkGg x'G5g . g]kfndf afn–aflnsfsf] k9fOdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/fpg PsfGt:yndf ljBfno lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ eGg] unt hgljZjf; 5 . g]kfndf clwsf+z ljBfnox¿ gbLsflsgf/, le/fnf] hldgsf] km]bL, klx/f] hfg;Sg] 8fF8fsf] 5]p / bftfåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] jf ;/sf/åf/f 5'6ofOPsf] Go"g u'0f:t/sf] ;fj{hlgs hUufdf ag]sf x'G5g . :yfgljz]ifdf cfOkg]{ k|sf]kn] ljBfnosf] ef}lts tyf u}/ef}lts ;ªs6f;Ggtf a9fpF5 eg] ef}uf]lns b'u{dtfn] ljBfno / cGo lgsfonfO{ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ug{ cem r'gf}tL yKg] sfd u5{ . ;'/lIft :yfg 5gf]6sf nflu— n ljutsf 36gfsf cfwf/df To; If]qsf] ;DefJo k|sf]ksf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf]; . n ljBfno / To; j/k/ k|To]s k|sf/sf] k|sf]kn] kfg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf] nf]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n k|sf]k gS;fªsg tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;xeflutfd"ns ¿kdf k/fdz{ u/L ljleGg ;ªs6tkm{ pGd'v :ynx¿ klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n v'nf tyf km/flsnf], k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft, ;lhn} k'Ug ;lsg], ;fdflhs ;'ljwf -h:t} :jR5 kfgL, ljB't / ;~rf/ ;~hfn_ af6 glhs /x]sf] 7fpF klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n cUnf ¿v / v'nf kf]v/L jf Ogf/ glhs /x]sf] 7fpF 5gf]6 gug'{xf]; . ¿vx¿n] ljBfno ejgnfO{ x'/Latf;sf] k|ToIf k|efjaf6 hf]ufP klg tL ¿v g} 9n]/ ejgnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5g . 5]sjf/ jf ;'/Iffsf cGo Joj:yf gePsf] v'nf kf]v/Ldf afnaflnsf b'3{6gfa; 8'Ag] hf]lvddf x'G5g . n e"sDkn] lr/f kfg{;Sg] :yfgsf] 5gf]6 gug'{xf]; . tnsf] hldg s8f ePsf], e"ldut hn:t/ ejgsf] hueGbf w]/} tnePsf] :yfg pko'Qm x'G5 . n sDtLdf klg %) jif{ otfsf] af9Lsf] k'g/fj[lQsf] cWoog u/L af9L 8'afg x'g]eGbf cUnf] e"efu 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . 9n tyf kfgL lgsf;–k|0ffnLdfkm{t af9Lsf] kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft lgsf; lbg'k5{ . jiff{ofddf hndUg x'g] vfnsf] xf]rf] 7fpF 5gf]6 ug'{ x'Fb}g .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 18 n jiff{sf] kfgL ;lhn} au]/ hfcf]; eGgfsf nflu gfnf tyf 9nsf kfOk lgoldt ¿kdf ;kmf ul/g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . n ljBfnoleq / jl/kl/ 8'afg / ;DefJo IfltnfO{ 6fg{ kfgLsf] lgsf; x'g] gfnfsf] ;'wf/ ug'{xf]; . n jftfj/0fLo tyf e"ld k|of]udf cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . lsgls o:tf kl/jt{gn] klx/f] hfg] tyf uN5L lgdf{0f x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ tLj| agfpF5g . n 7f]; tyf ;'Vvf, e"ldut kfgLsf] :t/eGbf sDtLdf @ ld6/dfly /x]sf] e"ldsf] 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . le/fnf] hldgsf] xsdf !% l8u|LeGbf sd le/fnf] ePsf] 7fpF 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . @=!=@ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut nf]vfhf]vf ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut b'j} kIfdf s]lGb|t x'G5g . ;'/lIft :yfgdf /x]sf ;+/rgfut ¿kdf alnof ljBfno k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g . -;+/rgfut n]vhf]vfsf ;fdfGo ljlwx¿sf] nflu cg';"rL % / e"sDk, x'/Latf;, cfunfuL, af9Lh:tf k|sf]k lj¿4 ljBdfg ljBfnox¿sf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf ug]{ k/LIf0f ;"rL (Checklist) sf nflu cg';"rL ^ x]/f}F ._ s= ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf s'g} klg ejgsf ;+/rgfTds tTjx¿n] :jo+ To; ejg, To;leq /x]sf dflg; Pj+ j:t'sf] ef/ / k|fs[lt zlQmsf] bafa jxg u5{g . oL ef/ axg ug]{ tTjx¿df aLd, ufx|f], vDafnufot kb{5g . e"sDk, af9L, x'/Latf; tyf cGo k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf ePsf If]qdf :yflkt ljBfnox¿n] tL k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] ;+/rgfTds Ifdtf eP gePsf] lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df hfFr ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ dfkb08df bVvn ePsf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L clwsf/L jf OlGhlgo/n] k|dfl0ft ug'{k5{ . o;df ejgsf k|sf/af/] ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L, ef/ jxg dfu{, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, ejgdf x'g;Sg] Iflt / o:t} cGo cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L /xG5g . ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf ax'k|sf]k hf]lvd n]vfhf]vfdfkm{t ul/G5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f
19 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / sfo{of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu of] pkof]uL 5 . s'g} klg ljBfno ejg /x]sf] :yfg, To;sf] ;+/rgfTds :j¿k / lgdf{0fsf] cj:yfn] pQm ejgsf] cfunfuL, e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], lxdkft jf x'/Latf;sf b[li6n] ;ªs6f;Ggtf a9fpF5 jf 36fpF5 . ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfdf ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, gofF ejg lgdf{0f / ljBfdfg ljBfno ejgx¿sf] ef}lts nf]vfhf]vf kb{5 . ljBfno ejgx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ltgsf] ljkbhGo 36gfsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ;+/rgfut kof{Kttfsf nflu ul/g'k5{ . k'/fgf ejgx¿ gofF ejgx¿sf] t'ngfdf a9L ;ªs6f;Gg x'G5g, lsgls o:tf ejg ljkbsf] dfkb08nfO{ Wofgdf g/fvL agfOPsf x'g ;S5g jf ;dosf] nfdf] cGt/fndf k'/fgf] eP/ sdhf]/ ePsf x'g ;S5g jf tL ejgx¿ ljutdf ePsf k|sf]kaf6 Ifltu|:t ePsf x'g ;S5g . ljBfno ejg ;+/rgfsf] zL3 nf]vfhf]vfdf b]xfosf k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 M n s] ejgdf k"0f{ -x'/Latf; tyf e"sDkLo_ 7f8f] ef/ dfu{ (Verticalload path) 5 < n s] ejgdf k"0f{ -x'/Latf; tyf e"sDkLo_ t];f]{ ef/ dfu{ (lateralload path) 5 < n s] ufx|f] / k|m]d e'OF tyf 5t;Fu alnof];Fu hf]l8Psf 5g < n s] hun] /fd|/L sfd ul//x]sf] 5 jf To;sf] hf]8fO rls{Psf] 5 < n s] ejgsf] gS;f / ;+/rgfTds :j¿k (Layout) n] alnof] ejgsf nflu cfjZos Go"gtd lgb]{lzsf k"/f u/]sf] 5 < n s] 5fgf gp8g] u/L d'Vo ejgsf] ;+/rgf;Fu alnof] u/L hf]l8Psf] 5 < -h:tfsf] 5fgfsf] xsdf_ . n s] ufx|f] / e'OFdf ePsf ghf]l8sf efunfO{ 58 jf 808L xfn]/ alnof] agfOPsf] 5 < n s] s'g} kSsL ;+/rgf (concrete or masonry) km'6]sf] jf rs]{sf] 5 < n s] alnof] agfpg k|uf]u ul/Psf] :6Ln 808L kof{Kt 5 / alnof];Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 < n s] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L tyf lgdf{0f u'0f:t/n] ejg g6'lqmg] u/L alnof] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt u5{ < ;fdfGo ¿kdf ul/g] o; zL3| n]vfhf]vf ljBdfg ejgx¿dWo] s'grflx+ ljkbhGo 36gfk|lt a9L ;ªs6f;Gg 5 eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]uL 5 . tyflk o; k/LIf0f ;"rLdf s'g} ejgn] pRr cªs k|fKt u/] klg ;'/lIft ljBfnosf kof{Kt u'0f eP–gePsf] yfxf kfpg /fd|/L lg/LIf0f tyf k/LIf0f ul/g'k5{ . o;af6 clwsf+z k'/fgf ejgx¿sf] :t/f]Gglt ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf x'g;S5 . gofF ljBfnosf] ;+/rgfTds vfsf (Design) tof/ ubf{ Wofglbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M n ;a} gofF ljBfno ejgn] ;+/rgfTds vfsf, :yfg 5gf]6, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / tl/sf, lg/LIf0f, cg'udg tyf dd{t;Def/df ljkb pTyfgzLn k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ejglgdf{0f ;+lxtf kfngf ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 20 n h;/L k|sf]ksf] ljz]iftf To;sf] k|sf/, tLj|tf / cfj[lQcg';f/ km/s x'G5g, To;/L g} ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf k|sf]k;Fu ;Da4 hf]lvd / ;ªs6f;Ggtf km/s x'G5g eGg] s'/fsf] dgg ug'{xf]; . Ps} k|sf/sf tl/sf ;a} kl/l:yltdf pko'Qm x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] klg :d/0f ug'{xf]; . To;}n] k|To]s ljBfnon] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;Defljt k|sf]k / o;sf vf; hf]lvdx¿sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds vfsfn] ax'k|sf]ksf] k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . n ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/Lnufot lzIff;Fu ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, ;+/rgfTds vfsf tof/L cyf{t l8hfOg, lgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/sf sfo{df ;fd]n u/fpg'xf]; . ljBfyL{x¿n] k|of]u ug]{ ljBfnodf ;a} kIfaf6 lgoldt ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw x'g] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt u/fpg] k|lqmofdf klg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;fd]n u/fpg'k5{ . n ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L k|anLs/0faf6} alnof] agfpg ;lsG5 jf k|lt:yfkg ug'{k5{ jf 7fpF ;fg'{kg]{ b]lvG5 ;f]sf] l;kmfl/; ug'{xf]; . ljkb pTyfgzLn vfsf tof/ u/L ljBfnonfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg ;f]cg'?k lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . n x'/Latf; / e"sDkLo bafasf] k|efj sd ug{ oyf;Dej xf]rf] ejg / :yn (lowest profile) k|of]u ug'{xf]; lsgeg] prfOcg'¿k g} x'/Latf; / e"sDkLo hf]lvd a9g] u5{ . n ;b}j Ps} k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfTds cfsf/ 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . juf{sf/, cfotfsf/ -a9Ldf #M! nDafO / rf}8fOsf] cg'kft_ / j[Qfsf/ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf cfsf/ x'g . cªu|]hL Pn (L), 6L (T) / o" (U) cfsf/df ejg lgdf{0f gug'{xf]; . n ejgsf] ;txdf x'/Latf;sf] cl:y/tf l;h{gf ug]{ / zf]if0f zlQm (suction forces) a9fpg] clgoldt ;tx 36fpg'xf]; . n 7f8f] ufx|f]nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd lgoldt / ;/n k|sf/sf] agfpg'xf]; . emofn jf cGo k|of]hgsf nflu k|To]s tnfdf /flvg] v'nf :yfg ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf /fVg'xf]; . OF6fsf nx/ tyf ef/jxg ufx|f]nfO{ Ps csf]{dfly vK6ofP/ /fVg'xf]; . le/fnf] jf c;Gt'lnt tj/n] lgdf{0f gug'{xf]; . ufx|f], :Nofa, aLd / cGo :yfgx¿df w]/} v'nf :yfg g/fVg'xf]; . n ejgsf] tNnf] efudf afSnf] tyf km/flsnf] e'OF agfpg'xf]; . w]/} ef/ axg ug{;Sg] ufx|f] dfly xn'sf / nlrnf 5fgfsf] k|of]u gug'{xf]; . ef/ axg ug]{ ufx|f]df s8f rf}8f ;+/rgf agfpg'xf];, OF6fsf nx/sf] k|of]u gug'{xf]; . n ejgsf cfGtl/s ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ Ps csf{df ;6fP/ gagfpg'xf]; lsgls tL ejgx¿ ljleGg lbzfdf rnfodfg x'G5g / k|sf]ksf 36gfsf sf/0f x'g] IfltnfO{ emg} a9fpF5g . ejgx¿ :jtGq¿kdf rnfodfg x'g;Sg] u/L Ps csf{af6 cnu /flvg' k5{ . n ejgsf] hu af9Lsf] ;txeGbf dfly /fVg'xf]; . olb o;f] ug{ ;Dej geP tn ulx/fOaf6 ejg yfDg] :tDex¿ p7fP/ af9Lsf] ;Defljt :t/eGbf dfly x'g]u/L e"OFtnf agfpg'xf]; . af9L k:g glbg ejg jl/kl/ af9L cj/f]ws ufx|f] agfpg'xf]; .
21 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L k'/fgf ejgx¿sf]lj:t[t ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfljlw M n ejgnfO{ Psn OsfO{sf ¿kdf hf]8g] aN5L z}nL k|of]u u/L x'/Latf;af6 x'g;Sg] Iflt /f]Sg ;lsg] jf g;lsg] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . To;}u/L cly{ªsf] k|of]u u/L r6ofªsf] hf]lvd sd ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg] klg n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n sf]7fsf] :yfoL tfkqmd sfod ug{ 9'Ëfsf ufx|f] sDtLdf !^ OGr rf}8f / OF6fsf ufx|f] sDtLdf ( O~r rf}8f eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . . n rf]6k6saf6 /Iff ug{ 8]:sa]Gr tyf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] s'gfx¿ sfl6Psf] jf gsfl6Psf], e¥ofªsf v'8lsnfx¿ glrKng] agfOPsf] jf gagfOPsf], zf/Ll/s ckfªutf ePsfsf] ;xh cfjfudgsf] nflu v'8lsnf lagfsf] af6f] agfOPsf] jf gagfOPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n k'gMlgld{t ejgx¿ ()–!@) ;]dL rf}8fO ePsf] hudf /x]–g/x]sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . -df6f]sf] k|s[lt ;'xfFpbf] husf] ulx/fO x'g'k5{ . tn / dflysf] efunfO{ 5'6ofpg] ufx|f] tyf k|m]dsf] s8fkg dflyNnf] / To;}sf] ;dfgfGt/ tNnf] ef/nfO{ yfDg pFef] / pFwf] b'j} ef/nfO{ yfDg ;Sg]u/L bx|f] eP–gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . To;}u/L g/d kmnfd] 808L, l;d]G6 / lu66Lsf] ld>0f qmdzM !M@M$ sf] cg'kftdf g36fO{ k|of]u u/L hunfO{ bl/nf] / l6sfp agfP–gagfPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n ef/jxg ug]{ ;a} ufx|f] jf ufx|f]sf] df]6fO @# ;]=dL= eGbf sd eP–gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . ;fdfGotM Knfi6/ ul/Psf] OF6fsf uf/f]sf] df]6fO @% ;]=dL= / 9'Ëfsf uf/f]sf] df]6fO $) ;]=dL= x'g'k5{ . n 5tdf afFlwPsf /8x¿ ufx|f]x¿;Fu afFlwPsf] jf gafFlwPsf] / ufx|f]df agfOPsf Kjfnx¿ l;d]G6 lu§Ln] 6flnPsf] g6flnPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . 5t agfpFbf l6gsf] kftf k|of]u ul/Psf] gul/Psf] / tL kftfx¿ 5]psf ;tx lgdf{0fsf 58x¿ / aN5L cfsf/sf x'sx¿;Fu hf]l8P jf ghf]l8Psf] hfFr ug'{xf]; . aLd / vDafdf k|of]u ul/Psf l/ªx¿ ;a} aLd / vDafsf] ;ªud cyf{t hf]l8g] 7fpFsf] w]/} lgs6 -hf]l8g] :yfgdf k|lt $ OGrsf] b"/L / cGoq k|lt ^ OGr b"/L_ /flvPsf] 5 5}g hfFr ug'{xf]; . x'/Latf;sf] hf]lvd Go"g ug{ 5]p5fpdf hf]l8Psf 58x¿ / cGo ;xof]uL cjojx¿nfO{ kmnfd] kftfx¿n] Pscsf{;Fu /fd|f];Fu afFlwP gafFwPsf] hfFr ug'{xf]; . n ljBfno ejgsf] hu ;'/Iff ug{ agfOPsf] jl/kl/sf] k]6L huleq kfgL hfgaf6 /f]Sg;Sg] u/L rf}8f agfOPsf] 5 jf 5}g n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . -;fdfGotM /8–l;d]G6– sªlqm6sf] k]6L km]bdf &% b]lv !)) ldlnld6/ df]6f], ;ª3f/df !%) ldlnld6/ df]6f], 5tsf] ;txdf &% ldlnld6/, l:6rdf &% ldlnld6/ / emofnnufot cGoq lgsflnPsf] k]6L &% ldlnld6/ x'g'k5{ ._
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 22 n 5]psf] efusf] s8fkg / ef/ljt/0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ejgsf] 7f8f]kgdf pko'Qm eP gePsf] / 5]psf] efusf] ef/ axg ug]{u/L ufx|f] jf ufx|f] l8hfOg ul/Psf] gul/Psf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . ;fdGotof ;a} ufx|f] jf ufx|f]sf] s'gf 58–l;d]G6–sªlqm6 k|of]u u/L alnof] agfOg'k5{ / x/]s )=^& ld6/sf] lgoldt cGt/fndf 58 a'g]/ l;d]G6 / sªlqm6 k|of]u u/L aGwg (stitch bands) lgdf{0f ul/g' k5{ . hf]l8Psf] :yfgdf (diaphragm) kg]{ ef/nfO{ ;xL 9ªun] ;xof]uL ufx|f] jf ufx|f]df :yfgfGt/0f ug{ tL :yfgx¿ ;'/lIft tl/sfn] ufx|f]x¿;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'g'k5{ . ufx|f] klN6gaf6 hf]ufpg dflyNnf] prfO;Dd To;nfO{ afFw]/ /fVg] k|aGw;lxt lqe'hfsf/ ufx|f] agfOg'k5{ . lqe'hfsf/ ufx|f] / 5fgfsf] aLdaLr ;'/Iff sjrsf] ¿kdf alnof] ufx|f] tof/ ug{ 8fougn aGwg /flvg'k5{ . v= u}/;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf ;'/lIft ljBfno / u'0f:t/Lo jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfsf] e"ldsf hlt dxTjk"0f{ 5, Tolt g} u}/;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfsf] klg /xG5 . u}/;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfn] ljBfno tyf o;sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df vt/f pTkGg u/fpg;Sg] ;a} tTjnfO{ ;d]6g'k5{ . u}/;+/rgfut tTjx¿n] ejgsf] ef/ jxg ub}{gg . oL tTjdf emofn, 9f]sf, l;F9L, kfOk / gnLx¿ kb{5g . oL ejg;Fu ufFl;Psf x'G5g / lognfO{ k|foM v;]/ Iflt k'¥ofpg] k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . oL tTjn] ljBfyL{ tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu vt/f pTkGg u/fpF5g / ;xL ¿kdf Ps csf{df gafFlwPdf yk ;ªs6f;Ggtf yK5g . o:tf vt/f ljBfno ejgaflx/ klg x'g ;S5g . ljBfno ejgleqsf k|sf]k jf hf]lvd M n 7"nf] ;ªVofdf ljBfyL{ aflx/ lgl:sg] xn jf l;F9Lsf] dfu{sf] cfsf/, n leqlt/ v'Ng] 9f]sf tyf emofn, n emofndf h8fg ul/Psf l;;fsf vfkf, n lah'nLsf] c;'/lIft tf/, n ufx|f];Fu h8fg gul/Psf k':ts /fVg] b/fh n cfuf] lgefpg] pks/0fsf] cefj, n cGo rnfodfg, v:g;Sg] / af6f] cj/f]w ug]{ a:t', n 5tdflysf] kfgL6]ÍL, 5]pdf /flvPsf v'nf udnf cflb . 3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'NsL, cf]tnflu ;dft cEof;
23 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ljBfnoejg aflx/sf k|sf]k jf hf]lvd M n ljB't k|zf/0f k|0ffnL jf nfOg, n 7"nf, cUnf, k'/fgf / w]/} xfFuf ePsf ¿v, n sf};L jf afb{nLsf] l8n, 5tsf 6fonx¿, lrdgL, l;;f cflb, n ufx|f] /x]sf af6f]x¿, n d"n ;8s, rf]s, ahf/ n af/ gePsf v'nf Ogf/, n t];f]{ l;F9L gePsf af6f]x¿, ;dfTg] af/x¿ cflb . hf]lvd 36fpg] sfo{x¿ M n kmlg{r/ tyf dfn;fdfg ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg]{, n u}/;+/rgfut tTjaf6 x'g] hf]lvd sd ug{ To:tf a:t'x¿nfO{ /fd|/L afFWg], n k|sf]k x6fpg jf hf]lvd sd ug{ k|fljlws;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{, n v:g] a:t'af6 x'g] hLjg u'dfpg] hf]lvd /f]Sg o:tf j:t' k|of]u ug]{ JolQmx¿dfem ;r]tgf hufpg] . u}/;+/rgfTds n]vfhf]vfljlw M n r6ØfªnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg] ljBfno j/k/sf cUnf ¿v, ljBfno kl/;/ x'Fb} uPsf] ljB'tk|;f/0f cyf{t pRr ef]N6]hsf] ljB't k|zf/0f nfOg, x'/Latf; jf af9Lsf sf/0f n8g;Sg] ljB't tf/ 6fFlug] sf7sf vDaf / afnaflnsf 8'Ag] vt/f ePsf v'nf Ogf/, tnfp jf kf]v/Lsf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n ljBfnosf] ufx|f] jf af/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . plrt af/sf] cefjdf hgfj/x¿ leq k;L afnaflnsfnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5g . o;/L g} sfF9] tf/n] 3fp agfpg ;S5 . n /]lnª / 5tsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . 5t, l;F9L / afb{nLdf ePsf] /]lnªn] vt/f jf hf]lvd 36fpF5g . /fd|f];Fu afFlwPsf], x's ul/Psf] jf df]l8Psf] l6gsf] kftfx¿ xfjfn] p8fpg] jf pKsfpg] ;Defjgfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;S5g . t];f]{ ;dtn af6f] gePdf jf ePklg /]lnª gePdf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm JolQmx¿sf] cfjfudgdf afwf kg{ ;S5 . n xft] kDk jl/kl/ xftn] ;dfTg] /]lnª eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . lsgls xft] kDk jl/kl/sf] e"FO k|foM n]p nfu]/ lrlKng;Sg] x'G5 . n v]n d}bfgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . w]/} vfN8fv'N8L;lxtsf lxnfDd] d}bfgdf afnaflnsf lrlKng ;S5g / ;k{x¿ klg cfpg ;S5g . jl/kl/ emf8Lx¿ ePdf / 5]ps'gfdf kmf]xf]/d}nf y'kfl/P d';f, ljiffn' sL/f tyf ;ªqmfds hLjf0f' /xg ;S5g . n emØfn tyf 9f]sfx¿sf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . emØfndf lu|n 5 <
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 24 9f]sfx¿ aflx/lt/ v'N5g < cfktsfndf aflx/ ;'/lIft lgl:sg ;xh xf]; eGgfsf nflu 9f]sfx¿ aflx/lt/ v'Ng'k5{ . n sDKo'6/ ;]6, kmlg{r/, efG;fsf ;fdfg / ljB't pks/0fx¿ /flvPsf 7fpF tyf ltgLx¿sf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . e"sDk tyf x'/Latf; cfpFbf gv;'g eGgfsf nflu oL ;a} j:t'x¿ leQfdf /fd|f];Fu afFlwPsf 5g jf ;'/lIft tl/sfn] /flvPsf 5g eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . n ;'/lIft 7fpF, ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sg] af6f] / e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft ynf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n k|To]s sf]7fdf leq–aflx/ ug]{ 9f]sf eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . o;n] ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sg ;xof]u u5{ . ljBfnodf lglZrt b"/Ldf k|j]z ug]{ / lgl:sg] b'O{ 5'§f5'§} åf/ eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . ;'/lIft cfjfudgsf tL åf/x¿ ejgaf6 s]xL k/ x'g'k5{ . n 8]:sa]Grsf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . ufFl;Psf 8]:sa]Grn] æ3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'Ns, cf]t nflu ;dftÆ cEof;df / cfktsfndf ;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg afwf k'¥ofpg ;S5g . n ljutsf] 8'afg:t/nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} af9L / 8'afgsf] ;fdgf ug{ ejg, zf}rfno / 6o"aj]nsf] ;tx kof{Kt dfqfdf p7fOPsf] gp7fOPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . pko'Qm dfqfdf gp7fOPsf] eP e/fgljlw k|of]u u/L prfO a9fpg] jf kfgL 5]Sg tyf lgsf; lbg / ;DefJo Iflt 36fpgsf af9L 5]Sg] ufx|f] jf gfnf agfpg ;lsG5 . n zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm / sdhf]/ JolQmx¿sf nflu sIffsf]7fdf ;xh¿kdf k'Ug ;dtn af6f] eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . To;}u/L kfgL / ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf] klg n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n x'/Latf;sf] k|efj kg]{, tfkqmd a9L x'g], blIf0flt/af6 sIffsf]7fx¿df ;"o{sf] k|sfz gcfpg] u/L ljBfno ejgsf] df]x8f pQ/lt/ kms]{sf] gkms]{sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . @=@ cfwf/:tDe @ M ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgn] ;'/lIftl;sfOsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 / cfktsfndf
25 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L klg z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt u5{ . of] efu d'VotM u}/;+/rgfut tTjx¿df s]lGb|t 5 . k|efjsf/L ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgsf nflu b]xfosf sfo{ pkof]uL x'G5g M @=@=! ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] k"j{tof/Lsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{, ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug]{, To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;dofg's"n cBfjlws ug]{h:tf sfo{dfkm{t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf k|of;sf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;S5 . ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf k|d'v bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd x'g;S5g M n :yfglglb{i6 k|sf]k, ;ªstf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / ljkb kl/xfn]df k|ltsfo{ ug]{ of]hgf agfpg' . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yf ug'{ / of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLltut lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug'{ . n ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsgdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng Pj+ ;xof]u ug'{ . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf klxrfg ul/Psf] ;'/lIft 7fpFdf lgl:sg ljBfyL{, aflx/sf afnaflnsf, lzIfs / ;d'bfosf dflg;nfO{ ;lDdlnt u/fO{ ;do–;dodf æ3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'Ns, cf]t nfuL ;dftÆ ljlwsf] cEof; u/fpg' . n afnaflnsfsf] 1fg tyf ;LknfO{ ltvfg{ lrqsnf, jfbljjfb, xflh/L hjfkm tyf lgaGw k|ltof]lutfh:tf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{ . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfg / ;|f]t–;fwgcg'?k k4lt, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf / :t/Lo ;~rfng sfo{ljlw tof/ ug'{ . k|sf]k, ;ªstf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf ;'/lIft :yfgx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ k|sf]k, ;ªstf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfljlw k|of]u ug'{xf]; . ;f] n]vfhf]vfn] ljBfno ejg / o; j/k/sf] ;+/rgfut, u}/;+/rgfut / sfo{ut kIfx¿sf] vf]hL u5{ . ljBfno tyf ToxfFsf ;d'bfo ;ªs6f;Ggtf / hf] lvdk|lt slQsf] ;+j]bgzLn 5g eGg] yfxf kfpg ljBfno ejg /xg] :yfgsf] 5gf]6 ug'{k"j{ o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 . s= k|sf]k n]vfhf]vf k|sf]k Ps e"–ef}lts, jfo'd08nLo jf hnhGo 36gf xf] h;n] xflg jf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 . e"sDk, klx/f], x'/Latf;, af9L jf v8]/Lnufotsf 36gfnfO{ o; cGtu{t lng ;lsG5 . k|sf]k k|fs[lts / dfgjl;lh{t b'j} 36gfsf] ¿kdf cfpF5 . k|sf]k jf:tjdf dfgjhLjgsf vt/f x'g . a[xt ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ k|fs[lts Pj+ dfgjLo ;lqmotf / lgliqmotfsf sf/0f
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 26 g} k|sf]ksf] pTkGg x'G5g . -g]kfndf x'g] k|d'v k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿sf] nflu cg';"rL % x]g'{xf]; . k|sf]ksf] n]vfhf]vfn] vt/fx¿ klxrfg ug{ / ltgsf k|s[lt tyf Jojxf/ a'emg ;xof]u u5{ . o;n] ljBfnon] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] ;DefJo k|sf]kx¿sf] k|s[lt tyf Jojxf/ ls6fg u5{ . ;DalGwt ljBfno s'g k|sf]k x'g;Sg] If]qdf k5{ eGg] hfgsf/L pknAw x'G5 . ;fy} k|sf]kaf6 csf]{ k|sf]k l;lh{t x'g] cj:yfsf] klg klxrfg x'G5g . h:t} vx/]af9Ln] klx/f], v8]/Ln] dxfdf/L / e"sDkn] cfunfuLsf 36gf pTkGg u/fpg ;S5g . k|sf]ksf] Jojxf/ lgDg cfwf/df klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 M n k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ, n k|sf]ksf] 36gfsf] ;ªs]t, n k|sf]k pTyfgsf] ult, n k|sf]k x'g] ;do, / n k|sf]ksf] cjlw . tnsf tflnsfdf b]vfPcg'¿k k|sf]ksf rf/ :j¿k x'G5g M tflnsf ! M k|sf]ksf :j¿k hn tyf hnjfo';Da4 e"ue{;Da4 b'3{6gf;Da4 h}ljs;Da4 • af9L • cl;gf • d';nwf/] jiff{ • r6Øfª • tftf] nx/ æn"Æ • zLtnx/ • lxdkft / lxdklx/f] • v8]/L • klx/f] • e"sDk • jg tyf ufpFa:tLdf x'g] cfunfuL • ejg elTsg] • ad jiff{ / ljikmf]6g • rf8kj{sf ;dodf x'g] b'3{6gf • ljB't;Da4 36gfx¿ • xjfO tyf ;8s b'3{6gf • dxfdf/L • sL6 cfqms0f • kz'df x'g] dxfdf/L • vfB ljiffQmtf ;|f]t M ef/tdf ljkb Joj:yfkg k|sf]k n]vfhf]vfsf] k|of]hg eg]sf] ljBfnodf x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;DefJo k|sf]k tyf vt/fsf] k|s[lt ls6fg ug'{ xf] . of] n]vfhf]vfn] lgDg s'/f ;d]6g'k5{ M -s_ k|sf]ksf] zlQm, -v_ k|sf]ksf 36gfsf] ;ªs]t, -u_ k"[j{;"rgf, -3_ k|sf]k pTyfgsf] ult, -ª_ k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ,
27 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L -r_ k|sf]k x'g] ;do, / -5_ k|sf]ksf] cjlw . s]xL k|sf]kn] yk k|sf]ksf 36gf pTkGg u/fpg ;S5g eGg] hfGg cfjZos 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu v8]/Ln] dxfdf/L, sL/f tyf hLjsf] ;ªqmd0f jf clgsfn / e"sDkn] cfunfuL tyf klx/f] pTkGg u/fpg ;S5 . k|sf/, tLj|tf / cfj[lQcg';f/ k|sf]ksf] ljz]iftf km/s x'G5 . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:o tyf cGo k|fljlw1x¿ o; n]vfhf]vfdf ;+nUg x'g'k5{ . k|sf]k n]vfhf]vfljlw M n ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf ljut %) jif{otf ePsf ;a} k|fs[lts / dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]ksf] ;"rL agfpg'xf]; . ;"rL agfpFbf ;do/]vf, ljkb k|j[lQljZn]if0f, df};dL kfqf] cflbsf] ;xof]u lng'xf]; . n ljutdf ePsf / clxn] jf eljiodf x'g;Sg] ;Defjgfaf/] ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr 5nkmn ug'{xf]; . e/kbf]{ tYofªs k|fKt ug{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf tYofÍ k|of]u ug'{xf]; . :jefjtM s]xL k|sf]k ;w}F ljBdfg x'G5g eg] s]xL df};dL, s]xL a9bf] ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g . To;}u/L s]xL k|sf]k lj/n} x'G5g, t/ tL cjZo x'g] ;Defjgfdf /x]sf x'G5g . k|To]s k|sf]ksf] ;DefjgfnfO{ ;fdfGo ;ªs]tsf cfwf/df ! b]lv % ;Dd :t/Ls/0f ug'{xf]; . n x/]s k|sf]ksf] k|efj slt uDeL/ x'g;S5 egL ! b]lv % ;Dd :t/Ls/0f ug'{xf]; . d"Nofªsg tyf lg0f{osf] nflu tnsf k|efj ;"rL k|of]u ug'{xf]; M o dfgj – d[ts, 3fOt], ckfË . o ef}lts – Iflt ePsf ejg, pks/0f, cfk"lt{ ;+oGq ;ªVof / Ifltsf] xb . o ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts –;fdflhs ;DklQ tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljgf; . o cfly{s – dd{t tyf k|lt:yfkg vr{, hLljsf]kfh{g / Ifltaf6 lzIffdf kg]{ c;/ . o jftfj/0fLo – k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf jf;:yfgx¿df x|f; . o dgf];fdflhs – z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf, cfzf / ;kgfdfck]Iffdf x'g] Iflt . tflnsf @ M k|sf]ksf k|sf/, k|sf]k cfpg] ;Defjgf / ufDeLo{tf qm=;= k|sf]ksf k|sf/ k|sf]k cfpg] ;Defjgf k|sf]ksf] uDeL/ k|efj ! @ # $ % ! @ # $ %
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 28 ljBfnoleq dfq x'g] t/ ljBfno aflx/sf] a[xQ/ ;d'bfodf k|efj gkfg]{ ;DefJo k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf]; . o:tf ;DefJo vt/fdf ljBfno glhs ePsf ljB't 6«fG;kmd{/, ljBfno d}bfg x'Fb} hfg] ljB't k|;f/0f k|0ffnL / ljBfno glhssf v'nf Ogf/ kb{5g . cfunfuL / ;8s b'3{6gf klg ljBfnoleq dfq x'g] 36gfdf kg{ ;Sg5g . oL hfgsf/LnfO{ tn tflnsf # df b]vfPadf]lhd tflnsLs/0f ug'{xf]; . tflnsf # M k|sf]kx¿, ltgsf] cfj[lQ tyf :t/ / ltgn] ug]{ Iflt jif{ jf ;fn d'Vo k|sf]k :t/ -p÷d÷lg_ ePsf] Iflt ;fdgf ;+oGq Gff]6 M p – pRr, d – dWod, lg –lgDg P]ltxfl;s hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf -profile_n] hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . o;n] P]ltxfl;s k|j[lQ tyf cfj[lQ b'j}nfO{ b]vfpF5 . tnsf] tflnsfn] hf]lvdsf k|efjsf] eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lhnf] pkfo k|:t't u5{ . tflnsf $ M P]ltxfl;s hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ ug]{ljlw jif{ jf ;fn k|sf]ksf k|sf/ :yfg - ljBfnoleq / aflx/_ hf]lvd hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu :yfgLo kxnx¿ k|sf]ksf tTjx¿sf] k|s[lt / ljBfno If]qaf6 ;f] tTjx¿sf] lgs6tf;Fu hf]lvd ;DalGwt x'G5 . b"/L hlt lgs6 x'G5 Tolt g} hf]lvdsf] dfqf a95 . ljleGg k|sf]ksf tTjx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf] tflnsf g+= % k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . tflnsf % M k|sf]ksf tTjx¿ / ljBfno;Fu /x]sf] lgs6tf k|sf]k ljBfnoaf6 w]/} glhs -! sL=dL= eGbf sd_ ljBfnoaf6 6f9f -!–@ sL=dL=leq_ ljBfnoaf6 6f9f -@ sL=dL=eGbf k/_ hf]lvd k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd lgDTofpg ;Sg] snsf/vfgf Jo:t ;8s cUnf uugr'DaL ejg
29 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L k]6«f]n kDk -cToflws k|HHjngzLn kbfy{ /xg] v'nf ¿kdf /x]sf hfd ePsf tyf ;kmf gul/Psf 9n k]6«f]n kDk cGo v= ;ªs6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf ljleGg k|sf]ksf] hf]lvddf /x]sf tTjx¿ -dflg;, ljBfno / cGo ;+/rgf_ sf sdhf]/L cfsng ug]{ / oL tTjx¿nfO{ hf]lvddf /fVg] d"n sf/0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|lqmof g} ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] n]vfhf]vf xf] . ;ªs6f;Ggtfn] ljkb sf ;dodf ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf] ;fdgf ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 . ;ªs6f;Ggtf kL8fbfos xflg–gf]S;fgL k|ltsf] em'sfj xf] . o;sf] ;DaGw k|sf]ksf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{, ;fdgf ug]{, /f]Sg] / o;sf] k|efjaf6 pTyfgzLn x'g] ljifo;Fu /xG5 . ef}lts, jftfj/0fLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts tyf ;+:yfut tTjx¿n] ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f u5{g . ;ªs6f;Ggtf To:tf ljBdfg jf kl/0ffdL cj:yfsf] ;d"x xf] h;n] k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿sf] /f]syfd ug]{, Go"g ug]{, k|ltsfo{sf nflu tof/L ug]{ / k|ltsfo{ ug]{ ;d'bfosf] Ifdtfdf k|lts"n c;/ kf5{ . ;ª s6f;Ggtf Psk|sf/sf] sdhf]/L klg xf] . ;ªs6f;Ggtf ef}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo tTjx¿n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ To:tf] cj:yf xf] h;n] k|sf]ksf] ;Defljt k|efjk|lt ;d'bfosf] em'sfj a9fpF5 . ;ªstf;Ggtf n]vfhf]vfsf nflu lgDg ljlw pkof]uL 5g M n k|sf]ksf] klxrfg / tL k|sf]kn] ljBfno tyf jl/jl/sf] ;d'bfodf l;lh{t u/]sf] ;ªs6f;Ggtf dfkgsf] nflu ;ªs6f;Ggtf gS;fªsg, n ljBfno / ToxfFsf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf] ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] dfqfnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfx¿sf] klxrg ug]{ uf]nfsf/lrq (Venn diagram), n jiff}Fotfsf] ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] :t/ kQf nufpg] df};dL kfqf], n ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf cjojx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;d:of j[If ljZn]if0f . ;ªs6f;Ggtf ljZn]if0f k|foM hl6n x'G5 . o;sf nflu jt{dfg Ifdtf / ;|f]t,
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 30 ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] l:ylt, ;d:ofx¿sf] k|s[lt tyf ltgsf] k|efj / ;+:yfut ;xof]udf kx'Fr;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf] lj:t[t ;"rL tof/ ul/g' k5{ . ;ªs6f;Ggtf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] xft]dfnf]sf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;fd"lxs xft]dfnf] h'6fpg ;ªs6f;Ggtf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljutdf ePsf k|of;sf] ljZn]if0f ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;df Ifdtf clej[l4, k}/jL jf clwjfrg;DaGwL cleofg / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogh:tf kIfx¿ x'g;S5g . u= hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf k|sf]ksf ljz]iftf / cfj[lQ, ljBfno tyf jl/kl/sf] ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k k|ltsf] ;Dd'vtf dfqf jf :t/ / ltgLx¿sf] ;ªs6f;Ggtf jf pTyfgzLntfsf] dfqf ;a}sf] ;+o'Qm :j¿k g} ljkb hf]lvd xf] . csf]{ cy{df vf; k|sf]ksf 36gf / o;n] ug]{ Ifltsf] ;DefJotf g} hf]lvd xf] . k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf / Ifdtf ljZn]if0faf/]sf] a'emfOn] hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . ;'/lIft jlxu{dg of]hgf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu Ps dxTjk"0f{ xltof/ xf] . hf]lvd n]vfhf]vfljlw M n Hff]lvdsf d"n sf/s tTj klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n ljBfno / o;sf] ;]/f]km]/f]sf] hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ ug'{xf]; -tflnsf ^ x]/f}F . n x/]s k|sf]kn] k|:t't u/]sf] jf ug{;Sg] d'Vo hf]lvdx¿sf] cGj]if0f ug'{xf]; . n ljutdf x/]s k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf ;+oGq klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n hf]lvdsf] :t/ 36fpg k|of]u ul/Psf ;dGjofTds ;+:yfut k|of; klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n ;Íng ul/Psf ;"rgf k|of]u u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf]; . n Tfflnsfdf lbPadf]lhd hf]lvd ¿k/]vf k|:t't ug'{xf]; . tflnsf ^ M ljBfno / ;]/f]km]/f]sf] hf]lvd ¿k/]vf hf]lvd pTkGg u/fpg] sf/s tTjx¿ hf]lvd ;fdgf ug]{ ;+oGq cGo ;+:yfx¿;“u ;dGjo k]6«f]n kDk dfgj a:tL gbL÷vf]nf ljBfno jl/kl/ emf8Lo'Qm hldg ljB't nfOg
31 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L v'nf Ogf/ ;fgfltgf vx/] tyf vf]N;f ===== ===== 3= Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf Ifdtf eGgfn] 3/kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;d'bfodf ljBdfg ;|f]t;fwg Pj+ ;fdYo{ a'lemG5 h;n] ljkbsf] ;fdgf ug{, k|ltsfo{sf] nflu tof/L ug{, /f]syfd ug{ jf zL3| k'gnf{esf] nflu ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfdf ljBfno;Fu ePsf tL ;|f]tsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 h;n] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . pknAw ;|f]tdfly lg0fGq0f tyf kx'Fr /xG5 . k|sf]ksf 36gf hxLFtxLF x'G5g t/ ltgLx¿n] ljkbsf] ¿k tadfq lnG5g ha ;ªs6f;Ggtf eGbf ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf sd x'G5 . k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ jf ;Defjgf / ;d'bfosf] ;ªs6f;Ggtfn] uDeL/ ¿kdf k|efljt x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ a9fpF5g . Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfljlw M n pknAw ;|f]t–;fwgsf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n 1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw / ;fwgx¿ ePsf JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . ljkb hf]lvd 36fpg / zL3| k'gnf{esf nflu pgLx¿n] Tof] IfdtfnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;S5g eGg] vf]hL ug'{xf]; . n ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf /x]sf On]lS6«l;og, cfunfuL lgoGqs, KnDa/ / :jf:Yo sd{rf/Lx¿h:tf :yfgLo:t/df pknAw x'g] k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ;Dks{ ljj/0f;lxt ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf]; . n k|sf]kaf/] ;d'bfosf] ljutsf] cg'ej, pgLx¿n] k|sf]ksf] s;/L ;fdgf u/] / pgLx¿n] pkof]u u/]sf] ;Lk ljsf;sf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n ljkb hf]lvd 36fpg ljBfnodf s]–s:tf ;|f]tx¿ pknAw 5g / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5, tL ;|f]tdfly s;sf] kx'Fr / lgoGq0f 5 eGg] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n tflnd cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf u/L cfjZos Ifdtf a9fpg tflnd k|bfg ug'{xf]; . k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd / Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfaf6 ljsl;t u/]sf] gS;fnfO{ 7"nf] sfuh jf ;"rgf kf6Ldf b]vfpg'xf]; . o; gS;fdf :ki6 ;ªs]t ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . ljBfno / glhssf ;d'bfosf ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg / ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;r]tgf hufpg pQm gS;fnfO{ ljBfno glhs} pko'Qm :yfgdf /fVg'xf]; .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 32 afs; @ M ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf gS;fªsgdf b]vfpg'kg]{ ljifoj:t' n k|sf]kpGd'v ljleGg If]qx¿, n k|j]z ug]{ tyf aflx/lgl:sg] dfu{, n cfktsfndf aflx/ lgl:sg] ;'/lIft af6f], n cfktsfndf e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft 7fp“, n ejg tyf 6fpsf] dfly /x]sf vt/fx¿, n hf]lvd pTkGg ug{;Sg] ;fdu|Lx¿ /flvPsf] 7fp“, n clUg;dgs pks/0fx¿ /flvPsf 7fp“, n k|fylds pkrf/ ul/g] 7fp“ n ckfªutf ePsf JolQmx¿ tyf ;fgf afnaflnsf . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf gS;fªsgdf b]vfpg'kg]{ ljifoj:t' n k|sf]k pGd'v ljleGg If]qx¿, n cfktsfndf lgl:sg] ;'/lIft af6f], n cfktsfndf e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft 7fp“, n ;'/lIft cf>o:ynx¿ n ;d'bfodf / glhs /x]sf :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ n k|sf]k l;h{gf ug{;Sg] ;fdu|Lx¿ /flvPsf 7fp“, n ;d'bfodf ljz]if k|fljlws Ifdtf ePsf ;|f]t JolQmx¿ n j[4j[4f, ckfªutf ePsf JolQmx¿h:tf ;ªs6f;Gg dflg; a;f]af; ug]{ ejg n ;d'bfodf ;ªs6f;Gg ejg, ;8s tyf ;'ljwfsf ;+/rgfx¿ @=@=@ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g hf]lvdk"0f{ ljBfnosf glhs a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿ ljBfnosf pTs[i6 ;|f]t JolQm x'g . pgLx¿;Fu To; 7fpFdf x'g] k|sf]k / To;sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ a'emfO{ aflx/af6 cfPsf dflg;sf] t'ngfdf uxg / e/kbf]{ 1fg /x]sf] x'G5 . ljBfno afnaflnsf tyf o'jf ;~rf/sf pTs[i6 ;+jfxs x'g . t;y{ sfo{bndf :yfgLo JolQm, o'jf tyf ljBfnosf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{ . cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g ul/g'k5{ . oL sfo{bn ;"rgf k|jfx tyf r]tgf clej[l4, ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, vf]h tyf p4f/, k|fylds pkrf/, clUg ;'/Iff
33 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / dgf];fdflhs ;xfotf sfo{bn x'g ;S5g . x/]s sfo{bnnfO{ lbOg] :ki6 e"ldsf tyf bfloTjn] cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;f] sfo{bnnfO{ a9L hjfkmb]xL Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpF . sfo{bnx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTjaf/] :d/0f u/fpFg / pgLx¿sf] 1fg tyf a'emfOnfO{ ltvfg{ a]nf–a]nfdf s[ltd cEof;sf] cfof]hgf ul/g'k5{ -lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu cg';"rL # x]/f}F . @=@=# ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug'{ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ljBfnodf cfwfl/t 7f]; of]hgf -tflnsf g+= !@ x]g'{xf]; n] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'¥ofpg ;S5 . of]hgfn] ;+/rgfut ;'/Iff, dd{t;Def/, u}/;+/rgfut cNkLs/0f, :yfgLo k"jf{wf/, jftfj/0fLo hf]lvd cNkLs/0f / clUg ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]6g'k5{ . x/]s ljBfnodf ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf Ps hLjGt b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf /xg'k5{ . csf]{ zAbdf, of]hgfnfO{ lg/Gt/ k|ultsf] qmddf /x]sf], ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g x'Fb}hfg] / slxNo} g6'lËOg] b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf lnOg'k5{ . oyfy{k/s of]hgfn] of]hgf th'{dfnfO{ pkhsf] ¿kdf xf]Og k|lqmofsf ¿kdf lnG5g . ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf ;ªs6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf, of]hgf th'{df, ef}lts ;+/If0f / k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] Tof] k|lqmof xf] h;nfO{ tnsf sfo{ ug{
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 34 tof/ ul/G5 M n ljBfyL{ tyf ljBfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/s rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 arfpg, n ;a} afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIffsf] lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ n ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/L To;df cEo:t agfpg . ljkbsf] ;dodf afnaflnsf tyf sd{rf/Lx¿ pNn]Vo hf]lvddf /xg] x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ Pp6} ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg'{kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ x/]s ljBfnosf] ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf x'g' h¿/L 5 . ljBfno;Fu w]/} ;|f]t x'G5 / ;fd'bflos e]nf x'g] ynf] klg aG5 . t;y{ glhssf] ;d'bfok|lt ljBfnosf] klg bfloTj x'G5, h;/L l5d]sL ;d'bfo ljBfno;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g . ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfn] k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf ;fy} cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{df ;dGjo, lgoGq0f / ;~rf/sfo{ ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTjnfO{ kl/eflift ug'{k5{ . tflnsf * M ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] k|f¿k ;'/lIft ljBfnocGtu{t ul/g] sfo{sf k|sf/ s;n] ug]{ ;dofjlw ck]lIft kl/0ffd cfjZos ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ;'/lIft ljBfnosf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ != @= ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg != @= hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff != @= ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfn] ljBfnosf] ;'/Iff cfjZostfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ . ljBfno;Fu ;Da4 k|sf]k tyf ;ªs6f;Ggtfaf/] ul/g] r]tgf clej[l4n] lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfjZostf tyf dxTj klxNofpg ;xh t'NofpF5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg ;~rfng ug'{ ljBfno tyf ljBfyL{x¿ cfpg] l5d]sL ;d'bfox¿sf] bfloTj xf] . c;n g]t[Tj;lxtsf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3n] ;|f]t h'6fpg, k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflu bIf dfgj;+;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ / ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g . Afnaflnsf;Fu k/fdz{
35 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/Lljlw M n ;xeflutfd"ns 9Ën] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf]; . k|fo cf]em]ndf kg]{, ljBfno ghfg] afnaflnsf, ckfªutf ePsf afnaflnsf / aflnsfsf d'2f tyf cfjZostfnfO{ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{xf]; . n k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, Ifdtf tyf ;|f]tsf] a[xt n]vfhf]vf / ef}lts hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, ;'/lIft k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, cNkLs/0f / k"j{tof/L of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t eP/ of]hgf agfpg'xf]; . n of]hgfaf/] lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug'{xf]; . of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ pgLx¿ klg of]hgf;Fu kl/lrt x'g'k5{ . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfaf/] lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg cfjlws a}7ssf] cfof]hgf ug'{xf]; . hfgsf/L lbg >Job[io k|:t'ltljlw ckgfpg'xf]; . o;n] ;|f]t ;Íng tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ ub{5 . cNkLs/0f, k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{ of]hgfx¿ tof/ ug{ Pj+ ltgsf] ;dLIff ug{ o:tf a}7s dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g . n of]hgfnfO{ pRr u'0f:t/Lo cEof;df kl/0ft ug{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf ultljlwnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'xf]; . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf Joj:yf ul/Psf ;a} lqmofsnfksf] lglj{£g sfof{Gjog xf]; / ;fdu|L, ljQLo jf dfgj;|f]tdf Jojwfg gcfcf]; eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ e}k/L of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf]; . e}k/L of]hgfn] ljkbkl5 oyf;Dej zL3| lzIff k'gM cf/De ug{ lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;xh t'NofpF5 . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] lbuf]kgf ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f of]hgf lgdf{0f, cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{, k|fylds pkrf/, clUg ;'/Iff, vf]h tyf p4f/df tflnd lbP/ cEo:t agfpg'xf]; . ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ubf{ cNkLs/0fsf d'2fx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ / ;ªs6f;Ggtf Pj+ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ lgoldt cBfjlws ul/g'k5{ . o;sf nflu b]xfosf sfo{ ul/g'k5{ M n olb ljBfno ejg gbLsf] lsgf/ jf af9LpGd'v If]qdf cjl:yt 5 eg] af9Lsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{xf]; . af9Ln] c;/ ug{;Sg] jf af9L k:g;Sg] 7fpFdf cfjZostfcg';f/ afFw, :k/, 7f]s/, t6aGwnufotsf af9L cj/f]ws lgdf{0f ug'{xf]; . tLj| ultdf aUg] af9Lsf] kfgLn] e"Ifo dfkm{t ljBfno If]qdf Iflt ug{;S5 . j[Iff/f]k0fn] df6f]nfO{ aUg glbO{ e"Ifo Go"g ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . To;}n] To:tf 7fpFdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{xf]; . n ljBfno af9Lsf] ;txeGbf dfly lgdf{0f ul/P klg ljBfno l5g]{ dfu{x¿ af9L
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 36 k:g;Sg] ;txdf k5{g eg] afnaflnsf ljBfno hfg jf cfktsfndf efUg ;Sb}gg . dflg;x¿ ljBfno ejgleq gkm;"g jf ljBfno ejg k'Ugaf6 g/f]lspmg eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ prflnPsf lgsf; dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . xNsf le/fnf] x'g] u/L df6f] eb}{ / lyRb} o:tf] af6f] agfpg ;lsG5 . n ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] kl/rfng ug{ pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf, bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]lxtf :ki6;Fu kl/eflift ul/g'k5{ . n cfjlws ;~rfng tyf dd{t;Def/sf nflu ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{ ;'/lIft ljBfno cNkLs/0f of]hgfnfO{ ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf;Fu ;dfof]hg ul/g'k5{ . n cNkLs/0f of]hgdf x/]s k|sf]kn] k'¥ofpg] ;DefJo IfltnfO{ Go"g ug]{ pkfox¿ ;dfj]z ulg'k5{ . ljBfno cNkLs/0f of]hgf ;w}F ultzLn x'G5 . k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfdf cfwfl/t eO{ of]hgfdf ;do ;fk]If kl/jt{g x]/km]/ ul/g'k5{ . o;n] ljkbaf6 x'g] d[To' tyf 3fOt] ;ªVof / ;fdflhs–cfly{s k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . ljBfno ljkb pTyfgzLntf t'¿Gt} xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] s'/f xf]Og . o;sf nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf, k|of; / ;dk{0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f sfod ug'{k5{ / z}lIfs lg/Gt/tfsf nflu of]hgf agfpg'k5{ . oyfy{ ;+nUgtf tyf /fhgLlts k|lta4tfn] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ / k7g–kf7gsf] lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgn] u}/;+/rgfut cNkLs/0f, ejg dd{t;Def/ / k|ltsfo{sf] k"j{tof/LnfO{ ;d]6g'k5{ . ljBfnosf] lg/Gt/tf of]hgf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:o / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/Lsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf tof/ ul/g'k5{ . pTyfgzLntf lgdf{0f ug{ cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:o, ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] lzIff ;ldlt, lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/L, ljBfyL{ / cGo afnaflnsfdf Jojxf/hGo kl/jt{g x'g cfjZos 5 . ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltk|lt k|lta4, hf]lvdk|lt ;r]t, ljkb tyf cfktsfndf k|ltsfo{sf] nflu tof/ x'g] ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf] ljsf; ug{ / ljkb To;kl5sf] cj:yfdf lzIffdf Go"gtd cj/f]wsf] ;'lglZrtf ug{ u}/;+/rgfTds tTjx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g . oL tTjdf Wofg lbg ;s]sf] v08df dfq :j:y l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . s'g} klg ljBfnon] x/]s ljkbsf] k|efj wfGg ;Sb}g . ljkbsf sf/0f d[To' / 3fOt] x'gaf6 aRg ;a} ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿ ;'/lIft :yfglt/ lgl:sg'kg]{ ;do klg cfpg;S5 . x/]s ljBfnon] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f dfu{ / glhs} ;'/lIft ¿kdf e]nf x'g ;lsg] :yn lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ . tL ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f dfu{ / e]nf x'g] :yfgaf/] ljBfnosf afnaflnsf tyf
37 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cleefjsx¿nfO{ clu|d hfgsf/L lbOg'k5{ . ljBfyL{, cleefjs tyf :yfgLo ;fd'bflos cu'jfx¿df cGof}ntf x6fpg oL :yfgx¿ lrq0f ul/Psf] gS;f x/]s sIffsf]7f tyf sl/8f]/df 6fFl;g'k5{ . To;}u/L cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf cGof}ntf l;h{gf gxf]; / ;a} ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;s"g eGgsf nflu s[ltd cEof; lgoldt ¿kdf cfof]hgf ul/g'k5{ . ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f of]hgf glhssf k|x/L rf}sL, clUg lgoGq0f sfof{no tyf c:ktfn clwsf/L x¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOg'k5{ . cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf cfjZos hgzlQm t'¿Gt} pknAw x'g ;s"g eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ oL ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;~rf/ ;DaGw / ;~rf/sf] ;+oGq :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ . cfktsfndf ljt/0f ug{ cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ ;'/lIft :yfgdf e08f/0f ul/g'k5{ . @=@=$ ;~rf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn] ;'/lIft ljBfno tof/ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . lqmofzLn ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ePsf] v08df dfq of] k|efjsf/L x'G5 . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ Joj:yfn] cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ ;xof]u u5{ . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ k|0ffnLn] cfktsfnLg ;~rf/ / cfGtl/s ;"rgf ;+oGq :yfkgfdf klg ;xof]u u5{ . ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;ljlw M n ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;Dks{ljj/0f pknAw x'g'k5{ . ;Dks{ljj/0fnfO{ lgoldt hfFr / cBfjlws ul/g'k5{ . o; sfo{n] cfjZostf k/]sf] a]nf pgLx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;xh x'G5 . n sfo{bnn] ;Dks{ ;"rLsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . ;f] ;"rLdf k|To]s ;b:osf] gfd, 7]ufgf / cfjf;Lo tyf df]afOn b'j} kmf]g gDa/ x'g'k5{ . n ljkbsf] ;dodf lqmofzLn /xg] ;"rgfsf] e/kbf]{ afXo ;|f]tdf kx'Fr a9fpg / cfGtl/s ;~rf/ k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{ k|of; ul/g'k5{ . o;f] ePdf dfq ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ljkbsf] cj:yfaf/] cBfjlws hfgsf/L kfpg ;S5g / ljkb Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;dod} cfkmgf] ;Lk, k|lzlIft hgzlQm, cf}hf/ tyf pks/0fnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;S5g . n cfktsfnsf] Joj:yfkgdf zL3| ;~rf/sf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf x'G5 . o;n] ;do tyf ;|f]tsf] art dfq ub}{g, cfktsfnLg cj:yfcg'¿k bIf JolQmx¿nfO{ klg kl/rfng u5{ . ;~rf/sf] ;Dks{ ;"rLn] ljBfno k|zf;sx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpF5 / cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|ltsfo{sf nflu tof/ u5{ . Kff}8L ;LknfO{ tLI0f agfpFb}
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 38 tflnsf ( McfktsfnLg ;dodf ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsg] lgsfox¿sf] ;"rL dxTjk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;Dks{ JolQmsf] gfd / 7]ufgf df]afOn ljBfnoaf6 b"/L sfof{nosf] kmf]g gDa/ lhNnf cfktsfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb| lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no :yfgLo c:ktfn÷:jf:Yo rf}sL÷cf}iflw k;n lgs6td cf}iflw ljqm]tf af?0foGq sfof{no :yfgLo k|x/L g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt k|wfgfWofks ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:ox¿ cleefjs– lzIfs ;ª3 lhNnf lzIff sfof{no lhNNff ljsf; ;ldlt cGo @=@=% ;r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"jf{Eof; ;~rfng qmda4 tyf ljifout s[lqd cEof;n] ;/f]sf/jfnf / afnaflnsfdf ljkb k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{sf nflu ;kmntfk"j{s ;r]tgf clej[l4 u5{ . jf:tjdf s[lqd cEof; dxTjk"0f{ l;sfOljlw xf] . h:t} ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf] s[lqd cEof;n] afnaflnsf tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, p4f/, clUg;'/Iff / k|fylds pkrf/df /x]sf] pgLx¿sf] 1fg k|bz{g Pj+ k/LIf0f ug{ l;sfpF5 . cEof; cfof]hgfljlw M n x/]s k|sf/sf] cEof;sf nflu ljifolgwf{/0f u/L afnaflnsf tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ o;sf] k|lqmof tyf tl/sf;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg'xf]; . cEof; Ps cg'ejhGo l;sfOsf] cj;/ xf] h;n] ;}4flGts 1fgnfO{ k/LIf0f u5{ . n ck]lIft / bf]xf]l/g] ljkbsf nflu lgoldt cEof; u/fpg'xf]; / ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgf agfpg'xf]; . n sIff ;'¿ x'g'k"j{ e]nf x'g] 7fpF jf sIffsf]7fdf clu|d ¿kdf cfjZos ;Lk k|bfg ug'{xf]; . Ps z}lIfs jif{df ljleGg cEof; u/fOg'k5{ . o:tf] cEof; ljBfnon] dgfpg] lbj;
39 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L kf/]/ ubf{ cem /fd|f] x'G5 . kof{Kt cEof; x'g ;sf]; eGgfsf nflu s'g} ;"rgfljgf g} klg cEof; u/fOg'k5{ . l;sfOsf] k|ltljlDat ug{ / ;'wf/sf nflu ;do lbg'k5{ . n ljkb Joj:yfkg k|lqmofdf sfo{bn, ;d'bfosf JolQm / :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ ;Lk / ;r]tgfsf] k|jfx ug'{xf]; . cEof;n] dlitisdf ;LknfO{ 7f]; k|ltljlDat u/fpg ;xof]u u5{ . n lgoldt cEof;dfkm{t afnaflnsf;Fu ejgaf6 ;'/lIft lgl:sg] cfwf/e"t lgod tyf pkfo cfbfgk|bfg ug'{xf]; . o:tf lgodx¿df …s'/f gu/f}F, gbu'/f}F, s'/f gu/f}F / k5fl8 kms]{/ ghfcf}FÚ cflb k5{g . n ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg, vf]h tyf p4f/, k|fylds pkrf/, cfuf] lgefpg], hn ;'/Iff / kf}8L ;Lkh:tf ;Lk h:tf ljifodf cEof; u/fpg'k5{ . -ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfno dfkb08 M :jd"Nofªsg kmf/fdsf nflu cg';"rL $ x]/f}F . @=# cfwf/:tDe # M hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffcGtu{t ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{, pTyfgzLn ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf] ljsf; ug{ ljBfnosf kf7oqmd, lzIfs k|lzIf0f / cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{nfO{ lnOG5 . cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s b'j} k|sf/sf lzIffn] a[xt kl/jf/df ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngaf/] 1fg k|jfx ub{5 . @=#=! cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngnfO{ ;dfof]hg ljkb hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f;DaGwLhLjgko{Gtl;sfOsf] PscleGgefux'g'k5{ . ljkb hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL k|rng km}nfpgsf nflu lzIff Ps k|efjsf/L ;fwg xf] . cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;dfof]hgljlw M n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/ jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfn, 1fg / Jofjxfl/s cg'ej b'j} ljsf; ug{ ljBfnosf] lgoldt kf7Øqmddf ;dfof]hg ul/g'k5{ egL z}lIfs If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ldn]/ cleofg ;~rfng ug'{xf]; . n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnnfO{ cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf ;dfjz]; ug'{xf]; / o;nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfsf] ljifo agfpg'xf]; . ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ lrqsnfdfkm{t k|ltlalDat ub}{
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 40 cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx¿df lrqsnf, lgaGw, jfbljjfb / xflh/L hjfkm k|ltof]lutf kg{ ;S5g . cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;dfj]zL x'g'k5{ / o;df ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"x, ljz]ifu/L aflnsfx¿nfO{ nlIft ug'{k5{ . n ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ Dffgj lqmofsnfk / ljkbaLr /x]sf] ;DaGwaf/] hfgsf/L lbg clgoldt lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnx¿ ;+nUg ug]{ s'/fsf] k}/jL ug'{xf]; . n afnaflnsfnfO{ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;dfof]hgsf ultljlwdf ;fd]n u/fpg'xf]; . pgLx¿sf] r]tgf tyf a'emfOnfO{ a9fpg afnsaflnsfaf6 afnaflnsfdf lzIff, uLt, ljB'tLo tyf 5fkfnufotsf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u ug'{xf]; . @=#=@ lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{ lzIfsx¿n] ljBfyL{dfkm{t w]/} cleefjs / ;d'bfosf dflg;df ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL ;Gb]z ;~rf/ ug{ ;S5g . lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f ul/Pdf pgLx¿n] ;f] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] ;'lglZrt x'G5 . lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifoj:t' ;dfof]hgljlw M n ljBdfg lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k7of+zsf] s'g v08df s'g ;Gb]z /fVg] eGg] lgwf{/0f ug'{xf]; . n lzIfs, ;|f]t s]Gb| k|d'v, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 ;b:o / lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfn ;d]6g] pko'Qm kf7Øqmd ljsf; ug'{xf]; . kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd, hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo, ljkb k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{af/] hfgsf/L /flvg'k5{ . n d:of}bf kf7oqmdnfO{ s]xL ljBfnodf k/LIf0f ;~rfng ug'{xf]; . a[xt ljt/0fsf] nflu kf7Øqmd k|sflzt ug'{cl3 ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 k[i7kf]if0f Pj+ ;'emfj ;Íng ug'{xf]; . n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnx¿ ;d]l6Psf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug'{xf]; . o; ;fdu|Lsf] ;xfotfaf6 lzIfsn] k|sf]ksf] k|s[lt tyf cfj[lt, ljkbx¿sf] ;Defjgfaf/] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hfgsf/Llbg / ljkb tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgpGd'v 5nkmndf pgLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg ;lsG5 . n lzIfs tflnd k|lti7fg, ljBfno / sn]hx¿sf kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL ;a} ;fdu|L, k'l:tsf, lgb]{lzsf / Go"gtd dfkb08 ;dfj]z ug'{xf]; . n lzIfs tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ubf{ cg's"lnt Pj+ kl/is[t kf7Øqmd k|of]u ug'{xf]; .
41 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L n /fli6«o lzIff gLlt tyf of]hgfdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;DalGw ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ug{ cleofg ;~rfng ug'{xf]; . @=#=# ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 afnaflnsf k|efjzfnL Pj+ k|efjsf/L ;~rf/stf{ x'g h;n] ljBfnodf l;s]sf c;n cEof; / kf7nfO{ cfkmgf 3/kl/jf/df pT;'stfsf ;fy atfpF5g . aflnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffn] pgLx¿ a:g] glhssf] jftfj/0faf/] ;r]tgf / a'emfOnfO{ k|j4{g u5{ . afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf cltl/Qm pgLx¿n] l;sfOk|lt lhDd]jf/x¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ljkbaf/] lzIff lnPsf cfhsf afnaflnsfdf ef]ln joZs x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf klg ljkb, dfgjLo ultljlwsf] kl/0ffd / sdhf]/ jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgaf/] a[xQ/ a'emfO x'g]5 . o;sf ;fy} pgLx¿df k|s[lt;Fu ;fd~h:o ub}{ gofF k|sf/sf] ljsf; dfu{ k|j4{g ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf klg /fd|f];Fu ax; ug]{ Ifdtf x'g]5 . -cfO{P;8Lcf/, @))@_ . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 M n ;d'bfodf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ lbuf] ¿kdf cl3 a9g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ 8sdL{nufotsf :yfgLo lgdf{0fstf{ / lgdf{0f sDkgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f / dd{t;Def/;DaGwL k|fljlws lzIff k|bfg ug'{xf]; . n ljBfnosf] lgoldt kf7Øqmdcg'¿k :yfgLo txdf x'g] k|sf]ksf] k|s[lt tyf k|efjaf/] afnaflnsfdf ;r]tgf hufpg'xf]; . ljkb /f]syfd, k|ltsfo{sf] k"j{tof/L / ljkb pTyfgzLn jftf/0fLo ;+/If0fsf l;4fGtaf/] 5nkmn ug'{xf]; . afnaflnsfn] k|fKt u/]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ cfktsfnLg l:yltsf] ;fdgfdf k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd x'g]u/L pgLx¿sf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug'{xf]; . n ljBfnosf afnaflnsf, lzIfs tyf ;d'bfodf hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ cleofg rnfpg'xf]; . @=#=$ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ pko'Qm z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngaf/] a'emg ;xof]u u5{ . o;nfO{ lgoldt tyf clgoldt b'j} kf7Øqmd;Fu cGt/;DalGwt ul/g'k5{ . z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ M n cf}krfl/s tyf cgf]krfl/s z}lIfs kf7oqmdn] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngnfO{ a[xt ¿kdf ;d]6]–g;d]6]sf] n]vfhf]vf u/L l/Qmtfx¿ klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n b]lvPsf l/QmtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{xf]; . o:tf z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] ljz]ifu/L afnaflnsf, dlxnf / ckfªutf ePsf JolQmnufotsf ;Í6f;Gg ;d"xx¿sf nflu ljkb /f]syfd tyf k"j{tof/Ldf s]lGb|t ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 42 n k|efjsf/L l;sfOnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ >Job[io z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug'{xf]; ->Jo M uLt, /]l8of] ;Gb]z, gf6s cflb . b[io M lel8of], j[Qlrq, kmf]6f]u|fkm, kf]:6/, sf6{'glrq cflb_ . lg/If/, yf]/} lzIff xfl;n u/]sf / slnnf afnaflnsfn] oL ;Gb]z a'emg ;S5g eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . oL ;fdu|LnfO{ cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk tyf lgoldt lzIffdf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;fGble{s ;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ljifoj:t'nfO{ kl/dfh{g Pj+ cBfjlws ug'{xf]; . @=#=% lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ljkbsf ;dodf ckfªutf ePsf JolQmnufot cGo ;ªs6f;Gg JolQmx¿ clt k|efljt x'G5g . pgLx¿sf df}lns clwsf/ tyf ljz]if cfjZostfsf] pk]Iff ul/g' x'Fb}g . zf/Ll/s ¿kdf sdhf]/ JolQmn] cfkmgf] b}lgs hLjgofkgsf qmddf cfkmgf] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfnodf alx:sf/ / cnUofpg]h:tf Jojxf/sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'g;S5 . pgLx¿nfO{ 1fgåf/f ;zQmLs/0f u/]sf] v08df pgLx¿n] klg ;d'bfosf] pTyfgzLntf ;'b[9 agfpg pNn]Vo of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g . af:tjdf afnaflnsf tyf sdhf]/ Ifdtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;xeflutf tyf ;zQmLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;dfj]z u/]df ;d'bfosf] pTyfgzLntfnfO{ a9fpg] 5 . lzIffsf] xs ;'lglZrt ug{ M n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ljleGg sfo{bndf km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm tyf cGo ;ªs6f;Gg ;d"xnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg'xf]; . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ / cfkmgf cfjZostfx¿sf] ;Daf]wg x'g] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrtf lbnfpF5 . n km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm tyf cGo ;ªs6f;Gg ;d"xsf ;jfnnfO{ cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s z}lIfs kf7Øqmddf ;dfj]z x'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'xf]; . n afnaflnsfnfO{ km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm tyf cGo ;ªs6f;Gg ;d"xnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg] sf/0fx¿af/] ;r]t u/fpg cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk / ljBfnodf cfwfl/t cled'vLs/0f tyf ;+jfb sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]zL z}lIfs ;jfnx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ul/g'k5{ . n km/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm / afnaflnsfsf clwsf/ tyf cfjZostf ;Daf]wgdf s]lGb|t x'Fb} / ltgLx¿ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngdf ;lqmo kfq x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ub}{ km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm cg's"n ;dfj]zL ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{xf]; . @=#=^ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL ;DefJo r'gf}tL tyf cj/f]w x6fpg] ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgn] cem} klg w]/} r'gf}tL / cj/f]wx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{
43 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L kl/x]sf] 5 . o;df ;'/lIft lzIff gLltsf] cefj, ;Lldt /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 ;b:ox¿aLrsf] :ki6 e"ldsf, bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj / ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f vlr{nf] x'G5 eGg] unt wf/0ffh:tf /x]sf 5g . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf nflu ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfno lgdf{0fdf nufgL Hofb} dxFuf] /x]sf] unt hgljZjf; sfod} 5 . t/ efl6of -@))*_ sf] cWoog;lxt cGo ljleGg cWoogn] ljkb pTyfgzLn gofF ejgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;fdfGo:t/sf] ejg lgdf{0fsf] t'ngfdf * k|ltzt dfq a9L vr{ nfUg] atfPsf 5g . ;'/lIft lgdf{0fn] lbg] nfenfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] of] yk nfut vf;} 7"nf] xf]Og . h'g;'s} kl/l:yltdf klg * k|ltzt dfq vr{ 36fpg'eGbf hLjgsf] ;'/Iff w]/} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf r"gf}tL tyf cj/f]w x6fpg M n z}lIfs If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;fGble{s / oyfy{ tYofªs;lxt qmda4 / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ;r]tgf cleofgsf] cfjZostf k5{ . n ljBfno kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ s'g} klg kxn ul/Psf] 5}g . kl/jlt{t cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljutdf ag]sf w]/} gLltsf] ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5}g . gLlt ultzLn x'g'k5{ . :yfgLo ;|f]t kl/rfng u/L ;d'bfodf Go"g nfutsf] ljBfno ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug{ gofF k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg'k5{ . n :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf /fhgLlts bnx¿ ;'/lIft ljBfno jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿sf] k|lta4tfljgf ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;/sf/ / s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 k|fKt x'g] ;|f]t lglj{£g kl/rfng ug{ c;Dej x'g]5 . ;ªs6f;Gg afnaflnsfsf] hLjg /Iff ug{ /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . b'ef{Uoj; ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] cfGbf]ng Hofb} sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 / o;n] :yfgLo ;/sf/ tyf /fhgLlts bnsf Ph]G8fdf :yfg;d]t kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . n ;+/rgfut / u}/;+/rgfut b'j} k|sf/sf hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . ;'/Iff;Fu ;Da4 ;d:of tyf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;DefJo pkfox¿ ;'/lIft ljBfno of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 44 ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L P8LkL;L -@))*_M lzIffIf]qdf ljkbsf] k|efj, sDaf]l8of . ljBfno tyf ljBfno ejgx¿sf nflu ck]n (APELL) -@))@_ M ljBfnosf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k4lt . ljkb lzIff sG;f]l6{od, OG8f]g]l;of M ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"j{tof/L 9fFrf . gfOh]n jfs]xd cflbkl/af -@))#_ k/fdz{bftf cfls{6]S6 M k|fylds ljBfno ejgsf] dd{t–;Def/df ljBfno tyf ;'d'bfon] k|of]u ug]{ k'l:tsf . efl6of, P; -@))*_ M ef/tdf e"sDk k|lt/f]ws ljBfno ejgx¿ . ;x/L of]hgf tyf l8hfOg, !^! -$_, !$& – !$( . ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] s]Gb|df afnaflnsf tyf o'jf . Knfg OG6/g];gn . ljkb k"j{tof/L of]hgf ;Gbe{;fdu|L -@)!)_ M s]o/ OG6/g];gn . uf}td, w|'j -@)!@_ M g]kfnsf] t/fO{If]qsf nflu ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf . g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIffljefu, PS;gP8 g]kfn tyf d];L{ sk{;sf] ;+o'Qm kxn . uf}td, w|'j -@)!)_ M clGtd d"Nofªsg k|ltj]bg . ljBfno kl/of]hgfdfkm{t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f . PS;gP8 g]kfn tyf 8LPkmcfO{8L . uf}td, w|'j -@)!!_ M afng]t[Tjdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng . :ynut k|of]ustf{x¿sf nflu afn arfp g]kfnåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] 6"nls6 . uf}td, w|'j -@)!@_ M ;'/lIft ljBfno gLlt tyf cEof; . c;n cEof;, r'gf}tL tyf efjL dfu{ . Knfg g]kfn . ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{gl6kf]6 -@))(_ M ljkb Go"gLs/0f tyf k'gnf{esf nfluljZj ;xof]u . cfO{P;8Lcf/, OgL tyf ljZj AofÍ . e"sDk k|ljwsf nflu /fli6«o ;dfh– g]kfn M 8sdL{ tyf lgdf{0f k|fljlw1x¿sf nflu e"sDk ;'/lIftlgdf{0f ;Lk tflnd . e"sDk k|ljwsf nflu /fli6«o ;dfh– g]kfn M g]kfn –u'h/ft 8sdL{ cfbfgk|bfg tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd . l8k]sf], P8LkL;L, XoflG8Sofk OG6/g];gn, O:nflds l/lnkm tyf Knfg M ;'/lIft ef]lnsf nflu ljBfnox¿nfO{ tof/ ul// fVg] . afËnfb]zdf ljBfno ;'/Iff;DaGwL ax'k|sf]k k4lt k'l:tsf . blIf0f Pl;ofdf ax'k|sf]ksf nflu ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ;'/Iff n]vfhf]vfljlwx¿ -6"N;_ -@)!@_ M o"PgXofla6Øf6 tyf cfPcfO{P;8Lcf/ . ljBfno ;'/Iff 6"nls6 aS; ! M gofF l8hfOg ax'k|sf]k ;'/Iff kfngf . blIf0f Pl;ofdf ax'k|sf]ksf nflu ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ;'/Iff n]vfhf]vfljlwx¿ -6"N;_ -@)!@_ M o"PgXofla6Øf6 tyf cfPcfO{P;8Lcf/ . ljBfno ;'/Iff 6"nls6 aS; ! M /]6«f] dd{t–;Def/ ax'k|sf]k ;'/Iff kfngf . ljBfno ;'/Iff;DaGwL u'¿ k|lzIf0f -df:6/ 6«]lgª_ sf nflu k|lzIf0f df]8Ø"n M /fli6«o ljBfno ;'/Iff sfo{qmd, PgcfO{8LPd . ljkb Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª3Lo cGt/f{li6«o /0fgLlt -@))&_ M /f]syfd ;+:s[lttkm{ M ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ljBfnodf cf/De x'G5 / c;n cEof; tyf kf7x¿ ljBfnod}l;lsG5 . o"PgcfO{P;8Lcf/, h]g]ef . lj:6/ aL -@))^_ M afnaflnsfn] xfdLnfO{l;sfpmg . ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lzIff tyf 1fgsf] e"ldsfsf] ;dLIff . cfP;8Lcf/ k|0ffnL ljifout ;d"x÷1fg tyf lzIff d~r .
45 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cg';"rL ! M g]kfndf ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL kxnx¿ -;g !(** – @)!@_ jif{ k|d'v kxnx¿ !(** sf] e"sDkkl5 clwsf+z ljBfno sdhf]/ ef}lts cj:yfdf /x]sf / a[xt ;+/rgfTds Iflt ePsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ljBfno k'gM ;~rfng ug{ sl/a tLg dlxgf nfUof] . !(**–!((% hfOsfn] d'n'se/ ljBfnox¿sf nflu e"sDk k|lt/f]ws k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u¥of] . !(() g]kfn ;/sf/n] ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf u¥of] . !(($ ;'/lIft ejgx¿lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ejg;+lxtf agfof] . !((&–!((( /fli6«o e"sDk k|ljlw ;dfh / lhcf]–Xofhf8{ OG6/g];gnn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] sf7df8f}F pkTosf e"sDkLo hf]lvd Joj:yfkg kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljBfno e"sDk ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] . !((& ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"j{tof/LnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"j{tof/L sfo{qmdsf] Ps c+zsf] ¿kdf lnOof] t/ ljBfno ;'/Iff tyf lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvdnfO{ 5'66} :ki6 ¿kdf cufl8 a9fOPg . !((( g]kfn ;/sf/n] ejg P]g :jLs[t u¥of] . !((( –@))) clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ljBfno, c:ktfn / cGo k|d'v ejgx¿sf] e"sDkLo ;ªs6f;Ggtf cBfjlws ug{ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut ;ªs6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/] . !(((< ;x/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefun] o"Pg8LkL e"sDk hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k'g{nfe kl/of]hgf tyf /fli6«o e"sDk k|ljlw ;dfhsf] ;xof]udf ejgx¿;Fu ;Da4 e"sDkLo hf]lvdaf/] ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿df ;r]tgf sfo{qmd / gu/kflnsfsf clwsf/Lx¿sf nflu tflnd ;~rfng u¥of] . !((( ljBfno e"sDk ;'/Iff sfo{qmdn] s]xL ljBfno ejgx¿nfO{ e"sDk k|lt/f]ws agfpg k|anLs/0f u¥of] . @))# g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o ejg;+lxtf :jLs[t u¥of] . @))# b;f}F /fli6«o of]hgf -@))@–@))&_ df ljsf; kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ljkb k|efj n]vfhf]vfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/of] . @))# b]lv clxn];Dd clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] o'/f]lkog sldzgsf] ljQLo ;xfotfdf l8k]sf] -DIPECHO_ cGtu{tsf ;'/lIft ljBfno kxnnfO{ ;xof]u u/] . @))&–@))( PS;gP8 g]kfnn] ljBfno sfo{qmddfkm{t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwsf] vfsf tof/ u/L To;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 46 @))& ;g @))& df ejg;+lxtfsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgaf6 o;nfO{ %* gu/kflnsf, @* lhNnf ;b/d'sfd -t/fO{sf] s'g} klg ;b/d'sfd g;d]l6Psf] / *! ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf nfu" ul/of] . @))( ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ df ;'emfOPsf dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLlts sfo{x¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ bL3{sfnLg ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{of]hgf tof/Lsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ g]kfn hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;d"x gfds Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;d"x u7g ul/of] . ;f] ;d"xn] g]kfndf ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf nflu tTsfn} ug'{kg]{ kfFr k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q klxrfg u¥of] . ljBfno ;'/Iff sfo{qmd klxnf] k|fyldstf If]qdf kb{5 . @))( ljBfnoIf]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -@))(–@)!%_ n] ;'/lIft ljBfno k|f]T;fxgsf nflu ;a}sf nflu lzIff, dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd, ;fd'bflos ljBfno ;xof]u sfo{qmd / lzIfs lzIff kl/of]hgfh:tf rfn" sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]5 . ljkbsf ljleGg k|efj ljkbsf ef}lts k|efj n c;'/lIft ljBfnon] afnaflnsf tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 3fOt] agfpF5 jf df5{ / lzIffdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpF5 . n ljkbn] cfhLjg zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm agfpg;S5, h;n] lzIffdf k|efj kf5{ . n ljBfno / j/k/sf ef}lts ;+/rgf elTsg ;S5g jf Ifltu|:t x'G5g . n ljBfnosf ef}lts ;'ljwf Ifltu|:t x'G5g . n v:g] jf emg]{ a:t'h:tf u}/;+/rgfTds tTjx¿n] e]nf x'g] 7fpF;Dd k'Ug] ;'/lIft lgsf; dfu{nfO{ cj¿4 ug{;S5g . ljkbsf z}lIfs k|efj n k9fO 5f]8g] b/ a95 . n ljBfno Iflt x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff k|fKt ug{kfpg] clwsf/df cj/f]w k'U5 . n lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ vl:sG5 . n lzIffsf] j}slNks :yfg geP z}lIfs ;+/rgfdf x'g] Ifltn] afnaflnsfsf] k9fOn] lg/Gt/tf kfpFb}g . n dxTjk"0f{ z}lIfs clen]vx¿ gi6 x'G5g . n afnaflnsf csf]{ ljBfnodf hfG5g hxfF pgLx¿nfO{ cEo:t x'g ufx|f] kg{;S5 / lzIff l;sfOdf ca/f]w pTkGg x'g;S5 .
47 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ljkbsf cfly{s k|efj n ;DalGwt lgsfo Ifltu|:t ljBfnosf] k'glg{df{0f / gofF ljBfnosf] lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] /sd nufgL ug{ afWo x'G5g . n ;+/rgfx¿sf] dd{t ug{ cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:odfly cfly{s af]em ylkG5 . n ;|f]tsf] ;Lldttf;Fu ;Demf}tf ul/G5 h;n] Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfd} sfd rnfpg'kg]{ afWotf pTkGg x'g' eg]sf] dflg;x¿ efjL 36fgfx¿k|lt ;ªs6f;Gg /xg' xf] . n k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgfdf nufgL a9bf cGo If]qsf] nufgL k|efljt x'G5 h;n] efjL ;dodf w]/} gs/fTds k|efj kf5{ . ljkbsf dgf]j}1flgs k|efj n ljkbn] lzIff cj¿4 x'Fbf afnaflnsfn] lg/Gt/tfsf] af]w tyf cfzf u'dfpF5g . n afnaflnsf qf; / dfg;ls cf3fth:tf dgf]j}1flgs ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t x'G5g . pgLx¿sf] lgbfpg] lbgrof{df vnan x'Fbf ljBfnodf Psfu| x'g ;Sb}gg . n ljBfnoaf6 aflx/ a:g afWo ePsf / x]/rfx ug{ g;lsPsf afnaflnsfn] cfkmgf] lrGtf / tgfjnfO{ JoQm ug{ ;fdflhs ¿kdf c:jLsfo{ Jojxf/ ckgfpg ;S5g . n cleefjs cfkmgf afnaflnsfnfO{ c;'/lIft ljBfno jftfj/0fdf k7fpg 8/fpF5g . ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf sf];]9'ªuf n ;g @)!@–@)!# M ljZje/ z}lIfs ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] k}/jL / cleofgnfO{ hf/L /fv] . n ;g @))(–@)!# M cfwf/e"t tYofªs / k|ultnfO{ dfkg ub}{ cl3 a9g] (Taking Stock and Moving Forward) gfds sfo{qmdn] afnaflnsf tyf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVb}] afns]lGb|t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|of;sf w]/} pNn]Vo 36gf cWoogsf] clen]vLs/0f u¥of] . n @)!! M o'g]:sf] tyf o'lg;]kmn] lzIff If]qsf of]hgfdf åGå tyf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ z}lIfs of]hgfsf/x¿sf nflu dfu{bz{gsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/] . n @)!)M cfktsfnLg lzIffsf nflu cGt/lgsfo ;~hfn -O{gL_n] ælzIffsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08Æ cBfjlws u/L k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{eh:tf ljifo ;dfj]z u/L ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] k|of; u¥of] . n @))( M OgL / ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k'gnf{esf nflu ljZj a}+ssf] ;xfotf ;oGq (GFDRR) n] …;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{g tof/ ug{ bh{gf}+
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 48 lj1x¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fof] . ljleGg k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] k|efjk|lt ljBfno ;+oGqsf] ef}lts ;ªs6f;Ggtf sd ug{ tof/ ul/Psf] of] dfu{bz{g lg0f{ostf{x¿sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ clen]v lyof] . n @))* M O{gLsf] cfktsfnLg lzIffsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08n] ljBfno ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffTds ¿k/]vf k|:t't u/]sf] 5, h;cGtu{t M -s_ ;'/lIft lgdf{0f / k|anLs/0fåf/f ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{], -v_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgåf/f ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f sfod ug]{, -u_ z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf / ljkb /f]syfd tyf k"j{tof/L;DaGwL lzIf0f l;sfOåf/f lzIffdf kx'Fr sfod /fVg], / -3_ kx'Fr tyf ;'/Iff ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ . n @))*: ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cGt/f{li6«o ljkb Go"gLs/0f lbj; (UNISDR) n] z}lIfs If]qsf lg0f{ostf{x¿sf nflu ljBfno ljkb /f]syfd dfu{bz{g k|:t't u¥of] . z}lIfs If]qdf ljkbsf] ef}lts, z}lIfs, cfly{s tyf dgf];fdflhs k|efjnfO{ k|:6Øfof] . o;n] a[xt ljBfno ljkb /f]syfd sfo{qmddf lgDg tLg nIo klxrfg u¥of] M -s_ hLjg arfp / rf]6k6s /f]syfd, -v_ bf]xf]l/O/xg] k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 lzIffdf x'g] cj/f]wsf] /f]syfd, / -u_ bf]xf]l/O/xg] k|sf]ksf ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;Ifd pTyfgzLn gful/s ju{sf] ljsf; . n @))^ M ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cGt/f{li6«o ljkb Go"gLs/0f lbj; (UNISDR) sf] ljZj ljkb Go"gLs/0f cleofgcGtu{tsf] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f 3/af6 cf/De x'G5 -@))^–@))&_, o'g]:sf]sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu z}lIfs bzs -@))%–@)!$_ / o'lg;]kmsf] cfktsfnLg l:yltdf afnaflnsfk|ltsf] cfwf/e"t k|lta4tf nufot cGo ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿n] ;'/lIft ljBfno ljsf;sf kIfdf k}/jL u/] . n @))%M Xof]uf] sfo{9fFrf -@))%–@)!%_ sf kfFr k|fyldstf dWo]sf] t];|f] k|fyldstfn] ;'/Iff ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0fdf 1fg tyf lzIffsf] e"ldsfdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;'/lIft ljBfnon] Pp6f o:tf] l;sfO jftfj/0f k|bfg ug]{ nIo /fVb5 hxfF afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff ;w}Fsf nflu ;'lglZrt ul/G5 . n @))$M o'g]:sf] / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo jftfj/0fLo sfo{qmd -o'g]k_ n] ljkbsf j]nf ck]Iffs[t ;'/lIft /xg] lx;fan] ljBfnosf] :t/f]Gglt tyf lgdf{0f ug'{ /fi6«sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] Ps c+z x'g'k5{ egL ljBfno ;'/Iffsf] dxTjdf hf]8lbPsf] 5 . n @))) M ljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|fylds lzIffsf] k|flKt ug]{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf ;g @)!% ;Dddf ;a} afnaflnsfn] ;dfg ¿kn] k"0f{ k|fylds lzIff k"/f ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . of] k|fjwfg ljkb Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf tyf kxnnfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg'kg]{ afnclwsf/;Fu hf]8g] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ ePsf] 5 .
49 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cg';"rL @ M cfwf/e"t ;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08 n efG;fsf]7f / lj1fg k|of]uzfnf /flvg] ljB'tLo ;~hfn, pks/0f, lx6/, :6f]e, UofF; l;lnG8/, k]6«f]n / d6Lt]n k|HHjngzLn tyf k|sf]k pTkGg ug]{ a:t'x¿ ;Lldt x'g'k5{, 5'66} ;'/lIft ¿kdf /flvg'k5{ . n cfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;'/lIft aflx/L ¿kdf lgl:sg s'g} cj/f]w gxf]; eGgsf nflu tL dfu{x¿ v'nf /flvg'k5{ . n k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf / k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 k'gM eg]{nufotsf cfjZos lgb]{zg;lxt clUg;dgs oGq h8fg ul/g'k5{ . n ljB't k|0ffnL lgoldt ¿kdf dd{t;Def/ ul/g'k5{ / cTolws ljB't ef/ gx'g] ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ . n 5fgfh:tf rnfodfg j:t'x¿ x'/Latf;n] pKsfpg, p8fpg jf 6'qmØfpg g;sf]; eGgsf nflu alnof];Fu sl;g'k5{ . n atf; jf e"sDksf sf/0f v;]/ jf lrlKnP/ rf]6k6s nufpg;Sg] jf ;'/lIft lgsf; dfu{df cj/f]w Nofpg;Sg] a:t'x¿nfO{ alnof];Fu ejgdf sl;g' jf afFlwg'k5{ . n x/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf x'g'k5{ / aflx/ lgl:sg k|of]u x'g] ;a} 9f]sf aflx/lt/ v'Ng] x'g'k5{ . n cUnf k':ts /fVg] ¥ofs, b/fh, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu hf]8]/ s:g'k5{ / rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{ 6fpsf]sf] :t/eGbf d'lg /flvg'k5{ . n km'6]/ 6'qmf x'g] / rf]6k6s u/fpg ;Sg] kmf]6f] k|m]dsf tyf cGo ;L;fx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ¿kdf afFw]/ jf c+s'zdf c8sfP/ /flvg'k5{ . cg";"rL # MljleGg sfo{bnsf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTj k"j{;"rgf sfo{bn n dxTjk"0f{ dflg; tyf 7fpFsf] ;Dks{ ;"rL tyf ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ -h:t} c:ktfn, :yfgLo :jf:yosdL{, bdsn, :yfgLo k|x/L cflb_, n oyfy{ ;"rgf ;Íng ug]{ / k"j{;"rgf sfo{bnsf] e"ldsfaf/] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:ox¿;Fu hfgsf/L cfbgk|bfg ug, n k"j{;"rgfsf] ;ªs]tsf lsl;d / ltgsf sfo{af/] atfpg], n jif{sf] sDtLdf rf/k6s ljkb k"jf{Eof; ug]{, n cfktsfnLg l:yltdf bdsn, k|x/L, :jf:YosdL{, lzIff sfof{no / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfo kl/rfng ug]{,
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 50 n clUg;dgs oGqh:tf cfktsfnLg pks/0f, ljB'tsf] d'Vo :jLr / cfktsfnLg pks/0f /flvPsf] 7fpFsf] ;~rfng ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L cfbgk|bfg ug]{ . ;"rgf k|jfx sfo{bn n af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, d]3 uh{g, r6Øfª, x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft /xg s:tf] Jojxf/ ckgfpg] eGg]af/]sf] lgb]{zg ;do–;dodf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ . n /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgnufot ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;Íng ul/Psf ljkb;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿df cBffjlws ug]{ . n ckmjfx g;'Gg] t/ ;a} cflwsfl/s ;ªs]t kfngf ug]{ / b[Zo cjnf]sg ug{ ghfg] . lgsf; sfo{bn n ;do–;dodf ;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg] cEof; ug]{ / ;do–;dodf o;sf sfo{ljlw cBfjlws ug]{ . n lgsf; dfu{ eP/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf k'Ug ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ . n ;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg ;Sg] af6f], ;'/lIft :yfg;lxtsf] gS;fªsg tof/ ug]{ / kl/jt{gcg'¿k cBfjlws ug]{ . n pkl:yt ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ / sf]xL x/fPsf eP hfgsf/L u/fpg] . n ;"rgf ;ªs]t tyf lgsf; of]hgfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] . n ;'/lIft :yfg, lgsf; dfu{ / e]nf x'g] :yfgaf/] ljBfno kl/jf/nfO{ clu|d ;"lrt ug]{ . n vf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{bn / cGo ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ x/fPsf JolQmx¿af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] . n ljBfnosf] ;DklQ /Iff ug{ lgsf;kl5 ;a} afXo åf/ tyf 9f]sf aGb ug]{ . vf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{bn n ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf] clen]v /fVg] . n ljBfnoleq ePsf ;ªs6f;Gg :yfg klxNo} cªlst ug]{ . n aflx/ lgl:sg] ljleGg 9f]sf tyf åf/x¿;lxtsf] gS;f tof/ ug]{ . n ;fFrf], :6«]r/, 8f]/L tyf l;F9Lsf] cu|Ld Joj:yf ug]{ . n uDeL/ l:yltdf aflx/sf vf]h tyf p4f/ 6f]nL kl/rfng ug]{ . n x/fPsf JolQmx¿af/] lgsf; 6f]nLaf6 hfgsf/L lng] . n x/fPsf JolQmx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ . n 3fOt]nfO{ k|fylds pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ . n 3fOt]nfO{ yk pkrf/sf nflu c:ktfn n}hfg] . n ejgsf] k|To]s sf]7fsf] hfFr ug]{ / 3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] k|fylds pkrf/ 6f]nLnfO{ cjut u/fpg] .
51 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L n l;s]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ :d/0f u/fpg / r':t agfpg a]nfa]nfdf cEof;, cled'vLs/0f / k/fdz{ lqmofsnfksf] cfof]hgf ug]{ . k|fylds pkrf/ sfo{bn n k|fylds pkrf/ afs;df cfjZos cf}iflwx¿ /fVg] . n 3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] . n ljz]if cf}ifwf]krf/ cfjZos kg]{ cj:yfsf] b[li6ut ub}{ ljBfnoaf6 lgs6 /x]sf cGo :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|af/] ;"lrt u/fpg] . n lgoldt cGt/fndf k|fylds pkrf/ k'gtf{huL tflndsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ . n cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lgsf; 6f]nL;Fu k|fylds pkrf/ s]Gb|af/] k/fdz{ ug]{ . n d[To' tyf 3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] a'emg :yfgLo c:ktfnsf ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ . n 3fOt]x¿nfO{ ;Sbf] rfF8f] c:ktfn k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ug]{ . dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ sfo{bn n sl7g kl/l:ylt / ;Í6sf] 38Ldf s;/L k|ltsfo{ ug]{ eGg]af/] kl/jf/nfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ . n ;+od eO{ a:g], :ki6;Fu ;f]Rg] / ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ sfd ug]{ . n ;Fu} a:g] / Pscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ . n ;fgf afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f, ladf/L / czQm JolQmx¿df ljz]if x]/rfx / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] . n afnaflnsf tyf kl/jf/x¿ ljkb k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ dfgl;s ¿kdf tof/ ePsf] / ug{;S5' eGg] wf/0ff ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;s/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx ug]{ .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 52 cg';"rL $ M ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfno dfks -:jd"Nofªsg kmf/fd_ -tnsf] k/LIf0f ;"rLdf s"n #) dfkb08 k|:t't ul/Psf 5g . @! eGbf a9L cªs k|fKt ePdf tkfOFsf] ljBfno pRr ljkb pTyfgzLn, ( b]lv @) ;Dd cªs cfPdf dWod ljkb pTyfgzLn / ( eGbf sd cªs cfPdf Go"g ljkb pTyfgzLn dflgg]5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08 cªs ;'/lIft ljBfno k"jf{wf/ tyf ;'ljwf != :yfg  ljBfno ef}ule{s lr/f glhs, le/fnf] :yfg, kxf8sf] km]bL, eL/dfly, af9L cfpg] If]q jf vf]nfsf] t6df 5 )=)  ljBfno /x]sf] :yfg xfn ljkbsf] hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5 t/ efjL ljkb hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5}g )=%  ljBfno /x]sf] :yfg v'nf tyf km/flsnf], k|sf]ksf] 36gf x'g] 7fpFaf6 6f9f, ;xh kx'Fr / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/sf ;'ljwf -h:t} ;kmf vfg]kfgL, lah'nL, ;~rf/ ;~hfn cflb_ pknAw ePsf] 5 !=) s'n cªs @= ljBfno cjl:yt e"ldsf] cj:yf  ljBfno ;Ld;f/ -df6f] efFl;g] e"lddf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 )=)  ljBfno lgdf{0f ug'{cl3 df6f] lyRg] / vfFbg] sfd ul/Psf] 5}g )=%  ljBfno lgdf{0f ug'{clw kof{Kt sl;g] bf]d6, anf}6] df6f] 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 !=) s'n cªs #= ejg;+lxtfsf] kfngf  ejg;+lxtf k|fjwfgsf] cj1f ul/Psf] 5 )=)  l8hfOg ejg;+lxtf cg'¿k ul/Psf] 5 t/ lgdf{0fdf kfngf ul/Psf] 5}g )=%  ejg l8hfOg / lgdf{0f b'j}df ejg;+lxtfsf] kfngf ul/Psf] 5 !=) s'n cªs $= k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf gS;fªsg tyf cBfjlws ug]{ ;+:s[lt  of] cEof; / gS;fªsgsf] cf}lrToaf/] cgle1tf 5 )=)  ljutdf gS;fªsg cEof; ul/Psf] lyof] t/ cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5}g )=%
53 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L  ljutdf k|sf]ksf] gS;fªsg, cEof; ul/Psf] / o;nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ug]{  ul/Psf] 5 !=) s'n cªs %= ef/jxg k|0ffnL  e"sDksf] wSsf gyfDg] 6fOaLd ljgf OF6f, 9'Ëf / sfFrf] OF6f dfq k|of]u u/L ufx|f] nufOPsf] 5 )=)  ejgsf] ufx|f] t];f]{ jf 7f8f] ¿kdf 808Låf/f k|anLs/0f gu/L agfOPsf] 5 )=%  ufx|f] jf ufx|f] 6fF8 kf/]/ jf sf6]/ agfOPsf], ;fgf emofn / 9f]sf /flvPsf] 5}g !=) s'n cªs ^= l8hfOgsf] cfsf/  ljBfno ejg cªu|]hL …Pn-LÚ, …Pr -HÚ / …6L -TÚ cfs[ltsf] 5 )=)  nDafO / rf}8fOsf] ;x;DaGw lx;fa gu/L ejg agfOPsf] 5 )=%  cfoftsf/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ejgsf] nDafO rf}8fOeGbf bf]Aa/ 5 !=) s'n cªs &= 9n tyf gfnf lgsf;sf] ;'ljwf  af9Lsf] kfgL ljBfno ejg x'Fb} jf jl/kl/af6 ;lhn} au]/ hfg ;Sb}g )=)  9n tyf gfnf 5 t/ k"j{lgwfl/t pko'Qm :yfgdf 5}g )=%  9n tyf lgsf; k|0ffnL k"j{lgwf{l/t pko'Qm :yfgdf 5 / af9L tyf 8'afgsf] s'g} ;d:of 5}g !=) s'n cªs *= 58, l;d]G6 / sªlqm6 ejgsf] 5tsf] cj:yf  jiff{sf] kfgL r'lxG5 )=)  kfgL r'lxg] ;d:of 5}g t/ cf]l;nf]kg :ki6 b]lvG5 )=%  kfgL r'lxg] ;d:of / cf]l;nf] kg 5}g !=) s'n cªs (= /]lnªsf] Joj:yf  /]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5Fb} 5}g )=)  l;F9Ldf dfq /]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5 )=%  l;F9L, 5t, afnsf]gL, wf/f / ;fwf/0f le/fnf] af6f] (Ramps) df /]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5 !=) s'n cªs !)= ljBfno / jl/kl/ k|sf]ksf] cj:yf  ;DefJo vt/f -cUnf ¿v, ljBfno d}bfgdf vfN8fv'N8L, v'nf Ogf/, ljB't 6«fG;kmd{/, pRr ef]N6]hsf] ljB't k|zf/0f k|0ffnL cflb_ af/] 1fg 5}g )=)
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 54  plNnlvt k|sf]kaf/] 1fg ePsf] t/ hf]lvd 36fpg s'g} sbd rflnPsf] 5}g )=%  ljleGg k|sf]kaf6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd 36fpg sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 !=) s'n cªs !!=k|HHjngzLn tyf ljkb pTkGg ug]{ j:t' -ljB't nfOg tyf pks/0f, lx6/, :6f]e, PnkLhL 6Øfªs, k]6«f]n / d6Lt]n_ ;Lldt ug]{, cnUu} jf ;'/lIft /fVg]  oL s'/faf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  s]xL 1fg ePsf] t/ s'g} ;'/Iff pkfoaf/] sfd gu/]sf] )=%  k|HHjngzLn tyf ljkb pTkGg ug]{] j:t'nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] / nfu" ul/Psf] . !=) s'n cªs !@= k|of]u ug]{ / k|of]u eO;s]kl5 jf lglZrt ;dodf eg]{ nufotsf :ki6 lgb]{zg;lxt clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg .  clUg;dgssf] k|of]uaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg ul/Psf] t/ ;do–;dodf ge/]sf] tyf dd{t;Def/ gu/]sf] )=%  ;do–;dodf eg]{nufot s;/L k|of]u ug]{ :ki6 lgb]{zg;lxt clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs !#= ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/ ePsf] / k|0ffnLdf cTolws af]em gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{  ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/af/] cgle1 /x]sf] )=)  ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/sf nflu sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ gu/]sf] )=%  sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/ ul/Psf] / k|0ffnLdf cTolws af]em gePsf] ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs !$= cfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg l:yltsf nflu ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sgsf] nflu ;xh alxu{dg dfu{ / k]6L v'nf /fVg]  alxu{dg dfu{ jf k]6Lsf] cf}lrToaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  alxu{dg dfu{ jf k]6L v'nf /fVg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%  cfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg l:yltsf nflu sfo{of]hgf;lxt ;'/lIft lgsf;sf nflu alxu{dg dfu{ / k]6L v'nf /fv]sf] !=) s'n cªs
55 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L !%= x'/Latf;af6 Rofltg, p8g jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5th:tf rn j:t'nfO{ s:g]  x'/Latf;h:tf k|sf]klj¿4 sfd ug{ s'g} kxn gul/Psf] )=)  sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%  sfo{of]hgf ;lxt Rofltg, p8fpg jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5th:tf rn j:t'nfO{ s;]sf] !=) s'n cªs !^= atf; jf e"sDksf] c;/ Go"g ug{ lrlKng, emg{ / 3fOt] agfpg jf alxu{dg dfu{ cj¿4 ug]{ vfnsf j:t'nfO{ /fd|/L afFWg]  o:tf ljkbsf lj¿4 sfd ug{ kxn gul/Psf] )=)  ;a} rn j:t'nfO{ afFWg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%  sfo{of]hgfcg'¿kg Rofltg, p8fOg jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5fgf tyf rn j:t'nfO{ s;]sf] / leQfx¿sf] k|anLs/0f ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs !&= x/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf ePsf] / ;a} alxu{dg åf/x¿ aflx/ v'Ng] agfOPsf]  sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg g/x]sf] )=)  sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] t/ tL slxNo} klg gvf]lnPsf] )=%  x/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / aflx/lt/ v'Ng] ;a} alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg ePsf] / cfktsfnLg l:yltdf k|of]udf jf Nofpg cEof; ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs !*= k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'b[9 ug]{ / rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{ 6fpsf]sf] txeGbf tn /fVg]  k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ;'/lIft ug]{ sfo{ gul/Psf] jf ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg gagfOPsf] )=)  k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'/lIft gubf{ cfpg] kl/0ffdaf/] 1fg ePsf] / sfo{of]hgf klg tof/ u/]sf] t/ sfof{Gjog gu/]sf] . )=%  sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu sAhfåf/f oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'b[9 u/]sf] / rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{ 6fpsf]sf] txeGbf tn /fv]sf] !=) s'n cªs
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 56 !(= cªs'zdf kmf]6f]x¿ gemg]{ u/L em'G8ØfP/ 6'qmf–6'qmf eO{ km'6g] / 3fOt] agfpg ;Sg] l;;fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{af/] ;r]tgf tyf sfo{  rf]6k6saf6 hf]lug kmf]6f] / l;;f gemg]{u/L Joj:yfkg gul/Psf] . )=)  rf]6k6saf6 hf]lug kmf]6f] / l;;f gemg]{u/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ oyf]lrt sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] . )=% !(= kmf]6f]x¿ gemg]{ u/L em'G8ØfP/ 6'qmf –6'qmf eO{ km'6g] / 3fOt] agfpg ;Sg] l;;fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{af/] ;r]tgf tyf sfo{ ePsf] !=) s'n cªs ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg @) ;dfj]zL ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn  ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn ;dfj]zL gePsf] )=)  ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn u7g ePsf] t/ lqmofzLn gePsf] )=%  ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn u7g ePsf] / lqmofzLn ePsf] !=) s'n cªs @!= of]hgfsf] k|fjwfg tyf sfof{Gjog  ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofªsg of]hgfaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofªsg of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ ;|f]t;DaGwL ;d:ofsf sf/0f lqmofzLn gePsf] )=%  ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofªsg of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] / sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs @@ ljkb cNkLs/0fsf pkfoaf/] 1fg tyf sfo{  ljkb cNkLs/0fsf pkfox¿ / ltgsf] k|fyldsLs/0faf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  ljkb cNkLs/0f pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] t/ sfo{qmdsf] k|fyldsLs/0f gul/Psf] )=%  sfo{of]hgfcg'¿k ljkb cNkLs/0f pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf], k|fyldsLs/0f ul/Psf] / sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] !=) s'n cªs @# ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf ;~hfnLs/0f / ljj/0f cBfjlws  cfktsfndf cfjZoskg]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;Dks{ JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ gul/Psf] )=)  ;Dks{ 7]ufgf;lxt dxTjk"0f{ JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] t/ cBfjlws gul/Psf] )=%
57 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L  ;Dks{ 7]ufgf;lxt dxTjk"0f{ JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] / lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs @$= alxu{dg dfu{ tyf e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft :yfgaf/] 1fg  alxu{dg dfu{, ;'/lIft :yfg / e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft :ynaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  alxu{dg dfu{, ;'/lIft :yfg / ;'/lIft e]nfsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg klxrfg ul/Psf] )=%  alxu{dg dfu{, ;'/lIft :yfg / ;'/lIft ¿kdf e]nf x'g] :yfgsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] / cfjlws ¿kdf cEof; ug]{ ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs @%= ljBfnoleq ;'/Iff pkfo  ;'/Iff pkfo -a]Unf a]Un} 8]:s–a]Gr, aflx/lt/ v'Ng] 9f]sf tyf åf/_ af/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  dfly plNnlvt ljifodf 1fg ePsf] t/ sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%  dfly plNnlvt ljifodf 1fg ePsf] / tflnd tyf cEof;af6 pknAw ;Lk Pj+ 1fgsf] k|of]u u/L ;a} c;'/lIft pkfo ;RRofOPsf] !=) s'n cªs @^= ljkb ;'/Iff cEof;  ljkbaf6 hLjg / Iffsf nflu cEof;af/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  cEof; ul/Psf] t/ ;Defljt ljkbsf] 5gf]6ljgf ul/Psf] )=%  cfwf/e"t of]hgf;lxt ljBfnodf jif{sf] sDtLdf b'O{ k6s cEof; ug]{ ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs @&= z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf  z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgfaf/] yfxf gePsf] -cfktsfnsf ;dodf cf>osf ¿kdf ljBfno k|of]u ul/P klg_ )=)  z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf ePsf] t/ sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%  bf]xf]l/g] Pj+ pRr k|efj kfg]{ ljkb nlIft z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf ePsf] !=) s'n cªs hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 58 @*= Ifdtf clej[l4  ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4 tflndsf nflu k|fjwfg gePsf] )=)  ljBfno sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|fylds pkrf/, vf]hL tyf p4f/, ljkb Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;Lk k|fKt u/]sf eP klg pkof]u gePsf] )=%  ljBfno sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|fylds pkrf/, vf]hL tyf p4f/, ljkb Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;Lk k|fKt u5{g / ljBfnodf k|of]u ub{5g !=) s'n cªs @(= cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk  cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk gePsf] )=)  cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk cfof]hgf u/]sf] t/ ljkb / hnjfo' cg's"ng s]lGb|t gePsf] )=%  ljkb / hnjfo' cg's"ng s]lGb|t cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk cfof]hgf x'g] u/]sf] !=) s'n cªs #)= ljkb / hnjfo' cg's"ngnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] z}lIfs ;fdu|L  oL ;fdu|L la'Ns'n} k|of]u gul/Psf] )=)  oL ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] t/ lgoldt tyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk;Fu ghf]l8Psf] )=%  lgoldt tyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf oL ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs cg';"rL % M g]kfnsf k|d'v k|sf]kx¿ != af9L / 8'afg s= k[i7e"ld hldg 8'afpg] u/L lj:tfl/t ePsf] a[xt kfgLsf] k|jfxnfO{ af9L elgG5 . gbL jf tfnh:tf hnfzosf] cfoftg a9]/ lgoldt ¿kdf kgL aUg] kl/lwaflx/ aUbf af9L pTkGg x'G5 . gbLsf] kfgLsf] k|jfx zlQm w]/} x'Fbf o;n] cfkmgf] dfu{ 5f8]/ gfua]nL x'Fb} aflx/ aUg yfN5 . g]kfndf lgoldt / vx/] u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf af9L x'G5g . jiff{sf] df};ddf gbLsf] kfgL a9]/ lsgf/ aflx/ uP/ hndUg x'g' lgoldt af9L xf] . o;sf] ljkl/t cs:dft x'g] ef/L jiff{n] l;lh{t af9LnfO{ vx/] af9L elgG5 . vx/] af9L s]xL ;ªs]t jf ljgf ;ªs]t cfpF5 . o:tf] af9Lsf] cf/De / pRr k|jfxaLrsf] ;do cGt/fn 5f]6f] x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf] af9L a9L vt/gfs
59 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L x'G5 h;n] clwsf+z ljBfno ejg tyf cGo k"jf{wf/nfO{ If0fe/d} 9fNg / aufpg ;S5 . af9L klxNo} g} ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]vf kl/;s]sf] 5 / eljiodf emg} 7"nf] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]vfkg]{ ;Defjgf 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f t/fO{n] eljiodf yk af9L / 8'afgsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5, lsgeg] cfufdL !)) jif{leq ljZjsf] ;txL cf}ift tfkqmd !=$ b]lv %=* l8u|L ;]lN;o;;Dd a9g] ;Defjgf 5 . kfgLsf] 7"nf] dfqfsf] t'ngfdf gbLsf] axfjdfu{ Hofb} g} ;fFu'/f] 5 eg] af9L cfpF5 / glhssf If]qdf 8'afg u5{ . x/]s jif{ of] ;d:of bfxf]l/O/xFbf dflg;x¿sf] d[To' x'G5, 3fOt] x'G5g / ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ Ifltu|:t jf gi6 x'G5g . af9Ln] ;8s, l;FrfO gx/, ljBfno / ljB't nfOgh:tf dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/nfO{ Ifltu|:t t'NofpF5 . af9Ln] s}of}Flbg;Dd ljBfno aGb u/fP/ z}lIfs k|0ffnLnfO{ layf]N5 . af9Lsf] ;dodf cflwsfl/s ¿kdf ljBfno aGb ug]{ lg0f{o gx'Fbf emg} cGof}n pTkGg x'G5 . ljBfno / ljBfno glhssf cGo kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfdf af9Ln] k'¥ofpg] Iflt csf]{ ;d:of xf] . v=af9Lsf sf/0f n nfdf] ;do;Dd x'g] jiff{ -gbLsf] hn;tx a9]/ o;sf] dfu{ glhssf If]qdf 8'afg u/fpF5_ . n 5f]6f] ;dofjlwdf x'g] eLif0f jiff{ -vx/] af9L pTkGg x'G5_ . n lxd tyf e"– klx/f]n] gbLsf] dfu{ cj/f]w ubf{ kfgL el/P/ j/k/sf If]q 8'afg u5{ . o:tf] cj/f]w cs:dft km'6bf gbLsf] axfj dfu{ glhs kg]{ If]qdf ljWj+z dRrfpF5 . -lxdtfn ljikmf]6g x'Fbf cfpg] af9L / klx/f]sf] cj/f]w km'6bf cfpg] af9Ln] g]kfndf 7"nf] Iflt ug]{ hf]lvd ;b}j /lxcfPsf] 5_ . n afFwsf] c;kmntf -gbL tyf hnfzosf] afFw sdhf]/ x'Fbf km'6g uO{ ToxfF hDdf ePsf] ljzfn kfgLsf] dfqf clgolGqt eO{ aU5 / If0fe/d} w]/} Iflt u5{ . u= af9Lsf] k|sf/ n vx/] af9L M ef/L jiff{ jf afFwsf] c;kmntfaf6 crfgs cfpg] of] af9L tLj| ultdf axG5 . vx/] af9L cfpg] ;ªs]t Hofb} 5f}6f] x'G5 / s]xL ldg]6leq} pRr k|jfxdf kl/0ft x'G5 . n gbL af9L M gbL af9L lgoldt cfpg] af9L xf] . ha af:tljs hnk|jfxsf] dfqf gbLsf] dfu{df c6fpg;Sg] eGbf a9L x'G5, gbLlsgf/eGbf aflx/ uP/ aUg yfNb5 / o;sf] 5]p5fpsf If]q hndUg x'G5 . gbL af9L lj:tf/} a9b} hfG5 / jiff{df dfq cfpg] u5{ . n ;x/L af9L M cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f tyf cf}Bf]uLsLs/0fsf sf/0f hldgn] k|fs[lts ;f];0f Ifdtf u'dfpFbf ;x/L af9Ll;h{gf x'G5 . o:tf] af9LnfO{ k|foM sdhf]/ 9n k|0ffnLsf] kl/0ffd dflgG5 .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 60 n lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g af9L M lxpF klUng] ult tLj| eP/ kfgLsf] a9L dfqfsf] bafasf sf/0f lxdtfn dflyaf6 kfgLsf] k|jfx x'Fbf jf lxdtfnsf] hldg km'6]/ o:tf] af9L pTkGg x'G5 . n e"klx/f] lj:kmf]6g af9L M klx/f]sf] sf/0f gbL jf vf]N;f]df ag]sf] afFw PSsf;L km'6bf o:tf] af9L cfpF5 . 3= af9Lsf] k|efj n Eff}lts Iflt M af9Ln] k|foM afnLgfnL gi6 u5{, 3/ tyf rf}kfof aufpF5 . le/fnf] :yfglt/ aUg] af9Ln] o;sf] dfu{df cfpg] ;a}yf]s aufpF5 . vx/] af9L;Fu k|foM 7"nf] dfqfdf afn'jf, lxnf] df6f], kftkltªu/, ¿vla¿jf / 9'ªufx¿ au]/ tNnf] If]qdf Iflt k'Ub5 . n dfgjLo xtfxt M Aff9Ln] dflg;sf] d[To' u/fpF5 . af9Laf6 ljz]ifu/L slnnf afnaflnsf, czQm afnaflnsf / dlxnfx¿sf] d[To' w]/} x'G5 . lgoldt cfpg] af9Laf6 k|ToIf x'g] d[To' t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd x'G5 . af9L k|efljt If]qdf ;k{b+z k|foM eO/xg] 36gf xf] . n dxfdf/L] M af9Lsf k/f]If kl/0ffd:j¿k emf8fkvfnf, cf}nf] / cGo efO/n /f]u lelqg ;S5g . n kfgL tyf vfB cfk"lt{ M af9Ln] aufP/ NofPsf] afn'jf, 9'ªufdf6f], ¿v la¿jf, kftkltªu/sf lyu|]gLaf6 v'nf Ogf/ / cGo e"ldut kfgL ;ªqmldt x'G5 . n afnLgfnL Iflt M v]taf/L nfdf] ;do;Dd hndUg x'Fbf afnLgfnL tyf e08f/0f ul/Psf] cGg gi6 x'G5 . n lgliqmo vfg]kfgL of]hgf M af9Ln] vfg]kfgL of]hgfnfO{ gi6 u/L lgliqmo kfg{ ;S5 . n s'kf]if0f tyf czQmtf M af9Lsf sf/0f x'g] vfB ;ªs6 s'kf]if0fsf] d"n sf/0f xf] h;n] d[To' jf czQmtflt/ 8f]¥ofpF5 . af9Lsf] ;dodf czQm afnaflnsf tyf k|f}9n] x]/rfx ug]{ JolQm, kfªu|] s';L{ (Wheelchair), >j0f;xof]uL pks/0fsf] ;'ljwf u'dfpg' kg]{ x'g;S5 . n dgf];dflhs k|efj M af9Lsf] ;do / To;kl5 afnaflnsf tyf jo:snfO{ dgf]j}1flgs cf3ft kg{ ;S5 . ª= af9L cfPsf] jf hndUg ePsf] a]nf ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfd n df};d / af9L;DaGwL ;"rgfsf nflu lgoldt ¿kdf /]l8of] ;'Gg] / 6]lnlehg x]g]{ . n af9L;DaGwL ;"rgfaf/] a'emg uflj;, lhj; / lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltdf ;Dks{ ug]{ / ;DalGwt :yfgdf af9Lsf] vt/faf/] k'gM a'emg] . n l5d]sLsf] cj:yfaf/] ;r]t x'g'xf]; / pgLx¿nfO{ k"j{;"rgf lbg'xf]; . ljz]ifu/L czQm JolQmx¿ h;n] ;"rgfaf/] yfxf kfPsf x'Fb}gg, hf];Fu /]l8of], 6]lnlehgh:tf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf ;fwg x'Fb}gg pgLx¿nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] .
61 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L n af9Lsf] ;"rgf kfpg]lalQs} ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f s]Gb| jf cUnf] :yfgdf hfg] . n czQm k|f}9 tyf afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f / ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ cf>o:yn k'Ug ;xof]u ug]{ . n ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf ;dodf czQm JolQmn] k|of]u ug]{ ;xof]uL pks/0f klg ;Fu} af]s]/ hfg] k|oTg ug]{ . pgLx¿nfO{ af9Lsf] ;dodf / kl5 otfptf lxF8g / ;~rf/ ;Dks{ ug{ tL pks/0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . n 3/ 5f8g'eGbf cufl8 lah'nL tyf Uof; aGb ug]{ . n kof{Kt vfg]s'/f / kfgL;lxtsf] cfktsfnLg emf]nf ;w}F ;fydf /fVg] . n jiff{sf] kfgLsf] lgsf;sf nflu 9n tyf gfnf lgoldt ;kmf ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ . n Aff9Lsf] kfgLn] leh]sf] vfg]s'/f gvfg] . n Aff9Lu|:t If]qdf ghfg], o:tf] If]qdf ;k{ tyf ljiffn' sL/fx¿ x'g ;S5g . @= klx/f] s= k[i7e"ld r§fg, 9'Ëf jf df6f]sf] 7"nf] dfqf tnlt/ emg'{nfO{ klx/f] elgG5 . ;a} k|sf/sf klx/f]df b'O{ s'/f ;femf x'G5g . klxnf], le/fnf] kxf8L ;+/rgfdf /x]sf] df6f] tyf r§fgnfO{ u'¿Tjfsif{0f ZflQmn] tnlt/ tfG5 . bf];|f], klx/f]sf cfsf/ leGg–leGg x'G5g cyf{t Pp6f 7"nf] r§fg jf 9'Ëfdf6f] ;lxtsf] n]bf]sf] ¿kdf klx/f] emg]{ ub{5 . k|foM kfgL kbf{, af9L cfpFbf / e"sDk hfFbf klx/f] hfg] u5{ . dflg;sf unt lqmofsnfksf sf/0f klg klx/f] hfG5 . v= klx/f]sf] sf/0f n e"sDkn] w]/}h;f] ljWj+zsf/L klx/f] lgDTofpF5 . cltj[li6, lxdtfn ljikmf]6g af9L / jg 89]nf]n] klg klx/f]nfO{ a9fpg ;S5 . vfgL pTvgg, ;'¿ª vGg], hn;tx tn hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug]{ / le/fnf] kxf8nfO{ cfjZostf eGbf a9L ;Dofpg]h:tf dfgjLo lqmofsnfk klx/f]sf cGo sf/0f x'g . n a9bf] hg;ªVof tyf ;x/Ls/0f;Fu} cGo k|sf]k em}F klx/f]n] klg dfgj a:tLsf] j[l4df lg/ Gt/ hf]lvd pTkGg u5{ . a[xt dfqfdf x'g] jgljgfz, jgIf]q cltqmd0f u/L a:tL lj:tf/ tyf ;8s, afFw / k'n lgdf{0fh:tf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] klx/f]sf] dfqfnfO{ a9fpF5 . u= klx/f]sf] k|efj n klx/f] hfFbf 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkf jf klx/f]sf] dfu{df cfpg] ;a} s'/f gi6 x'g ;S5 . klx/f]sf sf/0f aUg] 9'Ëfdf6f] ;lxtsf] n]bf]n] ;~rf/ ;+oGqdf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5, hnk|jfx dfu{ cj¿4 eO{ PSsf;L v'Nbf vx/] af9L cfpg ;S5, ;~rf/ k|jfxdf cj/f]w cfpg ;S5 . To;}u/L ;8s dfu{ cj¿4 x'Fbf / 3/ k"/} klx/f]n] aufpFbf p4f/ sfo{ sl7g x'g hfG5 .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 62 n s]xL /f]syfdsf pkfo cjnDag ug]{ / klx/f]sf] ;"rgfnfO{ uDeL/ ¿kn] lng] xf] eg] klx/f]sf k|lts"n c;/nfO{ pNn]Vo ¿kn] 36fpg ;lsG5 . klx/f]Gd'v If]qdf 3/ sf] Knf:6/, 6fON;, OF6 jf hudf gofF lr/f b]vfk5{ . emØfn / 9f]sf hfd x'G5 . klx/f]sf] c;/nfO{ Go"g ug{ a:tLleq / j/k/ af]6lj¿jf x'sf{pg], 6]jf ufx|f] agfpg] h:tf ;fjwfgLsf pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 . t/ oltn] dfq 7"nf] klx/f] lgoGq0f x'Fb}g, o;sf nflu k|fljlws cWoog u/L 7"nf 6]jf ufx|f] nufpg' kg]{ x'g;S5 . 3= klx/f]sf] ;Gbe{df ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfd n eL/kx/fsf] lgs6 jf k|fs[lts e"Ifo x'g] pkTosfsf] 7f8f] le/fnf] hldgdf ejg lgdf{0f jf a;f]af; ug'{x'Fb}g . n le/fnf] 7fpFdf 3fF;nufotsf jg:klt /f]Kg] / 6]jf ufx|f] nufpg] ug'{k5{ . n klx/f] hfg} nfu]sf] cfzªsf ePdf t'¿Gt} klx/f]sf] If]qaf6 dflg;x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f u/fpg'k5{ . n czQm, afnaflnsf, k|f}9, j[4j[4f / ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ klx/f]sf] If]qaf6 ;'/lIft hfg ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . n ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf ;dodf czQm JolQmn] k|of]u ug]{ ;xof]uL pks/0f klg ;Fu} af]s]/ hfg] k|oTg ug'{xf]; . pgLx¿nfO{ klx/f]kl5 otfptf lxF8g / ;~rf/ ;Dks{ ug{ tL pks/0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . n ;"rgf tyf tfhfl:yltaf/] a'emg lgoldt ¿kdf /fli6«o / :yfgLo /]l8of] ;'Ggk5{ . n 3/sf] hu, kfgLsf kfOk / j/k/sf hldgdf lr/f k/]–gk/]sf] jf Iflt eP–gePsf] lgoldt ¿kn] hfFRg] / To:tf] s'g} ;ªs]t b]lvP t'¿Gt} ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . #= e"sDk s= k[i7e"ld e"sDksf] ;dodf 3/ tyf ljBfno ejgx¿ elTsg] x'Fbf w]/} dflg;n] Hofg u'dfpF5g . /fd|/L ghf]l8Psf aLd, alnof]u/L gafFlwPsf Knf:6/ tyf cGo j:t' embf{ / slxn]sfFxL e"sDksf sf/0f cfuf] km}lnFbf dflg;nfO{ rf]6k6s nfU5 / 3fOt] x'G5g . e"sDkn] ug]{ ljgfzsf] dfqf o;sf] lj:tf/ tyf cjlw, pbud ljGb'sf] ulx/fO jf b"/L, df6f]sf] cj:yf, ljBfno:t/df ePsf] k"j{tof/L / e"sDk cfpg] ;dodf e/ kb{5 . sdhf]/ ;+/rgfsf] ljBfno ejg e"sDkaf6 w]/} k|efljt x'G5g . v=e"sDksf sf/0f n e"sDk k[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txdf crfgs pmhf{ pTkGg eP/ x'g] t/ªuLo sDkgsf]
63 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L kl/0ffd xf] . n e"sDkn] klx/f] / slxn]sfxLF Hjfnfd'vL klg lgDTofpg ;S5 . n ;fdfGo cy{df e"sDk zAbn] e"t/Ë pTkGg ug]{ k|fs[lts jf dfgjl;lh{t 36gfnfO{ hgfpF5 . k|foM e"sDk e"ueL{o lr/fdf x'g] xnrnn] x'g] u5{ . t/ slxn]sfFxL Hjfnfd'vL, klx/f], k/df0f' k/LIf0f / vfgL ljikmf]6sf sf/0f klg e"sDk x'g] u5{ . t/ g]kfndf eg] 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6sf] xnrn g} e"sDksf] k|d'v sf/0f /x]sf] 5 . u= e"sDksf] k|efj n e"sDkn] hgwgsf] 7"nf] Iflt u5{ . o;n] klx/f], afFw km'6g] jf cfuhgL lgDTofpg ;S5 . c:ktfn, clUg lgoGq0f, ljB't tyf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{h:tf ;]jf s]Gb| klg k|efljt x'g ;S5g . n e"sDkn] ug]{ ljgfzsf] dfqf o;sf] cfj[lQ tyf cjlw, pbud ljGb'sf] ulx/fO jf b"/L, df6f]sf] cj:yf, k"j{tof/L / e"sDk cfpg] ;dodf e/ kb{5 . e"sDkn] df6f]sf] Ifdtf 36fpg ;S5 . sdnf] tyf lr;f] df6f]n] sDkgsf a]nf k"0f{ ¿kdf Ifdtf u'dfpg ;S5 / t/n kbfy{em}F ljno eP/ hfg ;S5 . o;nfO{ df6f]sf] t/n l:ylt elgG5 . 3= e"sDkcl3, e"sDksf] j]nf / e"sDkkl5 dgg ug'{kg]{ s'/f e"sDkcl3 n e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds ejg agfpg] -l8hfOg tyf lgdf{0fsf] ;dodf ejg;+lxtf kfngf ug]{ . n ejg k|lt/f]ws 5}g eg] k|anLs/0f (retrofitting) ug]{ . n sk8f /fVg] b/fh tyf k':ts /fVg] ¥ofsnfO{ leQfdf sAhf nufP/ alnof];Fu 6fF:g] . n 5tsf] kfgL 6ofªsLnfO{ jl/kl/af6 afFw]/ ;'/lIft agfpg] . n kfl/jfl/s of]hgf tof/ ug]{ . n cfktsfnLg ;fdu|L tof/ /fVg] . n cfkmgf kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox¿sf nflu sDtLdf tLg lbg;Ddsf nflu vfgf, kfgL, sk8f / cTofjZos cf}iflw tof/ /fVg] . Ps xKtf;Ddsf] /fVg' cem pko'Qm x'G5 . n ;lhn} e]6g / af]Sg ;lsg] u/L s]xL k};f, u/uxgf / dxTjk"0f{ sfuhkqsf k|ltlnlk tof/ u/L em6k6 emf]nf tof/ /fVg] . e"sDksf ;dodf n 3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'NsL, cf]tnfuL ;dft (Drop Cover Hold) sf] cEof; ug]{ . cyf{t 6fpsf] nfO{ xft, kfv'/f jf cGo ;'/lIft a:t'n] 9fSb} 3'F8f v'DRofP/ a:g], To;kl5 u'8'lNsFb} ;'/lIft :yfgdf cf]t nfuL s'g} gxlNg] j:t'nfO{ ;dfTg] .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 64 n 6]an tyf 8]:sd'lg n'Sg] . n l;;fsf emØfnaf6 6f9f /xg] tyf rnfodfg j:t'x¿af6 cfkmgf] /Iff ug]{ . n ;Dej ePdf sf]7fx¿aLrsf b'O{ ufx|f]sf] dfu{df a:g] . n sf]7faf6 gefUg] / emØfnaf6 xfd gkmfNg] . n lrRofpg] jf cflQg] sfd gug]{ . n k/sDksf] ;Defjgf x'g] ePsfn] klxnf] wSsfkl5 t'?Gt} v'nf 7fpFdf hfg] . n 3/af6 aflx/ ePdf cUnf ejg, k'n, cfsfz] k'n, ;fFu'/f uNnL / ¿vaf6 6f9f /xg] . n ;s];Dd Uof; / lah'nLsf] d]g:jLr aGb ug]{ . e"sDkkl5 n cfkmgf] em6k6 emf]nf;lxt kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ lnP/ ;'/lIft 7fpFlt/ hfg] . n ;'/lIft 7fpFdf /xg] / k/sDkaf/] hfgsf/L lng] . n rf]6k6s nfu] gnfu]sf] hfFr ug]{ / cfjZos k/] k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ . n 3/leq k:g'cl3 lah'nL, Uof; tyf kfgLsf] r'xfj6, / ufx|f]sf] lr/f cflbsf] hfFr ug]{ . n 3/leq / j/k/ km'6]sf l;;faf6 ;'/lIft x'g alnof] h'Qf nufpg] . n ;/sf/L pb3f]ifsf] k|tLIff ug]{ / ;f]xLcg';f/ ug]{ . n cTofjZs cj:yfafx]s 6]lnkmf]g w]/} k|of]u gug]{ . o;n] ;~rf/df cj/f]w u5{ . n eljiosf nflu e"sDkLo hf]lvd 36fpg] . ª=e"sDkaf6 hf]lug ;'emfj n ;f]kmf, kmfOn /fVg] b/fh, 8]:sh:tf 7"nf a:t'sf] d'lg jf 5]pdf pleg'xf]; . ejg Ifltu|:t eOxfn] klg ToxfFsf] x'g] jf aGg] vfnL 7fpFdf tkfOF ;'/lIft /xg ;Sg'x'G5 . n lqe'h o:tf] ;'/lIft vfnL 7fpF xf]ls ejg n8] klg tkfOF;'/lIft /xg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . n knªdf x'g'x'G5 eg] kN6Fb} knªsf] jl/kl/ l8nd'lg a:g'xf]; . a:t' v;] klg ToxfF aGg] 6fF8df tkfOF+ ;'/lIft /xg ;Sg'x'G5 . n e"|0ff;gdf cfkm"nfO{ /fvf}F . o; cf;gdf tkfO+{sf] 3'F8fn]lrpF8f] 5f]Psf] x'g'k5{, b'j} xft ub{gsf] k5fl8 x'g'k5{ / cg'xf/ e'OFlt/ kms]{sf] x'g'k5{ . of] ;+j]bgzLn cªu arfpg] pQd pkfo xf] . n slxNo} klg l;F9Llt/ ghfg] lsgeg] sDkg ;'¿ x'Fbf ejgsf] ;a}eGbf klxn] Iflt x'g] efu oxL xf] . e"sDk hfFbf l;F9L gi6 geP klg dflg;x¿ tn efUg] sf]l;;df pgLx¿sf] jhgn] emg{ ;S5 . n b}nf]df slxNo} klg z/0f glncf}F . 9f]sfsf] rf}s; em¥of] eg] dflyaf6 tn 5t v:g]5 . rf}s; 5]plt/ v:of] eg] tkfOF+nfO{ uDeL/ rf]6k6s nfUg ;S5 . n e"sDksf] a]nf tkfO+aFLrsf] tnfdf x'g'x'G5 eg] dflyNnf] tnfdf hfcfF} . hlt tnfdfly
65 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L hfg'x'G5 Tolt g} sd ef/ tkfOF+dfly v:g]5 / Tolt g} a9L tkfOF+ ;'/lIft x'g'x'g]5 . dflyNnf] tnfsf] ef/ sd x'G5 / e"sDkdf ;f] tnf k|foM emb}{g . n e"sDksf] a]nf tkfOF+ uf8Ldf x'g'x'G5 eg] uf8Lsf] 5]pdf kN6f}F, leq xf]Og . dflyaf6 6'qmf6'qmL v;]sf] v08df w]/} h;f] uf8Ln] cfkmgf] 7Ls dfly sl/a tLglkm6sf] vfnL 7fpF 5f]85g . tkfOF+ uf8Lleq /xg'eof] eg] tkfOF+ r]lkg] ;Defjgf a95 . n ejgsf aflx/L ufx|f] glhs tkfOF a9L ;'/lIft x'g'x'G5 . ejgsf] aflx/L kl/lweGbf tkfOF hlt a9Lleq x'g'x'G5 tkfOF plDsg] af6f] Tolt g} cj¿4 x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 jf tkfOF;Dd k'Ug] p4f/ dfu{ cj¿4 x'G5 . r= e'O“rfnfsf] ;Gbe{df ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfd tkfO{ 3/leq x'g'x'G5 eg] M n 3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'NsL, cf]t nfuL ;dft M alnof] 6]an jf vf6d'lg n'Sg] / sDkg g/f]lsGh]n;Dd cfkm"nfO{ rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 hf]ufpg] . n sDkg eO/x]sf] ;dodf otfplt ghfg] . n zfGt a:g] /l;;fsf emØfn, 9f]sf, skaf]8{ / P]gfaf6 6f9f /xg] . n 9f]sf jf l;F9Ltkm{ gefUg] . n lnkm6 k|of]u gug]{ . aflx/ cfpFg l;F9Lsf] af6f] k|of]u ug]{ . n p4f/ ul/g'kg]{ ckfªutf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft Pj+ ;'ud 7fpFdf n}hfg ;xof]u ug]{ . tkfO{+ 3/aflx/ x'g'x'G5 eg] M n glhs} /x]sf] v'nf 7fpFdf hfg] . n ckfªutf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf cGo JolQmnfO{ cfjZos yk ;xof]u ug]{ . n cUnf lrDgL, ejg / lah'nLsf vDafaf6 6f9f /xg] . sDkg /f]lsPkl5 n qmlds ¿kn] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f u/fpg] . n d'VoljB'tcfk"lt{ aGb ug]{ . n 3fOt]x¿sf] k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ / yk cf}ifwf]krf/sf nflu ;DalGwt 7fpFdf k7fpg] . n cfktsfnLg ;]jfdf va/ ug]{ . n e"sDk;DaGwL tfhf ;"rgfsf nflu /]l8of] ;'Gg] / clwsf/Lx¿n] lbPsf lgb]{zg kfng ug]{ . n k/sDksf nflu tof/ x'g] . n s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]af/] ;a}nfO{ ;"lrt u/fpg / a'emfpg :ki6 ;~rf/ sfod ug]{ . ljleGg zf/Ll/s sdhf]/L -b[Zo, >j0f, af]nL jf af}l4s czQmtf_ ePsf JolQmn] ;Gb]z a'em]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 66 5=e"sDksf] ;dodf ug{ gx'g] n Ifltu|:t Onfsf jf ejg j/k/ eL8 gug]{ . n uDeL/ ¿kdf rf]6 nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ st} klg gn}hfg] . pkrf/ ;xof]usf nflu k|tLIff ug]{ / To;a]nf;Dd k|fylds pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . n unt ;dfrf/sf] kl5 gnfUg] / c9L s'/f gug]{, xNnf gug]{ . o:tf sfo{n] cfkm" / c¿nfO{ klg cTofpF5 / l:yltnfO{ emg} sdhf]/ agfpF5 . h= e"sDkLo cEof;sf nflu ckgfOg'kg]{ r/0fx¿ r/0f ! M k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL n :yflkt k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L ;'Gg] . n cfktsfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb|af6 k|fKt ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg] . n r/0f @ ckgfpg] . r/0f @ M ;'/lIftlgsf; dfu{df kx'“r n l:ylt ! M 9f]sfx¿ aGb eP p4f/ ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L 9f]sf kmf]g]{ . n l:ylt @ M 9f]sfx¿ aGb 5}gg eg] ;fdfGo ¿kdf ;'/lIft lgsf; k|lqmof yfNg] . n l:ylt # M cfuf] nfu]df clUg;dgs k|of]u ug]{ . kx'“r dfu{sf] klxNofpg] M n 9f]sfx¿df tfNrf nfu]sf] / lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg] u/L cfuf] nfu]sf] 5 eg] 8f]/Lsf] k|of]u u/L p4f/ sfo{ ug]{ . n l:ylt lgoGq0fdf 5 eg] ;ªs]t cg';f/sf] ;fdfGo tyf ;'/lIft kx'Fr k|of]u ug]{ . n r/0f # ckgfpg] . r/0f # M ;'/lIft 7fp“ -e]nf x'g] 7fp“_ df e]nf x'g] n k"j{lgwf{l/t jf klxrfg ePsf] v'nf / ;'/lIft 7fpFdf e]nf x'g] . n ;a} sd{rf/L tyf afnaflnsfsf] pkl:ylt hfFRg] . n r/0f $ ckgfpg] . r/0f $ M ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L lng] jf JolQm uGg] sfd n ;"rgf ;ªsng, n x/fPsf afnaflnsf tyf lzIfs, n 3fOt] tyf d[ts, n ljBfno txdf cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg], n r/0f % ckgfpg] . r/0f % M k|fylds pkrf/ tyf c:ktfn Joj:yfkgsf nflu 6f]nLx¿ kl/rfng n e"ldsf tyf bfloTjcg';f/ 6f]nLx¿ kl/rfng ug]{ .
67 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L $= x'/Latf; g]kfndf k|foM x/]s jif{ r}tb]lv c;f/;Dd x'/Latf;sf] k|sf]k cfpF5 . cGo k|sf]ksf] t'ngfdf o;af6 3fOt] jf d[To'sf 36gf Tolt w]/} gx'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ uDeL/ k|fs[lts ljkbsf ¿kdf lnOGg . tyflk, x'/Latf;n] ;fj{hlgs tyf gLlh ;DklQdf 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . ;g @))( df x'/Latf;af6 g]kfnsf @# lhNnf g/fd|/L k|efljt ePsf lyP . s/f]8f}F ¿k}ofF a/fa/sf] wgdfn gi6 ePsf] lyof] eg] clwsf+z ljBfnox¿sf 5fgf p8]sf lyP . 7"nf] x'/Latf;;Fu} k|foM r6Øfª klg k5{ . o; oyfy{sf] hfgsf/L eP/ klg clwsf+z ljBfno ejgx¿ x'/Latf;sf] k|efjnfO{ ljrf/ gu/L l8hfOg tyf lgdf{0f ul/G5 . %= cfunfuL r}qb]lv h]7;Dd ;'Svf tyf x'/Latf; cfpg] df};ddf g]kfnn] w]/} k6s cfunfuLsf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ . oltj]nf tfkqmd #% l8u|L ;]lN;o;eGbf a9L x'G5 . t/fO{sf clwsf+z ljBfnox¿ sf7n] ag]sf / afSnf a:tLglhs} x'g] x'Fbf cfunfuLsf b[li6n] Hofb} ;ªs6f;Gg 5g . u[id ofd tyf v8]/Lsf ;dodf t/fO{sf jg tyf dfgj a:tLdf ljgfzsf/L cfunfuL x'G5 . s=clUgl8«n n clUg ;'/Iff ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ M afn'jf eg]{ afN6L -@ j6f_, ;'Vvf kfp8/o'Qm clUg;dgs -Pp6f_, vfnL afN6L -tLgj6f_ / kfgL hDdf ug]{ hf/ jf afN6L -Pp6f_ . n k|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lsf] clu|d Joj:yf ug]{ M o;df yk s6g /f]n -Pp6f 7"nf] b'O{j6f dWod_, yk 6fFl;g] 6]k jf sfuhsf] Knf:6/ -b'O{j6f_, l6jh;{ -Pp6f_, hu]8f ;fa'g -Pp6f_ / cfjZostfcg';f/ cf]cf/P; -ORS_ / kfgL z'4Ls/0f rSsL df}Hbft /fVg] . n s;}n] cfuf] nfu]sf] b]v]df t'¿Gt} kmfo/ Pnfd{ ahfpg] / /ftf] emG8f jf b[ZofTds ;ªs]t b]vfpg] / clUg jf¿0foGq jf k|x/L rf}sLnfO{ va/ ug]{ . n ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ sfo{bnn] af¿0foGqnfO{ af]nfpgsf lglDt t'¿Gt} hfgsf/L lbg] . ;a} sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug]{ / cfjZostf k/]df pgLx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft 7fpFdf n}hfg] . n clUg ;'/Iff sfo{bnn] cfuf] lgefpg'k5{ / bdsn gcfpGh]n lgefpg] sfo{ hf/L /fVg'k5{ . n clUg ;"rgf /lgsf;sf] cfb]z kfPkl5 cfunfuL ePsf] 7fpFaf6 ;'/lIft x'Fb} ;a}n] oyf;Dej rfF8f] ejg 5f8g'k5{ . n ;'/lIft alxu{dgsf ;dodf b]xfosf s'/fdf Wofglbg'k5{ M o nfddf x'Fbf hf]/n] glxF8g], gs'bg] . o lnkm6 k|of]u gug]{, l;F9L k|of]u ug]{ . o alxu{dg ;ªs]t -exit signs_ nfO{ k5Øfpg] . o ckfªutf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 68 o sf]7f w"jfFn] el/Psf] 5 eg] 3l;|Fb} sf]7faf6 aflx/ cfpg] . o lzIfs tyf sIff df]lg6/n] ;'/lIft lgsf; u/fpFb} e]nf x'g] 7fpF;Dd k'¥ofpg] / cfjZos dfu{bz{g ug]{ . o cfuf]sf] ;fO/g ah]sf ;do sIffdf gePsf JolQm t'¿Gt} e]nf x'g] 7fpFdf hfg] . n aflx/ lgl:sPkl5 lzIfsx¿n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] luGtL uGg'k5{ / ;a} eP gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . ljBfyL{ 5'6]sf 5g eg] vf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{bnnfO{ hfgsf/L lbOg'k5{ . hfgsf/L kfPkl5 sfo{bn vf]hLdf nfU5 . k|fylds pkrf/ sfo{bnn] 3fOt]x¿nfO{ k|fylds pkrf/ k|bfg ug'{k5{ . n k"jf{Eof;kl5 k|wfgfWofksn] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7s 8fSg'k5{ / k"jf{Eof;df ;fdgf ul/Psf] ;d:of klxrfg ug{sf lglDt k"jf{Eof;sf] d"Nofªsg ug'{k5{ / ;dfwfg vf]Hg'k5{ . cg';"rL ^M ;+/rgfTds n]vfhf]vfsf nflu ;fdfGo ;'emfjx¿ 12 s= ;+/rgf of]hgf / lgdf{0fsf cfwf/e"t lgodx¿ n Ps¿ktf gePsf ejg ;+/rgf ;'/lIft x'Fb}gg . n ;+/rgfsf OsfOx¿df Ps¿ktf sfod ul/g'k5{ . n rf}8fOeGbf tLg u'0ff nfdf] uf/f] ePsf] cfoftsf/ ;+/rgf gagfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . v= 5t jf 5fgf / ufx|f]sf ;fdfGo lgodx¿ n v08 5'6ofpgsf nflu agfOg] ufx|f] ;Fu;Fu} lgdf{0f u/L aflx/L nfdf] ufx|f];Fu hf]8g] . elTsg / rls{gaf6 /f]Sg of] ufx|f] @#) ldln ld6/sf] df]6fO x'g cfjZos x'G5 . n b'O{ kfv] 5fgfeGbf rf/ kfv] 5fgf /fd|f] x'G5 lsgeg] b'O{ kfv] 5fgf y]Ug] lqe'hfsf/ ufx|f] km]bdf ;lhn} rls{g ;S5 . n ufx|f] w]/} nfdf] eP elTsg ;S5 . u= ufx|f]lgdf{0fsf cfwf/e"tlgodx¿ n sfFrf] OF6fsf] k|of]u gug]{ . n lu6L / l;d]G6sf] ld>0fn] 5f]k]sf] ! b]lv !@ ldlnld6/ 58sf] hfnL k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f 12 gf]e]Da/ @)!# df Knfgn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{zfnfsf] ;fdu|Laf6 ;fef/
69 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ug]{ . n dfly / tNnf] efudf cªs'zn] afFWg] . n a9L ef/sf] ufx|f] gagfpg] .z n @#) ldlnld6/ ef/ axg ufx|f] lgdf{0f ubf{ o;nfO{ alnof] agfpg 808Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ . 3= ;+/rgfTds k|anLs/0f n tf]lsPsf] dfkb08cg'¿k k'/fgf ;+/rgfsf] :j¿k kl/jt{g u/L alnof] agfpg'nfO{ ;+/rgfTds k|anLs/0f elgG5 . n lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] ejgsf] s]xL ;+/rgfTds efux¿ kl/jt{g u/L alnof] agfOG5 . n ejgsf] Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg k|anLs/0f ul/G5 . k|anLs/0flsg n k|anLs/0f ug'{kg]{ d'Vo sf/0f eg]sf] ;+/rgfsf] k|of]udf kl/jt{g, gofF ;+/rgf dfkb08, jftfj/0fLo sf/0faf6 x'g] x|f;, e"sDkh:tf cfsl:ds 36gfaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg . n ejg ;+/rgf ;'/lIft ug]{ b'O{j6f dfu{ 5g M k|lt:yfkg / k|anLs/0f . n ;+/rgfsf] k"0f{ k|lt:yfkgn] >d tyf ;fdu|Ldf pRr nfut, ;+/rgfsf] ;~rfngdf cfpg] cj/f]wsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] jftfj/0fLo k|efj tyf c;xhtfh:tf j]kmfObf / xG5g . n k|foM k|anLs/0fåf/f dd{t jf :t/f]lGt ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . ejgsf] e"sDkLo k|anLs/0f n ljBdfg clwsf+z ;+/rgfdf jf:tljs ;+/rgfTds dfkb08sf] sdL / ;do cGt/fnsf] qmddf x'g] kl/jt{gaf6 ePsf] x|f;sf sf/0f e"sDkLo ;'/Iff dfkb08cg'¿ksf] e"sDk k|lt/f]wL Ifdtf ePsf 5}gg . n oL ejgx¿nfO{ k|snLs/0f u/L ;Defljt Iflt Go"g ug{ / ;'/lIft agfpg :t/f]lGt ul/G5 . n yfd jf lkn/, 6]sf], ufx|f] cflb yk]/ ;'b[9 kfg{ ;lsG5 . n ;Dk"0f{ PsfOnfO{ hf]8]/ alnof] agfOG5 . n sdhf]/ agfpg] :j¿knfO{ x6fOG5 . ejg ;+/rgf cj:yf n ejg ;+/rgf ;fdfGotM e"sDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t x'g;S5 . n k|anLs/0f cfly{s ¿kn] dLtJooL / ;dosf b[li6n] gofF ejg agfpg'eGbf pQd x'G5 .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 70 k|anLs/0fljlw n]vfhf]vf n ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds Ifdtfaf/] n]vfhf]vf ug'{k5{ . ;+/rgfTd b[li6n] ejgsf] Ifdtf / ;'/lIft :t/af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . n k|anLs/0f sfo{of]hgfn] ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] pkfo atfpF5 . n ;+/rgfTds k|anLs/0f ug{ / o;sf] lj:t[t vfsf Pj+ of]hgf agfpg ;do nfU5 . sfof{Gjog n 58, sªlqm6 / l;d]G6n] ag]sf] ejg -cf/;L;LlalN8ª_ n ;LdfGt kl/;/ ufx|f]sf] (Shear Walls) lgdf{0f . n ljBdfg husf] ;'b[9Ls/0f . n :tDe tyf aLddf yk /f]8fsf] ld>0f xfnL alnof] agfpg] . n tf/–hfnL xfn]/ Knf:6/ jf n]kg ug]{ . n :tDex¿df tf/hfnLn] afFWg] . n Okf]S;L u|fpl6ª (Epoxy grouting) ug]{ ª= ljBfno ;'/Iffdf ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ tTjx¿ tyf Go"gtd dfkb08 k"j{tof/L:t/ ;+/rgf n ejg ;+lxtfsf] hfgsf/L . n dd{t, ;Def/ / k|anLs/0f . n 9nlgsf;sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf . n kfgL r'lxg] tyf /;fpg] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg . n :yfgfGt/0f lzlj/sf] Joj:yf . u}/;+/rgf n cfsl:ds ¿kdf aflx/lgl:sg] dfu{ . n cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf] pkfoaf/] hfgsf/L . n aflx/lgl:sg] af6f] . n ;ªs]t . n Go"gLs/0f sfo{ .
71 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L nufgL of]hgf k|lqmof n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{dfdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf . n :t/Lo ;~rfng sfo{ljlw th'{df / kfngf . n ;+o'Qm sfo{ of]hgf tof/L . n k'gnf{e of]hgf;lxtsf] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf . n ah]6 ljlgof]hg . n cg'udg / d"Nofªsg / ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g . n ;fd'bflos of]hgfdf ljBfnosf] ;xeflutf . ;dfj]z x'g]kg]{ n czQm afnaflnsfsf nflu k"jf{wf/ ;'ljwfsf] pknAwtf . n afnaflnsf d}qL tyf ckfªud}qL ljBfno If]q / ;+oGq . n plrt ah]6ljlgof]hg . ;+nUg ul/g'kg]{ n k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf / ;"rgf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf . n ljBfno / ;d'bfoaLr ;dGjo . n ljBfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;fd'bflos :jo+;]jLsf] Ifdtf ljsf; . n ljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt ;d'bfoleq tyf aflx/L lgsfo;Fu lgoldt 5nkmn . n ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] ;+o'Qm ultljlw . n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' cg's"ngsf] cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf clwsfl/s lgsfo . k|ltlqmof n cfsl:ds of]hgf th'{df / cfjZos j:t'x¿sf] k"j{e08f/0f . n ;'/lIft /xg] / :yfgfGt/0f x'g] cEof; . n ljBfnodf k"j{;"rgf oGqsf] :yfkgf / o;sf] /]vb]v ug]{ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf . n sfo{bn u7g / ljkb;DaGwL tflnd . n cfktsfnLg lzIffsf nflu lgwf{l/t j}slNks :yfg / c:yfoL ejgsf] aGbf]j:t . n :jo+;]jL tflnd / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 . ;r]tgf / tflnd:t/ ;r]tgf n ljkbsf] ;dodf ug{ x'g] / gx'g] cfwf/e"t sfo{ . n ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu dfu{ / of]hgf .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 72 n cfwf/e"t ;~rfng sfo{ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf . n cGo ;fGble{s ljifox¿ – cfktsfnLg of]hgf, ;/;kmfO, :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f cflb . tflnd / Ifdtf ljsf; n ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd -cfGtl/s tyf afXo_ . n vf]h tyf p4f/, k|fylds pkrf/ / clUg ;'/Iff sfo{bn . n 8sdL{ /l;sdL{ tflnd . n ;d'bfo tyf cleefjsnfO{ ljkb ;r]tgf tflnd . n cfjZostfcg';f/ cGo ;DalGwt If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; k|lzIf0f jf cled'vLs/0f . ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutf n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf czQm afnaflnsf Pj+ aflnsfsf] cfjZostf ;dfj]z . n of]hgf th'{dfdf ;d'bfo / ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;xeflutf . lzIff ;+oGq n kf7o;fdu|L – kf7oqmddf ljkb Joj:yfkg ;dfj]z . n /fd|f] a'emfOsflglDt u}/lzIf0f kf7o;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u . n ljkb Joj:yfkg ;dfj]z ePsf] cltl/Qm z}lIfs ultljlw . afXo ;+:yfx¿;“u ;xsfo{ ;DaGwlj:tf/ n lzIffljefu / :yfgLo k|zf;g . n :yfgLo lgsfox¿ . n :yfgLo k|zf;gdf k"j{;"rgf ;+oGq . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtf . n cfsl:ds ;]jf k|bfos ;+oGq;Fu k"j{;Demf}tf . n :yfgLo :t/sf cGo ljBfno;Fu k"j{;Demf}tf . cfly{s nufgL n ;/sf/L of]ubfg . n ;d'bflos of]ubfg . n ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] of]ubfg . n /fhgLlts tyf hgk|ltlglwsf] of]ubfg . n :yfgLo lgsfosf] of]ubfg .
73 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cg';"rL &M x'/Latf;, cfuf], af9L / e"sDkLo c;/af6 ;'/lIft /xg df}h'bf ljBfno ejgsf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf k/LIf0f ;"rL1 e"sDkLo If]q eg]sf] s] xf] < pTs[i6, /fd|f], l7s}, sdhf]/, clt sdhf]/ k|d'v k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg'k"j{ o;sf] cWoog ug'{xf]; k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf k|d'v k|Zgx¿ cWoog ug]{5g . k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf ljsNkdWo]af6 x/]s k|Zgsf plrt pQ/sf] 5gf]6 ug]{5g . k|o f]u s t f{s f] ;'emfj ! k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj @M kªlt -u_ df lbOPsf] lgb]{zg k9]/ cfjZos hfgsf/L o; kªltdf n]Vg'xf]; . s v u 3 ª JofVof÷ /]vflrq ljBdfg ljBfno ejgsf] e"sDkLo ;'/Iffaf/] k|d'v k|Zg lgb]{zs a'Fbfx¿ tyf k|d'v k|Zgx¿sf] j}slNks pQ/x¿ lgb]{zgcg'?ksf] hjfkm ;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 of]hgf 1 blIf0f Pl;ofsf] ax'k|sf]ksf] ;Gbe{df ljBfno tyf c:ktfnsf] n]vfhf]vf ;xof]uL ;fdu|L -@)!@_ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo a;f]af; (UNHABITAT) / cGt/f{li6«o ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f (INISDR) . ljBfno ;'/Iff lgb]{lzsf k'l:tsf !M dN6L xhf8{ Og ;fpy Pl;ofsf nflu ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ;'/Iff d"Nofªsg lgb]{lzsf -@)!@_ . cgXoflj6of6 / Olg; 8f= ljBfno ;'/Iff lgb]{lzsf k'l:tsf !M /]6«f] d]G6]g]G; dN6L xhf8{ ;]km6L sDKnfOG; .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 74 ejgsf] b"/L k[YjL ;tx k|d'v ;lqmo lr/f ljBdfg ljBfno If]q jf glhs /x]sf] d'Vo e"ueL{o lr/faf/] yfxf kfpg e"ueL{o cWoog k|ltj]bgaf/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 < olb tkfOF e"ueL{o cWoogaf/] ;|f]taf/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 eg] ;Gbe{÷s}lkmot kªltdf ;|f]t v'nfpg'xf]; To;kl5 tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 olb tkfOFn] cWoog ug'{ePsf] k|ltj]bgn] e"ueL{o lr/f tkfOFsf] ;Gbe{df nfu" x'Fb}g eg] nfu" gx'g] jf c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 olb cfkmgf] If]qsf] e"ueL{o cWogaf/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'Gg eg] eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ ljz]if gf]6÷l6kf]6 M :yfgLo ejg ljefu, e"ue{ljb, :yfgLo ljZjljBfno jf :yfgLo e"k|fljlwssf] k/fdz{ lng'xf]; . olb ljBfno If]qaf6 e"ueL{o lr/f %)) ld6/eGbf sd b"/Ldf 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ olb ljBfno If]qaf6 e"ueL{o lr/f %)) eGbf a9L t/ !))) ld6/eGbf sd b"/Ldf 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ olb ljBfno If]qaf6 e"ueL{o lr/f !))) ld6/eGbf a9L b"/Ldf 5 eg] # n]Vg'xf]; 7Ls 5 . ;8ssf] kx'Fr /x]sf] ejg If]q of]hgf df}h'bf ljBfno ejgsf] ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf / gofF ljBfno ejgsf] ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfsf] dfkg d'Vo ;8s b]lv ;xfos ;8s x'Fb} ToxfF k'Ug] ;'ljwfdf e/k5{ . ;8ssf] k|sf/sf] cwf/df tnsf] ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ljBfno;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g ;Sg] b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;8s 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ljBfno;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g;Sg] Pp6fdfq ;8s eP ! n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] ljBfno;Dd sf/dfq k'Ug / kms{g ;Sg] t/ bdsn k'Ug / kms{g;Sg] ;8s eP # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} df]6/ ;fOsn dfq k'Ug;Sg] af6f] eP $ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ k}bnofqLdfq k'Ug;Sg] af6f] eP % n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
75 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ef/tsf] e'hdf ;g @))! Dff uPsf] e"sDksf sf/0f elTsPsf ejgn] w]/} ;8sdfu{ cj/f]w u/]sf lyP . o;n] p4f/ / /fxtsf sfo{ lgs} sl7g agfPsf] lyof] . e"sDksf] ;dodf ejgx¿ elTsP/ ;8sdfu{ g} cj?4 u5{ / e"sDkkl5 ug'{kg]{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f / ;]jf k|j]zsf sfo{nfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . ljBfno If]q uP/ e"sDkkZrft ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf k'Ug;Sg] k|efjsf] dfqf lg/LIf0f ug'{xf]; . glthfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ljBdfg ;8s km/flsnf] 5, j/k/sf ejg gelTsg] vfnsf 5g, ejg eTs]/ / ljh'nLsf] tf/ v;]/ cj?4 gx'g] j}slNks dfu{ 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf];, h;n] s'g} c;/ kb}{g eGg] b]vfpF5 . pTs[i6 glhssf s]xL ejg elTsg ;S5g t/ o;n] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fdf yf]/} dfq k|efj kfb{5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] glhssf ejgsf s]xL efu elTsg ;S5g / o;n] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fdf dWod k|efj kf5{ eg] # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} glhssf ejgx¿ eTs]/ ;8s cj?4 u/L k"0f{¿kdf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fdf afwf pTkGg u5{ eg] $ n]Vg'xf];, o;n] clt w]/} c;/nfO{ hgfpF5 . clt sdhf]/ cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf kfgL / OGwgsf] j}slNks Joj:yf u/]/ dfq x'Fb}g . o;sf] :jR5tf sfod ug]{ / lgoldt dd{t;Def/ klg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . 7"nf] wSsf cfpFbf gu/kf lnsfsf] vfg]kfgL ;]jf k|fo cj?4 x'G5g . o:tf] cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug{ ljBfnodf xft] kDkh:tf kfgL cfk"lt{sf] j}slNks ;|f]t klg x'g'k5{ h;sf] k|of]u glhssf ;d'bfon] klg ug{ ;S5g . ljBfnodf kfgLsf] j}slNks ;|f]t ljkbsf] ;dodf klg lqmofzLn /xg] kof{Kt ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ljBfnodf kfgLsf] j}slNks ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ljBfnodf kfgLsf] j}slNks ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 76 w]/} glhs} agfOPsf ejgx¿ Ps csf]{dfly v:g ;S5g . olb tkfOFsf] ejg e"sDkLo If]q %, $ jf # df 5 eg], s] tkfOFn] glhssf ejgx¿aLr Ps csf{df 7Ss/ x'gaf6 hf]ufpg kof{Kt b'/L sfod ug'{ePsf] 5 . ljBfnosf] ;a}eGbf lgs6 b"/Ldf /x]sf] ejg÷;+/rgfsf] b"/L ld6/df hgfO ;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 kªltdf n]Vg'xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 kof{Kt b"/L sfod ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 kof{Kt b"/L sfod gul/Psf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ ljBfno If]q of]hgfdf v'nf If]q ePsf] e"sDksf] ;dodf ;'/lIft e]nf x'g] v'nf :yfg ljBfnodf 5 < s}lkmot kªltdf v'nf If]qsf] If]qkmn / ;f] If]q k|of]u ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] ;ªVof n]Vg'xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 e]nf x'g] v'nf If]q kof{Kt ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 e]nf x'g] v'nf If]q kof{Kt gePdf @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} e]nf x'g] v'nf If]q gePdf # n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ ejg :j?ksf ;jfnx¿ (architectural issues) of]hgfdf 6L jf Pnh:tf] clgoldt :j?k x'G5 ejg ;+/rgfsf :j?k clgoldt 5 < ejgsf] jl/kl/ 3'd]/ ejgsf] :j?ksf] lgoldttfaf/] n]vfhf]vf ug{'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 cfsf/df lgoldttf, ;+/rgfdf Ps?ktf / ejgnfO{ 9Nsfpg] s'g}k|sf/sf] tTj gePsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 cfsf/df s]xL clgoldttf / ;+/rgfdf s]xL Ps?ktf geP @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} cfsf/df k"0f{ clgoldttf / ;+/rgfdf Ps?ktf geP # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
77 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Pp6} ejgsf] b'O{ efudf ljleGg jhg ePdf M 7f8f] clgoldttf ;+/rgfsf] :j¿kdf 7f8f] clgoldttf 5 < ejgsf] jl/kl/ 3'd]/ ejgsf] jhgsf] lgoldttfaf/] n]vfhf]vf ug{'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 tnfsf] prfOdf w]/} lgodlttf cyf{t % k|ltzteGbf sd km/s ePdf s'g} clgoldt efu gePsf] dflgG5 . o:tf] eP cªsdf ! n]Vg'xf]; . /fd|f] tnfsf] prfOdf kfFr k|ltzt eGbf a9L t/ @) k|ltzt eGbf sd ePdf / yf]/} dfq} clgoldt efu eP cªsdf @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} tnfsf] prfOdf @) k|ltzteGbf a9Ln] km/s ePdf / w]/} clgoldt efux¿ eP cªsdf # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ kfªu|] s';L{ rflxg] czQmsf nflu rfF8f] aflx/ u'8fpg ;dtn af6f]sf] Joj:yf ejg leq k:g / aflx/ lg:sg zf/Ll/s czQm d}qL dfu{sf] Joj:yf 5 < leq k:g] jf aflx/ lgl:sg] af6f] dfkb08cg';f/ eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug'{xf]; / o;nfO{ s}lkmotdf n]Vg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf] ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgf czQm JolQmx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f ;xh 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgf czQm JolQmx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f Joj:yf sfdrnfp 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgf czQm JolQmx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f Joj:yf sdhf]/ 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 78 cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu ;ªs]t;lxtsf] km/flsnf] sl/8f]/ jf Kof;]h ljBfnosf] ejg lgdf{0f of]hgfdf cfktsfnLg :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu s'g} Joj:yf 5 < ejg leq / aflx/ lg/LIf0f u/L ;xh :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu lgsf; dfu{sf] Joj:yf eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pssf] 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L sl/8f]/x¿ 5g, tL sl/8f]/x¿ sDtLdf @=$ ld6/ km/flsnf 5g, aQLsf] /fd|f] k|aGw 5 / cfktsfndf ;lhn} klxrfg / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L sl/8/x¿ 5g, tL sl/8/x¿ @=$ ld6/ eGbf sd t/ !=@ ld6/eGbf a9L km/flsnf 5g, aQLsf] /fd|f] k|aGw 5 / cfktsfndf ;lhn} klxrfg / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; . /fd|f] Psdfq sl/8/ 5, Tof] !=@ ld6/eGbf sd km/flsnf] 5, cfktsfndf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] # n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} ejg lgdf{0f ;+/rgfdf s'g} cfktsfnLg lgsf;sf] Joj:yf geP $ n]Vg'xf]; . clt sdhf]/ emofndf l;;f /fVg] xf] eg] b'j}tkm{ kof{Kt 7fpF x'g'k5{ . o;n] ;+/rgfsf] :j?k otfptf ;bf{ klg ToxL 7fpFdf /lx/xg d2t u5{ . e"sDk ;dodf d'Vo ;+/rgfTds :j?k otfptf ;bf{ klg c;/ gkg]{ lsl;dn] l;;fx¿sf] /flvPsf] 5 < l;;f / cGo ;dtn j:t' ;'/lIft ¿kdf h8fg ul/Psf] lg/LIf0f ug'{xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf dWo] Ps ljsNk /f]Hg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 olb of] s'/f nfu" gx'g] b]lvG5 eg] c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s ;+/rgfdf x'g] ;/fOn] l;;fdf s'g} c;/ gkfg]{ cj:yfdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ;+/rgfdf x'g] ;/fOn] l;;fx¿ ;'/lIft gx'g] cj:yfdf ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/
79 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 6fonsf] alnof] / kof{Kt h8fg ul/Psf 5}g eg] e"sDksf a]nf pKs]/ oqtq v;L aflx/ lg:sg c;lhnf] jf c;Dej x'g;S5 . s] leQfdf 6fonx¿ h8fg ul/Psf 5g, vf;u/L aflx/ lgl:sg] e¥ofª j/k/ < olb 5g eg] s] tL e"sDk ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] alnof];Fu h8fg ul/Psf 5g < tnsf dWo] Ps ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 nfu" gx'g] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; …c;fGble{sÚ 6fonx¿ alnof];Fu h8fg ul/Psf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 6fonx¿ alnof];Fu h8fg ul/Psf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ cf/;L;L (RCC) 9nfg jf ;f] ;/xsf] ks8 e"sDksf] ;dodf v:g glbg] u/L Kof/flkm6 ejg ;+/rgf;Fu /fd|/L h8fg ul/Psf] 5 < s8f OF6f k|of]u gu/L agfOPsf] Kof/flkm6 dflysf] ufx|f]nfO{ ;'/lIft gul/P a9L ;ªs6f;Gg x'G5 . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ejgdf Kof/flkm6 gePsf] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s lgoldt cGt/fndf :nfa;Fu dflyaf6 afFWb} Kof/flkm6sf] ufx|f]dfly cf/;L;L aGwg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 Kof/flkm6sf] ufx|f]nfO{ v:gaf6 dflysf] h:t} Joj:yf 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 Kof/flkm6 ;'/Iffsf] nflu s'g} pkfo gckgfOPsf] eP # n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 80 rf}8fO prfO nDafO df}h'bf ejgsf] nDafO÷rf}8fOsf] cg'kft / prfO÷rf}8fO cg'kft ejg ;+lxtf cg'?k 5÷5}g < s}lkmotdf ;+lxtfsf] k|fjwfg zLif{s pNn]v ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/fdf eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/feGbf yf]/} aflx/ k/]df @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/fsf] bfFhf]df dWod :t/n] km/s k/]df # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/feGbf w]/} km/s k/]df $ n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ /fd|f] pbfx/0f M ejg lgdf{0f of]hgfn] b'j} lbzftkm{ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf (Grid lines) ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ b]vfpF5 . cyf{t nx/ tyf kªlt b'j} ;dfg b"/Ldf /x]sf] 5 . s] ejg lgdf{0fsf] of]hgfdf b'j} lbzftkm{ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ b]vfOPsf] 5 < tndWo] Ps ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 b'j} lbzftkm{ ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 Psftkm{ ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5g t/ csf]{tkm{ !% k|ltzt ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ eg] ;f] :j¿kdf 5}g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} !% k|ltzt eGbf a9L t/ @% k|ltzteGbf sd ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5}gg eg] # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ @% k|ltzt eGbf a9L ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5}gg eg] $ n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
81 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;+/rgfsf ljifox¿ w]/}h;f] :yfgdf ;"Id gS;f+sg x'Fb}g . olb ;;fgf If]qsf] ;d]t gS;fªsg ePsf] 5 eg] OlGhgLo/n] ljBfno If]qsf] l8hfOg ubf{ To;df Wofg lbg'k5{ . s] df}h'bf ejg ;;fgf If]qdf x'g;Sg] e"sDkLo hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5 < ;"Id gS;fªsg pknJw eP s}lkmotdf To;sf] ;|f]t v'nfpg'xf]; . olb lj1af6 zL3« ;+/rgfTds n]vfhf]vf ug'{kg]{ eP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ;"Id gS;fªsg pknJw gePsf] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; / s}lkmot v08df pknAw gePsf] egL hgfpg'xf]; c;fGble{s ;"Id gS;fªsgsf] cfwf/df ejg ;'/lIft ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ;"Id gS;fªsgsf] cfwf/df ejg c;'/lIft ePdf ) n]Vg'xf]; . clt sdhf]/ s] tkfOF cfkmgf] If]qsf] e"k|ljlw :j?k -df6f]sf] cj:yf_ af/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 < df6f]sf] k|sf/ Pj+ e"sDkLo If]qsf] cfwf/df ;+/rgf k|0ffnL cjnDag ug'{ePsf] 5 < olb tkfOF;Fu cfkmgf] If]qsf] e"ueL{o :j?kaf/] hfgsf/L 5 eg] s}lkmotdf ;|f]t v'nfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 82 l:6ndf cfwfl/t k|m]d (Steel Braced Frame) v08v08 k/]sf] ufx|f] (Shear walled) ;+/rgf cf/;L;L ;+/rgf olb tkfOF+sf] If]q g/d jf sd;n df6f]df eP ejgsf] ufx|f], :tDe / tnsf] hudf :6Lnsf] k|m]dh:tf xn'sf / alnof] ;+/rgfTds k4lt k|of]u ePsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ejg df6f]sf] agf}6cg'?ksf] ;+/rgfTds k4ltdf cfwfl/t gePdf @ n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ olb tkfOF+sf] If]q dWod df6f]df eP 5f]6f]cjlwsf] nflu v08v08 k/]sf] ufx|f], :6Ln hl8Psf, ;;fgf O6f k|of]unufotsf alnof] ;+/rgfTds Joj:yf eP # n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ejg df6f]sf] agf}6cg'?ksf] ;+/rgfTds k4ltdf cfwfl/t gePdf $ n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ tkfOF+sf] If]q s8f df6f]df k/]sf] eP cf/;L;L k|m]d ;+/rgf, km/skm/s huh:tf bL3{sfnLg nlrnf] k4ltdf ejg cfwfl/t eP % n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ejg df6f]sf] agf}6cg'?ksf] ;+/rgfTds k4ltdf cfwfl/t gePdf ^ n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/
83 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L e"sDkk"j{ df6f]df lglxt afFlwg] zlQm e"sDksf] a]nf df6f]df lglxt afFlwg] zlQmdf x|f; e"sDksf] a]nf ha df6f]df t/ntf b]lvG5 . ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ df6f]sf] t/nkgsf] (liquefaction) c;/nfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] lyof] -olb of] tkfOFsf] If]qdf nfu" x'G5 eg] < o; ;jfndf hfgsf/Lsf] ;|f]t s}lkmotdf v'nfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]af6 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 g/d df6f]n] t/nkg a9fpF5 . df6f]sf] t/nkg nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s ejgsf k"j{clen]v / gSzfx¿ x]g{'xf]; df6f]sf] t/nkg nfu" x'G5 / ejg l8hfOg ubf{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 df6f]sf] t/nkg nfu" x'G5 t/ ejg l8hfOg ubf{ o;nfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ s'g}klg hfgsf/Lsf] ;|f]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g / ejg l8hfOg ubf{ t/nkgsf] c;/nfO{ klg Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ ljleGg v08sf] cjnf]sg ubf{ ejgsf] ef/ jxg dfu{ c;dfg 5 ejgsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgfTds PsfOaf6 hudf ;dfg ef/ jxg dfu{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 < ejgsf] rf/}lt/ 3'd]/ lg/LIf0f ug'{xf]; . lj1sf] ;'emfj cfjZos eP o;nfO{ s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ;dfg ef/ dfu{n] ejgsf] ;+k"0f{ ;+/rgfnfO{ e"sDksf] ;dodf Ps;fy sfd ug{ d2t u5{ . ufx|f]af6 lk9L tyf 5t;Dd ;dfg ef/ axg ug]{ lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ . ;dfg ef/ jxg dfu{ ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ef/ jxg dfu{df yf]/} tndfly ePdf @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} ef/ jxg dfu{df w]/} ptf/r9fa ePdf # n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 84 e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf nflu OF6fsf] ufx|f] ePsf] ejgdf lgDg s'/f x'g'k5{ M != km]bdf, aLrdf / dfly cf/;L;L 9nfgsf] aGwg /fVg'k5{ @= ufx|f]sf] hf]8 cyf{t ufx|f] 6'+lug] 7fpFdf / 9f]sf tyf emofnsf b'j}tkm{ 7f8f] ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g'k5{ . olb ljBfno OF6fsf] ufx|f]n] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] eP, ejg ;+lxtfcg';f/ 7f8f] k|anLs/0f / t];f]{ aGwg k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] jf lyPg < alg;s]sf ejgdf o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ufx|f] x'G5 . ljutsf] tYofªs pknAw eP To;af6 hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . o; k|sf/sf] cWoog ug{ g;lsP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 7"nf] sDkgdf ;'b[9 lsl;dn] gagfOPsf OF6fsf ejgx¿ ;+s6f;Gg x'G5g eGg] k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . o:tf ejgx¿nfO{ e"sDksf] b[li6n] alnof] agfpg ufx|f]sf s'gfnfO{ ;an agfpg], / km]b, emofnsf] rf}v6 a:g] efu, aLrdf / dfly cf/;L;L 9nfgsf] aGwg /fVg'k5{ . OF6fsf] ufx|f] gePsf] ejg jf hfFr ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s ;a} ufx|f]sf s'gf ;an agfO{ km]bdf, emofn, aLrdf / dflyNnf] efudf cf/;L;Lsf] aGwg t];f]{ ¿kdf /flvPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 s]an cf/;L;Lsf] aGwgdfq lbOPsf] eP @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} s]an s'gfx¿nfO{ dfq tf/ tyf ;fgf 808Lx¿ k|of]u u/L dha't agfOPsf] eP # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} nrsbf/ -g'lxg] jf afªlug] k|sf/sf efux¿sf sf/0f ;+/rgf k"0f{¿kdf elTsg' eGbf klxn] o;sf] cfsf/df w]/} kl/jt{g cfpF5 h;n] dflg;nfO kof{Kt k"j{;r]t u/fpF5 . ;+/rgfsf] nlrnf]kgsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ejg ;+lxtfcg';f/ o;sf efux¿df tf/ tyf 808Lx¿ k|of]u u/L dha't agfOPsf] lyof] < klxnf g} ag]sf ejgdf ;+/rgfut nlrnf]kgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . ljutsf tYof+s pknAw eP Tof] x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf n]vfhf]vf ug{ g;lsg] eP s}lkmot hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 lg/LIf0f ;'lglZrt ug{ g;lsP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s ;+lxtfcg'?k nrsbf/ ;+/rgfTds efusf] Joj:yfkg eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 olb cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq nrsbf/ efusf] Joj:yf eP @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} ;+lxtfcg'?k nrsbf/ efusf] Joj:yf geP # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/
85 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L e"sDkLo hf]lvd If]qdf ejgx¿ eP o;sf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf nflu kfng ug'{kg]{ ;+lxtf ljsl;t eO;s]sf 5g . h:t} ef/tLo ;+lxtf !*(# / @))@ ejg l8hfOg ubf{ e"sDkLo ef/ jxgdf Wofg lbOPsf] lyof] < klxnf g} lgdf{0f ePsf ejgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . ljutsf tYofªs pknAw eP Tof] x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf n]vfhf]vf ug{ g;lsg] eP s}lkmot hgfpg'xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o; s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ g;lsP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s l8hfOgdf e"sDkLo ef/ jxgnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 l8hfOgdf e"sDkLo ef/ jxgnfO{ Wofg glbOPsf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ :tDe jf vDafsf] ljleGg prfO M le/fnf]df lgdf{0f ubf{ :tDe jf vDafsf] ljleGg prfO M afb{nL z}nL ;+/rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / l8hfOg ubf{ 5f]6f :tDe jf vDafsf] k|efjnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] lyof] < alg;s]sf ejgdf o; k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ sl7g x'G5 . ljutsf tYofªs pknAw eP Tof] x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf n]vfhf]vf ug{ g;lsg] eP s}lkmot hgfpg'xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ljz]if l6kf]6 M 5f]6f :tDe jf vDafn] a9L e"sDkLo ef/ jxg ug{ ;S5 . ;+/rgfsf] :j?k lgwf{/0fdf 5f]6f :tDe÷vDafn] lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Ng] x'Fbf l8hfOg ubf{ o:tf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ . lg/LIf0f ;'lglZrt ug{ g;lsP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s ;+/rgfdf 5f]6f :tDe÷vDafsf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 5f]6f :tDe÷vDafsf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg glbOPsf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 86 OF6fsf] k|of]u ePsf] ejgx¿df v'nf /flvPsf] 7fpFsf] b"/L sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ x'g'kb{5 OF6fsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] ejgdf 9f]sf / emofnsf] :yfg Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . tL ;+/rgfx¿ ;'/lIft dfkb08leq /x]g/x]sf] hfFr ug'{xf]; . ufx|f]sf] s'gfaf6 emofn tyf 9f]sfsf] b"/L sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ x'g'kb{5 . b'O{ v'nf :yfg aLrsf] b"/L klg sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ x'g'kb{5 . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf] ljsNkdWo]af6 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 OF6fsf] k|of]u eP/ ag]sf] ejg xf]Og eg] …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf];Ú . c;fGble{s ;'/lIft dfkb08 kfng gul/P ejg w]/} Ifltu|:t x'g;S5 . ufx|f]sf] s'gfaf6 emofn tyf 9f]sfsf] b"/L ^)) ldlnld6/ / b'O{ v'nf :yfg aLrdf /x]sf] ufx|f] sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ rf}8fOsf] ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ufx|f]sf] s'gfaf6 emofn tyf 9f]sfsf] b"/L ^)) ldlnld6/ gePdf / b'O{ v'nf :yfg aLrdf /x]sf] ufx|f] sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ rf}8fO eGbf sd ePdf ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ rf}8fO ! + rf}8fO @ sf] of]ukmn nDafOsf] cfwf jf a/fa/ x'g'k5{ (W1+W2<=0.5L) ufx|f]df /x]sf emofn tyf 9f]sfsf] rf}8fO ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwfeGbf sd jf a/fa/ /x]g/x]sf] hfFr ug'{xf]; . emofn / 9f]sfsf] rf}8fO gfkL ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwfeGbf sd /x]g/x]sf] hfFr ug'{xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 OF6fsf] k|of]uaf6 ag]sf] ejg gePdf c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s o; dfkb08 kfng gul/Psf] v08df emofnsf] rf}vf]6eGbf dflysf] ufx|f]sf] efu ;g{;S5 . Pp6f ufx|f]df /x]sf emofn / 9f]sfsf] ;du| rf}8fO pQm ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwf jf Tof]eGbf sd ePsf] / ;a} ufx|f]df o;} dfkb08sf] kfngf ePsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 Pp6f ufx|f]df /x]sf emofn / 9f]sfsf] ;du| rf}8fO pQm ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwfeGbf a9L eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
87 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L u}/;+/rgfsf ljifox¿ e"sDksf] a]nf wf/fsf kfOk k'm6]/ / 5tdf /x]sf 6ofÍL kN6]/ lkpg] kfgLsf] cefj /xg] cj:yf cfpg;S5 . s] wf/fsf kfOknfOgx¿, 5tsf] kfgL 6ofÍL ;'/lIft /flvPsf / afFlwPsf 5g < kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ gePsf] cj:yfdf s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 wf/fsf kfOkx¿, 5tsf] kfgL 6ofÍL ;'/lIft ¿kdf /flvPsf 5g / ljBfnodf xft] kDk klg 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 wf/fsf kfOkx¿, 5tsf] kfgL 6ofÍL c;'/lIft ¿kdf /flvPsf 5g jf lkpg] kfgLsf] k|aGw gePdf ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ e"sDksf a]nfdf cfuf] lgefpg k|of]u ul/g] kfgLsf] kfOkdf Iflt eO cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu kfgLsf] cefj x'g ;S5 . cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ ;xL¿kdf h8fg ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g < cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ gePdf s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 cfuf] lgefpg] kfOksf] Joj:yf geP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ ;xL¿kdf h8fg ul/Psf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ ;xL¿kdf h8fg gePdf ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ nrsbf/ h8fg ljGb'x¿ Nofadf h8fg ul/Psf UofF;sf nfOgx¿df nrsbf/ h8fg 5 < cGoyf tL kfOkx¿ r'xfj6 x'g uO cfunfuL x'g;S5 . ljBfnodf Nofa gePdf s}lkmot hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 88 Nofa gePdf c;fGble{s egL n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s nrsbf/ kfOk k|of]u ePsf] / tL kfOkx¿ plrt :yfgdf afFlwPsf eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 nrsbf/ kfOk k|of]u gePsf] / kfOkx¿ plrt :yfgdf gafFlwPsf eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ h8fg ul/Psf] ;fdfg v;]/ rf]6 nfUg;S5 . s] em'G8fOPsf aQLnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] s;]/ bfofF–afofF gxlNng] u/L h8fg ul/Psf] 5 < em'G8fOPsf aQL geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 em'G8fOPsf aQL geP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s em'G8fOPsf aQLnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] s;]/ h8fg ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 em'G8fOPsf aQLnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] s;]/ h8fg gul/Psf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ h]g]/]6/, Aof6«L Pj+ ljB'tLo oGqx¿ plrt tl/sfn] g/flvPdf lrKn]/ n8g ;S5g . e"sDksf] a]nf h]g]/]6/ / o;sf cGo pks/0fx¿ xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L /flvPsf 5g jf 5}gg . s] o; lsl;dsf ;fdu|Lx¿ xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L ;'/lIft /flvPsf] 5 < h]g]/]6/ geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 h]g]/]6/sf] k|aGw gePdf c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s h]g]/]6/ cflb xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L /flvPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 h]g]/]6/ cflb xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L ;'/lIft /flvPsf] eP 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
89 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L t];f]{ ¿kdf x'g] xnrnaf6 ;'/lIft /xg]u/L h8fg / aGwgx¿ /flvPsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . cfunfuLsf] ;ªs]t oGq xnrnaf6 ;'/lIft /flvPsf] 5 < aGwgx¿ 6'6]/ tL pks/0fx¿ klN6g jf v:g ;S5g . cfunfuLsf] ;ªs]t lbg] oGq geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 cfunfuLsf] ;ªs]t lbg] oGq gePdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s cfuf]sf] ;ªs]t lbg] oGq ;'/lIft tl/sfn] /flvPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 cfunfuLsf] ;ªs]t lbg] oGq ;'/lIft tl/sfn] g/flvPsf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ ;~rf/ PG6]gf M t];f]{ ¿kdf x'g] xnrnaf6 ;'/lIft /xg]u/L h8fg / aGwgx¿ /flvPsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . PG6]gf nufotsf ;~rf/ pks/0f e"sDkLo xnrnaf6 Iflt gxf]; egL ;'/lIft /flvPsf 5g < olb ljBfnodf To:tf s]xL pks/0fx¿ 5}gg eg] s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 To:tf s]xL pks/0fx¿ 5}gg eg] …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s ;~rf/ pks/0f, PG6]gfx¿ ;'/lIft /flvPsf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ;~rf/ pks/0f, PG6]gfx¿ ;'/lIft /flvPsf 5}gg eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 90 x'/Latf;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ljBdfg ljBfnosf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vfsf] hfFr–;"rL a]u lsdL k|lt306f pTs[i6, /fd|f], l7s}, sdhf]/, clt sdhf]/ k|d'v k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'k"j{ tnsf s'/fx¿ cWog ug'{xf]; k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf k|d'v k|Zgx¿ cWog ug]{5g k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf ljsNkdWo]af6 x/]s k|Zgsf plrt pQ/sf] 5gf]6 ug]{5g . k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj ! k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj @M kªlt -u_ df lbOPsf] lgb]{zg k9]/ cfjZos hfgsf/L o; kªltdf n]Vg'xf]; s v u 3 ª JofVof. /]vflrq ljBdfg ljBfno ejgsf] e"sDkLo ;'/Iffaf/] k|d'v k|Zg lgb]{zs a'Fbfx¿ tyf k|d'v k|Zgx¿sf] j}slNks pQ/x¿ lgb]{zg cg'?ksf] hjfkm ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 of]hgf ;8ssf] kx'Fr /x]sf] ejg If]q of]hgf s'g} klg ejgsf] ;'/Iffsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] d'Vo ;8saf6 ;f] ejg If]qdf k'Ug] ;8ssf] k|sf/ klg Ps xf] . tFkfOsf] If]qdf k'Ug ;8ssf] k|sf/df cfwfl/t eP/ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 d'Vo ;8saf6 ejg;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g ldNg] b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;8s ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 dflysf] h:tf] Ps dfq ;8s ePdf @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] sf/dfq hfg;Sg] t/ bdsn hfg g;Sg] ;8s ePdf # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} df]6/;fOsndfq hfg;Sg] ;8s ePdf $ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ k}bn ofqL dfq hfg;Sg] ePdf % n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
91 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L kxf8 jf l9:sf]n] x'/Latf;sf] j]u 5]s]/ To;sf] k|efj sd u5{ . j/k/sf e"agf}6n] ejg;Dd k'Ug] xfjfsf] j]unfO{ sd u5{ < ljutsf tYofªs / ;d'bfosf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df o; ljifodf lg0f{o lng'xf]; . hfgsf/Lsf] ;|f]t s}lkmotdf v'nfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 xfjfsf] ;DefJo j]usf] :t/ %) k|ltzt eGbf a9Ln] sd u5{ eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 xfjfsf] ;DefJo j]usf] :t/ @% k|ltzt eGbf a9L t/ %) k|ltzt eGbf sd dfq /f]Sg] eP @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] olb xfjfsf] axfj @% k|ltzteGbf sd / !) k|ltzt eGbf a9Ln] /f]Sg] eP # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} olb xfjfsf] axfj !) k|ltzteGbf sd dfq /f]Sg] eP $ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} ejgsf] ;dLkdf /x]sf] 6fj/ ejgsf] glhs x'/Latf;n] 9Ng;Sg] s'g} cUnf ¿vx¿ jf 6fj/x¿ 5g < 9Ng] j:t'af6 x'g] k|sf]ksf] cfwf/df tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 9Ng] a:t'n] ljBfno ;~rfngdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ 9Ng] a:t'n] ljBfnodf Iflt k'¥ofpg] t/ ;~rfngdf c;/ gug]{ eP @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ¿v jf 6fj/ 9Ng] s'g} hf]lvd geP # n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 92 of]hgfdf x'/Latf;sf] dfu{af6 x'g] c;/nfO{ Vofn ul/Psf] j/k/sf] e"agf}6, glhsf] ejgx¿ / ;+/rgfx¿sf sf/0f s'g} ;DefJo x'/Ljtf;sf] dfu{ ablnP/ x'g] c;/ 5 < tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 x'/Latf;sf] dfu{sf] c;/ gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s x'/Latf; dfu{sf] c;/ 5 t/ l8hfOg ubf{ o;nfO{ Vofn ul/Psf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 x'/Latf; dfu{sf] c;/ 5 t/ l8hfOg ubf{ o;nfO{ Vofn ul/Psf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ ;+/rgfTds :j?ksf ljifox¿ of]hgfdf 6L tyf Pn :j¿kdf c;dfgtf of]hgfdf ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds :j¿kdf s'g} c;dfgtf 5 < leq aflx/ rf/}lt/ 3'd]/ ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds :j?ksf] ;dfgtfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 cfsf/df ;dfgtf 5g, ;+/rgfdf Ps?ktf 5, / ejgnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] s'g} PsfO 5}gg eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 cfsf/df c;dfgtf 5 t/ ;+/rgfdf Ps?ktf 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} cfsf/df c;dfgtf 5 / ;+/rgfdf klg Ps?ktf 5}g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ Pp6} ejgsf] b'O{ efudf km/s jhg ePdf M 7f8f] clgoldttf s] ;+/rgfTds :j¿kdf 7f8f] clgoldttf 5 < ejgsf] jl/kl/ 3'd]/ ejgsf] jhgsf] ;dfgtf n]vfhf]vf ug{'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 tnfsf] prfOdf % k|ltzteGbf a9Ln] km/s gePdf, cyf{t s'g} c;dfg efu 5}gg eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . /fd|f] tnfsf] prfOdf @) k|ltzteGbf a9Ln] km/s gePdf cyf{t s]xL c;dfg efu 5g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s tnfsf] prfOdf @) k|ltzt eGbf a9L c;dfgtf 5 cyf{t w]/} c;dfg efux¿ 5g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
93 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L x'/Latf;nfO{ vf;} g5]Sg] ;dfg k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfTds :j?k s] ejgsf] x'/Latf;nfO{ vf;} g5]Sg] ;dfg k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfTds :j?k 5 < tkfOFsf] ejgsf] :j?k s:tf] 5 < n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]af6 Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 of]hgf / ef/ axgdf ;dfgtf eP ! n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] of]hgfdf ;dfgtf t/ ef/ axgdf c;dfgtf eP @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ of]hgf / ef/ axg b'j}df ;dfgtf geP # n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ ljutsf tYofªssf cfwf/df tkfOFnfO{ cfkmgf] If]qsf] e"hnjfo' cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L 5 eg] xfjfsf] jxfj sd ;fdgf ug]{ lsl;dsf] ejg lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . xfjfsf] axfj lbzfnfO{ Vofn ub}{ ejg lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 < ejgsf] kms]{sf] lbzfsf] cfwf/df x'/Latf;sf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]af6 Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; < ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 /fd|f] cyf{t xfjfsf] lbzfnfO{ Vofn ub}{ ejgsf] :j?k ;xL lbzfdf 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 dWod cyf{t xfjfsf] lbzfnfO{ Vofn ub}{ ejgsf] :j?k w]/} xb;Dd ;xL lbzfdf 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} sd cyf{t xfjfsf] lbzfnfO{ Vofn gu/L ejgsf] :j?k klg unt lbzfdf 5 eg] # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ w]/} sd cyf{t xfjfsf] lbzfnfO{ s'g} Vofn} gu/L ejgsf] :j?k k"0f{¿kdf xfjfsf] c;/ kg]{ 5 eg] $ n]Vg'xf]; . clt sdhf]/
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 94 7"nf] x'/Latf;sf] ;dodf o;sf] ;xh ;fdgf ug{ 5]l:sgLx¿ e]6g] :yfgdf h8fg x'g' h?/L 5 . 9f]sf tyf emofnsf 5]l:sgL alnof / ;lhn} e]6g] :yfgdf 5g < tnsf dWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 9f]sf tyf emofnsf 5]l:sgL alnof / ;lhn} e]6g] :yfgdf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 s]xL 9f]sf tyf emofnsf 5]l:sgL alnof / ;lhn} e]6g] :yfgdf 5g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} s'g} klg 9f]sf tyf emofnsf 5]l:sgL alnof / ;lhn} e]6g] :yfgdf 5}gg eg] # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ cfd'Gg]–;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]df ;dfg emofn jf 9f]sfsf nflu v'nf efu . cfd'Gg]–;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]df v'nf efu ;dfg cfsf/sf 5g < tndWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 cfd'Gg]–;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]df v'nf efu ;dfg cfsf/sf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]sf v'nf efu 7Ls} cyf{t dWod :t/sf] ;dfgtf 5g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} cfd'Gg]–;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]sf v'nf efudf Go"g ;dfgtf 5g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]sf v'nf efudf w]/} sd ;dfgtf 5 eg] $ n]Vg'xf]; . clt sdhf]/
95 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L w'/L ePsf] cyf{t lxkcfsf/sf] 5fgf (Hip roof) pTs[i6 le/fnf] 5fgf (Pitch roof) -le/fnf]kg #) b]lv $% l8u|L ;'/lIft_ tkfOFn] le/fnf] jf lxkcfsf/sf] 5fgf k|of]u ug'{ePsf] 5 < lxk cfsf/sf] 5fgf ;a}eGbf a9L k|lt/f]wL ePsf] b]lvG5 . csf]{ pko'Qm 5fgf eg]sf] #) b]lv $% l8u|Lsf] le/fnf] 5fgf xf] . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o; k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ;fGble{s gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s @) l8u|LeGbf a9L le/fnf]kg ePsf] lxkcfsf/sf] 5fgf eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . /fd|f] #) b]lv $% l8u|L le/fnf]kg eP @ n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 @) b]lv @( l8u|L le/fnf]kg ePsf] le/fnf] 5fgf ePdf # n]Vg'xf]; . /fd|f] !( l8u|LeGbf sd le/fnf]kg ePsf] 5fgf eP $ n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ ;Dk"0f{ ejg ux|f}+ a:t' (Missiles) jf eUgfaz]if x'gaf6 ;'/lIft x'g' pko'Qm xf] . t/ o;f] ug{ g;lsP s]xL efux¿ pRr x'/Latf;sf] ;dodf a:g] ;'/lIft cf>o:yn cg'?k agfOg'k5{ . ux|f}+ a:t' jf eUgfjz]if ejgdfly ah|g] a9L ;Defjgf ePsf] If]qdf tkfOFn] o;af6 ;'/lIft x'g] lsl;dsf] 5'66} cf>o:yn agfpg' ePsf] 5 < o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ sl7g x'G5 . ;j]{Ifsn] uP/ cfkmg} lg/LIf0f u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 / ;Dej eP ljutsf tYofªssf] ;xf/f lng'k5{ . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ux|f}+ a:t' jf eUgfjz]if ejgdfly ah|g] ;Defjgf geP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s ux|f}+ a:t' jf eUgfjz]if ejgdfly ah|g] ;Defjgf / o;af6 aRg] 5'66} ;'/lIft :yn agfOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ux|f}+ a:t' jf eUgfjz]if ejgdfly ah|g] ;Defjgf / o;af6 aRg] 5'66} ;'/lIft :yn agfOPsf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 96 x'/Latf; /f]Sg] ;6/n] ;fdfGo cj:yfdf lzzfsf emofn nufpg ;d:of gx'g] u/L pko'Qm lsl;dn] agfpg'k5{ . x'/Latf;n] a:t'x¿ p8fP/ Nofpg] ;Defjgf eP emofn jf 9f]sfsf zLzfx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;6/ agfOPsf] 5 < tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ gkg]{ eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s olb ejg x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 x'g] hf]lvddf 5 / o;af6 ;'/lIft /xg ;6/ agfOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 olb ejg x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 x'g] hf]lvddf 5 t/ o;af6 ;'/lIft /xg ;6/ agfOPsf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ;+/rgfsf ljifox¿ OlGhlgo/n] xfjfsf] dfu{ k|efj / xfjfsf] j]usf] /f]syfd ug]{ :yfgLo cj:yfsf] Vofn ug'{k5{ . ejg lgdf{0f If]qdf xfjfsf] a]u;lxt lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbOPsf] 5 < !=ejg prfO @= df]6fO $= e"agf}6 ljz]iftfx¿ (e.g. IS 875 part 3, 1987: V2→design wind speed k1→risk co-efficient k2→terrain, height and size factor and k3 topography factor) o;k|sf/sf] l8hfOgaf/] s'g} hfgsf/L geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . olb ejg If]q xfjfsf] pRr jxfj If]qdf k5{ eg] lj1sf] ;xfotf lng'kg]{ s'/f s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{.÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ejg lgdf{0f If]qdf xfjfsf] jxfjsf ;fy != ejg prfO @= df]6fO #= hf]lvd / e"agf}6 ljz]iftfnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ejg lgdf{0f If]qdf xfjfsf] jxfjsf ;fy != ejg prfO @= df]6fO #= hf]lvd / e"agf}6 ljz]iftfnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
97 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L OlGhlgo/x¿n] ejgsf] leqL efudf s'g} sdhf]/ ufx|f] /x]g/x]sf]af/] ljz]if ;r]t x'g'k5{ lsgls d'Vo ;+/rgf k4ltsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ sl7g sfo{df o;k|sf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] gb]lvg ;S5 . ejgsf] leqL efudf ef/ jxg gug]{ ufx|f] 5g < OF6f jf l;d]G6 lgld{t sdhf]/ ufx|f]x¿ xfjfsf] dfu{df kbf{ ;ªs6f;Gg x'G5g . o;k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfaf/] s'g} hfgsf/L geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . olb ejg If]q xfjfsf] pRr jxfj If]qdf k5{ eg] lj1sf] ;xfotf lng'kg]{ s'/f s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ gkg]{ eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s olb ef/ axg gug]{ leqL ufx|f]x¿ xfjfsf] j]unfO{ Vofn u/L agfOPsf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 olb ef/ axg gug]{ leqL ufx|f]x¿ xfjfsf] j]unfO{ Vofn gu/L agfOPsf 5g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft /xg] tLg k"j{ cfjZostf eg]sf] aGwg, 6]jf / h8fg x'g h;nfO{ cªu|]hLdf PaL;L -PGs/]h, a|]l;Ë, sg]S;g _ elgG5 . ejg l8hfOgdf PaL;LnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 < o;k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfaf/] s'g} hfgsf/L geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . olb ejg If]q xfjfsf] pRr jxfj If]qdf k5{ eg] lj1sf] ;xfotf lng'kg]{ s'/f s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 lbPsf ;a} efux¿df alnof] h8fg ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; M hu tyf kvf{nsf] hf]8fO, ufx|f] / 5fgfsf] hf]8fO . bf]xf]/f] 6]jf, cªs'z] aGwg, dha'tLs/0f ul/Psf 7f8f] tyf t];f]{ 6]jfx¿ cflb . l8hfOgsf] ;a} kIfdf PaL;LnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 l8hfOgsf] ;a} kIfdf PaL;LdWo] s'g} b'O{df Wofg lbOPsf] eP @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} l8hfOgsf] ;a} kIfdf PaL;LdWo] dWo] Psdf Wofg lbOPsf] eP # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ l8hfOgsf] ;a} kIfdf PaL;LnfO{ j]jf:tf ul/Psf] eP $ n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ NofPsf jf eTsfPsf j:t'n] dflg;x¿nfO{ 3fOt] agfpg ;S5 . Ps ejgaf6 csf]{ ejgdf hfg] ;'/lIft k}bndfu{ 5 < x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ NofPsf a:t'n] dflg;nfO{ 3fOt] agfpg ;S5 . :ynut lg/LIf0f u/L tnsf ljsNkdWo]af6 Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o:tf j:t'af6 ;'/lIft /fVg] k}bndfu{ 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ;'/lIft k}bndfu{ 5 t/ x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'nfO{ Vofn u/L agfOPsf] 5}g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; 7Ls} k}bndfu{ 5 t/ ;'/lIft 5}g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 98 Jofofd u[x, ;efu[xh:tf km/flsnf If]qePsf :yfgx¿df x'/Latf;n] kfg]{ c;/nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'k5{ . s] xfnsf k"jf{wf/df nfdf] 5fgf ePsf] ejg 5 < o;k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfaf/] s'g} hfgsf/L geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . olb ejg If]q xfjfsf] pRr jxfj If]qdf k5{ eg] lj1sf] ;xfotf lng'kg]{ s'/f s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s nfdf] 5fgf ePsf] ejg 5 / o;nfO{ x'/Latf;n] kfg]{ c;/ /f]Sgdf Wofg lbP/ agfOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 nfdf] 5fgf ePsf] ejg 5 t/ x'/Latf;sf] c;/ /f]Sgdf Wofg lbP/ agfOPsf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ em'l08Psf 5fgfsf efux¿ $%) ldlnld6/eGbf a9L x'/Latf; k|lt/f]ws x'g] u/L l8hfOg ug'{k5{ . 5tdf em'l08Psf 5fgfsf efux¿ $%) ldlnld6/eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 < ejgdf 5'l08Psf 5fgfx¿nfO{ x'/Latf;n] p8fpgaf6 /f]Sg] u/L k|lt/f]wfTds k|foM sd} agfOPsf] x'G5 . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s olb o;k|sf/sf] efux¿ 5g / x'/Latf;n] gp8fpg] u/L ;'/lIft agfOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 olb o;k|sf/sf] efux¿ 5g / x'/Latf;n] gp8fpg] u/L ;'/lIft agfOPsf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ ejgsf] ;+/rgfn] ef/ jxgdf dfu{ Ps?ktf gePsf] b]vfpF5 / of] :jLsfo{ xf]Og . ejgsf] ;a} OsfOx¿af6 hu;Dd ;dfg ef/ jxg dfu{ 5 < ejgsf] leq aflx/ ;a}lt/ 3'd]/ n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo]af6 Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . lj1sf] k/fdz{ h?/L eP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ejgn] ;dfg ef/ jxg u/]df sDkgsf] a]nf Ps PsfOsf] ¿kdf k|:t't x'G5 . ufx|f]sf] 5t / e'O;Fusf] hf]8 klg ;f]xL PsfOdf k5{g < ef/ jxg dfu{ ;dfg eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ef/ jxg dfu{df yf]/} leGgtf eP @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} ef/ jxgdf w]/} leGgtf eP # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
99 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L hf]lvd If]q eg]sf] 5fgfsf 5]p jf dfly w'/Ldf (Hip line) /x]sf] h] cfsf/sf sfF6L jf aGwgx¿ x'g . 6fon, w'/L jf 5]pdf /x]sf h:tf÷kmnfd] kftf x'/Latf;n] p8fpg g;Sg] u/L agfOPsf] 5 < n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s x'/Latf;n] gp8fpg] u/L o:tf kftfx¿ ;'/lIft ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 x'/Latf;n] gp8fpg] u/L o:tf kftfx¿ ;'/lIft gul/Psf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ;fdu|Lx¿ / lj:tfl/t OsfOx¿ 5gf]6 Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s] ljBdfg aflx/L ufx|f]x¿ x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] j:t'x¿af6 ;'/lIft 5 < olb ejg x'/Latf;sf] pRr hf]lvd If]qdf 5 eg] vf;u/L lj:tfl/t OsfOx¿ p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft agfOg'k5{ . :ynut lg/LIf0f ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] j:t'x¿af6 ;'/lIft x'g]u/L ufx|f]sf] l8hfOg / lj:tfl/t ul/Psf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] j:t'x¿af6 ;'/lIft x'g]u/L ufx|f]sf] l8hfOg / lj:tfl/t ul/Psf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ nrsbf/ -g'lxg] jf afªlug] k|sf/sf efux¿sf sf/0f ;+/rgf k"0f{¿kdf elTsg' eGbf klxn] o;sf] cfsf/df w]/} kl/jt{g cfpF5 h;n] dflg;nfO{ kof{Kt k"j{;r]t u/fpF5 . ;+/rgfsf] nlrnf]kgsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ejg ;+lxtfcg';f/ o;sf efux¿df tf/ tyf 808Lx¿ k|of]u u/L dha't agfOPsf] lyof] < l8hfOg / /]vflrq pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . pknA3 5 5}g s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ;a} dha'tLs/0f OsfO ;+lxtfcg'?k nrsbf/ k|bfg ug]{ lx;fan] l8hfOg / lj:tfl/t ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ;a} dha'tLs/0f OsfO ;+lxtfcg'?k nrsbf/ k|bfg ug]{ lx;fan] l8hfOg / lj:tfl/t gul/Psf] eP @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ o;af/] hfgsf/L gePdf # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ u}/;+/rgfsf ljifox¿
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 100 ;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/, :j?k / ljj/0f Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . emofn tyf 9f]sfdf k|of]u ul/Psf sAhf, lsnf, sfF6L, aGwg, 5]l:sgL, r's'n ;a} ;lhn} vf]Ng / aGb ug{ ;lsg] u/L tNnf] efudf /flvPsf 5g < s] tL ;a} ;fdfgx¿ alnof / sd dd{t;Def/ rflxg] k|sf/sf 5g < n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]df Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 emofn tyf 9f]sfdf k|of]u ul/Psf sAhf, lsnf, sfF6L, aGwg, 5]l:sgL, r's'n ;a}sf] l8hfOg tyf :j?k pRr x'/Latf;sf] nflu pkof]uL 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 emofn tyf 9f]sfdf k|of]u ul/Psf sAhf, lsnf, sfF6L, aGwg, 5]l:sgL, r's'n ;a}sf] l8hfOg tyf :j?k pRr x'/Latf;sf] nflu pkof]uL 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/ / ljj/0f Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s] aflx/L 9f]sf, emofn / cfsfzåLk x'/Latf;nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ agfOPsf] 5 < 5gf]6 ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ / lgdf{0f:j?kx¿ x'/Latf; / o;;Fu} cfpg] jiff{ 5]Sg pkof]uL 5g < ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s 5gf]6 ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ / lgdf{0f:j?kx¿ x'/Latf; / o;;Fu} cfpg] jiff{ 5]Sg] k|sf/sf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 5gf]6 ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ / lgdf{0f:j?kx¿ x'/Latf; / o;;Fu} cfpg] jiff{ 5]Sg] k|sf/sf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
101 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L h:tfkftf, 6fon, gl/jn, udnf, kmf]x/ kmfNg] 6f]s/L, 9+'uf cflbn] v;]/ rf]6k6s nfUg ;S5 . o:tf v:g] j:t'n] emofn, 9f]sf tyf cGo v'nf k|sf/sf efudf /x]sfl;;fdf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5g . o:tf j:t'x¿ 5g eg] To;nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ l8hfOg ul/Psf] lyof] < tkfOFn] ;fdu|L, ;+/rgf, agfj6 / :j?ksf] 5gf]6 ubf{ o:tf v:g] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft /xg]u/L 5gf]6 ug'{ePsf] 5 < ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s emofn tyf 9f]sf p8fP/ jf v;]/ cfpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L l8hfOg / lgdf{0f ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 emofn tyf 9f]sf p8fP/ jf v;]/ cfpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L l8hfOg / lgdf{0f gul/Psf] eP eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ tfkqmdsf sf/0f lj:tf/ x'g] / v'Drg] sfo{n] hf]8fOx¿ lvOg] cj:yfnfO{ klg Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . 6fon, lnpg, jf tskn] aflx/af6 9flsPsf] 5 < /flvPsf] eP s] To:tf a:t' x'/Latf;n] p8fpg] hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5g < n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]df Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . …c;fGble{sÚ ;fdu|L 5gf]6 / aGwg tyf hf]8fO lgdf{0fdf x'/Latf;sf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ;fdu|L 5gf]6 / aGwg tyf hf]8fO lgdf{0fdf x'/Latf;sf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg glbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ /fd|f];Fu h8fg gul/Pdf 6fonx¿ x'/Ln] p8fpg ;S5 . s] 5fgf 6fon jf OG;'n];g af]8{ lgld{t 5g < x'/Latf;sf b[li6n] oL ;'/lIft 5g < nfu' x'g] cj:yfdf x'/Lsf] k|xf/sf] c;/df s] of] ;'/lIft 5 < ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . …c;fGble{sÚ x'/Latf;af6 6fon jf OG;'n];g af]8{ ;'/lIft 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 x'/Latf;af6 6fon jf OG;'n];g af]8{ ;'/lIft 5}gg eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 102 5fgfsf] km'sf]{ jf 5]ps'gf]sf] l8hfOg ubf{ x'/Latf;n] gp8fpg]df Wofg lbg'k5{ . s] 5fgfdf km'sf]{ jf 5]ps'gf] agfOPsf] 5 < x'/Latf;df of] ;'/lIft 5 < olb km'sf]{ eP x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft 5g t < ;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . …c;fGble{sÚ 5fgfdf km'sf]{ jf 5]ps'gf] x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L l8hfOg / lgdf{0f ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 5fgfdf km'sf]{ jf 5]ps'gf] x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L l8hfOg / lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ;~rf/ PG6]gf M 58s] zlQm k|jfxsf lj?4 aGwg, 6]jf tyf hf]8fOx¿ ;'/lIft 5g eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . :of6]nfO6 l8;sf] PG6]gfnfO{ ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds efu;Fu afFlwPsf] 5 < olb 5 eg] /vfO / aFwfO x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft 5 < ;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . …c;fGble{sÚ :of6]nfO6 l8;sf] PG6]gf /vfO / aFwfO x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 :of6]nfO6 l8;sf] PG6]gf /vfO / aFwfO x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft 5}gg eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ h:tfkftf, 6fon, gl/jn, udnf, kmf]x/ kmfNg] 6f]s/L, 9+'uf cflbn] v;]/ Iflt ug{ ;S5 . cfktsfnLg h]g]/]6/nfO{ x'/Latf; / o;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L leq /flvPsf] 5 < h]g]/]6/sf] s'/f nfu" x'g] eP x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft /fVg] 3/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 < ;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . …c;fGble{sÚ cfktsfnLg h]g]/]6/nfO{ x'/Latf; / o;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L /flvPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 cfktsfnLg h]g]/]6/nfO{ x'/Latf; / o;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
103 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L jt{dfg ljBfnonfO{ cfunfuLaf6 hf]ufpg Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{kg]{ d"Nof+sgsf] k/LIf0f ;"rL pTs[i6, /fd|f], l7s}, sdhf]/, clt sdhf]/ k|d'v k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'k"j{ tnsf s'/fx¿ cWog ug'{xf]; k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf k|d'v k|Zgx¿ cWoog ug]{5g k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf ljsNkdWo]af6 x/]s k|Zgsf] plrt pQ/sf] 5gf]6 ug]{5g . k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj ! s v u 3 JofVof÷ /]vflrq ljBdfg ljBfno ejgsf] e"sDkLo ;'/Iffaf/] k|d'v k|Zg lgb]{zs a'Fbfx¿ tyf k|d'v k|Zgx¿sf] j}slNks pQ/x¿ lgb]{zgcg'?ksf] hjfkm of]hgf ;8ssf] kx'Fr ePsf] b]vfpg]u/L agfOPsf] ljBfno If]q of]hgf ejgsf] ;'/Iffsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf ToxfF cfjfudg x'g] ;8ssf] k|sf/ klg Ps xf] . cfjfudg ug {];8ssf] k|sf/sf cfwf/df tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; olb ljBfno;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g ;Sg] b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;8s eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ljBfno;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g;Sg] Ps dfq ;8s eP @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] ljBfno;Dd bdsn gk'Ug] t/ sf/h:tf demf}nf ;jf/L ;fwg dfq k'Ug ;Sg] ;8s eP # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} ljBfno k'Ug] ;8sdf df]6/;fOsn dfq k'Ug] eP $ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ljBfno k'Ug] s]an k}bn ;8s dfq eP % n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 104 :ynut lg/LIf0f e|d0fafx]s k/fdz{stf{n] :yfgLo dflg; / :yfgLo cfunfuL lgoGq0f ljefu;Fu aflx/L cfunfuL hf]lvdaf/] klg ;f]wvf]h ug'{k5{ . ljBfnosf] aflx/L efunfO{ Vofn ub}{ of] aflx/af6 x'g;Sg] cfunfuL k|lt slQsf] ;Gd'v 5 egL :t/Ls/0f ug'{xf]; . ljB'tLo ;a:6];g, k|HjngzLn e08f/0f s]Gb|h:tf w]/} cfunfuLsf ;|f]t x'g;S5g . k/fdz{bftfn] cfunfuLsf k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf cWoog ug{ o:tf :yfgx¿sf] :ynut cjnf]sg e|d0f ug'{k5{ . olb ljBfno aflx/L cfunfuLsf] hf]lvdk|lt w]/} ;Gd'v eP ! n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ olb ljBfno aflx/L cfunfuLsf] hf]lvdk|lt dWod k|sf/n] ;Gd'v eP @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ olb ljBfno aflx/L cfunfuLsf] hf]lvdk|lt Go"g ;Gd'v eP # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} olb aflx/L cfunfuLsf] hf]lvdk|lt ;Gd'v g} geP $ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] v'nf :yfg b]vfpg] ljBfno If]q of]hgf cfunfuLsf ;dodf ljBfyL{x¿ ;'/lIft e]nf x'g] v'nf :yfg 5 jf 5}g < v'nf :yfg eP o;sf] nDafO tyf rf}8fO / o;df c6fpg;Sg] JolQm ;+Vof s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . e]nf x'gsf] nflu v'nf :yfgdf kof{Kt 7fpF 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 e]nf x'gsf nflu v'nf :yfgdf kof{Kt 7fpF 5}g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} v'nf :yfg g} 5}g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ;+/rgfsf ljifox¿ b'O{ tNn] ejgx¿df lgl:sg] 9f]sf sl/8f]/lt/ x'g'k5{ . df}h'bf sIffsf]7faf6 lgl:sg] b'O{j6f 9f]sf 5g . emofnnfO{ klg rf}8f u/]/ ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sg] af6f] agfpg ;lsG5 . o; n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; x/]s sIffdf b'O{j6f lgl:sg] 9f]sf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 x/]s sIffdf Pp6f dfq 9f]sf 5 eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; l7s}
105 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L lah'nLsf] ld6/ aS; e¥ofË ePsf] :yfgdf 5 eg] ;fg'{k5{ . s] k|d'v ld6/ aS; e¥ofª ePsf] :yfgdf 5 < ljB't gePdf s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . tndWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ljB't gePdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s k|d'v ld6/ aS; e¥ofª ePsf] :yfgdf 5 eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ k|d'v ld6/ aS; ;'/lIft :yfgdf 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 olb lah'nLsf] k|d'v :jLr d'Vo k|j]z dfu{df 5 o;nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg'{xf]; . s] lah'nLsf] k|d'v :jLr d'Vo k|j]z dfu{df 5 < ljB't gePdf s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . tndWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ljB't gePdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; …c;fGble{sÚ k|d'v :jLr d'Vo k|j]z dfu{df eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ k|d'v :jLr ;'/lIft :yfgdf eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 cfunfuLaf6 hf]ufpg ljBfnosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ rflxg] k/LIf0f ;"rL pTs[i6, /fd|f], l7s}, sdhf]/, clt sdhf]/ k|d'v k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'k"j{ tnsf s'/fx¿ cWoog ug'{xf]; k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf k|d'v k|Zgx¿ cWoog ug]{5g k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf ljsNkdWo]af6 x/]s k|Zgsf] plrt pQ/sf] 5gf]6 ug]{5g . k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj ! k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj @M kªlt -u_ df lbOPsf] lgb]{zg k9]/ cfjZos hfgsf/L o; kªltdf n]Vg'xf]; s v u 3 ª JofVof jf /]vflrq jt{dfg ljBfno ejgsf] e"sDkLo ;'/Iffaf/] d'Vo k|Zg lgb]{zs a'Fbfx¿ tyf k|d'v k|Zgx¿sf] j}slNks pQ/x¿ lgb]{zgcg'?ksf] hjfkm ;Gbe÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 106 gbLlsgf/sf ;d'bfo af9Lsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf x'G5g ljBfno If]q af9L tyf 8'afg x'g] If]qdf kb{5 < af9L tyf 8'afgsf] hf]lvd gS;fªsg ul/Psf lrqx¿ :yfgLo ljkb Joj:yfkg sfof{nodf pknAw x'g ;S5 . pknAw eP gePsf] s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu / cGo ;Da4 lgsfo;Fu ;Dks{ /fvL ljutsf af9L tyf 8'afgsf] cj:yfaf/] cWoog u/L ;Defljt Ifltsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{'k5{ . af9L 8'afg x'g] If]q gk/] c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s Ifltsf] ;Defjgf Go"g eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 Ifltsf] ;Defjgf clns a9L eP @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} Ifltsf] ;Defjgf w]/} eP # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ :yfgLo JolQm;Fu ljutsf] tYofªs lng'xf]; / :yfgLo vfgL tyf e"ue{ sfof{nox¿;Fu klg k/fdz{ ug'{xf]; . e"sDk jf klx/f]sf] sf/0f lxdtfn km'6g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] If]qdf ljBfno If]q /x]sf] 5 < ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 of] ;Gbe{ nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s Ifltsf] ;Defjgf pRr 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ Ifltsf] ;Defjgf w]/} sd 5 eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] ;'/lIft lg0f{osf nflu ljutsf tYofªs x]g'{xf]; . ck]lIft ul/Psf] 8'afgsf] :t/ slt 5 < cyf{t ejgsf] tNnf]efueGbf slt dfly af9L cfpg;S5 < tNnf] efusf] t'ngfdf slt ldlnld6/ dfly;Dd af9L cfpg;S5 eg]/ s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 8'afg :t/eGbf ejgsf] tNnf] k]6L #)) ldlnld6/eGbf dfly /x]df ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 8'afg :t/eGbf ejgsf] tNnf] k]6L !%) ldlnld6/eGbf dfly /x]df @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] 8'afg :t/eGbf ejgsf] k]6L tn eP # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
107 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 8'afgsf] ;do df6f]sf] :t/, ljBfno If]qdf kx'Fr, cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{, kfgLsf] ;Dks{df /xg] j:t'sf] l6sfpkgdf lge{/ u5{ . jf:tljs af9L tyf 8'afgsf] tYofªs cjlwsf] pQd ;"rs x'g lsgls w]/} h;f] af9L If]qsf] ljZn]if0fn] af9L / 8'afgsf] cjlwnfO{ cWog u/]sf] kfOFb}g . af9L8'afgsf] ck]lIft cjlwdf ;Defljt Ifltsf] :t/ slt xf] < af9L 8'afgsf] ;dofjlw s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . af9Lsf] kfgL hd]/ x'g] ;Defljt Iflt slt x'g;S5 < ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 of] ;Gbe{ nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s af9L / 8'afgsf] ck]lIft cjlwdf Ifltsf] ;Defjgf Go"g ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 af9L / 8'afgsf] ck]lIft cjlwdf Ifltsf] ;Defjgf clns a9L eP ! n]Vg'xf]; l7s} af9L / 8'afgsf] ck]lIft cjlwdf Ifltsf] ;Defjgf w]/} eP # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ af9L8'afgsf] cjlw a9]df ;f]xL cg'?k kx'Frsf] klg a9bf] dxTj x'G5 . ToxfF /x]sf afnaflnsf tyf cGo JolQmx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfTds ;"ljwfx¿ af9Lsf] ;dodf Jo:t /xg' x'Fb}g . af9L / 8'afgsf] cjlwdf ljBfno If]qdf hfg sDtLdf klg Pp6f ;xh dfu{ 5 < n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 af9Lsf] a]nf ejgdf k'Ug sd;]sd Pp6f af6f] v'nf 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 af9Lsf] a]nf ejgdf hfgsf nflu s'g} af6f] v'nf 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ ;+/rgfTds :j?ksf ljifox¿
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 108 kfls{ª / ;Lldt e08f/u[xafx]s af9L pGd'v If]qdf lgdf{0f x'g] dxTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfTds ;'ljwfx¿sf ultljlwx¿ af9L8'afgsf] :t/eGbf tn x'g'x'Fb}g . s] gj lgld{t ejgsf] efu klxn]sf] af9Lsf] txeGbf d'lg 5 < n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; of] ;Gbe{ nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s olb cTofjZos ;+/rgfTds ;'ljwfx¿sf ultljlw ck]lIft af9L / 8'afg :t/eGbf dfly ug{ ;lsg] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 olb cTofjZos ;+/rgfTds ;'ljwfx¿sf ultljlw ck]lIft af9L / 8'afg :t/eGbf dfly ug{ g;lsg], t/ af9L8'afg gk:g] agfpg ;lsg] eP @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ olb cTofjZos ;+/rgfTds ;'ljwfx¿sf ultljlw ck]lIft af9L / 8'afg :t/eGbf dfly ;fg{ g;lsg] / af9L 8'afg gk:g] klg agfpg g;lsg] eP # n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/

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Safe Schol toolkit Nepali

  • 1.
    Eff]lnsf] nflu /fd|f]kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ afnaflnsfdf cfh}b]lv nufgL u/f}“ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn /fli6«o sfof{no k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/
  • 2.
    © Knfg g]kfn,@)!# -k|:t't ;Gbe{;fdu|L gf]/f8sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf Knfg OG6/g];gnn] g]kfndf sfof{Gjog u/]sf] ;'/lIft ljBfno kxn ;g @)!@÷!# sf] l;sfOsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] xf] ._ Knfg g]kfn /fli6«o sfof{no k'Nrf]s, sf7df8f}F kmf]g M )! – %%#%%*), %%@@&!@ kmofS; M )! –%%#^$#! O{d]n M nepal.co@plan-international.org j]a;fO6 M www.plannepal.org zf]wstf{ 8f= w|'j uf}td sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /fli6«o ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f s]Gb| -Pg8Lcf/;L_ g]kfn ;Ëd rf]s, afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}F kmf]g÷kmofS; M )! –$!!%^!(, (*%!)–(%*)* Od]n Mndrcnepal2007@gmail.com, drrgautam@gmail.com cfVofg M o; ;Gbe{;fdu|Ldf k|:t't ul/Psf ljifoj:t', To;sf] JofVof / lgisif{ zf]wstf{sf lghL x'g h;n] Knfg g]kfnsf] ljrf/nfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/n] k|ltljlDat ub{}gg . o; ;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z ul/Psf tYofªssf] z'4tfsf] k|Tofe"lt Knfg g]kfnn] ub}{g . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu zf]wstf{ jf Knfg g]kfn;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
  • 3.
    k|fSsyg ljBfno ;fgfafnaflnsfsf nflu bf];|f] 3/ xf] . oBlk, ha;Dd afnaflnsfn] eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] cfkmgf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpFb}gg ta;Dd ljBfnon] bf];|f] 3/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb}g . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g] k|sf]kåf/f pTkGg ljkb xf]; jf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 x'g] 36gfaf6, ljkbsf] ;jf{lws hf]lvddf afnaflnsf g} /x]sf x'G5g . cem cNkljsl;t d'n'sx¿df ;'/lIft ljBfno tyf u'0f:t/Lo lzIffnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o; ;d:ofaf6 g]kfn klg cnu /x]sf] 5}g . oxL b[lisf]0fsf cfwf/df ljBfno ;'/lIft / Go"gtd ;'ljwfo'Qm x'g'kg]{ oyfy{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L a[xQ/ ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrfsf] ljZjJofkL cjwf/0ffcg'?k of] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't ;Gbe{;fdu|L g]kfndf /x]sf ljkbhGo hf]lvd / To;af6 k/]sf] k|efj, afnaflnsfsf] c6'6 ¿kdf lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . of] ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf] tof/Lsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf ¿kdf ;/sf/åf/f sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] ljBfno ;'wf/ sfo{qmd, Knfg g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] ;'/lIft ljBfno kl/of]hgf / lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] l;sfO /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{;fdu|Ln] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;'/lIft ljBfnosf Go"gtd cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L Xof]uf] sfo{;+/rgf @))%–@)!%, ljkb hf]lvd /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ / ljkb tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL pknAw ;"rgf, ljBfnodf eO/x]sf c;n cEof;nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfg]/ of] ;fdu|L tof/ ePsf] 5 . ax"ljkbsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;'/lIft ljBfnosf Go"gtd cfwf/ tof/ ug{ of] ;Gbe{;fdu|L pkof]uL x'g] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk, k|:t't ;Gbe{ ;dfu|LnfO{ Knfg g]kfnn] k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . o; qmddf ;'/lIft ljBfnosf nflu ;/sf/åf/f hf/L ePsf jf x'g] gLltlgb]{zgnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L cfufdL ;dodf k"0f{tf lbOg]5 . o; ;fdu|Lsf] tof/Ldf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] 8f= w|'j uf}tdnufot ;fdu|Lsf] tof/Lsf qmddf ;xof]u ug]{ lzIff dGqfno;Da4 clwsf/Lx¿ 8f= /f]hgfy kf08], lzIff ljefusf >L emKk/ l;+x ljZjsdf{nufot lj1x¿, lhNnf lzIff sfof{{no dsjfgk'/, ljBfno, lzIfs, cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{x¿, ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ / g]kfnL efiff ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]uL Osf]–g]kfnsf cWoIf >L /fdrGb| Gof}kfg]k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 . Knfg g]kfn /fli6«o sfof{no ;'/lIft ljBfno kl/of]hgf
  • 5.
    ;+lIfKt zAbfjnL ;LaLcf](CBO) ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf ;L;LP (CCA) hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng 8Lcf]O (DOE) lzIff ljefu 8LOcf] (DEO) lhNnf lzIff sfof{no 8Lcf/cf/ (DRR) ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f hLPncf]Pkm (GLOF) lxdtfn ljikmf]6af6 pTkGg af9L PreLcf/;LP (HVRCA) k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf PghLcf] (NGO) u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf kL6LP (PTA) cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 P;8LPd;L (SDMC) ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt P;8LPdkL (SDMP) ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf P;Pd;L (SMC) ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
  • 6.
    ljifo;"rL ;'/lIft ljBfno;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf ;DaGwdf s= ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L s] xf] <============================================ !! v= of] ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]hg s] xf] <========================================================= !! u= k|:t't ;fdu|Lsf] s;/L k|of]u ug]{ <================================================= !! 3= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L s–s;sf nflu xf] < ================================================ !@ ª= of] ;fdu|L s;/L tof/ ul/of] < ===================================================== !@ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L M ;+/rgfTds :j?k != k[i7e"ld !=! ;'/lIft Bfno========================================================================== !# !=@ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTo =========================================== !# !=# g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] cj:yf=============================================== !& @= ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfwf/:De================================================================= !& @=! cfwf/:tDe ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿======================================= !* @=!=! ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6================================================================= !* @=!=@ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut nf]vfhf]vf==================================== @) @=@ cfwf/:tDe @ M ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ======================================== @^ @=@=! ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ========================== @& @=@=@ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g ======================================================== #$ @=@=# ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf ============================================= #% @=@=$ ;~rf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ =================================================== #( @=@=% ;r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"jf{Eof; -l8«n_ ;~rfng ==================================================================== $) @=# cfwf/:tDe # M hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff =========================================== $! @=#=! cf}krfl/s tyf cgf{krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;dfof]hg ug]{ ================================== $! @=#=@ lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{====================================== $@
  • 7.
    @=#=# ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtfclej[l4 ============================================ $# @=#=$ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ ======================= $# @=#=% lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ================================================ $$ @=#=^ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL ;DefJo r'gf}tL tyf cj/f]w x6fpg] ================================================================================ $% cg';"rLx¿ M cg';"rL ! M g]kfndf ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL kxnx¿ -;g !(** – @)!@_===== $& cg';"rL @ M cfwf/e"t ;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08 ========================================= %! cg";"rL # MljleGg sfo{bnsf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTj ===================================== %! cg';"rL $ M ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfnosf dfkg -:jd"Nofªsg kmf/fd_ =========== %# cg';"rL % M g]kfnsf k|d'v k|sf]kx¿========================================================= ^) cg';"rL ^ M ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfsf nflu ;fdfGo ;'emfjx¿ ======================== &) cg';"rL & M x'/Latf;, cfuf], af9L / e"sDkLo c;/af6 ;'/lIft /xg df}h'bf ljBfno ejgsf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf k/LIf0f ;"rL === &%
  • 9.
    9 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf ;DaGwdf s= ;'/lIft ljBfno ;|Gbe{ ;fdu|L -Toolkit_ s] xf] < ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsg ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmx¿sf nflu ;Gbe{sf] ¿kdf ;xof]uL xf]; eGg] cfzon] tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L g} ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L xf] . o;n] ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] tLg cfwf/:tDenfO{ k|:t't u5{, tL x'g !_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿, @_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg, / #_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lZfIff . k|:t't ;fdu|L ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] of]hgf tyf of]hgfsf] 9fFrf tof/ ug{;d]t pkof]uL 5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf k|Kt ePsf c;n cEof; / l;sfOnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ o; ;fdu|LnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . v= of] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]hg s] xf] < cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ljsl;t a[xQ/ ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t eP/ tof/ ul/Psf] o; ;fdu|Ln] ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL ;/n, ;+lIfKt / ;';ªut hfgsf/L k|bfg u5{ . o;n] ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kf5{ . ljBfnodf kg{;Sg] ;DefJo k|sf]k / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] ljkbsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{, ljkb k|ltsfo{sf nflu pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] klxrfg ug{, ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ / ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;'b[9 agfpg] ;Gbe{df o; ;fdu|Ln] ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . u= k|:t't ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ < ljBfno ;'/Iffsf ;jfndf 5l/tf] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsof]; eg]/ k|:t't ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . k|of]ustf{n] o;nfO{ cfkmgf] :yfgLo kl/j]z cg's"n u|x0f / pkof]u ug{ ;S5g . o; ;fdu|Ln] ;/n ljlw / tl/sfx¿ k|of]u u/L ljBfnonfO{ s;/L
  • 10.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 10 ;'/lIft agfpg] eGg]af/] Jofjxfl/s pkfox¿ ;'emfpF5 . 3= ;Gbe{;fdu|L s–s;sf nflu xf] < k|:t't ;fdu|LnfO{ z}lIfs of]hgfsf/, gLltlgdf{tf, sfo{qmd lgdf{tfsf ;fy} dfgjLo ;xfotf k|bfos / ;'/lIft ljBfnocg'¿ksf] ljZjJofkL lzIffsf kIfw/x¿sf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/G5 . To;}u/L ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfno lgdf{0fsf cg'ofoLx¿sf nflu of] ;fdu|L cem pkof]uL x'g]5 . o; ;fdu|Laf6 nfe lng;Sg] nlIft ju{x¿ b]xfoadf]lhd 5g M • ;fd'bflos tyf lghL ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, • cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3, • lzIfs tyf ljBfnosf sd{rf/L, • ljBfyL{, afnaflnsf tyf o'jf, • :yfgLo lgsfo -ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt_, • ;|f]t s]Gb|, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, • ljBfno ejgsf] vfsflrq (Design), nfut cg'dfg / lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg k|fljlws, • u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf, • ljBfnonfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] sfo{df ¿lr /fVg] ;a} JolQm, / • ;'/lIft ljBfno;Da4 cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg ;+:yf tyf JolQm . ª= of] ;fdu|L s;/L tof/ ul/of] < lzIff;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] JolQmx¿;Fu a[xt tyf ;"Id b'j} :t/df k/fdz{ u/L of] ;fdu|L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o tyf lhNnf txdf a[xt / :yfgLo txdf ;'Id ¿kdf k/fdz{ ul/of] . /fli6«o txdf lzIff ljefu, lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t lgsfox¿, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] u7aGwgcGtu{t ljkb Joj:yfkg sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿ / z}lIfs If]qsf k]zfsdL{x¿;Fu k/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof] . lhNnf txdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L, ;|f]t s]Gb| k|d'v / lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;d'bflos ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿;Fu k/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof] . :yfgLo txdf ljBfno k|zf;s, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3, lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿;Fu z[ªvnfa4 5nkmnx¿ ul/Psf lyP . k|:t't ;fdu|LnfO{ dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] Ps ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L ;f] qmddf cfPsf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ljrf/ / rf;f]nfO{ qmlds ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/L k|of]ufTds agfpg k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
  • 11.
    11 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M ;+/rgfTds :j¿k != k[i7e"ld !=! ;'/lIft ljBfno ljkbhGo hf]lvd gePsf] If]qdf cjl:yt jf ljkbsf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg]u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ljBfnonfO{ g} ;'/lIft ljBfno elgG5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno ljkb / cGo sf/0faf6 x'g] Ifltaf6 ;'/lIft x'G5 . olb ljBfno Ifltu|:t eOxfNof] eg] klg ;DalGwt æljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltÆ / æcleefjs lzIfs ;ª3Æ To:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g . !=@ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTo ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTonfO{ lgDg kl/R5]bx¿n] k|i6 kf5{g M s_ ljkbn] afnaflnsfnfO{ 3fOt] agfp“5 / pgLx¿sf] d[To'b/ a9fp“5 ljBfno;Fu ljkbsf] ;fdgf Ifdtf sdhf]/ eP ljkbdf k/]/ ljBfyL{sf] d[To'b/ a9g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ljkbn] ljZjsf nfvf}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ 3fOt] agfpF5, ljkbsf sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ rf]6k6s nfU5 h'g pgLx¿sf] hLjge/ klg /xg ;S5 . cem ljBfnox¿df x'g] afnaflnsf tyf lzIfsx¿sf] d[To'n] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo tyf /fi6«df g} ck'/0fLo Iflt k'¥ofpF5 .1 cWoog pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿n] %) k|ltzt ;do ljBfnodf g} latfpg'kg]{ oyfy{ eP klg k|foM ljBfnox¿ ljkb pTyfgzLn x'g]u/L lgdf{0f jf dd{t;Def/ ul/Psf x'Fb}gg . ljkb k|lt/f]wL ljBfno ejgx¿sf] b'O{ k|d'v pkof]lutf b]lvG5 . klxnf], ljkbsf] ;dodf ejg Iflt eP/ ToxfFleq /x]sf dflg;dfly v:g] / 3fOt] x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ 36fpF5 . bf];|f], ljkbsf] ;dodf cf>o:yn / ljkbkZrft /fxts]Gb|sf] nflu 7fpF pknAw u/fpF5 . ljBfno ejgx¿ bl/nf] ;fdflhs d"No :yfkgf ug{] pTs[i6 :yn x'g h;n] ;a} txdf ;'/Iff tyf pTyfgzLn ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu 1fg, gjLgtf / lzIffnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ d~rsf ¿kdf sfd u5{g . ;'/lIft ljBfno ejgn] hLjgnfO{ ;'/lIft 1 o"PgcfO{P;8Lcf/, OgL tyf hLPkm8Lcf/cf/ M ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{g l6kf]6 .
  • 12.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 12 /fVg'sf ;fy} afnaflnsf, lzIfs / sd{rf/LnfO{ rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 arfpF5 . afnaflnsf / o'jfdf ljkbn] 7"nf] k|efj kf5{ . cem pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s / af}l4s Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ z}lIfs ;+:yfdf ljkbsf] k|efjn] pgLx¿sf] efjL hLjgdf gs/fTds c;/ k5{ . ljkbsf] k|j[lQ / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;DefJo kl/0ffd;DaGwL ul/Psf kl5Nnf cWoogx¿n] klg x/]s jif{ k|fs[lts k|sf]k;Fu ;Da4 ljkbaf6 dfq !& s/f]8 %) nfv afnaflnsf k|efljt x'g;Sg] b]vfPsf] 5 .2 ljZje/ k|fylds tyf dfWolds ljBfnox¿df sl/a ! ca{ @) s/f]8 afnaflnsf egf{ x'G5g h;dWo] *& s/f]8 %) nfv afnaflnsf pRr e"sDkLo hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf /xG5g eg] s/f]8f}F afnaflnsf lgoldt cfpg] af9L, klx/f], x'/Latf;, ;d'b|L cfFwL / cfuf]af6 pTkGg ljkbsf] ;fdgf ug{ afWo x'G5g . v= ljBfno ejgx¿ cfktsfndf cf>o:ynsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5g ljkbaf6 pTkGg cfktsfndf lj:yflkt x'g] 7"nf] ;ªVofsf dflg;nfO{ /fVg ljBfnox¿nfO{ cf>o:ynsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . sIffsf]7fx¿ a:g] / vfg] 7fpFdf kl/0ft x'Fbf lgoldt sIff ;~rfngdf cj/f]w cfpF5 . /fxt Joj:yfkgdfkm{t lj:yflktx¿nfO{ csf]{ 7fpFdf g;f/];Dd ;'/lIft c:yfoL cfjf;sf ¿kdf ljBfnon] sfd ug{ ;Sg' ;sf/fTds kIf eP klg clwsf+z ljBfnox¿ cfktsfnLg cf>o / cWoog b'j} k|of]hgdf cfpg;Sg] u/L agfOPsf x'Fb}gg h;n] cGttM lzIffdf gsf/fTds c;/ kf5{ . cfktsfndf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff ;'/lIft ug'{sf] cy{ ljkb pTyfgzLn x'g / cfkmgf] Pj+ ;d'bfosf] /Iff ug{ cfjZos hLjg/Ifs tyf hLjga4{s (life saving and life enhancing) ;Lk Pj+ hfgsf/Ldf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr 5 eGg] xf] .3 hf]lvd / ;ªs6f;Ggtf ljBfnoleq dfq xf]Og, afnaflnsf a;f]af; ug]{ :yfg / ljBfno cfpg]–hfg] dfu{df klg x'G5g . ;'/lIft dfu{sf] cefj x'g', klx/f] tyf af9Ln] dfu{ cj¿4 ug'{h:tf sf/0fn] x/]s jif{ jiff{ofddf ljBfyL{x¿sf] k9fOdf afwf pTkGg x'G5 . 2 of] cfFsng /]8qm; cGt/f{li6«o dxf;ª3 / /]8lqm;]G6 ;f];fO6Låf/f k|sflzt æljZj ljkb k|ltj]bg, @))^Æ sf] tYofªsdf cfwfl/t 5 . 3 http://www.ineesite.org/uploads/files/resources/doc_1_n}lËs ;dfgtf– afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfsf] lzIff= kL8LPkm .
  • 13.
    13 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L u= ljkbn] aLr}df ljBfno TofUg] b/ pRr agfpg'sf ;fy} lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df k|efj kf5{ . ljkbsf k|d'v kl/0ffd jf k|efjdWo] afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf kg]{ k|efj dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn xf] . xfn;Ddsf cEof;n] klg ljkbkZrftsf] klxnf] sfo{ ljBfno aGb ug'{ b]vfPsf] 5 .4 ljBfnosf] lgoldt ultljlwdf cj/f]w cfpFbf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s ;'/Iff / dgf]j}1flgs :jf:Yo b'j} hf]lvddf k5{ . ljkbaf6 JolQmut ¿kdf x'g] Ifltn] dfq xf]Og, lzIffdf x'g] cj/f]wn] klg :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;d[l4 a[xt ¿kdf vl:sg] x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf] lxt tyf eljiodfly g} bL3{sfnLg c;/ k5{ . ha ljkbaf6 afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf afwf pTkGg x'G5, pgLx¿ :yfoL ¿k d} ljBfnoaf6 aflx/ /xg'kg]{ ;Defjgf a95 .5 Affnaflnsf ;dfhsf] ;a}eGbf a9L ;ªs6f;Gg ju{ x'g / ljkb sf] df/df pgLx¿ g} a9L kb{5g . afnaflnsfx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd ljBfnoaf6 aflx/ /xg'kbf{ k9fO 5f]8g] qmd a95 . o;sf] bL3{sfnLg k|efj yk lzIff k|flKtdf dfq xf]Og, /f]huf/L / cGo cj;/df klg k5{ . x/]s k6s ljkb cfpFbf 7"nf] ;ªVofdf ljBfyL{x¿ ljBfnoaf6 aflxl/G5g . ljkbaf6 kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf x'g] Iflt / cGo kfl/jfl/s sf/0fn] ubf{ clwsf+z ljBfyL{ slxNo} ljBfno kmls{+b}gg . ljkbkZrft klg afnaflnsfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf hf] lvd pTkGg x'G5 . d[To', zf/Ll/s czQmtf / rf]6k6ssf ;jfndf pgLx¿ sd ;'/lIft x'G5g, pgLx¿n] 6'x'/f]kg / ul/aLsf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ , z}lIfs cj;/af6 k"0f{¿kn] jl~rt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . ljutsf cg'ej tyf k|df0fn] klg z}lIfs If]q cGo If]qeGbf sd k|efljt gx'g] b]lvG5 . ljkbsf sf/0f ljBfnosf k"jf{wf/ Iflt x'Fbf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df klg k|ToIf k|efj k5{ . 3= ljkbn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t clwsf/ k|flKtaf6 jl~rt u5{ ljkbn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|flKtaf6 jl~rt ug{ ;S5, pgLx¿sf] df}lns clwsf/ s'l07t ug{ ;S5 . ;'/lIft z}lIfs cj;/x¿n] ljz]ifu/L aflnsfx¿nfO{ zf]if0f tyf xflgaf6 ;'/Iff u5{ / ljkbsf] ;dodf ;fdfGo cj:yfsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg ;S5 .6 4 o'lg;]km tyf Knfg OG6/g];gn -@)!!_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu ckgfOg] afns]lGb|t k4ltsf nfe . 5 n]lj;, Pd / nsxL8, Pd -@))^_ cIfDo cg'kl:ylt M cem} klg ^ s/f]8 aflnsf ljBfnodf lsg 5}gg / o; ;DaGwdf s] ug]{ . ljZj ljsf; s]Gb| Pg jfg{/, c~h' dNxf]qf / Pln;g Dofsuf]gfUnsf] aflnsf lzIff, ;zQmLs/0f tyf jo:sfj:yfdf ¿kdGt/0f M ;femf Ph]G8f df p4[t . dlxnf cg';Gwfg cGt/f{li6«o s]Gb| . 6 http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/ lzIff kv{g ;Sb}g=kL8LPkm .
  • 14.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 14 lzIff If]qn] ljkbhGo r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / k|sf]knfO{ ljkbdf ?kfGt/0f x'gaf6 /f]Sg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;S5 . lZfIffn] ljkbaf6 ;'/lIft / tof/L /xg] hLjg/Ifs hfgsf/L lbG5 h;n] hLjg/If0f ;Lk / ;fdgf ;+oGqnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpF5 . ljkb k|efljt afnaflnsfdf ;fdfGo cj:yf dx;'; u/fpg / cfktsfndf cg'e"lt x'g] dgf];fdflhs tgfjnfO{ Go"g ug{ z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf cfjZos 5 . afnfaflnsfsf] lzIff k|flKtsf] clwsf/ k"/f ug{ ;'/lIft l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f clgjfo{ x'g'k5{ . ª= afnaflnsf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pTs[i6 ;+jfxs x'g ljkbsf ;Gbe{df afnaflnsf ;a}eGbf a9L ;ªs6f;Gg ju{ t x'g g} t/ ljkb pTyfgzLn jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ pTs[i6 ;+jfxs klg x'g . afnaflnsf cfkm" / cfpFbf] k':tfnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] gofF 1fgk|lt w]/} u|x0fzLn x'G5g . pgLx¿ cfˆgf] 3/kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf ljkbsf] ;fdgf tyf hLjg /Iffljlwsf] k|jfxsf nflu 1fg k|a4{g tyf k}/jLstf{ / pTk|]/s x'g . ljkb af/] cfkmgf] kl/jf/, ;dfh / ljBffnonfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;r]t u/fpg ;Sg] kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs x'g . afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf u/fP/ ljBfno k|zf;gn] ;'/lIft jftfj/0f / ;'/lIft ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g . ;d'bfodf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL ;r]tgf km}nfpg ;'/lIft ljBfno Ps k|efjsf/L dfWod xf] . l;sfOsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{, ;d'bfonfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ / ljkb pTyfgzLn ;dfhsf] ljsf;df ;3fpg ljBfnox¿sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k'/fgf ljBfnosf] k|anLs/0f / gofF lgdf{0f x'g] ejgdf ;'/lIft pkfox¿sf] cjnDagdf hf]8 lbFb} ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;'/lIft ejgsf] cfjZostf / dxTjaf/] ;d'bfodf ;Gb]z km}nfpg afnaflnsfsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . r= cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿sf] d'Vo Ph]G8f k'/fgf ljBfnosf] :t/f]Gglt u/L ;'/lIft agfpg' / ljkbsf ;dodf ;'/lIft /xg] gofF ljBfno ejg lgdf{0f ug'{ s'g} klg /fi6«sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cleGg cªu x'g'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] nflu bjfa lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljkbsf] cfj[lQ a9]sf] / o;sf] k|lts"n k|efj ljBfnodf w]/} b]lvg yfn]kl5 vf;u/L ;g
  • 15.
    15 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L @))) otf of] cleofg cl3 a9fOPsf] xf] . lzIff If]qn] k|sf]knfO{ ljkb x'gaf6 /f]Sg pNn]Vo of]ubfg ug]{ s'/fdf ;a} lgsfox¿ ;xdt 5g . tflnsf @ df ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL k|d'v kxnx¿nfO{ ;doqmdcg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . !=# g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] cj:yf ljZjel/ g} a9bf] cfj[lQ, r/d df};dL 36gf / clglZrttf;lxt ljkb sf 36gf eO/x]sf 5g .7 hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt ;ªs6nufot k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 l;lh{t k|sf]kaf6 x'g] ljkbx¿n] g]kfndf dfgjLo tyf ljsf;hGo r'gf} tL l;h{gf u5{g . ljkb g]kfnsf nflu gf}nf] xf]Og . oxfFsf] ;+j]bgzLn ef}ule{s agf]6 / le/fnf] ef}uf]lns ;+/rgfn] o; /fi6«nfO{ ljZjsf] aL;f}F clt ljkbf]Gd'v d'n's agfPsf] 5 . g]kfn hnjfo' kl/jt{g, e"sDk, af9L tyf klx/f]sf ljkbsf] ;Gbe{df ljZjdf qmdzM rf}yf], P3f/f}F / tL;f}F :yfgdf kb{5 . g]kfn af9L, klx/f], e"sDk, cfunfuL, cl;gf, x'/Latf;, v8]/L, r6Øfª, lxdtfn ljikmf]6gaf6 pTkGg af9L, lxdklx/f] / dxfdf/Lh:tf ax'k|sf]k b[li6sf]0fn] ;ªs6f;Gg 5 . b]zsf] a9bf] hg3gTj, pRr jftfj/0fLo x|f;, sdhf]/ e"–agf]6, Jofks ul/aL, ejg -cfjf; tyf ljBfno_ lgdf{0f ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf] cefj / cfktsfnLg k"j{tof/Lsf] ckof{Kttf cflbn] ljkbaf6 x'g] Ifltsf] dfqf a9fpF5g . sdhf]/ ¿kdf lgdf{0f ePsf] ljBfno ejg k|fs[lts ljkbsf] kl/0fltaf6 afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff ug{ c;kmn x'G5g . @= ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfwf/:tDe8 ;'/lIft ljBfno k4ltsf tLg d'Vo cfwf/:tDe 5g M -s_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf 7 ;g @)!@ df Knfgn] #^ j6f ljkb tyf cfktsfndf cfkmgf] bfloTj lgjf{x u¥of] / ljkb hf]lvd cNkLs/0fdf ^ s/f]8 o'/f] vr{ u¥of] -Knfg OG6/g];gn jflif{s ;dLIff @)!@_ . Knfg ;g @))) b]lv ljkbaf6 k|efljt clwsf+z d'n'sx¿ / !) hnjfo'hGo hf]lvdf]Gd'v d'n'sdWo] * d'n'sdf sfd ub}{cfPsf] 5 . -Dofknqmkm6 hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;ªs6f;Ggtf ;"rsfÍ @)!!_ . 8 Knfg OG6/g];gnsf] b[li6sf]0fdf ;'/lIft ljBfno k4ltsf tLg cfwf/:tDe x'g'k5{ M-s_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿, -v_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg, / -u_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff .
  • 16.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 16 k"jf{wf/x¿, -v_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf, / -u_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff . ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿df ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, k|f¿k lrq0f, lgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/ kb{5g eg] oL k"jf{wf/x¿df ;'/lIft Pj+ lg/Gt/ kx'Fr kb{5g .9 ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgn] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg'¿k ;'/lIft l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ / z}lIfs lg/Gt/tfsf] of]hgf agfpg ul/g] Joj:yfksLo sfo{nfO{ ;d]65 .10 hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffn] pTyfgzLn ;d'bfo / ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ lgoldt z}lIfs kf7Øqmd tyf lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf kf7of+zdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg"s"ngsf ljifo ;+nUg u/fpg'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;fd]n u5{ -lrq g+ ! x]g'{xf]; .11 @=! cfwf/:tDe ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿df k|sf]k tyf ;ª6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf u/L 5gf]6 ul/g] ;'/lIft :yfgÙ ejglgdf{0f ;+lxtf tyf dfkb08cg'¿k ljkb pTyfgzLn k|f¿k lrq0fÙ ejglgdf{0f, ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg, lg/LIf0f / k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu tflnddfkm{t Ifdtf clej[l4Ù z}lIfs ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] k|anLs/0f, ;'ljwfx¿df ;'/lIft kxF'r -vf;u/L ckfªutf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] kb{5g . oL cfjZos tTjx¿ tflndk|fKt OlGhlgo/, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs– lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:ox¿, lhNnf lzIff sfof{nob]lv lzIffljefu;Ddsf gLltlgdf{tfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdfkm{t k"/f ul/g'k5{ . lrq !M ;'/lIft ljBfno 9f“rfsf] k|jfx lrq cfwf/:tDe !_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/ x¿Ù cfwf/:tDe @_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgÙ cfwf/:tDe # _hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ r/0fa4 lgb]{lzsf tnlbOPsf] 5 . -lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu cg';"rL @ x]/f}F _. @=!=! ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6 s'g} klg ljBfno ;'/lIft x'g ;f] ljBfno ;'/lIft :yfgdf x'g'k5{ . ;'/lIft :yfgdf /x]sf ljBfnox¿ ax'k|sf]kx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ a9L ;Ifd x'G5 . k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf sf/0f pTkGg 9 a[xt ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrf, dfr{ @)!# . 10 a[xt ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrf, dfr{ @)!# . 11 a[xt ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrf, dfr{ @)!# . lrq ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno 9fFrfsf] k|jfx j[Qlrq
  • 17.
    17 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L x'g;Sg] yk k|sf]kx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ljBfno :yfkgf ug]{ 7fpFsf] ;fjwfgLk"j{s n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . h:t}M k|d'v k|sf] k e"sDksf sf/0f ejgleqsf a:t'x¿ v:g] / ejg k"/} 9lNsg]h:tf yk k|sf]k pTkGg x'G5g . g]kfndf afn–aflnsfsf] k9fOdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/fpg PsfGt:yndf ljBfno lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ eGg] unt hgljZjf; 5 . g]kfndf clwsf+z ljBfnox¿ gbLsflsgf/, le/fnf] hldgsf] km]bL, klx/f] hfg;Sg] 8fF8fsf] 5]p / bftfåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] jf ;/sf/åf/f 5'6ofOPsf] Go"g u'0f:t/sf] ;fj{hlgs hUufdf ag]sf x'G5g . :yfgljz]ifdf cfOkg]{ k|sf]kn] ljBfnosf] ef}lts tyf u}/ef}lts ;ªs6f;Ggtf a9fpF5 eg] ef}uf]lns b'u{dtfn] ljBfno / cGo lgsfonfO{ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ug{ cem r'gf}tL yKg] sfd u5{ . ;'/lIft :yfg 5gf]6sf nflu— n ljutsf 36gfsf cfwf/df To; If]qsf] ;DefJo k|sf]ksf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf]; . n ljBfno / To; j/k/ k|To]s k|sf/sf] k|sf]kn] kfg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf] nf]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n k|sf]k gS;fªsg tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;xeflutfd"ns ¿kdf k/fdz{ u/L ljleGg ;ªs6tkm{ pGd'v :ynx¿ klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n v'nf tyf km/flsnf], k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft, ;lhn} k'Ug ;lsg], ;fdflhs ;'ljwf -h:t} :jR5 kfgL, ljB't / ;~rf/ ;~hfn_ af6 glhs /x]sf] 7fpF klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n cUnf ¿v / v'nf kf]v/L jf Ogf/ glhs /x]sf] 7fpF 5gf]6 gug'{xf]; . ¿vx¿n] ljBfno ejgnfO{ x'/Latf;sf] k|ToIf k|efjaf6 hf]ufP klg tL ¿v g} 9n]/ ejgnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5g . 5]sjf/ jf ;'/Iffsf cGo Joj:yf gePsf] v'nf kf]v/Ldf afnaflnsf b'3{6gfa; 8'Ag] hf]lvddf x'G5g . n e"sDkn] lr/f kfg{;Sg] :yfgsf] 5gf]6 gug'{xf]; . tnsf] hldg s8f ePsf], e"ldut hn:t/ ejgsf] hueGbf w]/} tnePsf] :yfg pko'Qm x'G5 . n sDtLdf klg %) jif{ otfsf] af9Lsf] k'g/fj[lQsf] cWoog u/L af9L 8'afg x'g]eGbf cUnf] e"efu 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . 9n tyf kfgL lgsf;–k|0ffnLdfkm{t af9Lsf] kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft lgsf; lbg'k5{ . jiff{ofddf hndUg x'g] vfnsf] xf]rf] 7fpF 5gf]6 ug'{ x'Fb}g .
  • 18.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 18 n jiff{sf] kfgL ;lhn} au]/ hfcf]; eGgfsf nflu gfnf tyf 9nsf kfOk lgoldt ¿kdf ;kmf ul/g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . n ljBfnoleq / jl/kl/ 8'afg / ;DefJo IfltnfO{ 6fg{ kfgLsf] lgsf; x'g] gfnfsf] ;'wf/ ug'{xf]; . n jftfj/0fLo tyf e"ld k|of]udf cfPsf kl/jt{gx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . lsgls o:tf kl/jt{gn] klx/f] hfg] tyf uN5L lgdf{0f x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ tLj| agfpF5g . n 7f]; tyf ;'Vvf, e"ldut kfgLsf] :t/eGbf sDtLdf @ ld6/dfly /x]sf] e"ldsf] 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . le/fnf] hldgsf] xsdf !% l8u|LeGbf sd le/fnf] ePsf] 7fpF 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . @=!=@ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut nf]vfhf]vf ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut b'j} kIfdf s]lGb|t x'G5g . ;'/lIft :yfgdf /x]sf ;+/rgfut ¿kdf alnof ljBfno k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g . -;+/rgfut n]vhf]vfsf ;fdfGo ljlwx¿sf] nflu cg';"rL % / e"sDk, x'/Latf;, cfunfuL, af9Lh:tf k|sf]k lj¿4 ljBdfg ljBfnox¿sf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf ug]{ k/LIf0f ;"rL (Checklist) sf nflu cg';"rL ^ x]/f}F ._ s= ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf s'g} klg ejgsf ;+/rgfTds tTjx¿n] :jo+ To; ejg, To;leq /x]sf dflg; Pj+ j:t'sf] ef/ / k|fs[lt zlQmsf] bafa jxg u5{g . oL ef/ axg ug]{ tTjx¿df aLd, ufx|f], vDafnufot kb{5g . e"sDk, af9L, x'/Latf; tyf cGo k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf ePsf If]qdf :yflkt ljBfnox¿n] tL k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] ;+/rgfTds Ifdtf eP gePsf] lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df hfFr ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ dfkb08df bVvn ePsf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L clwsf/L jf OlGhlgo/n] k|dfl0ft ug'{k5{ . o;df ejgsf k|sf/af/] ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L, ef/ jxg dfu{, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, ejgdf x'g;Sg] Iflt / o:t} cGo cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L /xG5g . ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf ax'k|sf]k hf]lvd n]vfhf]vfdfkm{t ul/G5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f
  • 19.
    19 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / sfo{of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu of] pkof]uL 5 . s'g} klg ljBfno ejg /x]sf] :yfg, To;sf] ;+/rgfTds :j¿k / lgdf{0fsf] cj:yfn] pQm ejgsf] cfunfuL, e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], lxdkft jf x'/Latf;sf b[li6n] ;ªs6f;Ggtf a9fpF5 jf 36fpF5 . ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfdf ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, gofF ejg lgdf{0f / ljBfdfg ljBfno ejgx¿sf] ef}lts nf]vfhf]vf kb{5 . ljBfno ejgx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ltgsf] ljkbhGo 36gfsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ;+/rgfut kof{Kttfsf nflu ul/g'k5{ . k'/fgf ejgx¿ gofF ejgx¿sf] t'ngfdf a9L ;ªs6f;Gg x'G5g, lsgls o:tf ejg ljkbsf] dfkb08nfO{ Wofgdf g/fvL agfOPsf x'g ;S5g jf ;dosf] nfdf] cGt/fndf k'/fgf] eP/ sdhf]/ ePsf x'g ;S5g jf tL ejgx¿ ljutdf ePsf k|sf]kaf6 Ifltu|:t ePsf x'g ;S5g . ljBfno ejg ;+/rgfsf] zL3 nf]vfhf]vfdf b]xfosf k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 M n s] ejgdf k"0f{ -x'/Latf; tyf e"sDkLo_ 7f8f] ef/ dfu{ (Verticalload path) 5 < n s] ejgdf k"0f{ -x'/Latf; tyf e"sDkLo_ t];f]{ ef/ dfu{ (lateralload path) 5 < n s] ufx|f] / k|m]d e'OF tyf 5t;Fu alnof];Fu hf]l8Psf 5g < n s] hun] /fd|/L sfd ul//x]sf] 5 jf To;sf] hf]8fO rls{Psf] 5 < n s] ejgsf] gS;f / ;+/rgfTds :j¿k (Layout) n] alnof] ejgsf nflu cfjZos Go"gtd lgb]{lzsf k"/f u/]sf] 5 < n s] 5fgf gp8g] u/L d'Vo ejgsf] ;+/rgf;Fu alnof] u/L hf]l8Psf] 5 < -h:tfsf] 5fgfsf] xsdf_ . n s] ufx|f] / e'OFdf ePsf ghf]l8sf efunfO{ 58 jf 808L xfn]/ alnof] agfOPsf] 5 < n s] s'g} kSsL ;+/rgf (concrete or masonry) km'6]sf] jf rs]{sf] 5 < n s] alnof] agfpg k|uf]u ul/Psf] :6Ln 808L kof{Kt 5 / alnof];Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 < n s] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L tyf lgdf{0f u'0f:t/n] ejg g6'lqmg] u/L alnof] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt u5{ < ;fdfGo ¿kdf ul/g] o; zL3| n]vfhf]vf ljBdfg ejgx¿dWo] s'grflx+ ljkbhGo 36gfk|lt a9L ;ªs6f;Gg 5 eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]uL 5 . tyflk o; k/LIf0f ;"rLdf s'g} ejgn] pRr cªs k|fKt u/] klg ;'/lIft ljBfnosf kof{Kt u'0f eP–gePsf] yfxf kfpg /fd|/L lg/LIf0f tyf k/LIf0f ul/g'k5{ . o;af6 clwsf+z k'/fgf ejgx¿sf] :t/f]Gglt ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf x'g;S5 . gofF ljBfnosf] ;+/rgfTds vfsf (Design) tof/ ubf{ Wofglbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M n ;a} gofF ljBfno ejgn] ;+/rgfTds vfsf, :yfg 5gf]6, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / tl/sf, lg/LIf0f, cg'udg tyf dd{t;Def/df ljkb pTyfgzLn k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ejglgdf{0f ;+lxtf kfngf ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; .
  • 20.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 20 n h;/L k|sf]ksf] ljz]iftf To;sf] k|sf/, tLj|tf / cfj[lQcg';f/ km/s x'G5g, To;/L g} ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf k|sf]k;Fu ;Da4 hf]lvd / ;ªs6f;Ggtf km/s x'G5g eGg] s'/fsf] dgg ug'{xf]; . Ps} k|sf/sf tl/sf ;a} kl/l:yltdf pko'Qm x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] klg :d/0f ug'{xf]; . To;}n] k|To]s ljBfnon] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;Defljt k|sf]k / o;sf vf; hf]lvdx¿sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds vfsfn] ax'k|sf]ksf] k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . n ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/Lnufot lzIff;Fu ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, ;+/rgfTds vfsf tof/L cyf{t l8hfOg, lgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/sf sfo{df ;fd]n u/fpg'xf]; . ljBfyL{x¿n] k|of]u ug]{ ljBfnodf ;a} kIfaf6 lgoldt ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw x'g] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt u/fpg] k|lqmofdf klg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;fd]n u/fpg'k5{ . n ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L k|anLs/0faf6} alnof] agfpg ;lsG5 jf k|lt:yfkg ug'{k5{ jf 7fpF ;fg'{kg]{ b]lvG5 ;f]sf] l;kmfl/; ug'{xf]; . ljkb pTyfgzLn vfsf tof/ u/L ljBfnonfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg ;f]cg'?k lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . n x'/Latf; / e"sDkLo bafasf] k|efj sd ug{ oyf;Dej xf]rf] ejg / :yn (lowest profile) k|of]u ug'{xf]; lsgeg] prfOcg'¿k g} x'/Latf; / e"sDkLo hf]lvd a9g] u5{ . n ;b}j Ps} k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfTds cfsf/ 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . juf{sf/, cfotfsf/ -a9Ldf #M! nDafO / rf}8fOsf] cg'kft_ / j[Qfsf/ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf cfsf/ x'g . cªu|]hL Pn (L), 6L (T) / o" (U) cfsf/df ejg lgdf{0f gug'{xf]; . n ejgsf] ;txdf x'/Latf;sf] cl:y/tf l;h{gf ug]{ / zf]if0f zlQm (suction forces) a9fpg] clgoldt ;tx 36fpg'xf]; . n 7f8f] ufx|f]nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd lgoldt / ;/n k|sf/sf] agfpg'xf]; . emofn jf cGo k|of]hgsf nflu k|To]s tnfdf /flvg] v'nf :yfg ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf /fVg'xf]; . OF6fsf nx/ tyf ef/jxg ufx|f]nfO{ Ps csf]{dfly vK6ofP/ /fVg'xf]; . le/fnf] jf c;Gt'lnt tj/n] lgdf{0f gug'{xf]; . ufx|f], :Nofa, aLd / cGo :yfgx¿df w]/} v'nf :yfg g/fVg'xf]; . n ejgsf] tNnf] efudf afSnf] tyf km/flsnf] e'OF agfpg'xf]; . w]/} ef/ axg ug{;Sg] ufx|f] dfly xn'sf / nlrnf 5fgfsf] k|of]u gug'{xf]; . ef/ axg ug]{ ufx|f]df s8f rf}8f ;+/rgf agfpg'xf];, OF6fsf nx/sf] k|of]u gug'{xf]; . n ejgsf cfGtl/s ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ Ps csf{df ;6fP/ gagfpg'xf]; lsgls tL ejgx¿ ljleGg lbzfdf rnfodfg x'G5g / k|sf]ksf 36gfsf sf/0f x'g] IfltnfO{ emg} a9fpF5g . ejgx¿ :jtGq¿kdf rnfodfg x'g;Sg] u/L Ps csf{af6 cnu /flvg' k5{ . n ejgsf] hu af9Lsf] ;txeGbf dfly /fVg'xf]; . olb o;f] ug{ ;Dej geP tn ulx/fOaf6 ejg yfDg] :tDex¿ p7fP/ af9Lsf] ;Defljt :t/eGbf dfly x'g]u/L e"OFtnf agfpg'xf]; . af9L k:g glbg ejg jl/kl/ af9L cj/f]ws ufx|f] agfpg'xf]; .
  • 21.
    21 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L k'/fgf ejgx¿sf]lj:t[t ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfljlw M n ejgnfO{ Psn OsfO{sf ¿kdf hf]8g] aN5L z}nL k|of]u u/L x'/Latf;af6 x'g;Sg] Iflt /f]Sg ;lsg] jf g;lsg] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . To;}u/L cly{ªsf] k|of]u u/L r6ofªsf] hf]lvd sd ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg] klg n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n sf]7fsf] :yfoL tfkqmd sfod ug{ 9'Ëfsf ufx|f] sDtLdf !^ OGr rf}8f / OF6fsf ufx|f] sDtLdf ( O~r rf}8f eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . . n rf]6k6saf6 /Iff ug{ 8]:sa]Gr tyf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] s'gfx¿ sfl6Psf] jf gsfl6Psf], e¥ofªsf v'8lsnfx¿ glrKng] agfOPsf] jf gagfOPsf], zf/Ll/s ckfªutf ePsfsf] ;xh cfjfudgsf] nflu v'8lsnf lagfsf] af6f] agfOPsf] jf gagfOPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n k'gMlgld{t ejgx¿ ()–!@) ;]dL rf}8fO ePsf] hudf /x]–g/x]sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . -df6f]sf] k|s[lt ;'xfFpbf] husf] ulx/fO x'g'k5{ . tn / dflysf] efunfO{ 5'6ofpg] ufx|f] tyf k|m]dsf] s8fkg dflyNnf] / To;}sf] ;dfgfGt/ tNnf] ef/nfO{ yfDg pFef] / pFwf] b'j} ef/nfO{ yfDg ;Sg]u/L bx|f] eP–gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . To;}u/L g/d kmnfd] 808L, l;d]G6 / lu66Lsf] ld>0f qmdzM !M@M$ sf] cg'kftdf g36fO{ k|of]u u/L hunfO{ bl/nf] / l6sfp agfP–gagfPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n ef/jxg ug]{ ;a} ufx|f] jf ufx|f]sf] df]6fO @# ;]=dL= eGbf sd eP–gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . ;fdfGotM Knfi6/ ul/Psf] OF6fsf uf/f]sf] df]6fO @% ;]=dL= / 9'Ëfsf uf/f]sf] df]6fO $) ;]=dL= x'g'k5{ . n 5tdf afFlwPsf /8x¿ ufx|f]x¿;Fu afFlwPsf] jf gafFlwPsf] / ufx|f]df agfOPsf Kjfnx¿ l;d]G6 lu§Ln] 6flnPsf] g6flnPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . 5t agfpFbf l6gsf] kftf k|of]u ul/Psf] gul/Psf] / tL kftfx¿ 5]psf ;tx lgdf{0fsf 58x¿ / aN5L cfsf/sf x'sx¿;Fu hf]l8P jf ghf]l8Psf] hfFr ug'{xf]; . aLd / vDafdf k|of]u ul/Psf l/ªx¿ ;a} aLd / vDafsf] ;ªud cyf{t hf]l8g] 7fpFsf] w]/} lgs6 -hf]l8g] :yfgdf k|lt $ OGrsf] b"/L / cGoq k|lt ^ OGr b"/L_ /flvPsf] 5 5}g hfFr ug'{xf]; . x'/Latf;sf] hf]lvd Go"g ug{ 5]p5fpdf hf]l8Psf 58x¿ / cGo ;xof]uL cjojx¿nfO{ kmnfd] kftfx¿n] Pscsf{;Fu /fd|f];Fu afFlwP gafFwPsf] hfFr ug'{xf]; . n ljBfno ejgsf] hu ;'/Iff ug{ agfOPsf] jl/kl/sf] k]6L huleq kfgL hfgaf6 /f]Sg;Sg] u/L rf}8f agfOPsf] 5 jf 5}g n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . -;fdfGotM /8–l;d]G6– sªlqm6sf] k]6L km]bdf &% b]lv !)) ldlnld6/ df]6f], ;ª3f/df !%) ldlnld6/ df]6f], 5tsf] ;txdf &% ldlnld6/, l:6rdf &% ldlnld6/ / emofnnufot cGoq lgsflnPsf] k]6L &% ldlnld6/ x'g'k5{ ._
  • 22.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 22 n 5]psf] efusf] s8fkg / ef/ljt/0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ejgsf] 7f8f]kgdf pko'Qm eP gePsf] / 5]psf] efusf] ef/ axg ug]{u/L ufx|f] jf ufx|f] l8hfOg ul/Psf] gul/Psf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . ;fdGotof ;a} ufx|f] jf ufx|f]sf] s'gf 58–l;d]G6–sªlqm6 k|of]u u/L alnof] agfOg'k5{ / x/]s )=^& ld6/sf] lgoldt cGt/fndf 58 a'g]/ l;d]G6 / sªlqm6 k|of]u u/L aGwg (stitch bands) lgdf{0f ul/g' k5{ . hf]l8Psf] :yfgdf (diaphragm) kg]{ ef/nfO{ ;xL 9ªun] ;xof]uL ufx|f] jf ufx|f]df :yfgfGt/0f ug{ tL :yfgx¿ ;'/lIft tl/sfn] ufx|f]x¿;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'g'k5{ . ufx|f] klN6gaf6 hf]ufpg dflyNnf] prfO;Dd To;nfO{ afFw]/ /fVg] k|aGw;lxt lqe'hfsf/ ufx|f] agfOg'k5{ . lqe'hfsf/ ufx|f] / 5fgfsf] aLdaLr ;'/Iff sjrsf] ¿kdf alnof] ufx|f] tof/ ug{ 8fougn aGwg /flvg'k5{ . v= u}/;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf ;'/lIft ljBfno / u'0f:t/Lo jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfsf] e"ldsf hlt dxTjk"0f{ 5, Tolt g} u}/;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfsf] klg /xG5 . u}/;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfn] ljBfno tyf o;sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df vt/f pTkGg u/fpg;Sg] ;a} tTjnfO{ ;d]6g'k5{ . u}/;+/rgfut tTjx¿n] ejgsf] ef/ jxg ub}{gg . oL tTjdf emofn, 9f]sf, l;F9L, kfOk / gnLx¿ kb{5g . oL ejg;Fu ufFl;Psf x'G5g / lognfO{ k|foM v;]/ Iflt k'¥ofpg] k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . oL tTjn] ljBfyL{ tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu vt/f pTkGg u/fpF5g / ;xL ¿kdf Ps csf{df gafFlwPdf yk ;ªs6f;Ggtf yK5g . o:tf vt/f ljBfno ejgaflx/ klg x'g ;S5g . ljBfno ejgleqsf k|sf]k jf hf]lvd M n 7"nf] ;ªVofdf ljBfyL{ aflx/ lgl:sg] xn jf l;F9Lsf] dfu{sf] cfsf/, n leqlt/ v'Ng] 9f]sf tyf emofn, n emofndf h8fg ul/Psf l;;fsf vfkf, n lah'nLsf] c;'/lIft tf/, n ufx|f];Fu h8fg gul/Psf k':ts /fVg] b/fh n cfuf] lgefpg] pks/0fsf] cefj, n cGo rnfodfg, v:g;Sg] / af6f] cj/f]w ug]{ a:t', n 5tdflysf] kfgL6]ÍL, 5]pdf /flvPsf v'nf udnf cflb . 3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'NsL, cf]tnflu ;dft cEof;
  • 23.
    23 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ljBfnoejg aflx/sf k|sf]k jf hf]lvd M n ljB't k|zf/0f k|0ffnL jf nfOg, n 7"nf, cUnf, k'/fgf / w]/} xfFuf ePsf ¿v, n sf};L jf afb{nLsf] l8n, 5tsf 6fonx¿, lrdgL, l;;f cflb, n ufx|f] /x]sf af6f]x¿, n d"n ;8s, rf]s, ahf/ n af/ gePsf v'nf Ogf/, n t];f]{ l;F9L gePsf af6f]x¿, ;dfTg] af/x¿ cflb . hf]lvd 36fpg] sfo{x¿ M n kmlg{r/ tyf dfn;fdfg ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg]{, n u}/;+/rgfut tTjaf6 x'g] hf]lvd sd ug{ To:tf a:t'x¿nfO{ /fd|/L afFWg], n k|sf]k x6fpg jf hf]lvd sd ug{ k|fljlws;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{, n v:g] a:t'af6 x'g] hLjg u'dfpg] hf]lvd /f]Sg o:tf j:t' k|of]u ug]{ JolQmx¿dfem ;r]tgf hufpg] . u}/;+/rgfTds n]vfhf]vfljlw M n r6ØfªnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg] ljBfno j/k/sf cUnf ¿v, ljBfno kl/;/ x'Fb} uPsf] ljB'tk|;f/0f cyf{t pRr ef]N6]hsf] ljB't k|zf/0f nfOg, x'/Latf; jf af9Lsf sf/0f n8g;Sg] ljB't tf/ 6fFlug] sf7sf vDaf / afnaflnsf 8'Ag] vt/f ePsf v'nf Ogf/, tnfp jf kf]v/Lsf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n ljBfnosf] ufx|f] jf af/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . plrt af/sf] cefjdf hgfj/x¿ leq k;L afnaflnsfnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5g . o;/L g} sfF9] tf/n] 3fp agfpg ;S5 . n /]lnª / 5tsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . 5t, l;F9L / afb{nLdf ePsf] /]lnªn] vt/f jf hf]lvd 36fpF5g . /fd|f];Fu afFlwPsf], x's ul/Psf] jf df]l8Psf] l6gsf] kftfx¿ xfjfn] p8fpg] jf pKsfpg] ;Defjgfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;S5g . t];f]{ ;dtn af6f] gePdf jf ePklg /]lnª gePdf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm JolQmx¿sf] cfjfudgdf afwf kg{ ;S5 . n xft] kDk jl/kl/ xftn] ;dfTg] /]lnª eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . lsgls xft] kDk jl/kl/sf] e"FO k|foM n]p nfu]/ lrlKng;Sg] x'G5 . n v]n d}bfgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . w]/} vfN8fv'N8L;lxtsf lxnfDd] d}bfgdf afnaflnsf lrlKng ;S5g / ;k{x¿ klg cfpg ;S5g . jl/kl/ emf8Lx¿ ePdf / 5]ps'gfdf kmf]xf]/d}nf y'kfl/P d';f, ljiffn' sL/f tyf ;ªqmfds hLjf0f' /xg ;S5g . n emØfn tyf 9f]sfx¿sf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . emØfndf lu|n 5 <
  • 24.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 24 9f]sfx¿ aflx/lt/ v'N5g < cfktsfndf aflx/ ;'/lIft lgl:sg ;xh xf]; eGgfsf nflu 9f]sfx¿ aflx/lt/ v'Ng'k5{ . n sDKo'6/ ;]6, kmlg{r/, efG;fsf ;fdfg / ljB't pks/0fx¿ /flvPsf 7fpF tyf ltgLx¿sf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . e"sDk tyf x'/Latf; cfpFbf gv;'g eGgfsf nflu oL ;a} j:t'x¿ leQfdf /fd|f];Fu afFlwPsf 5g jf ;'/lIft tl/sfn] /flvPsf 5g eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . n ;'/lIft 7fpF, ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sg] af6f] / e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft ynf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n k|To]s sf]7fdf leq–aflx/ ug]{ 9f]sf eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . o;n] ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sg ;xof]u u5{ . ljBfnodf lglZrt b"/Ldf k|j]z ug]{ / lgl:sg] b'O{ 5'§f5'§} åf/ eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . ;'/lIft cfjfudgsf tL åf/x¿ ejgaf6 s]xL k/ x'g'k5{ . n 8]:sa]Grsf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . ufFl;Psf 8]:sa]Grn] æ3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'Ns, cf]t nflu ;dftÆ cEof;df / cfktsfndf ;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg afwf k'¥ofpg ;S5g . n ljutsf] 8'afg:t/nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} af9L / 8'afgsf] ;fdgf ug{ ejg, zf}rfno / 6o"aj]nsf] ;tx kof{Kt dfqfdf p7fOPsf] gp7fOPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . pko'Qm dfqfdf gp7fOPsf] eP e/fgljlw k|of]u u/L prfO a9fpg] jf kfgL 5]Sg tyf lgsf; lbg / ;DefJo Iflt 36fpgsf af9L 5]Sg] ufx|f] jf gfnf agfpg ;lsG5 . n zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm / sdhf]/ JolQmx¿sf nflu sIffsf]7fdf ;xh¿kdf k'Ug ;dtn af6f] eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . To;}u/L kfgL / ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf] klg n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n x'/Latf;sf] k|efj kg]{, tfkqmd a9L x'g], blIf0flt/af6 sIffsf]7fx¿df ;"o{sf] k|sfz gcfpg] u/L ljBfno ejgsf] df]x8f pQ/lt/ kms]{sf] gkms]{sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . @=@ cfwf/:tDe @ M ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgn] ;'/lIftl;sfOsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 / cfktsfndf
  • 25.
    25 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L klg z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt u5{ . of] efu d'VotM u}/;+/rgfut tTjx¿df s]lGb|t 5 . k|efjsf/L ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgsf nflu b]xfosf sfo{ pkof]uL x'G5g M @=@=! ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] k"j{tof/Lsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{, ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug]{, To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;dofg's"n cBfjlws ug]{h:tf sfo{dfkm{t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf k|of;sf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;S5 . ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf k|d'v bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd x'g;S5g M n :yfglglb{i6 k|sf]k, ;ªstf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / ljkb kl/xfn]df k|ltsfo{ ug]{ of]hgf agfpg' . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yf ug'{ / of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLltut lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug'{ . n ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsgdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng Pj+ ;xof]u ug'{ . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf klxrfg ul/Psf] ;'/lIft 7fpFdf lgl:sg ljBfyL{, aflx/sf afnaflnsf, lzIfs / ;d'bfosf dflg;nfO{ ;lDdlnt u/fO{ ;do–;dodf æ3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'Ns, cf]t nfuL ;dftÆ ljlwsf] cEof; u/fpg' . n afnaflnsfsf] 1fg tyf ;LknfO{ ltvfg{ lrqsnf, jfbljjfb, xflh/L hjfkm tyf lgaGw k|ltof]lutfh:tf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{ . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfg / ;|f]t–;fwgcg'?k k4lt, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf / :t/Lo ;~rfng sfo{ljlw tof/ ug'{ . k|sf]k, ;ªstf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf ;'/lIft :yfgx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ k|sf]k, ;ªstf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfljlw k|of]u ug'{xf]; . ;f] n]vfhf]vfn] ljBfno ejg / o; j/k/sf] ;+/rgfut, u}/;+/rgfut / sfo{ut kIfx¿sf] vf]hL u5{ . ljBfno tyf ToxfFsf ;d'bfo ;ªs6f;Ggtf / hf] lvdk|lt slQsf] ;+j]bgzLn 5g eGg] yfxf kfpg ljBfno ejg /xg] :yfgsf] 5gf]6 ug'{k"j{ o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 . s= k|sf]k n]vfhf]vf k|sf]k Ps e"–ef}lts, jfo'd08nLo jf hnhGo 36gf xf] h;n] xflg jf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 . e"sDk, klx/f], x'/Latf;, af9L jf v8]/Lnufotsf 36gfnfO{ o; cGtu{t lng ;lsG5 . k|sf]k k|fs[lts / dfgjl;lh{t b'j} 36gfsf] ¿kdf cfpF5 . k|sf]k jf:tjdf dfgjhLjgsf vt/f x'g . a[xt ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ k|fs[lts Pj+ dfgjLo ;lqmotf / lgliqmotfsf sf/0f
  • 26.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 26 g} k|sf]ksf] pTkGg x'G5g . -g]kfndf x'g] k|d'v k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿sf] nflu cg';"rL % x]g'{xf]; . k|sf]ksf] n]vfhf]vfn] vt/fx¿ klxrfg ug{ / ltgsf k|s[lt tyf Jojxf/ a'emg ;xof]u u5{ . o;n] ljBfnon] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] ;DefJo k|sf]kx¿sf] k|s[lt tyf Jojxf/ ls6fg u5{ . ;DalGwt ljBfno s'g k|sf]k x'g;Sg] If]qdf k5{ eGg] hfgsf/L pknAw x'G5 . ;fy} k|sf]kaf6 csf]{ k|sf]k l;lh{t x'g] cj:yfsf] klg klxrfg x'G5g . h:t} vx/]af9Ln] klx/f], v8]/Ln] dxfdf/L / e"sDkn] cfunfuLsf 36gf pTkGg u/fpg ;S5g . k|sf]ksf] Jojxf/ lgDg cfwf/df klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 M n k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ, n k|sf]ksf] 36gfsf] ;ªs]t, n k|sf]k pTyfgsf] ult, n k|sf]k x'g] ;do, / n k|sf]ksf] cjlw . tnsf tflnsfdf b]vfPcg'¿k k|sf]ksf rf/ :j¿k x'G5g M tflnsf ! M k|sf]ksf :j¿k hn tyf hnjfo';Da4 e"ue{;Da4 b'3{6gf;Da4 h}ljs;Da4 • af9L • cl;gf • d';nwf/] jiff{ • r6Øfª • tftf] nx/ æn"Æ • zLtnx/ • lxdkft / lxdklx/f] • v8]/L • klx/f] • e"sDk • jg tyf ufpFa:tLdf x'g] cfunfuL • ejg elTsg] • ad jiff{ / ljikmf]6g • rf8kj{sf ;dodf x'g] b'3{6gf • ljB't;Da4 36gfx¿ • xjfO tyf ;8s b'3{6gf • dxfdf/L • sL6 cfqms0f • kz'df x'g] dxfdf/L • vfB ljiffQmtf ;|f]t M ef/tdf ljkb Joj:yfkg k|sf]k n]vfhf]vfsf] k|of]hg eg]sf] ljBfnodf x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;DefJo k|sf]k tyf vt/fsf] k|s[lt ls6fg ug'{ xf] . of] n]vfhf]vfn] lgDg s'/f ;d]6g'k5{ M -s_ k|sf]ksf] zlQm, -v_ k|sf]ksf 36gfsf] ;ªs]t, -u_ k"[j{;"rgf, -3_ k|sf]k pTyfgsf] ult, -ª_ k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ,
  • 27.
    27 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L -r_ k|sf]k x'g] ;do, / -5_ k|sf]ksf] cjlw . s]xL k|sf]kn] yk k|sf]ksf 36gf pTkGg u/fpg ;S5g eGg] hfGg cfjZos 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu v8]/Ln] dxfdf/L, sL/f tyf hLjsf] ;ªqmd0f jf clgsfn / e"sDkn] cfunfuL tyf klx/f] pTkGg u/fpg ;S5 . k|sf/, tLj|tf / cfj[lQcg';f/ k|sf]ksf] ljz]iftf km/s x'G5 . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:o tyf cGo k|fljlw1x¿ o; n]vfhf]vfdf ;+nUg x'g'k5{ . k|sf]k n]vfhf]vfljlw M n ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf ljut %) jif{otf ePsf ;a} k|fs[lts / dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]ksf] ;"rL agfpg'xf]; . ;"rL agfpFbf ;do/]vf, ljkb k|j[lQljZn]if0f, df};dL kfqf] cflbsf] ;xof]u lng'xf]; . n ljutdf ePsf / clxn] jf eljiodf x'g;Sg] ;Defjgfaf/] ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr 5nkmn ug'{xf]; . e/kbf]{ tYofªs k|fKt ug{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf tYofÍ k|of]u ug'{xf]; . :jefjtM s]xL k|sf]k ;w}F ljBdfg x'G5g eg] s]xL df};dL, s]xL a9bf] ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g . To;}u/L s]xL k|sf]k lj/n} x'G5g, t/ tL cjZo x'g] ;Defjgfdf /x]sf x'G5g . k|To]s k|sf]ksf] ;DefjgfnfO{ ;fdfGo ;ªs]tsf cfwf/df ! b]lv % ;Dd :t/Ls/0f ug'{xf]; . n x/]s k|sf]ksf] k|efj slt uDeL/ x'g;S5 egL ! b]lv % ;Dd :t/Ls/0f ug'{xf]; . d"Nofªsg tyf lg0f{osf] nflu tnsf k|efj ;"rL k|of]u ug'{xf]; M o dfgj – d[ts, 3fOt], ckfË . o ef}lts – Iflt ePsf ejg, pks/0f, cfk"lt{ ;+oGq ;ªVof / Ifltsf] xb . o ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts –;fdflhs ;DklQ tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljgf; . o cfly{s – dd{t tyf k|lt:yfkg vr{, hLljsf]kfh{g / Ifltaf6 lzIffdf kg]{ c;/ . o jftfj/0fLo – k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf jf;:yfgx¿df x|f; . o dgf];fdflhs – z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf, cfzf / ;kgfdfck]Iffdf x'g] Iflt . tflnsf @ M k|sf]ksf k|sf/, k|sf]k cfpg] ;Defjgf / ufDeLo{tf qm=;= k|sf]ksf k|sf/ k|sf]k cfpg] ;Defjgf k|sf]ksf] uDeL/ k|efj ! @ # $ % ! @ # $ %
  • 28.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 28 ljBfnoleq dfq x'g] t/ ljBfno aflx/sf] a[xQ/ ;d'bfodf k|efj gkfg]{ ;DefJo k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf]; . o:tf ;DefJo vt/fdf ljBfno glhs ePsf ljB't 6«fG;kmd{/, ljBfno d}bfg x'Fb} hfg] ljB't k|;f/0f k|0ffnL / ljBfno glhssf v'nf Ogf/ kb{5g . cfunfuL / ;8s b'3{6gf klg ljBfnoleq dfq x'g] 36gfdf kg{ ;Sg5g . oL hfgsf/LnfO{ tn tflnsf # df b]vfPadf]lhd tflnsLs/0f ug'{xf]; . tflnsf # M k|sf]kx¿, ltgsf] cfj[lQ tyf :t/ / ltgn] ug]{ Iflt jif{ jf ;fn d'Vo k|sf]k :t/ -p÷d÷lg_ ePsf] Iflt ;fdgf ;+oGq Gff]6 M p – pRr, d – dWod, lg –lgDg P]ltxfl;s hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf -profile_n] hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . o;n] P]ltxfl;s k|j[lQ tyf cfj[lQ b'j}nfO{ b]vfpF5 . tnsf] tflnsfn] hf]lvdsf k|efjsf] eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lhnf] pkfo k|:t't u5{ . tflnsf $ M P]ltxfl;s hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ ug]{ljlw jif{ jf ;fn k|sf]ksf k|sf/ :yfg - ljBfnoleq / aflx/_ hf]lvd hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu :yfgLo kxnx¿ k|sf]ksf tTjx¿sf] k|s[lt / ljBfno If]qaf6 ;f] tTjx¿sf] lgs6tf;Fu hf]lvd ;DalGwt x'G5 . b"/L hlt lgs6 x'G5 Tolt g} hf]lvdsf] dfqf a95 . ljleGg k|sf]ksf tTjx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf] tflnsf g+= % k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . tflnsf % M k|sf]ksf tTjx¿ / ljBfno;Fu /x]sf] lgs6tf k|sf]k ljBfnoaf6 w]/} glhs -! sL=dL= eGbf sd_ ljBfnoaf6 6f9f -!–@ sL=dL=leq_ ljBfnoaf6 6f9f -@ sL=dL=eGbf k/_ hf]lvd k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd lgDTofpg ;Sg] snsf/vfgf Jo:t ;8s cUnf uugr'DaL ejg
  • 29.
    29 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L k]6«f]n kDk -cToflws k|HHjngzLn kbfy{ /xg] v'nf ¿kdf /x]sf hfd ePsf tyf ;kmf gul/Psf 9n k]6«f]n kDk cGo v= ;ªs6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf ljleGg k|sf]ksf] hf]lvddf /x]sf tTjx¿ -dflg;, ljBfno / cGo ;+/rgf_ sf sdhf]/L cfsng ug]{ / oL tTjx¿nfO{ hf]lvddf /fVg] d"n sf/0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|lqmof g} ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] n]vfhf]vf xf] . ;ªs6f;Ggtfn] ljkb sf ;dodf ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf] ;fdgf ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 . ;ªs6f;Ggtf kL8fbfos xflg–gf]S;fgL k|ltsf] em'sfj xf] . o;sf] ;DaGw k|sf]ksf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{, ;fdgf ug]{, /f]Sg] / o;sf] k|efjaf6 pTyfgzLn x'g] ljifo;Fu /xG5 . ef}lts, jftfj/0fLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts tyf ;+:yfut tTjx¿n] ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f u5{g . ;ªs6f;Ggtf To:tf ljBdfg jf kl/0ffdL cj:yfsf] ;d"x xf] h;n] k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿sf] /f]syfd ug]{, Go"g ug]{, k|ltsfo{sf nflu tof/L ug]{ / k|ltsfo{ ug]{ ;d'bfosf] Ifdtfdf k|lts"n c;/ kf5{ . ;ª s6f;Ggtf Psk|sf/sf] sdhf]/L klg xf] . ;ªs6f;Ggtf ef}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo tTjx¿n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ To:tf] cj:yf xf] h;n] k|sf]ksf] ;Defljt k|efjk|lt ;d'bfosf] em'sfj a9fpF5 . ;ªstf;Ggtf n]vfhf]vfsf nflu lgDg ljlw pkof]uL 5g M n k|sf]ksf] klxrfg / tL k|sf]kn] ljBfno tyf jl/jl/sf] ;d'bfodf l;lh{t u/]sf] ;ªs6f;Ggtf dfkgsf] nflu ;ªs6f;Ggtf gS;fªsg, n ljBfno / ToxfFsf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf] ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] dfqfnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfx¿sf] klxrg ug]{ uf]nfsf/lrq (Venn diagram), n jiff}Fotfsf] ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] :t/ kQf nufpg] df};dL kfqf], n ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf cjojx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;d:of j[If ljZn]if0f . ;ªs6f;Ggtf ljZn]if0f k|foM hl6n x'G5 . o;sf nflu jt{dfg Ifdtf / ;|f]t,
  • 30.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 30 ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] l:ylt, ;d:ofx¿sf] k|s[lt tyf ltgsf] k|efj / ;+:yfut ;xof]udf kx'Fr;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf] lj:t[t ;"rL tof/ ul/g' k5{ . ;ªs6f;Ggtf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] xft]dfnf]sf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;fd"lxs xft]dfnf] h'6fpg ;ªs6f;Ggtf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljutdf ePsf k|of;sf] ljZn]if0f ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;df Ifdtf clej[l4, k}/jL jf clwjfrg;DaGwL cleofg / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogh:tf kIfx¿ x'g;S5g . u= hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf k|sf]ksf ljz]iftf / cfj[lQ, ljBfno tyf jl/kl/sf] ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k k|ltsf] ;Dd'vtf dfqf jf :t/ / ltgLx¿sf] ;ªs6f;Ggtf jf pTyfgzLntfsf] dfqf ;a}sf] ;+o'Qm :j¿k g} ljkb hf]lvd xf] . csf]{ cy{df vf; k|sf]ksf 36gf / o;n] ug]{ Ifltsf] ;DefJotf g} hf]lvd xf] . k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf / Ifdtf ljZn]if0faf/]sf] a'emfOn] hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . ;'/lIft jlxu{dg of]hgf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu Ps dxTjk"0f{ xltof/ xf] . hf]lvd n]vfhf]vfljlw M n Hff]lvdsf d"n sf/s tTj klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n ljBfno / o;sf] ;]/f]km]/f]sf] hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ ug'{xf]; -tflnsf ^ x]/f}F . n x/]s k|sf]kn] k|:t't u/]sf] jf ug{;Sg] d'Vo hf]lvdx¿sf] cGj]if0f ug'{xf]; . n ljutdf x/]s k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf ;+oGq klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n hf]lvdsf] :t/ 36fpg k|of]u ul/Psf ;dGjofTds ;+:yfut k|of; klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n ;Íng ul/Psf ;"rgf k|of]u u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf]; . n Tfflnsfdf lbPadf]lhd hf]lvd ¿k/]vf k|:t't ug'{xf]; . tflnsf ^ M ljBfno / ;]/f]km]/f]sf] hf]lvd ¿k/]vf hf]lvd pTkGg u/fpg] sf/s tTjx¿ hf]lvd ;fdgf ug]{ ;+oGq cGo ;+:yfx¿;“u ;dGjo k]6«f]n kDk dfgj a:tL gbL÷vf]nf ljBfno jl/kl/ emf8Lo'Qm hldg ljB't nfOg
  • 31.
    31 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L v'nf Ogf/ ;fgfltgf vx/] tyf vf]N;f ===== ===== 3= Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf Ifdtf eGgfn] 3/kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;d'bfodf ljBdfg ;|f]t;fwg Pj+ ;fdYo{ a'lemG5 h;n] ljkbsf] ;fdgf ug{, k|ltsfo{sf] nflu tof/L ug{, /f]syfd ug{ jf zL3| k'gnf{esf] nflu ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfdf ljBfno;Fu ePsf tL ;|f]tsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 h;n] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . pknAw ;|f]tdfly lg0fGq0f tyf kx'Fr /xG5 . k|sf]ksf 36gf hxLFtxLF x'G5g t/ ltgLx¿n] ljkbsf] ¿k tadfq lnG5g ha ;ªs6f;Ggtf eGbf ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf sd x'G5 . k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ jf ;Defjgf / ;d'bfosf] ;ªs6f;Ggtfn] uDeL/ ¿kdf k|efljt x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ a9fpF5g . Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfljlw M n pknAw ;|f]t–;fwgsf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n 1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw / ;fwgx¿ ePsf JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . ljkb hf]lvd 36fpg / zL3| k'gnf{esf nflu pgLx¿n] Tof] IfdtfnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;S5g eGg] vf]hL ug'{xf]; . n ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf /x]sf On]lS6«l;og, cfunfuL lgoGqs, KnDa/ / :jf:Yo sd{rf/Lx¿h:tf :yfgLo:t/df pknAw x'g] k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ;Dks{ ljj/0f;lxt ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf]; . n k|sf]kaf/] ;d'bfosf] ljutsf] cg'ej, pgLx¿n] k|sf]ksf] s;/L ;fdgf u/] / pgLx¿n] pkof]u u/]sf] ;Lk ljsf;sf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n ljkb hf]lvd 36fpg ljBfnodf s]–s:tf ;|f]tx¿ pknAw 5g / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5, tL ;|f]tdfly s;sf] kx'Fr / lgoGq0f 5 eGg] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n tflnd cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf u/L cfjZos Ifdtf a9fpg tflnd k|bfg ug'{xf]; . k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd / Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfaf6 ljsl;t u/]sf] gS;fnfO{ 7"nf] sfuh jf ;"rgf kf6Ldf b]vfpg'xf]; . o; gS;fdf :ki6 ;ªs]t ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . ljBfno / glhssf ;d'bfosf ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg / ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;r]tgf hufpg pQm gS;fnfO{ ljBfno glhs} pko'Qm :yfgdf /fVg'xf]; .
  • 32.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 32 afs; @ M ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf gS;fªsgdf b]vfpg'kg]{ ljifoj:t' n k|sf]kpGd'v ljleGg If]qx¿, n k|j]z ug]{ tyf aflx/lgl:sg] dfu{, n cfktsfndf aflx/ lgl:sg] ;'/lIft af6f], n cfktsfndf e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft 7fp“, n ejg tyf 6fpsf] dfly /x]sf vt/fx¿, n hf]lvd pTkGg ug{;Sg] ;fdu|Lx¿ /flvPsf] 7fp“, n clUg;dgs pks/0fx¿ /flvPsf 7fp“, n k|fylds pkrf/ ul/g] 7fp“ n ckfªutf ePsf JolQmx¿ tyf ;fgf afnaflnsf . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf gS;fªsgdf b]vfpg'kg]{ ljifoj:t' n k|sf]k pGd'v ljleGg If]qx¿, n cfktsfndf lgl:sg] ;'/lIft af6f], n cfktsfndf e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft 7fp“, n ;'/lIft cf>o:ynx¿ n ;d'bfodf / glhs /x]sf :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ n k|sf]k l;h{gf ug{;Sg] ;fdu|Lx¿ /flvPsf 7fp“, n ;d'bfodf ljz]if k|fljlws Ifdtf ePsf ;|f]t JolQmx¿ n j[4j[4f, ckfªutf ePsf JolQmx¿h:tf ;ªs6f;Gg dflg; a;f]af; ug]{ ejg n ;d'bfodf ;ªs6f;Gg ejg, ;8s tyf ;'ljwfsf ;+/rgfx¿ @=@=@ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g hf]lvdk"0f{ ljBfnosf glhs a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿ ljBfnosf pTs[i6 ;|f]t JolQm x'g . pgLx¿;Fu To; 7fpFdf x'g] k|sf]k / To;sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ a'emfO{ aflx/af6 cfPsf dflg;sf] t'ngfdf uxg / e/kbf]{ 1fg /x]sf] x'G5 . ljBfno afnaflnsf tyf o'jf ;~rf/sf pTs[i6 ;+jfxs x'g . t;y{ sfo{bndf :yfgLo JolQm, o'jf tyf ljBfnosf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{ . cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g ul/g'k5{ . oL sfo{bn ;"rgf k|jfx tyf r]tgf clej[l4, ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, vf]h tyf p4f/, k|fylds pkrf/, clUg ;'/Iff
  • 33.
    33 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / dgf];fdflhs ;xfotf sfo{bn x'g ;S5g . x/]s sfo{bnnfO{ lbOg] :ki6 e"ldsf tyf bfloTjn] cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;f] sfo{bnnfO{ a9L hjfkmb]xL Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpF . sfo{bnx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTjaf/] :d/0f u/fpFg / pgLx¿sf] 1fg tyf a'emfOnfO{ ltvfg{ a]nf–a]nfdf s[ltd cEof;sf] cfof]hgf ul/g'k5{ -lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu cg';"rL # x]/f}F . @=@=# ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug'{ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ljBfnodf cfwfl/t 7f]; of]hgf -tflnsf g+= !@ x]g'{xf]; n] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'¥ofpg ;S5 . of]hgfn] ;+/rgfut ;'/Iff, dd{t;Def/, u}/;+/rgfut cNkLs/0f, :yfgLo k"jf{wf/, jftfj/0fLo hf]lvd cNkLs/0f / clUg ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]6g'k5{ . x/]s ljBfnodf ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf Ps hLjGt b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf /xg'k5{ . csf]{ zAbdf, of]hgfnfO{ lg/Gt/ k|ultsf] qmddf /x]sf], ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g x'Fb}hfg] / slxNo} g6'lËOg] b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf lnOg'k5{ . oyfy{k/s of]hgfn] of]hgf th'{dfnfO{ pkhsf] ¿kdf xf]Og k|lqmofsf ¿kdf lnG5g . ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf ;ªs6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf, of]hgf th'{df, ef}lts ;+/If0f / k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] Tof] k|lqmof xf] h;nfO{ tnsf sfo{ ug{
  • 34.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 34 tof/ ul/G5 M n ljBfyL{ tyf ljBfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ zf/ Ll/s rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 arfpg, n ;a} afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIffsf] lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ n ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/L To;df cEo:t agfpg . ljkbsf] ;dodf afnaflnsf tyf sd{rf/Lx¿ pNn]Vo hf]lvddf /xg] x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ Pp6} ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg'{kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ x/]s ljBfnosf] ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf x'g' h¿/L 5 . ljBfno;Fu w]/} ;|f]t x'G5 / ;fd'bflos e]nf x'g] ynf] klg aG5 . t;y{ glhssf] ;d'bfok|lt ljBfnosf] klg bfloTj x'G5, h;/L l5d]sL ;d'bfo ljBfno;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g . ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfn] k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf ;fy} cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{df ;dGjo, lgoGq0f / ;~rf/sfo{ ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTjnfO{ kl/eflift ug'{k5{ . tflnsf * M ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] k|f¿k ;'/lIft ljBfnocGtu{t ul/g] sfo{sf k|sf/ s;n] ug]{ ;dofjlw ck]lIft kl/0ffd cfjZos ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ;'/lIft ljBfnosf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ != @= ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg != @= hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff != @= ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfn] ljBfnosf] ;'/Iff cfjZostfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ . ljBfno;Fu ;Da4 k|sf]k tyf ;ªs6f;Ggtfaf/] ul/g] r]tgf clej[l4n] lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfjZostf tyf dxTj klxNofpg ;xh t'NofpF5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg ;~rfng ug'{ ljBfno tyf ljBfyL{x¿ cfpg] l5d]sL ;d'bfox¿sf] bfloTj xf] . c;n g]t[Tj;lxtsf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3n] ;|f]t h'6fpg, k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflu bIf dfgj;+;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ / ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g . Afnaflnsf;Fu k/fdz{
  • 35.
    35 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/Lljlw M n ;xeflutfd"ns 9Ën] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf]; . k|fo cf]em]ndf kg]{, ljBfno ghfg] afnaflnsf, ckfªutf ePsf afnaflnsf / aflnsfsf d'2f tyf cfjZostfnfO{ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{xf]; . n k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, Ifdtf tyf ;|f]tsf] a[xt n]vfhf]vf / ef}lts hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, ;'/lIft k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, cNkLs/0f / k"j{tof/L of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t eP/ of]hgf agfpg'xf]; . n of]hgfaf/] lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug'{xf]; . of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ pgLx¿ klg of]hgf;Fu kl/lrt x'g'k5{ . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfaf/] lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg cfjlws a}7ssf] cfof]hgf ug'{xf]; . hfgsf/L lbg >Job[io k|:t'ltljlw ckgfpg'xf]; . o;n] ;|f]t ;Íng tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ ub{5 . cNkLs/0f, k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{ of]hgfx¿ tof/ ug{ Pj+ ltgsf] ;dLIff ug{ o:tf a}7s dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g . n of]hgfnfO{ pRr u'0f:t/Lo cEof;df kl/0ft ug{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf ultljlwnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'xf]; . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf Joj:yf ul/Psf ;a} lqmofsnfksf] lglj{£g sfof{Gjog xf]; / ;fdu|L, ljQLo jf dfgj;|f]tdf Jojwfg gcfcf]; eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ e}k/L of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf]; . e}k/L of]hgfn] ljkbkl5 oyf;Dej zL3| lzIff k'gM cf/De ug{ lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;xh t'NofpF5 . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] lbuf]kgf ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f of]hgf lgdf{0f, cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{, k|fylds pkrf/, clUg ;'/Iff, vf]h tyf p4f/df tflnd lbP/ cEo:t agfpg'xf]; . ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ubf{ cNkLs/0fsf d'2fx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ / ;ªs6f;Ggtf Pj+ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ lgoldt cBfjlws ul/g'k5{ . o;sf nflu b]xfosf sfo{ ul/g'k5{ M n olb ljBfno ejg gbLsf] lsgf/ jf af9LpGd'v If]qdf cjl:yt 5 eg] af9Lsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{xf]; . af9Ln] c;/ ug{;Sg] jf af9L k:g;Sg] 7fpFdf cfjZostfcg';f/ afFw, :k/, 7f]s/, t6aGwnufotsf af9L cj/f]ws lgdf{0f ug'{xf]; . tLj| ultdf aUg] af9Lsf] kfgLn] e"Ifo dfkm{t ljBfno If]qdf Iflt ug{;S5 . j[Iff/f]k0fn] df6f]nfO{ aUg glbO{ e"Ifo Go"g ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . To;}n] To:tf 7fpFdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{xf]; . n ljBfno af9Lsf] ;txeGbf dfly lgdf{0f ul/P klg ljBfno l5g]{ dfu{x¿ af9L
  • 36.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 36 k:g;Sg] ;txdf k5{g eg] afnaflnsf ljBfno hfg jf cfktsfndf efUg ;Sb}gg . dflg;x¿ ljBfno ejgleq gkm;"g jf ljBfno ejg k'Ugaf6 g/f]lspmg eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ prflnPsf lgsf; dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . xNsf le/fnf] x'g] u/L df6f] eb}{ / lyRb} o:tf] af6f] agfpg ;lsG5 . n ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] kl/rfng ug{ pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf, bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]lxtf :ki6;Fu kl/eflift ul/g'k5{ . n cfjlws ;~rfng tyf dd{t;Def/sf nflu ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{ ;'/lIft ljBfno cNkLs/0f of]hgfnfO{ ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf;Fu ;dfof]hg ul/g'k5{ . n cNkLs/0f of]hgdf x/]s k|sf]kn] k'¥ofpg] ;DefJo IfltnfO{ Go"g ug]{ pkfox¿ ;dfj]z ulg'k5{ . ljBfno cNkLs/0f of]hgf ;w}F ultzLn x'G5 . k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfdf cfwfl/t eO{ of]hgfdf ;do ;fk]If kl/jt{g x]/km]/ ul/g'k5{ . o;n] ljkbaf6 x'g] d[To' tyf 3fOt] ;ªVof / ;fdflhs–cfly{s k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . ljBfno ljkb pTyfgzLntf t'¿Gt} xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] s'/f xf]Og . o;sf nflu ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf, k|of; / ;dk{0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f sfod ug'{k5{ / z}lIfs lg/Gt/tfsf nflu of]hgf agfpg'k5{ . oyfy{ ;+nUgtf tyf /fhgLlts k|lta4tfn] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ / k7g–kf7gsf] lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgn] u}/;+/rgfut cNkLs/0f, ejg dd{t;Def/ / k|ltsfo{sf] k"j{tof/LnfO{ ;d]6g'k5{ . ljBfnosf] lg/Gt/tf of]hgf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:o / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/Lsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf tof/ ul/g'k5{ . pTyfgzLntf lgdf{0f ug{ cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:o, ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] lzIff ;ldlt, lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/L, ljBfyL{ / cGo afnaflnsfdf Jojxf/hGo kl/jt{g x'g cfjZos 5 . ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltk|lt k|lta4, hf]lvdk|lt ;r]t, ljkb tyf cfktsfndf k|ltsfo{sf] nflu tof/ x'g] ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf] ljsf; ug{ / ljkb To;kl5sf] cj:yfdf lzIffdf Go"gtd cj/f]wsf] ;'lglZrtf ug{ u}/;+/rgfTds tTjx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g . oL tTjdf Wofg lbg ;s]sf] v08df dfq :j:y l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . s'g} klg ljBfnon] x/]s ljkbsf] k|efj wfGg ;Sb}g . ljkbsf sf/0f d[To' / 3fOt] x'gaf6 aRg ;a} ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿ ;'/lIft :yfglt/ lgl:sg'kg]{ ;do klg cfpg;S5 . x/]s ljBfnon] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f dfu{ / glhs} ;'/lIft ¿kdf e]nf x'g ;lsg] :yn lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ . tL ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f dfu{ / e]nf x'g] :yfgaf/] ljBfnosf afnaflnsf tyf
  • 37.
    37 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cleefjsx¿nfO{ clu|d hfgsf/L lbOg'k5{ . ljBfyL{, cleefjs tyf :yfgLo ;fd'bflos cu'jfx¿df cGof}ntf x6fpg oL :yfgx¿ lrq0f ul/Psf] gS;f x/]s sIffsf]7f tyf sl/8f]/df 6fFl;g'k5{ . To;}u/L cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf cGof}ntf l;h{gf gxf]; / ;a} ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;s"g eGgsf nflu s[ltd cEof; lgoldt ¿kdf cfof]hgf ul/g'k5{ . ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f of]hgf glhssf k|x/L rf}sL, clUg lgoGq0f sfof{no tyf c:ktfn clwsf/L x¿nfO{ pknAw u/fOg'k5{ . cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf cfjZos hgzlQm t'¿Gt} pknAw x'g ;s"g eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ oL ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;~rf/ ;DaGw / ;~rf/sf] ;+oGq :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ . cfktsfndf ljt/0f ug{ cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ ;'/lIft :yfgdf e08f/0f ul/g'k5{ . @=@=$ ;~rf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn] ;'/lIft ljBfno tof/ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . lqmofzLn ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ePsf] v08df dfq of] k|efjsf/L x'G5 . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ Joj:yfn] cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{ ;xof]u u5{ . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ k|0ffnLn] cfktsfnLg ;~rf/ / cfGtl/s ;"rgf ;+oGq :yfkgfdf klg ;xof]u u5{ . ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;ljlw M n ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;Dks{ljj/0f pknAw x'g'k5{ . ;Dks{ljj/0fnfO{ lgoldt hfFr / cBfjlws ul/g'k5{ . o; sfo{n] cfjZostf k/]sf] a]nf pgLx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;xh x'G5 . n sfo{bnn] ;Dks{ ;"rLsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . ;f] ;"rLdf k|To]s ;b:osf] gfd, 7]ufgf / cfjf;Lo tyf df]afOn b'j} kmf]g gDa/ x'g'k5{ . n ljkbsf] ;dodf lqmofzLn /xg] ;"rgfsf] e/kbf]{ afXo ;|f]tdf kx'Fr a9fpg / cfGtl/s ;~rf/ k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{ k|of; ul/g'k5{ . o;f] ePdf dfq ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ljkbsf] cj:yfaf/] cBfjlws hfgsf/L kfpg ;S5g / ljkb Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;dod} cfkmgf] ;Lk, k|lzlIft hgzlQm, cf}hf/ tyf pks/0fnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;S5g . n cfktsfnsf] Joj:yfkgdf zL3| ;~rf/sf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf x'G5 . o;n] ;do tyf ;|f]tsf] art dfq ub}{g, cfktsfnLg cj:yfcg'¿k bIf JolQmx¿nfO{ klg kl/rfng u5{ . ;~rf/sf] ;Dks{ ;"rLn] ljBfno k|zf;sx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpF5 / cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|ltsfo{sf nflu tof/ u5{ . Kff}8L ;LknfO{ tLI0f agfpFb}
  • 38.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 38 tflnsf ( McfktsfnLg ;dodf ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsg] lgsfox¿sf] ;"rL dxTjk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;Dks{ JolQmsf] gfd / 7]ufgf df]afOn ljBfnoaf6 b"/L sfof{nosf] kmf]g gDa/ lhNnf cfktsfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb| lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no :yfgLo c:ktfn÷:jf:Yo rf}sL÷cf}iflw k;n lgs6td cf}iflw ljqm]tf af?0foGq sfof{no :yfgLo k|x/L g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt k|wfgfWofks ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:ox¿ cleefjs– lzIfs ;ª3 lhNnf lzIff sfof{no lhNNff ljsf; ;ldlt cGo @=@=% ;r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"jf{Eof; ;~rfng qmda4 tyf ljifout s[lqd cEof;n] ;/f]sf/jfnf / afnaflnsfdf ljkb k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{sf nflu ;kmntfk"j{s ;r]tgf clej[l4 u5{ . jf:tjdf s[lqd cEof; dxTjk"0f{ l;sfOljlw xf] . h:t} ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf] s[lqd cEof;n] afnaflnsf tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, p4f/, clUg;'/Iff / k|fylds pkrf/df /x]sf] pgLx¿sf] 1fg k|bz{g Pj+ k/LIf0f ug{ l;sfpF5 . cEof; cfof]hgfljlw M n x/]s k|sf/sf] cEof;sf nflu ljifolgwf{/0f u/L afnaflnsf tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ o;sf] k|lqmof tyf tl/sf;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg'xf]; . cEof; Ps cg'ejhGo l;sfOsf] cj;/ xf] h;n] ;}4flGts 1fgnfO{ k/LIf0f u5{ . n ck]lIft / bf]xf]l/g] ljkbsf nflu lgoldt cEof; u/fpg'xf]; / ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgf agfpg'xf]; . n sIff ;'¿ x'g'k"j{ e]nf x'g] 7fpF jf sIffsf]7fdf clu|d ¿kdf cfjZos ;Lk k|bfg ug'{xf]; . Ps z}lIfs jif{df ljleGg cEof; u/fOg'k5{ . o:tf] cEof; ljBfnon] dgfpg] lbj;
  • 39.
    39 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L kf/]/ ubf{ cem /fd|f] x'G5 . kof{Kt cEof; x'g ;sf]; eGgfsf nflu s'g} ;"rgfljgf g} klg cEof; u/fOg'k5{ . l;sfOsf] k|ltljlDat ug{ / ;'wf/sf nflu ;do lbg'k5{ . n ljkb Joj:yfkg k|lqmofdf sfo{bn, ;d'bfosf JolQm / :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ ;Lk / ;r]tgfsf] k|jfx ug'{xf]; . cEof;n] dlitisdf ;LknfO{ 7f]; k|ltljlDat u/fpg ;xof]u u5{ . n lgoldt cEof;dfkm{t afnaflnsf;Fu ejgaf6 ;'/lIft lgl:sg] cfwf/e"t lgod tyf pkfo cfbfgk|bfg ug'{xf]; . o:tf lgodx¿df …s'/f gu/f}F, gbu'/f}F, s'/f gu/f}F / k5fl8 kms]{/ ghfcf}FÚ cflb k5{g . n ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg, vf]h tyf p4f/, k|fylds pkrf/, cfuf] lgefpg], hn ;'/Iff / kf}8L ;Lkh:tf ;Lk h:tf ljifodf cEof; u/fpg'k5{ . -ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfno dfkb08 M :jd"Nofªsg kmf/fdsf nflu cg';"rL $ x]/f}F . @=# cfwf/:tDe # M hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffcGtu{t ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{, pTyfgzLn ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf] ljsf; ug{ ljBfnosf kf7oqmd, lzIfs k|lzIf0f / cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{nfO{ lnOG5 . cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s b'j} k|sf/sf lzIffn] a[xt kl/jf/df ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngaf/] 1fg k|jfx ub{5 . @=#=! cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngnfO{ ;dfof]hg ljkb hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f;DaGwLhLjgko{Gtl;sfOsf] PscleGgefux'g'k5{ . ljkb hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL k|rng km}nfpgsf nflu lzIff Ps k|efjsf/L ;fwg xf] . cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;dfof]hgljlw M n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/ jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfn, 1fg / Jofjxfl/s cg'ej b'j} ljsf; ug{ ljBfnosf] lgoldt kf7Øqmddf ;dfof]hg ul/g'k5{ egL z}lIfs If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ldn]/ cleofg ;~rfng ug'{xf]; . n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnnfO{ cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf ;dfjz]; ug'{xf]; / o;nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfsf] ljifo agfpg'xf]; . ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ lrqsnfdfkm{t k|ltlalDat ub}{
  • 40.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 40 cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx¿df lrqsnf, lgaGw, jfbljjfb / xflh/L hjfkm k|ltof]lutf kg{ ;S5g . cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;dfj]zL x'g'k5{ / o;df ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"x, ljz]ifu/L aflnsfx¿nfO{ nlIft ug'{k5{ . n ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ Dffgj lqmofsnfk / ljkbaLr /x]sf] ;DaGwaf/] hfgsf/L lbg clgoldt lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnx¿ ;+nUg ug]{ s'/fsf] k}/jL ug'{xf]; . n afnaflnsfnfO{ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;dfof]hgsf ultljlwdf ;fd]n u/fpg'xf]; . pgLx¿sf] r]tgf tyf a'emfOnfO{ a9fpg afnsaflnsfaf6 afnaflnsfdf lzIff, uLt, ljB'tLo tyf 5fkfnufotsf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u ug'{xf]; . @=#=@ lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{ lzIfsx¿n] ljBfyL{dfkm{t w]/} cleefjs / ;d'bfosf dflg;df ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL ;Gb]z ;~rf/ ug{ ;S5g . lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f ul/Pdf pgLx¿n] ;f] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] ;'lglZrt x'G5 . lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifoj:t' ;dfof]hgljlw M n ljBdfg lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k7of+zsf] s'g v08df s'g ;Gb]z /fVg] eGg] lgwf{/0f ug'{xf]; . n lzIfs, ;|f]t s]Gb| k|d'v, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 ;b:o / lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfn ;d]6g] pko'Qm kf7Øqmd ljsf; ug'{xf]; . kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd, hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo, ljkb k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{af/] hfgsf/L /flvg'k5{ . n d:of}bf kf7oqmdnfO{ s]xL ljBfnodf k/LIf0f ;~rfng ug'{xf]; . a[xt ljt/0fsf] nflu kf7Øqmd k|sflzt ug'{cl3 ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 k[i7kf]if0f Pj+ ;'emfj ;Íng ug'{xf]; . n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnx¿ ;d]l6Psf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug'{xf]; . o; ;fdu|Lsf] ;xfotfaf6 lzIfsn] k|sf]ksf] k|s[lt tyf cfj[lt, ljkbx¿sf] ;Defjgfaf/] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hfgsf/Llbg / ljkb tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgpGd'v 5nkmndf pgLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg ;lsG5 . n lzIfs tflnd k|lti7fg, ljBfno / sn]hx¿sf kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL ;a} ;fdu|L, k'l:tsf, lgb]{lzsf / Go"gtd dfkb08 ;dfj]z ug'{xf]; . n lzIfs tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ubf{ cg's"lnt Pj+ kl/is[t kf7Øqmd k|of]u ug'{xf]; .
  • 41.
    41 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L n /fli6«o lzIff gLlt tyf of]hgfdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;DalGw ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ug{ cleofg ;~rfng ug'{xf]; . @=#=# ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 afnaflnsf k|efjzfnL Pj+ k|efjsf/L ;~rf/stf{ x'g h;n] ljBfnodf l;s]sf c;n cEof; / kf7nfO{ cfkmgf 3/kl/jf/df pT;'stfsf ;fy atfpF5g . aflnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffn] pgLx¿ a:g] glhssf] jftfj/0faf/] ;r]tgf / a'emfOnfO{ k|j4{g u5{ . afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf cltl/Qm pgLx¿n] l;sfOk|lt lhDd]jf/x¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ljkbaf/] lzIff lnPsf cfhsf afnaflnsfdf ef]ln joZs x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf klg ljkb, dfgjLo ultljlwsf] kl/0ffd / sdhf]/ jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgaf/] a[xQ/ a'emfO x'g]5 . o;sf ;fy} pgLx¿df k|s[lt;Fu ;fd~h:o ub}{ gofF k|sf/sf] ljsf; dfu{ k|j4{g ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf klg /fd|f];Fu ax; ug]{ Ifdtf x'g]5 . -cfO{P;8Lcf/, @))@_ . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 M n ;d'bfodf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ lbuf] ¿kdf cl3 a9g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ 8sdL{nufotsf :yfgLo lgdf{0fstf{ / lgdf{0f sDkgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f / dd{t;Def/;DaGwL k|fljlws lzIff k|bfg ug'{xf]; . n ljBfnosf] lgoldt kf7Øqmdcg'¿k :yfgLo txdf x'g] k|sf]ksf] k|s[lt tyf k|efjaf/] afnaflnsfdf ;r]tgf hufpg'xf]; . ljkb /f]syfd, k|ltsfo{sf] k"j{tof/L / ljkb pTyfgzLn jftf/0fLo ;+/If0fsf l;4fGtaf/] 5nkmn ug'{xf]; . afnaflnsfn] k|fKt u/]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ cfktsfnLg l:yltsf] ;fdgfdf k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd x'g]u/L pgLx¿sf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug'{xf]; . n ljBfnosf afnaflnsf, lzIfs tyf ;d'bfodf hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ cleofg rnfpg'xf]; . @=#=$ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ pko'Qm z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngaf/] a'emg ;xof]u u5{ . o;nfO{ lgoldt tyf clgoldt b'j} kf7Øqmd;Fu cGt/;DalGwt ul/g'k5{ . z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ M n cf}krfl/s tyf cgf]krfl/s z}lIfs kf7oqmdn] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngnfO{ a[xt ¿kdf ;d]6]–g;d]6]sf] n]vfhf]vf u/L l/Qmtfx¿ klxrfg ug'{xf]; . n b]lvPsf l/QmtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{xf]; . o:tf z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] ljz]ifu/L afnaflnsf, dlxnf / ckfªutf ePsf JolQmnufotsf ;Í6f;Gg ;d"xx¿sf nflu ljkb /f]syfd tyf k"j{tof/Ldf s]lGb|t ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
  • 42.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 42 n k|efjsf/L l;sfOnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ >Job[io z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug'{xf]; ->Jo M uLt, /]l8of] ;Gb]z, gf6s cflb . b[io M lel8of], j[Qlrq, kmf]6f]u|fkm, kf]:6/, sf6{'glrq cflb_ . lg/If/, yf]/} lzIff xfl;n u/]sf / slnnf afnaflnsfn] oL ;Gb]z a'emg ;S5g eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . oL ;fdu|LnfO{ cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk tyf lgoldt lzIffdf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;fGble{s ;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ljifoj:t'nfO{ kl/dfh{g Pj+ cBfjlws ug'{xf]; . @=#=% lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ljkbsf ;dodf ckfªutf ePsf JolQmnufot cGo ;ªs6f;Gg JolQmx¿ clt k|efljt x'G5g . pgLx¿sf df}lns clwsf/ tyf ljz]if cfjZostfsf] pk]Iff ul/g' x'Fb}g . zf/Ll/s ¿kdf sdhf]/ JolQmn] cfkmgf] b}lgs hLjgofkgsf qmddf cfkmgf] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfnodf alx:sf/ / cnUofpg]h:tf Jojxf/sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'g;S5 . pgLx¿nfO{ 1fgåf/f ;zQmLs/0f u/]sf] v08df pgLx¿n] klg ;d'bfosf] pTyfgzLntf ;'b[9 agfpg pNn]Vo of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g . af:tjdf afnaflnsf tyf sdhf]/ Ifdtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;xeflutf tyf ;zQmLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;dfj]z u/]df ;d'bfosf] pTyfgzLntfnfO{ a9fpg] 5 . lzIffsf] xs ;'lglZrt ug{ M n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ljleGg sfo{bndf km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm tyf cGo ;ªs6f;Gg ;d"xnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg'xf]; . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ / cfkmgf cfjZostfx¿sf] ;Daf]wg x'g] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrtf lbnfpF5 . n km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm tyf cGo ;ªs6f;Gg ;d"xsf ;jfnnfO{ cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s z}lIfs kf7Øqmddf ;dfj]z x'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'xf]; . n afnaflnsfnfO{ km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm tyf cGo ;ªs6f;Gg ;d"xnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg] sf/0fx¿af/] ;r]t u/fpg cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk / ljBfnodf cfwfl/t cled'vLs/0f tyf ;+jfb sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]zL z}lIfs ;jfnx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ul/g'k5{ . n km/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm / afnaflnsfsf clwsf/ tyf cfjZostf ;Daf]wgdf s]lGb|t x'Fb} / ltgLx¿ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngdf ;lqmo kfq x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ub}{ km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm cg's"n ;dfj]zL ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{xf]; . @=#=^ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL ;DefJo r'gf}tL tyf cj/f]w x6fpg] ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgn] cem} klg w]/} r'gf}tL / cj/f]wx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{
  • 43.
    43 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L kl/x]sf] 5 . o;df ;'/lIft lzIff gLltsf] cefj, ;Lldt /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 ;b:ox¿aLrsf] :ki6 e"ldsf, bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj / ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f vlr{nf] x'G5 eGg] unt wf/0ffh:tf /x]sf 5g . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf nflu ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfno lgdf{0fdf nufgL Hofb} dxFuf] /x]sf] unt hgljZjf; sfod} 5 . t/ efl6of -@))*_ sf] cWoog;lxt cGo ljleGg cWoogn] ljkb pTyfgzLn gofF ejgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;fdfGo:t/sf] ejg lgdf{0fsf] t'ngfdf * k|ltzt dfq a9L vr{ nfUg] atfPsf 5g . ;'/lIft lgdf{0fn] lbg] nfenfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] of] yk nfut vf;} 7"nf] xf]Og . h'g;'s} kl/l:yltdf klg * k|ltzt dfq vr{ 36fpg'eGbf hLjgsf] ;'/Iff w]/} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf r"gf}tL tyf cj/f]w x6fpg M n z}lIfs If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;fGble{s / oyfy{ tYofªs;lxt qmda4 / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ;r]tgf cleofgsf] cfjZostf k5{ . n ljBfno kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ s'g} klg kxn ul/Psf] 5}g . kl/jlt{t cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljutdf ag]sf w]/} gLltsf] ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5}g . gLlt ultzLn x'g'k5{ . :yfgLo ;|f]t kl/rfng u/L ;d'bfodf Go"g nfutsf] ljBfno ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug{ gofF k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg'k5{ . n :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf /fhgLlts bnx¿ ;'/lIft ljBfno jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿sf] k|lta4tfljgf ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;/sf/ / s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 k|fKt x'g] ;|f]t lglj{£g kl/rfng ug{ c;Dej x'g]5 . ;ªs6f;Gg afnaflnsfsf] hLjg /Iff ug{ /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . b'ef{Uoj; ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] cfGbf]ng Hofb} sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 / o;n] :yfgLo ;/sf/ tyf /fhgLlts bnsf Ph]G8fdf :yfg;d]t kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . n ;+/rgfut / u}/;+/rgfut b'j} k|sf/sf hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . ;'/Iff;Fu ;Da4 ;d:of tyf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;DefJo pkfox¿ ;'/lIft ljBfno of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ .
  • 44.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 44 ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L P8LkL;L -@))*_M lzIffIf]qdf ljkbsf] k|efj, sDaf]l8of . ljBfno tyf ljBfno ejgx¿sf nflu ck]n (APELL) -@))@_ M ljBfnosf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k4lt . ljkb lzIff sG;f]l6{od, OG8f]g]l;of M ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"j{tof/L 9fFrf . gfOh]n jfs]xd cflbkl/af -@))#_ k/fdz{bftf cfls{6]S6 M k|fylds ljBfno ejgsf] dd{t–;Def/df ljBfno tyf ;'d'bfon] k|of]u ug]{ k'l:tsf . efl6of, P; -@))*_ M ef/tdf e"sDk k|lt/f]ws ljBfno ejgx¿ . ;x/L of]hgf tyf l8hfOg, !^! -$_, !$& – !$( . ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] s]Gb|df afnaflnsf tyf o'jf . Knfg OG6/g];gn . ljkb k"j{tof/L of]hgf ;Gbe{;fdu|L -@)!)_ M s]o/ OG6/g];gn . uf}td, w|'j -@)!@_ M g]kfnsf] t/fO{If]qsf nflu ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf . g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIffljefu, PS;gP8 g]kfn tyf d];L{ sk{;sf] ;+o'Qm kxn . uf}td, w|'j -@)!)_ M clGtd d"Nofªsg k|ltj]bg . ljBfno kl/of]hgfdfkm{t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f . PS;gP8 g]kfn tyf 8LPkmcfO{8L . uf}td, w|'j -@)!!_ M afng]t[Tjdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng . :ynut k|of]ustf{x¿sf nflu afn arfp g]kfnåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] 6"nls6 . uf}td, w|'j -@)!@_ M ;'/lIft ljBfno gLlt tyf cEof; . c;n cEof;, r'gf}tL tyf efjL dfu{ . Knfg g]kfn . ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{gl6kf]6 -@))(_ M ljkb Go"gLs/0f tyf k'gnf{esf nfluljZj ;xof]u . cfO{P;8Lcf/, OgL tyf ljZj AofÍ . e"sDk k|ljwsf nflu /fli6«o ;dfh– g]kfn M 8sdL{ tyf lgdf{0f k|fljlw1x¿sf nflu e"sDk ;'/lIftlgdf{0f ;Lk tflnd . e"sDk k|ljwsf nflu /fli6«o ;dfh– g]kfn M g]kfn –u'h/ft 8sdL{ cfbfgk|bfg tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd . l8k]sf], P8LkL;L, XoflG8Sofk OG6/g];gn, O:nflds l/lnkm tyf Knfg M ;'/lIft ef]lnsf nflu ljBfnox¿nfO{ tof/ ul// fVg] . afËnfb]zdf ljBfno ;'/Iff;DaGwL ax'k|sf]k k4lt k'l:tsf . blIf0f Pl;ofdf ax'k|sf]ksf nflu ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ;'/Iff n]vfhf]vfljlwx¿ -6"N;_ -@)!@_ M o"PgXofla6Øf6 tyf cfPcfO{P;8Lcf/ . ljBfno ;'/Iff 6"nls6 aS; ! M gofF l8hfOg ax'k|sf]k ;'/Iff kfngf . blIf0f Pl;ofdf ax'k|sf]ksf nflu ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ;'/Iff n]vfhf]vfljlwx¿ -6"N;_ -@)!@_ M o"PgXofla6Øf6 tyf cfPcfO{P;8Lcf/ . ljBfno ;'/Iff 6"nls6 aS; ! M /]6«f] dd{t–;Def/ ax'k|sf]k ;'/Iff kfngf . ljBfno ;'/Iff;DaGwL u'¿ k|lzIf0f -df:6/ 6«]lgª_ sf nflu k|lzIf0f df]8Ø"n M /fli6«o ljBfno ;'/Iff sfo{qmd, PgcfO{8LPd . ljkb Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª3Lo cGt/f{li6«o /0fgLlt -@))&_ M /f]syfd ;+:s[lttkm{ M ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ljBfnodf cf/De x'G5 / c;n cEof; tyf kf7x¿ ljBfnod}l;lsG5 . o"PgcfO{P;8Lcf/, h]g]ef . lj:6/ aL -@))^_ M afnaflnsfn] xfdLnfO{l;sfpmg . ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lzIff tyf 1fgsf] e"ldsfsf] ;dLIff . cfP;8Lcf/ k|0ffnL ljifout ;d"x÷1fg tyf lzIff d~r .
  • 45.
    45 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cg';"rL ! M g]kfndf ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL kxnx¿ -;g !(** – @)!@_ jif{ k|d'v kxnx¿ !(** sf] e"sDkkl5 clwsf+z ljBfno sdhf]/ ef}lts cj:yfdf /x]sf / a[xt ;+/rgfTds Iflt ePsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ljBfno k'gM ;~rfng ug{ sl/a tLg dlxgf nfUof] . !(**–!((% hfOsfn] d'n'se/ ljBfnox¿sf nflu e"sDk k|lt/f]ws k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u¥of] . !(() g]kfn ;/sf/n] ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf u¥of] . !(($ ;'/lIft ejgx¿lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ejg;+lxtf agfof] . !((&–!((( /fli6«o e"sDk k|ljlw ;dfh / lhcf]–Xofhf8{ OG6/g];gnn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] sf7df8f}F pkTosf e"sDkLo hf]lvd Joj:yfkg kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljBfno e"sDk ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] . !((& ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"j{tof/LnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"j{tof/L sfo{qmdsf] Ps c+zsf] ¿kdf lnOof] t/ ljBfno ;'/Iff tyf lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvdnfO{ 5'66} :ki6 ¿kdf cufl8 a9fOPg . !((( g]kfn ;/sf/n] ejg P]g :jLs[t u¥of] . !((( –@))) clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ljBfno, c:ktfn / cGo k|d'v ejgx¿sf] e"sDkLo ;ªs6f;Ggtf cBfjlws ug{ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut ;ªs6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/] . !(((< ;x/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefun] o"Pg8LkL e"sDk hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k'g{nfe kl/of]hgf tyf /fli6«o e"sDk k|ljlw ;dfhsf] ;xof]udf ejgx¿;Fu ;Da4 e"sDkLo hf]lvdaf/] ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿df ;r]tgf sfo{qmd / gu/kflnsfsf clwsf/Lx¿sf nflu tflnd ;~rfng u¥of] . !((( ljBfno e"sDk ;'/Iff sfo{qmdn] s]xL ljBfno ejgx¿nfO{ e"sDk k|lt/f]ws agfpg k|anLs/0f u¥of] . @))# g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o ejg;+lxtf :jLs[t u¥of] . @))# b;f}F /fli6«o of]hgf -@))@–@))&_ df ljsf; kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ljkb k|efj n]vfhf]vfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/of] . @))# b]lv clxn];Dd clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] o'/f]lkog sldzgsf] ljQLo ;xfotfdf l8k]sf] -DIPECHO_ cGtu{tsf ;'/lIft ljBfno kxnnfO{ ;xof]u u/] . @))&–@))( PS;gP8 g]kfnn] ljBfno sfo{qmddfkm{t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwsf] vfsf tof/ u/L To;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] .
  • 46.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 46 @))& ;g @))& df ejg;+lxtfsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgaf6 o;nfO{ %* gu/kflnsf, @* lhNnf ;b/d'sfd -t/fO{sf] s'g} klg ;b/d'sfd g;d]l6Psf] / *! ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf nfu" ul/of] . @))( ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ df ;'emfOPsf dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLlts sfo{x¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ bL3{sfnLg ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{of]hgf tof/Lsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ g]kfn hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;d"x gfds Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;d"x u7g ul/of] . ;f] ;d"xn] g]kfndf ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf nflu tTsfn} ug'{kg]{ kfFr k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q klxrfg u¥of] . ljBfno ;'/Iff sfo{qmd klxnf] k|fyldstf If]qdf kb{5 . @))( ljBfnoIf]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -@))(–@)!%_ n] ;'/lIft ljBfno k|f]T;fxgsf nflu ;a}sf nflu lzIff, dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd, ;fd'bflos ljBfno ;xof]u sfo{qmd / lzIfs lzIff kl/of]hgfh:tf rfn" sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]5 . ljkbsf ljleGg k|efj ljkbsf ef}lts k|efj n c;'/lIft ljBfnon] afnaflnsf tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 3fOt] agfpF5 jf df5{ / lzIffdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpF5 . n ljkbn] cfhLjg zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm agfpg;S5, h;n] lzIffdf k|efj kf5{ . n ljBfno / j/k/sf ef}lts ;+/rgf elTsg ;S5g jf Ifltu|:t x'G5g . n ljBfnosf ef}lts ;'ljwf Ifltu|:t x'G5g . n v:g] jf emg]{ a:t'h:tf u}/;+/rgfTds tTjx¿n] e]nf x'g] 7fpF;Dd k'Ug] ;'/lIft lgsf; dfu{nfO{ cj¿4 ug{;S5g . ljkbsf z}lIfs k|efj n k9fO 5f]8g] b/ a95 . n ljBfno Iflt x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff k|fKt ug{kfpg] clwsf/df cj/f]w k'U5 . n lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ vl:sG5 . n lzIffsf] j}slNks :yfg geP z}lIfs ;+/rgfdf x'g] Ifltn] afnaflnsfsf] k9fOn] lg/Gt/tf kfpFb}g . n dxTjk"0f{ z}lIfs clen]vx¿ gi6 x'G5g . n afnaflnsf csf]{ ljBfnodf hfG5g hxfF pgLx¿nfO{ cEo:t x'g ufx|f] kg{;S5 / lzIff l;sfOdf ca/f]w pTkGg x'g;S5 .
  • 47.
    47 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ljkbsf cfly{s k|efj n ;DalGwt lgsfo Ifltu|:t ljBfnosf] k'glg{df{0f / gofF ljBfnosf] lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] /sd nufgL ug{ afWo x'G5g . n ;+/rgfx¿sf] dd{t ug{ cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:odfly cfly{s af]em ylkG5 . n ;|f]tsf] ;Lldttf;Fu ;Demf}tf ul/G5 h;n] Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfd} sfd rnfpg'kg]{ afWotf pTkGg x'g' eg]sf] dflg;x¿ efjL 36fgfx¿k|lt ;ªs6f;Gg /xg' xf] . n k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgfdf nufgL a9bf cGo If]qsf] nufgL k|efljt x'G5 h;n] efjL ;dodf w]/} gs/fTds k|efj kf5{ . ljkbsf dgf]j}1flgs k|efj n ljkbn] lzIff cj¿4 x'Fbf afnaflnsfn] lg/Gt/tfsf] af]w tyf cfzf u'dfpF5g . n afnaflnsf qf; / dfg;ls cf3fth:tf dgf]j}1flgs ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t x'G5g . pgLx¿sf] lgbfpg] lbgrof{df vnan x'Fbf ljBfnodf Psfu| x'g ;Sb}gg . n ljBfnoaf6 aflx/ a:g afWo ePsf / x]/rfx ug{ g;lsPsf afnaflnsfn] cfkmgf] lrGtf / tgfjnfO{ JoQm ug{ ;fdflhs ¿kdf c:jLsfo{ Jojxf/ ckgfpg ;S5g . n cleefjs cfkmgf afnaflnsfnfO{ c;'/lIft ljBfno jftfj/0fdf k7fpg 8/fpF5g . ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf sf];]9'ªuf n ;g @)!@–@)!# M ljZje/ z}lIfs ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] k}/jL / cleofgnfO{ hf/L /fv] . n ;g @))(–@)!# M cfwf/e"t tYofªs / k|ultnfO{ dfkg ub}{ cl3 a9g] (Taking Stock and Moving Forward) gfds sfo{qmdn] afnaflnsf tyf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVb}] afns]lGb|t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|of;sf w]/} pNn]Vo 36gf cWoogsf] clen]vLs/0f u¥of] . n @)!! M o'g]:sf] tyf o'lg;]kmn] lzIff If]qsf of]hgfdf åGå tyf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ z}lIfs of]hgfsf/x¿sf nflu dfu{bz{gsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/] . n @)!)M cfktsfnLg lzIffsf nflu cGt/lgsfo ;~hfn -O{gL_n] ælzIffsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08Æ cBfjlws u/L k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{eh:tf ljifo ;dfj]z u/L ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] k|of; u¥of] . n @))( M OgL / ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k'gnf{esf nflu ljZj a}+ssf] ;xfotf ;oGq (GFDRR) n] …;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{g tof/ ug{ bh{gf}+
  • 48.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 48 lj1x¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fof] . ljleGg k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] k|efjk|lt ljBfno ;+oGqsf] ef}lts ;ªs6f;Ggtf sd ug{ tof/ ul/Psf] of] dfu{bz{g lg0f{ostf{x¿sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ clen]v lyof] . n @))* M O{gLsf] cfktsfnLg lzIffsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08n] ljBfno ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffTds ¿k/]vf k|:t't u/]sf] 5, h;cGtu{t M -s_ ;'/lIft lgdf{0f / k|anLs/0fåf/f ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{], -v_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgåf/f ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f sfod ug]{, -u_ z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf / ljkb /f]syfd tyf k"j{tof/L;DaGwL lzIf0f l;sfOåf/f lzIffdf kx'Fr sfod /fVg], / -3_ kx'Fr tyf ;'/Iff ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ . n @))*: ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cGt/f{li6«o ljkb Go"gLs/0f lbj; (UNISDR) n] z}lIfs If]qsf lg0f{ostf{x¿sf nflu ljBfno ljkb /f]syfd dfu{bz{g k|:t't u¥of] . z}lIfs If]qdf ljkbsf] ef}lts, z}lIfs, cfly{s tyf dgf];fdflhs k|efjnfO{ k|:6Øfof] . o;n] a[xt ljBfno ljkb /f]syfd sfo{qmddf lgDg tLg nIo klxrfg u¥of] M -s_ hLjg arfp / rf]6k6s /f]syfd, -v_ bf]xf]l/O/xg] k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 lzIffdf x'g] cj/f]wsf] /f]syfd, / -u_ bf]xf]l/O/xg] k|sf]ksf ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;Ifd pTyfgzLn gful/s ju{sf] ljsf; . n @))^ M ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cGt/f{li6«o ljkb Go"gLs/0f lbj; (UNISDR) sf] ljZj ljkb Go"gLs/0f cleofgcGtu{tsf] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f 3/af6 cf/De x'G5 -@))^–@))&_, o'g]:sf]sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu z}lIfs bzs -@))%–@)!$_ / o'lg;]kmsf] cfktsfnLg l:yltdf afnaflnsfk|ltsf] cfwf/e"t k|lta4tf nufot cGo ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿n] ;'/lIft ljBfno ljsf;sf kIfdf k}/jL u/] . n @))%M Xof]uf] sfo{9fFrf -@))%–@)!%_ sf kfFr k|fyldstf dWo]sf] t];|f] k|fyldstfn] ;'/Iff ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0fdf 1fg tyf lzIffsf] e"ldsfdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;'/lIft ljBfnon] Pp6f o:tf] l;sfO jftfj/0f k|bfg ug]{ nIo /fVb5 hxfF afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff ;w}Fsf nflu ;'lglZrt ul/G5 . n @))$M o'g]:sf] / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo jftfj/0fLo sfo{qmd -o'g]k_ n] ljkbsf j]nf ck]Iffs[t ;'/lIft /xg] lx;fan] ljBfnosf] :t/f]Gglt tyf lgdf{0f ug'{ /fi6«sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] Ps c+z x'g'k5{ egL ljBfno ;'/Iffsf] dxTjdf hf]8lbPsf] 5 . n @))) M ljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|fylds lzIffsf] k|flKt ug]{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf ;g @)!% ;Dddf ;a} afnaflnsfn] ;dfg ¿kn] k"0f{ k|fylds lzIff k"/f ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . of] k|fjwfg ljkb Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf tyf kxnnfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg'kg]{ afnclwsf/;Fu hf]8g] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ ePsf] 5 .
  • 49.
    49 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cg';"rL @ M cfwf/e"t ;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08 n efG;fsf]7f / lj1fg k|of]uzfnf /flvg] ljB'tLo ;~hfn, pks/0f, lx6/, :6f]e, UofF; l;lnG8/, k]6«f]n / d6Lt]n k|HHjngzLn tyf k|sf]k pTkGg ug]{ a:t'x¿ ;Lldt x'g'k5{, 5'66} ;'/lIft ¿kdf /flvg'k5{ . n cfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;'/lIft aflx/L ¿kdf lgl:sg s'g} cj/f]w gxf]; eGgsf nflu tL dfu{x¿ v'nf /flvg'k5{ . n k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf / k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 k'gM eg]{nufotsf cfjZos lgb]{zg;lxt clUg;dgs oGq h8fg ul/g'k5{ . n ljB't k|0ffnL lgoldt ¿kdf dd{t;Def/ ul/g'k5{ / cTolws ljB't ef/ gx'g] ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ . n 5fgfh:tf rnfodfg j:t'x¿ x'/Latf;n] pKsfpg, p8fpg jf 6'qmØfpg g;sf]; eGgsf nflu alnof];Fu sl;g'k5{ . n atf; jf e"sDksf sf/0f v;]/ jf lrlKnP/ rf]6k6s nufpg;Sg] jf ;'/lIft lgsf; dfu{df cj/f]w Nofpg;Sg] a:t'x¿nfO{ alnof];Fu ejgdf sl;g' jf afFlwg'k5{ . n x/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf x'g'k5{ / aflx/ lgl:sg k|of]u x'g] ;a} 9f]sf aflx/lt/ v'Ng] x'g'k5{ . n cUnf k':ts /fVg] ¥ofs, b/fh, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu hf]8]/ s:g'k5{ / rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{ 6fpsf]sf] :t/eGbf d'lg /flvg'k5{ . n km'6]/ 6'qmf x'g] / rf]6k6s u/fpg ;Sg] kmf]6f] k|m]dsf tyf cGo ;L;fx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ¿kdf afFw]/ jf c+s'zdf c8sfP/ /flvg'k5{ . cg";"rL # MljleGg sfo{bnsf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTj k"j{;"rgf sfo{bn n dxTjk"0f{ dflg; tyf 7fpFsf] ;Dks{ ;"rL tyf ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ -h:t} c:ktfn, :yfgLo :jf:yosdL{, bdsn, :yfgLo k|x/L cflb_, n oyfy{ ;"rgf ;Íng ug]{ / k"j{;"rgf sfo{bnsf] e"ldsfaf/] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:ox¿;Fu hfgsf/L cfbgk|bfg ug, n k"j{;"rgfsf] ;ªs]tsf lsl;d / ltgsf sfo{af/] atfpg], n jif{sf] sDtLdf rf/k6s ljkb k"jf{Eof; ug]{, n cfktsfnLg l:yltdf bdsn, k|x/L, :jf:YosdL{, lzIff sfof{no / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfo kl/rfng ug]{,
  • 50.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 50 n clUg;dgs oGqh:tf cfktsfnLg pks/0f, ljB'tsf] d'Vo :jLr / cfktsfnLg pks/0f /flvPsf] 7fpFsf] ;~rfng ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L cfbgk|bfg ug]{ . ;"rgf k|jfx sfo{bn n af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, d]3 uh{g, r6Øfª, x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft /xg s:tf] Jojxf/ ckgfpg] eGg]af/]sf] lgb]{zg ;do–;dodf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ . n /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgnufot ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;Íng ul/Psf ljkb;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿df cBffjlws ug]{ . n ckmjfx g;'Gg] t/ ;a} cflwsfl/s ;ªs]t kfngf ug]{ / b[Zo cjnf]sg ug{ ghfg] . lgsf; sfo{bn n ;do–;dodf ;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg] cEof; ug]{ / ;do–;dodf o;sf sfo{ljlw cBfjlws ug]{ . n lgsf; dfu{ eP/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf k'Ug ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ . n ;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg ;Sg] af6f], ;'/lIft :yfg;lxtsf] gS;fªsg tof/ ug]{ / kl/jt{gcg'¿k cBfjlws ug]{ . n pkl:yt ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ / sf]xL x/fPsf eP hfgsf/L u/fpg] . n ;"rgf ;ªs]t tyf lgsf; of]hgfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] . n ;'/lIft :yfg, lgsf; dfu{ / e]nf x'g] :yfgaf/] ljBfno kl/jf/nfO{ clu|d ;"lrt ug]{ . n vf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{bn / cGo ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ x/fPsf JolQmx¿af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] . n ljBfnosf] ;DklQ /Iff ug{ lgsf;kl5 ;a} afXo åf/ tyf 9f]sf aGb ug]{ . vf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{bn n ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf] clen]v /fVg] . n ljBfnoleq ePsf ;ªs6f;Gg :yfg klxNo} cªlst ug]{ . n aflx/ lgl:sg] ljleGg 9f]sf tyf åf/x¿;lxtsf] gS;f tof/ ug]{ . n ;fFrf], :6«]r/, 8f]/L tyf l;F9Lsf] cu|Ld Joj:yf ug]{ . n uDeL/ l:yltdf aflx/sf vf]h tyf p4f/ 6f]nL kl/rfng ug]{ . n x/fPsf JolQmx¿af/] lgsf; 6f]nLaf6 hfgsf/L lng] . n x/fPsf JolQmx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ . n 3fOt]nfO{ k|fylds pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ . n 3fOt]nfO{ yk pkrf/sf nflu c:ktfn n}hfg] . n ejgsf] k|To]s sf]7fsf] hfFr ug]{ / 3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] k|fylds pkrf/ 6f]nLnfO{ cjut u/fpg] .
  • 51.
    51 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L n l;s]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ :d/0f u/fpg / r':t agfpg a]nfa]nfdf cEof;, cled'vLs/0f / k/fdz{ lqmofsnfksf] cfof]hgf ug]{ . k|fylds pkrf/ sfo{bn n k|fylds pkrf/ afs;df cfjZos cf}iflwx¿ /fVg] . n 3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] . n ljz]if cf}ifwf]krf/ cfjZos kg]{ cj:yfsf] b[li6ut ub}{ ljBfnoaf6 lgs6 /x]sf cGo :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|af/] ;"lrt u/fpg] . n lgoldt cGt/fndf k|fylds pkrf/ k'gtf{huL tflndsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ . n cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lgsf; 6f]nL;Fu k|fylds pkrf/ s]Gb|af/] k/fdz{ ug]{ . n d[To' tyf 3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] a'emg :yfgLo c:ktfnsf ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{ . n 3fOt]x¿nfO{ ;Sbf] rfF8f] c:ktfn k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ug]{ . dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ sfo{bn n sl7g kl/l:ylt / ;Í6sf] 38Ldf s;/L k|ltsfo{ ug]{ eGg]af/] kl/jf/nfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ . n ;+od eO{ a:g], :ki6;Fu ;f]Rg] / ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ sfd ug]{ . n ;Fu} a:g] / Pscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ . n ;fgf afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f, ladf/L / czQm JolQmx¿df ljz]if x]/rfx / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] . n afnaflnsf tyf kl/jf/x¿ ljkb k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ dfgl;s ¿kdf tof/ ePsf] / ug{;S5' eGg] wf/0ff ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;s/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx ug]{ .
  • 52.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 52 cg';"rL $ M ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfno dfks -:jd"Nofªsg kmf/fd_ -tnsf] k/LIf0f ;"rLdf s"n #) dfkb08 k|:t't ul/Psf 5g . @! eGbf a9L cªs k|fKt ePdf tkfOFsf] ljBfno pRr ljkb pTyfgzLn, ( b]lv @) ;Dd cªs cfPdf dWod ljkb pTyfgzLn / ( eGbf sd cªs cfPdf Go"g ljkb pTyfgzLn dflgg]5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08 cªs ;'/lIft ljBfno k"jf{wf/ tyf ;'ljwf != :yfg  ljBfno ef}ule{s lr/f glhs, le/fnf] :yfg, kxf8sf] km]bL, eL/dfly, af9L cfpg] If]q jf vf]nfsf] t6df 5 )=)  ljBfno /x]sf] :yfg xfn ljkbsf] hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5 t/ efjL ljkb hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5}g )=%  ljBfno /x]sf] :yfg v'nf tyf km/flsnf], k|sf]ksf] 36gf x'g] 7fpFaf6 6f9f, ;xh kx'Fr / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/sf ;'ljwf -h:t} ;kmf vfg]kfgL, lah'nL, ;~rf/ ;~hfn cflb_ pknAw ePsf] 5 !=) s'n cªs @= ljBfno cjl:yt e"ldsf] cj:yf  ljBfno ;Ld;f/ -df6f] efFl;g] e"lddf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 )=)  ljBfno lgdf{0f ug'{cl3 df6f] lyRg] / vfFbg] sfd ul/Psf] 5}g )=%  ljBfno lgdf{0f ug'{clw kof{Kt sl;g] bf]d6, anf}6] df6f] 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 !=) s'n cªs #= ejg;+lxtfsf] kfngf  ejg;+lxtf k|fjwfgsf] cj1f ul/Psf] 5 )=)  l8hfOg ejg;+lxtf cg'¿k ul/Psf] 5 t/ lgdf{0fdf kfngf ul/Psf] 5}g )=%  ejg l8hfOg / lgdf{0f b'j}df ejg;+lxtfsf] kfngf ul/Psf] 5 !=) s'n cªs $= k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf gS;fªsg tyf cBfjlws ug]{ ;+:s[lt  of] cEof; / gS;fªsgsf] cf}lrToaf/] cgle1tf 5 )=)  ljutdf gS;fªsg cEof; ul/Psf] lyof] t/ cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5}g )=%
  • 53.
    53 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L  ljutdf k|sf]ksf] gS;fªsg, cEof; ul/Psf] / o;nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ug]{  ul/Psf] 5 !=) s'n cªs %= ef/jxg k|0ffnL  e"sDksf] wSsf gyfDg] 6fOaLd ljgf OF6f, 9'Ëf / sfFrf] OF6f dfq k|of]u u/L ufx|f] nufOPsf] 5 )=)  ejgsf] ufx|f] t];f]{ jf 7f8f] ¿kdf 808Låf/f k|anLs/0f gu/L agfOPsf] 5 )=%  ufx|f] jf ufx|f] 6fF8 kf/]/ jf sf6]/ agfOPsf], ;fgf emofn / 9f]sf /flvPsf] 5}g !=) s'n cªs ^= l8hfOgsf] cfsf/  ljBfno ejg cªu|]hL …Pn-LÚ, …Pr -HÚ / …6L -TÚ cfs[ltsf] 5 )=)  nDafO / rf}8fOsf] ;x;DaGw lx;fa gu/L ejg agfOPsf] 5 )=%  cfoftsf/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ejgsf] nDafO rf}8fOeGbf bf]Aa/ 5 !=) s'n cªs &= 9n tyf gfnf lgsf;sf] ;'ljwf  af9Lsf] kfgL ljBfno ejg x'Fb} jf jl/kl/af6 ;lhn} au]/ hfg ;Sb}g )=)  9n tyf gfnf 5 t/ k"j{lgwfl/t pko'Qm :yfgdf 5}g )=%  9n tyf lgsf; k|0ffnL k"j{lgwf{l/t pko'Qm :yfgdf 5 / af9L tyf 8'afgsf] s'g} ;d:of 5}g !=) s'n cªs *= 58, l;d]G6 / sªlqm6 ejgsf] 5tsf] cj:yf  jiff{sf] kfgL r'lxG5 )=)  kfgL r'lxg] ;d:of 5}g t/ cf]l;nf]kg :ki6 b]lvG5 )=%  kfgL r'lxg] ;d:of / cf]l;nf] kg 5}g !=) s'n cªs (= /]lnªsf] Joj:yf  /]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5Fb} 5}g )=)  l;F9Ldf dfq /]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5 )=%  l;F9L, 5t, afnsf]gL, wf/f / ;fwf/0f le/fnf] af6f] (Ramps) df /]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5 !=) s'n cªs !)= ljBfno / jl/kl/ k|sf]ksf] cj:yf  ;DefJo vt/f -cUnf ¿v, ljBfno d}bfgdf vfN8fv'N8L, v'nf Ogf/, ljB't 6«fG;kmd{/, pRr ef]N6]hsf] ljB't k|zf/0f k|0ffnL cflb_ af/] 1fg 5}g )=)
  • 54.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 54  plNnlvt k|sf]kaf/] 1fg ePsf] t/ hf]lvd 36fpg s'g} sbd rflnPsf] 5}g )=%  ljleGg k|sf]kaf6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd 36fpg sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 !=) s'n cªs !!=k|HHjngzLn tyf ljkb pTkGg ug]{ j:t' -ljB't nfOg tyf pks/0f, lx6/, :6f]e, PnkLhL 6Øfªs, k]6«f]n / d6Lt]n_ ;Lldt ug]{, cnUu} jf ;'/lIft /fVg]  oL s'/faf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  s]xL 1fg ePsf] t/ s'g} ;'/Iff pkfoaf/] sfd gu/]sf] )=%  k|HHjngzLn tyf ljkb pTkGg ug]{] j:t'nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] / nfu" ul/Psf] . !=) s'n cªs !@= k|of]u ug]{ / k|of]u eO;s]kl5 jf lglZrt ;dodf eg]{ nufotsf :ki6 lgb]{zg;lxt clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg .  clUg;dgssf] k|of]uaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg ul/Psf] t/ ;do–;dodf ge/]sf] tyf dd{t;Def/ gu/]sf] )=%  ;do–;dodf eg]{nufot s;/L k|of]u ug]{ :ki6 lgb]{zg;lxt clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs !#= ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/ ePsf] / k|0ffnLdf cTolws af]em gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{  ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/af/] cgle1 /x]sf] )=)  ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/sf nflu sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ gu/]sf] )=%  sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/ ul/Psf] / k|0ffnLdf cTolws af]em gePsf] ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs !$= cfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg l:yltsf nflu ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sgsf] nflu ;xh alxu{dg dfu{ / k]6L v'nf /fVg]  alxu{dg dfu{ jf k]6Lsf] cf}lrToaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  alxu{dg dfu{ jf k]6L v'nf /fVg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%  cfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg l:yltsf nflu sfo{of]hgf;lxt ;'/lIft lgsf;sf nflu alxu{dg dfu{ / k]6L v'nf /fv]sf] !=) s'n cªs
  • 55.
    55 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L !%= x'/Latf;af6 Rofltg, p8g jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5th:tf rn j:t'nfO{ s:g]  x'/Latf;h:tf k|sf]klj¿4 sfd ug{ s'g} kxn gul/Psf] )=)  sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%  sfo{of]hgf ;lxt Rofltg, p8fpg jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5th:tf rn j:t'nfO{ s;]sf] !=) s'n cªs !^= atf; jf e"sDksf] c;/ Go"g ug{ lrlKng, emg{ / 3fOt] agfpg jf alxu{dg dfu{ cj¿4 ug]{ vfnsf j:t'nfO{ /fd|/L afFWg]  o:tf ljkbsf lj¿4 sfd ug{ kxn gul/Psf] )=)  ;a} rn j:t'nfO{ afFWg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%  sfo{of]hgfcg'¿kg Rofltg, p8fOg jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5fgf tyf rn j:t'nfO{ s;]sf] / leQfx¿sf] k|anLs/0f ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs !&= x/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf ePsf] / ;a} alxu{dg åf/x¿ aflx/ v'Ng] agfOPsf]  sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg g/x]sf] )=)  sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] t/ tL slxNo} klg gvf]lnPsf] )=%  x/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / aflx/lt/ v'Ng] ;a} alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg ePsf] / cfktsfnLg l:yltdf k|of]udf jf Nofpg cEof; ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs !*= k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'b[9 ug]{ / rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{ 6fpsf]sf] txeGbf tn /fVg]  k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ;'/lIft ug]{ sfo{ gul/Psf] jf ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg gagfOPsf] )=)  k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'/lIft gubf{ cfpg] kl/0ffdaf/] 1fg ePsf] / sfo{of]hgf klg tof/ u/]sf] t/ sfof{Gjog gu/]sf] . )=%  sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu sAhfåf/f oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'b[9 u/]sf] / rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{ 6fpsf]sf] txeGbf tn /fv]sf] !=) s'n cªs
  • 56.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 56 !(= cªs'zdf kmf]6f]x¿ gemg]{ u/L em'G8ØfP/ 6'qmf–6'qmf eO{ km'6g] / 3fOt] agfpg ;Sg] l;;fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{af/] ;r]tgf tyf sfo{  rf]6k6saf6 hf]lug kmf]6f] / l;;f gemg]{u/L Joj:yfkg gul/Psf] . )=)  rf]6k6saf6 hf]lug kmf]6f] / l;;f gemg]{u/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ oyf]lrt sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] . )=% !(= kmf]6f]x¿ gemg]{ u/L em'G8ØfP/ 6'qmf –6'qmf eO{ km'6g] / 3fOt] agfpg ;Sg] l;;fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{af/] ;r]tgf tyf sfo{ ePsf] !=) s'n cªs ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg @) ;dfj]zL ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn  ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn ;dfj]zL gePsf] )=)  ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn u7g ePsf] t/ lqmofzLn gePsf] )=%  ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn u7g ePsf] / lqmofzLn ePsf] !=) s'n cªs @!= of]hgfsf] k|fjwfg tyf sfof{Gjog  ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofªsg of]hgfaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofªsg of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ ;|f]t;DaGwL ;d:ofsf sf/0f lqmofzLn gePsf] )=%  ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofªsg of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] / sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs @@ ljkb cNkLs/0fsf pkfoaf/] 1fg tyf sfo{  ljkb cNkLs/0fsf pkfox¿ / ltgsf] k|fyldsLs/0faf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  ljkb cNkLs/0f pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] t/ sfo{qmdsf] k|fyldsLs/0f gul/Psf] )=%  sfo{of]hgfcg'¿k ljkb cNkLs/0f pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf], k|fyldsLs/0f ul/Psf] / sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] !=) s'n cªs @# ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf ;~hfnLs/0f / ljj/0f cBfjlws  cfktsfndf cfjZoskg]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;Dks{ JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ gul/Psf] )=)  ;Dks{ 7]ufgf;lxt dxTjk"0f{ JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] t/ cBfjlws gul/Psf] )=%
  • 57.
    57 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L  ;Dks{ 7]ufgf;lxt dxTjk"0f{ JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] / lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs @$= alxu{dg dfu{ tyf e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft :yfgaf/] 1fg  alxu{dg dfu{, ;'/lIft :yfg / e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft :ynaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  alxu{dg dfu{, ;'/lIft :yfg / ;'/lIft e]nfsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfg klxrfg ul/Psf] )=%  alxu{dg dfu{, ;'/lIft :yfg / ;'/lIft ¿kdf e]nf x'g] :yfgsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] / cfjlws ¿kdf cEof; ug]{ ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs @%= ljBfnoleq ;'/Iff pkfo  ;'/Iff pkfo -a]Unf a]Un} 8]:s–a]Gr, aflx/lt/ v'Ng] 9f]sf tyf åf/_ af/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  dfly plNnlvt ljifodf 1fg ePsf] t/ sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%  dfly plNnlvt ljifodf 1fg ePsf] / tflnd tyf cEof;af6 pknAw ;Lk Pj+ 1fgsf] k|of]u u/L ;a} c;'/lIft pkfo ;RRofOPsf] !=) s'n cªs @^= ljkb ;'/Iff cEof;  ljkbaf6 hLjg / Iffsf nflu cEof;af/] 1fg gePsf] )=)  cEof; ul/Psf] t/ ;Defljt ljkbsf] 5gf]6ljgf ul/Psf] )=%  cfwf/e"t of]hgf;lxt ljBfnodf jif{sf] sDtLdf b'O{ k6s cEof; ug]{ ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs @&= z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf  z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgfaf/] yfxf gePsf] -cfktsfnsf ;dodf cf>osf ¿kdf ljBfno k|of]u ul/P klg_ )=)  z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf ePsf] t/ sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%  bf]xf]l/g] Pj+ pRr k|efj kfg]{ ljkb nlIft z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf ePsf] !=) s'n cªs hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff
  • 58.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 58 @*= Ifdtf clej[l4  ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4 tflndsf nflu k|fjwfg gePsf] )=)  ljBfno sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|fylds pkrf/, vf]hL tyf p4f/, ljkb Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;Lk k|fKt u/]sf eP klg pkof]u gePsf] )=%  ljBfno sd{rf/Lx¿n] k|fylds pkrf/, vf]hL tyf p4f/, ljkb Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;Lk k|fKt u5{g / ljBfnodf k|of]u ub{5g !=) s'n cªs @(= cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk  cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk gePsf] )=)  cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk cfof]hgf u/]sf] t/ ljkb / hnjfo' cg's"ng s]lGb|t gePsf] )=%  ljkb / hnjfo' cg's"ng s]lGb|t cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk cfof]hgf x'g] u/]sf] !=) s'n cªs #)= ljkb / hnjfo' cg's"ngnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] z}lIfs ;fdu|L  oL ;fdu|L la'Ns'n} k|of]u gul/Psf] )=)  oL ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] t/ lgoldt tyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk;Fu ghf]l8Psf] )=%  lgoldt tyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf oL ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/Psf] !=) s'n cªs cg';"rL % M g]kfnsf k|d'v k|sf]kx¿ != af9L / 8'afg s= k[i7e"ld hldg 8'afpg] u/L lj:tfl/t ePsf] a[xt kfgLsf] k|jfxnfO{ af9L elgG5 . gbL jf tfnh:tf hnfzosf] cfoftg a9]/ lgoldt ¿kdf kgL aUg] kl/lwaflx/ aUbf af9L pTkGg x'G5 . gbLsf] kfgLsf] k|jfx zlQm w]/} x'Fbf o;n] cfkmgf] dfu{ 5f8]/ gfua]nL x'Fb} aflx/ aUg yfN5 . g]kfndf lgoldt / vx/] u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf af9L x'G5g . jiff{sf] df};ddf gbLsf] kfgL a9]/ lsgf/ aflx/ uP/ hndUg x'g' lgoldt af9L xf] . o;sf] ljkl/t cs:dft x'g] ef/L jiff{n] l;lh{t af9LnfO{ vx/] af9L elgG5 . vx/] af9L s]xL ;ªs]t jf ljgf ;ªs]t cfpF5 . o:tf] af9Lsf] cf/De / pRr k|jfxaLrsf] ;do cGt/fn 5f]6f] x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf] af9L a9L vt/gfs
  • 59.
    59 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L x'G5 h;n] clwsf+z ljBfno ejg tyf cGo k"jf{wf/nfO{ If0fe/d} 9fNg / aufpg ;S5 . af9L klxNo} g} ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]vf kl/;s]sf] 5 / eljiodf emg} 7"nf] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]vfkg]{ ;Defjgf 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f t/fO{n] eljiodf yk af9L / 8'afgsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5, lsgeg] cfufdL !)) jif{leq ljZjsf] ;txL cf}ift tfkqmd !=$ b]lv %=* l8u|L ;]lN;o;;Dd a9g] ;Defjgf 5 . kfgLsf] 7"nf] dfqfsf] t'ngfdf gbLsf] axfjdfu{ Hofb} g} ;fFu'/f] 5 eg] af9L cfpF5 / glhssf If]qdf 8'afg u5{ . x/]s jif{ of] ;d:of bfxf]l/O/xFbf dflg;x¿sf] d[To' x'G5, 3fOt] x'G5g / ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ Ifltu|:t jf gi6 x'G5g . af9Ln] ;8s, l;FrfO gx/, ljBfno / ljB't nfOgh:tf dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/nfO{ Ifltu|:t t'NofpF5 . af9Ln] s}of}Flbg;Dd ljBfno aGb u/fP/ z}lIfs k|0ffnLnfO{ layf]N5 . af9Lsf] ;dodf cflwsfl/s ¿kdf ljBfno aGb ug]{ lg0f{o gx'Fbf emg} cGof}n pTkGg x'G5 . ljBfno / ljBfno glhssf cGo kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfdf af9Ln] k'¥ofpg] Iflt csf]{ ;d:of xf] . v=af9Lsf sf/0f n nfdf] ;do;Dd x'g] jiff{ -gbLsf] hn;tx a9]/ o;sf] dfu{ glhssf If]qdf 8'afg u/fpF5_ . n 5f]6f] ;dofjlwdf x'g] eLif0f jiff{ -vx/] af9L pTkGg x'G5_ . n lxd tyf e"– klx/f]n] gbLsf] dfu{ cj/f]w ubf{ kfgL el/P/ j/k/sf If]q 8'afg u5{ . o:tf] cj/f]w cs:dft km'6bf gbLsf] axfj dfu{ glhs kg]{ If]qdf ljWj+z dRrfpF5 . -lxdtfn ljikmf]6g x'Fbf cfpg] af9L / klx/f]sf] cj/f]w km'6bf cfpg] af9Ln] g]kfndf 7"nf] Iflt ug]{ hf]lvd ;b}j /lxcfPsf] 5_ . n afFwsf] c;kmntf -gbL tyf hnfzosf] afFw sdhf]/ x'Fbf km'6g uO{ ToxfF hDdf ePsf] ljzfn kfgLsf] dfqf clgolGqt eO{ aU5 / If0fe/d} w]/} Iflt u5{ . u= af9Lsf] k|sf/ n vx/] af9L M ef/L jiff{ jf afFwsf] c;kmntfaf6 crfgs cfpg] of] af9L tLj| ultdf axG5 . vx/] af9L cfpg] ;ªs]t Hofb} 5f}6f] x'G5 / s]xL ldg]6leq} pRr k|jfxdf kl/0ft x'G5 . n gbL af9L M gbL af9L lgoldt cfpg] af9L xf] . ha af:tljs hnk|jfxsf] dfqf gbLsf] dfu{df c6fpg;Sg] eGbf a9L x'G5, gbLlsgf/eGbf aflx/ uP/ aUg yfNb5 / o;sf] 5]p5fpsf If]q hndUg x'G5 . gbL af9L lj:tf/} a9b} hfG5 / jiff{df dfq cfpg] u5{ . n ;x/L af9L M cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f tyf cf}Bf]uLsLs/0fsf sf/0f hldgn] k|fs[lts ;f];0f Ifdtf u'dfpFbf ;x/L af9Ll;h{gf x'G5 . o:tf] af9LnfO{ k|foM sdhf]/ 9n k|0ffnLsf] kl/0ffd dflgG5 .
  • 60.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 60 n lxdtfn lj:kmf]6g af9L M lxpF klUng] ult tLj| eP/ kfgLsf] a9L dfqfsf] bafasf sf/0f lxdtfn dflyaf6 kfgLsf] k|jfx x'Fbf jf lxdtfnsf] hldg km'6]/ o:tf] af9L pTkGg x'G5 . n e"klx/f] lj:kmf]6g af9L M klx/f]sf] sf/0f gbL jf vf]N;f]df ag]sf] afFw PSsf;L km'6bf o:tf] af9L cfpF5 . 3= af9Lsf] k|efj n Eff}lts Iflt M af9Ln] k|foM afnLgfnL gi6 u5{, 3/ tyf rf}kfof aufpF5 . le/fnf] :yfglt/ aUg] af9Ln] o;sf] dfu{df cfpg] ;a}yf]s aufpF5 . vx/] af9L;Fu k|foM 7"nf] dfqfdf afn'jf, lxnf] df6f], kftkltªu/, ¿vla¿jf / 9'ªufx¿ au]/ tNnf] If]qdf Iflt k'Ub5 . n dfgjLo xtfxt M Aff9Ln] dflg;sf] d[To' u/fpF5 . af9Laf6 ljz]ifu/L slnnf afnaflnsf, czQm afnaflnsf / dlxnfx¿sf] d[To' w]/} x'G5 . lgoldt cfpg] af9Laf6 k|ToIf x'g] d[To' t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd x'G5 . af9L k|efljt If]qdf ;k{b+z k|foM eO/xg] 36gf xf] . n dxfdf/L] M af9Lsf k/f]If kl/0ffd:j¿k emf8fkvfnf, cf}nf] / cGo efO/n /f]u lelqg ;S5g . n kfgL tyf vfB cfk"lt{ M af9Ln] aufP/ NofPsf] afn'jf, 9'ªufdf6f], ¿v la¿jf, kftkltªu/sf lyu|]gLaf6 v'nf Ogf/ / cGo e"ldut kfgL ;ªqmldt x'G5 . n afnLgfnL Iflt M v]taf/L nfdf] ;do;Dd hndUg x'Fbf afnLgfnL tyf e08f/0f ul/Psf] cGg gi6 x'G5 . n lgliqmo vfg]kfgL of]hgf M af9Ln] vfg]kfgL of]hgfnfO{ gi6 u/L lgliqmo kfg{ ;S5 . n s'kf]if0f tyf czQmtf M af9Lsf sf/0f x'g] vfB ;ªs6 s'kf]if0fsf] d"n sf/0f xf] h;n] d[To' jf czQmtflt/ 8f]¥ofpF5 . af9Lsf] ;dodf czQm afnaflnsf tyf k|f}9n] x]/rfx ug]{ JolQm, kfªu|] s';L{ (Wheelchair), >j0f;xof]uL pks/0fsf] ;'ljwf u'dfpg' kg]{ x'g;S5 . n dgf];dflhs k|efj M af9Lsf] ;do / To;kl5 afnaflnsf tyf jo:snfO{ dgf]j}1flgs cf3ft kg{ ;S5 . ª= af9L cfPsf] jf hndUg ePsf] a]nf ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfd n df};d / af9L;DaGwL ;"rgfsf nflu lgoldt ¿kdf /]l8of] ;'Gg] / 6]lnlehg x]g]{ . n af9L;DaGwL ;"rgfaf/] a'emg uflj;, lhj; / lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltdf ;Dks{ ug]{ / ;DalGwt :yfgdf af9Lsf] vt/faf/] k'gM a'emg] . n l5d]sLsf] cj:yfaf/] ;r]t x'g'xf]; / pgLx¿nfO{ k"j{;"rgf lbg'xf]; . ljz]ifu/L czQm JolQmx¿ h;n] ;"rgfaf/] yfxf kfPsf x'Fb}gg, hf];Fu /]l8of], 6]lnlehgh:tf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf ;fwg x'Fb}gg pgLx¿nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] .
  • 61.
    61 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L n af9Lsf] ;"rgf kfpg]lalQs} ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f s]Gb| jf cUnf] :yfgdf hfg] . n czQm k|f}9 tyf afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f / ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ cf>o:yn k'Ug ;xof]u ug]{ . n ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf ;dodf czQm JolQmn] k|of]u ug]{ ;xof]uL pks/0f klg ;Fu} af]s]/ hfg] k|oTg ug]{ . pgLx¿nfO{ af9Lsf] ;dodf / kl5 otfptf lxF8g / ;~rf/ ;Dks{ ug{ tL pks/0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . n 3/ 5f8g'eGbf cufl8 lah'nL tyf Uof; aGb ug]{ . n kof{Kt vfg]s'/f / kfgL;lxtsf] cfktsfnLg emf]nf ;w}F ;fydf /fVg] . n jiff{sf] kfgLsf] lgsf;sf nflu 9n tyf gfnf lgoldt ;kmf ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ . n Aff9Lsf] kfgLn] leh]sf] vfg]s'/f gvfg] . n Aff9Lu|:t If]qdf ghfg], o:tf] If]qdf ;k{ tyf ljiffn' sL/fx¿ x'g ;S5g . @= klx/f] s= k[i7e"ld r§fg, 9'Ëf jf df6f]sf] 7"nf] dfqf tnlt/ emg'{nfO{ klx/f] elgG5 . ;a} k|sf/sf klx/f]df b'O{ s'/f ;femf x'G5g . klxnf], le/fnf] kxf8L ;+/rgfdf /x]sf] df6f] tyf r§fgnfO{ u'¿Tjfsif{0f ZflQmn] tnlt/ tfG5 . bf];|f], klx/f]sf cfsf/ leGg–leGg x'G5g cyf{t Pp6f 7"nf] r§fg jf 9'Ëfdf6f] ;lxtsf] n]bf]sf] ¿kdf klx/f] emg]{ ub{5 . k|foM kfgL kbf{, af9L cfpFbf / e"sDk hfFbf klx/f] hfg] u5{ . dflg;sf unt lqmofsnfksf sf/0f klg klx/f] hfG5 . v= klx/f]sf] sf/0f n e"sDkn] w]/}h;f] ljWj+zsf/L klx/f] lgDTofpF5 . cltj[li6, lxdtfn ljikmf]6g af9L / jg 89]nf]n] klg klx/f]nfO{ a9fpg ;S5 . vfgL pTvgg, ;'¿ª vGg], hn;tx tn hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug]{ / le/fnf] kxf8nfO{ cfjZostf eGbf a9L ;Dofpg]h:tf dfgjLo lqmofsnfk klx/f]sf cGo sf/0f x'g . n a9bf] hg;ªVof tyf ;x/Ls/0f;Fu} cGo k|sf]k em}F klx/f]n] klg dfgj a:tLsf] j[l4df lg/ Gt/ hf]lvd pTkGg u5{ . a[xt dfqfdf x'g] jgljgfz, jgIf]q cltqmd0f u/L a:tL lj:tf/ tyf ;8s, afFw / k'n lgdf{0fh:tf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] klx/f]sf] dfqfnfO{ a9fpF5 . u= klx/f]sf] k|efj n klx/f] hfFbf 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkf jf klx/f]sf] dfu{df cfpg] ;a} s'/f gi6 x'g ;S5 . klx/f]sf sf/0f aUg] 9'Ëfdf6f] ;lxtsf] n]bf]n] ;~rf/ ;+oGqdf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5, hnk|jfx dfu{ cj¿4 eO{ PSsf;L v'Nbf vx/] af9L cfpg ;S5, ;~rf/ k|jfxdf cj/f]w cfpg ;S5 . To;}u/L ;8s dfu{ cj¿4 x'Fbf / 3/ k"/} klx/f]n] aufpFbf p4f/ sfo{ sl7g x'g hfG5 .
  • 62.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 62 n s]xL /f]syfdsf pkfo cjnDag ug]{ / klx/f]sf] ;"rgfnfO{ uDeL/ ¿kn] lng] xf] eg] klx/f]sf k|lts"n c;/nfO{ pNn]Vo ¿kn] 36fpg ;lsG5 . klx/f]Gd'v If]qdf 3/ sf] Knf:6/, 6fON;, OF6 jf hudf gofF lr/f b]vfk5{ . emØfn / 9f]sf hfd x'G5 . klx/f]sf] c;/nfO{ Go"g ug{ a:tLleq / j/k/ af]6lj¿jf x'sf{pg], 6]jf ufx|f] agfpg] h:tf ;fjwfgLsf pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 . t/ oltn] dfq 7"nf] klx/f] lgoGq0f x'Fb}g, o;sf nflu k|fljlws cWoog u/L 7"nf 6]jf ufx|f] nufpg' kg]{ x'g;S5 . 3= klx/f]sf] ;Gbe{df ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfd n eL/kx/fsf] lgs6 jf k|fs[lts e"Ifo x'g] pkTosfsf] 7f8f] le/fnf] hldgdf ejg lgdf{0f jf a;f]af; ug'{x'Fb}g . n le/fnf] 7fpFdf 3fF;nufotsf jg:klt /f]Kg] / 6]jf ufx|f] nufpg] ug'{k5{ . n klx/f] hfg} nfu]sf] cfzªsf ePdf t'¿Gt} klx/f]sf] If]qaf6 dflg;x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f u/fpg'k5{ . n czQm, afnaflnsf, k|f}9, j[4j[4f / ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ klx/f]sf] If]qaf6 ;'/lIft hfg ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . n ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf ;dodf czQm JolQmn] k|of]u ug]{ ;xof]uL pks/0f klg ;Fu} af]s]/ hfg] k|oTg ug'{xf]; . pgLx¿nfO{ klx/f]kl5 otfptf lxF8g / ;~rf/ ;Dks{ ug{ tL pks/0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . n ;"rgf tyf tfhfl:yltaf/] a'emg lgoldt ¿kdf /fli6«o / :yfgLo /]l8of] ;'Ggk5{ . n 3/sf] hu, kfgLsf kfOk / j/k/sf hldgdf lr/f k/]–gk/]sf] jf Iflt eP–gePsf] lgoldt ¿kn] hfFRg] / To:tf] s'g} ;ªs]t b]lvP t'¿Gt} ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . #= e"sDk s= k[i7e"ld e"sDksf] ;dodf 3/ tyf ljBfno ejgx¿ elTsg] x'Fbf w]/} dflg;n] Hofg u'dfpF5g . /fd|/L ghf]l8Psf aLd, alnof]u/L gafFlwPsf Knf:6/ tyf cGo j:t' embf{ / slxn]sfFxL e"sDksf sf/0f cfuf] km}lnFbf dflg;nfO{ rf]6k6s nfU5 / 3fOt] x'G5g . e"sDkn] ug]{ ljgfzsf] dfqf o;sf] lj:tf/ tyf cjlw, pbud ljGb'sf] ulx/fO jf b"/L, df6f]sf] cj:yf, ljBfno:t/df ePsf] k"j{tof/L / e"sDk cfpg] ;dodf e/ kb{5 . sdhf]/ ;+/rgfsf] ljBfno ejg e"sDkaf6 w]/} k|efljt x'G5g . v=e"sDksf sf/0f n e"sDk k[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txdf crfgs pmhf{ pTkGg eP/ x'g] t/ªuLo sDkgsf]
  • 63.
    63 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L kl/0ffd xf] . n e"sDkn] klx/f] / slxn]sfxLF Hjfnfd'vL klg lgDTofpg ;S5 . n ;fdfGo cy{df e"sDk zAbn] e"t/Ë pTkGg ug]{ k|fs[lts jf dfgjl;lh{t 36gfnfO{ hgfpF5 . k|foM e"sDk e"ueL{o lr/fdf x'g] xnrnn] x'g] u5{ . t/ slxn]sfFxL Hjfnfd'vL, klx/f], k/df0f' k/LIf0f / vfgL ljikmf]6sf sf/0f klg e"sDk x'g] u5{ . t/ g]kfndf eg] 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6sf] xnrn g} e"sDksf] k|d'v sf/0f /x]sf] 5 . u= e"sDksf] k|efj n e"sDkn] hgwgsf] 7"nf] Iflt u5{ . o;n] klx/f], afFw km'6g] jf cfuhgL lgDTofpg ;S5 . c:ktfn, clUg lgoGq0f, ljB't tyf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{h:tf ;]jf s]Gb| klg k|efljt x'g ;S5g . n e"sDkn] ug]{ ljgfzsf] dfqf o;sf] cfj[lQ tyf cjlw, pbud ljGb'sf] ulx/fO jf b"/L, df6f]sf] cj:yf, k"j{tof/L / e"sDk cfpg] ;dodf e/ kb{5 . e"sDkn] df6f]sf] Ifdtf 36fpg ;S5 . sdnf] tyf lr;f] df6f]n] sDkgsf a]nf k"0f{ ¿kdf Ifdtf u'dfpg ;S5 / t/n kbfy{em}F ljno eP/ hfg ;S5 . o;nfO{ df6f]sf] t/n l:ylt elgG5 . 3= e"sDkcl3, e"sDksf] j]nf / e"sDkkl5 dgg ug'{kg]{ s'/f e"sDkcl3 n e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds ejg agfpg] -l8hfOg tyf lgdf{0fsf] ;dodf ejg;+lxtf kfngf ug]{ . n ejg k|lt/f]ws 5}g eg] k|anLs/0f (retrofitting) ug]{ . n sk8f /fVg] b/fh tyf k':ts /fVg] ¥ofsnfO{ leQfdf sAhf nufP/ alnof];Fu 6fF:g] . n 5tsf] kfgL 6ofªsLnfO{ jl/kl/af6 afFw]/ ;'/lIft agfpg] . n kfl/jfl/s of]hgf tof/ ug]{ . n cfktsfnLg ;fdu|L tof/ /fVg] . n cfkmgf kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox¿sf nflu sDtLdf tLg lbg;Ddsf nflu vfgf, kfgL, sk8f / cTofjZos cf}iflw tof/ /fVg] . Ps xKtf;Ddsf] /fVg' cem pko'Qm x'G5 . n ;lhn} e]6g / af]Sg ;lsg] u/L s]xL k};f, u/uxgf / dxTjk"0f{ sfuhkqsf k|ltlnlk tof/ u/L em6k6 emf]nf tof/ /fVg] . e"sDksf ;dodf n 3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'NsL, cf]tnfuL ;dft (Drop Cover Hold) sf] cEof; ug]{ . cyf{t 6fpsf] nfO{ xft, kfv'/f jf cGo ;'/lIft a:t'n] 9fSb} 3'F8f v'DRofP/ a:g], To;kl5 u'8'lNsFb} ;'/lIft :yfgdf cf]t nfuL s'g} gxlNg] j:t'nfO{ ;dfTg] .
  • 64.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 64 n 6]an tyf 8]:sd'lg n'Sg] . n l;;fsf emØfnaf6 6f9f /xg] tyf rnfodfg j:t'x¿af6 cfkmgf] /Iff ug]{ . n ;Dej ePdf sf]7fx¿aLrsf b'O{ ufx|f]sf] dfu{df a:g] . n sf]7faf6 gefUg] / emØfnaf6 xfd gkmfNg] . n lrRofpg] jf cflQg] sfd gug]{ . n k/sDksf] ;Defjgf x'g] ePsfn] klxnf] wSsfkl5 t'?Gt} v'nf 7fpFdf hfg] . n 3/af6 aflx/ ePdf cUnf ejg, k'n, cfsfz] k'n, ;fFu'/f uNnL / ¿vaf6 6f9f /xg] . n ;s];Dd Uof; / lah'nLsf] d]g:jLr aGb ug]{ . e"sDkkl5 n cfkmgf] em6k6 emf]nf;lxt kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ lnP/ ;'/lIft 7fpFlt/ hfg] . n ;'/lIft 7fpFdf /xg] / k/sDkaf/] hfgsf/L lng] . n rf]6k6s nfu] gnfu]sf] hfFr ug]{ / cfjZos k/] k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ . n 3/leq k:g'cl3 lah'nL, Uof; tyf kfgLsf] r'xfj6, / ufx|f]sf] lr/f cflbsf] hfFr ug]{ . n 3/leq / j/k/ km'6]sf l;;faf6 ;'/lIft x'g alnof] h'Qf nufpg] . n ;/sf/L pb3f]ifsf] k|tLIff ug]{ / ;f]xLcg';f/ ug]{ . n cTofjZs cj:yfafx]s 6]lnkmf]g w]/} k|of]u gug]{ . o;n] ;~rf/df cj/f]w u5{ . n eljiosf nflu e"sDkLo hf]lvd 36fpg] . ª=e"sDkaf6 hf]lug ;'emfj n ;f]kmf, kmfOn /fVg] b/fh, 8]:sh:tf 7"nf a:t'sf] d'lg jf 5]pdf pleg'xf]; . ejg Ifltu|:t eOxfn] klg ToxfFsf] x'g] jf aGg] vfnL 7fpFdf tkfOF ;'/lIft /xg ;Sg'x'G5 . n lqe'h o:tf] ;'/lIft vfnL 7fpF xf]ls ejg n8] klg tkfOF;'/lIft /xg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . n knªdf x'g'x'G5 eg] kN6Fb} knªsf] jl/kl/ l8nd'lg a:g'xf]; . a:t' v;] klg ToxfF aGg] 6fF8df tkfOF+ ;'/lIft /xg ;Sg'x'G5 . n e"|0ff;gdf cfkm"nfO{ /fvf}F . o; cf;gdf tkfO+{sf] 3'F8fn]lrpF8f] 5f]Psf] x'g'k5{, b'j} xft ub{gsf] k5fl8 x'g'k5{ / cg'xf/ e'OFlt/ kms]{sf] x'g'k5{ . of] ;+j]bgzLn cªu arfpg] pQd pkfo xf] . n slxNo} klg l;F9Llt/ ghfg] lsgeg] sDkg ;'¿ x'Fbf ejgsf] ;a}eGbf klxn] Iflt x'g] efu oxL xf] . e"sDk hfFbf l;F9L gi6 geP klg dflg;x¿ tn efUg] sf]l;;df pgLx¿sf] jhgn] emg{ ;S5 . n b}nf]df slxNo} klg z/0f glncf}F . 9f]sfsf] rf}s; em¥of] eg] dflyaf6 tn 5t v:g]5 . rf}s; 5]plt/ v:of] eg] tkfOF+nfO{ uDeL/ rf]6k6s nfUg ;S5 . n e"sDksf] a]nf tkfO+aFLrsf] tnfdf x'g'x'G5 eg] dflyNnf] tnfdf hfcfF} . hlt tnfdfly
  • 65.
    65 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L hfg'x'G5 Tolt g} sd ef/ tkfOF+dfly v:g]5 / Tolt g} a9L tkfOF+ ;'/lIft x'g'x'g]5 . dflyNnf] tnfsf] ef/ sd x'G5 / e"sDkdf ;f] tnf k|foM emb}{g . n e"sDksf] a]nf tkfOF+ uf8Ldf x'g'x'G5 eg] uf8Lsf] 5]pdf kN6f}F, leq xf]Og . dflyaf6 6'qmf6'qmL v;]sf] v08df w]/} h;f] uf8Ln] cfkmgf] 7Ls dfly sl/a tLglkm6sf] vfnL 7fpF 5f]85g . tkfOF+ uf8Lleq /xg'eof] eg] tkfOF+ r]lkg] ;Defjgf a95 . n ejgsf aflx/L ufx|f] glhs tkfOF a9L ;'/lIft x'g'x'G5 . ejgsf] aflx/L kl/lweGbf tkfOF hlt a9Lleq x'g'x'G5 tkfOF plDsg] af6f] Tolt g} cj¿4 x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 jf tkfOF;Dd k'Ug] p4f/ dfu{ cj¿4 x'G5 . r= e'O“rfnfsf] ;Gbe{df ug{ x'g] / ug{ gx'g] sfd tkfO{ 3/leq x'g'x'G5 eg] M n 3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'NsL, cf]t nfuL ;dft M alnof] 6]an jf vf6d'lg n'Sg] / sDkg g/f]lsGh]n;Dd cfkm"nfO{ rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 hf]ufpg] . n sDkg eO/x]sf] ;dodf otfplt ghfg] . n zfGt a:g] /l;;fsf emØfn, 9f]sf, skaf]8{ / P]gfaf6 6f9f /xg] . n 9f]sf jf l;F9Ltkm{ gefUg] . n lnkm6 k|of]u gug]{ . aflx/ cfpFg l;F9Lsf] af6f] k|of]u ug]{ . n p4f/ ul/g'kg]{ ckfªutf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft Pj+ ;'ud 7fpFdf n}hfg ;xof]u ug]{ . tkfO{+ 3/aflx/ x'g'x'G5 eg] M n glhs} /x]sf] v'nf 7fpFdf hfg] . n ckfªutf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf cGo JolQmnfO{ cfjZos yk ;xof]u ug]{ . n cUnf lrDgL, ejg / lah'nLsf vDafaf6 6f9f /xg] . sDkg /f]lsPkl5 n qmlds ¿kn] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f u/fpg] . n d'VoljB'tcfk"lt{ aGb ug]{ . n 3fOt]x¿sf] k|fylds pkrf/ ug]{ / yk cf}ifwf]krf/sf nflu ;DalGwt 7fpFdf k7fpg] . n cfktsfnLg ;]jfdf va/ ug]{ . n e"sDk;DaGwL tfhf ;"rgfsf nflu /]l8of] ;'Gg] / clwsf/Lx¿n] lbPsf lgb]{zg kfng ug]{ . n k/sDksf nflu tof/ x'g] . n s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]af/] ;a}nfO{ ;"lrt u/fpg / a'emfpg :ki6 ;~rf/ sfod ug]{ . ljleGg zf/Ll/s sdhf]/L -b[Zo, >j0f, af]nL jf af}l4s czQmtf_ ePsf JolQmn] ;Gb]z a'em]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
  • 66.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 66 5=e"sDksf] ;dodf ug{ gx'g] n Ifltu|:t Onfsf jf ejg j/k/ eL8 gug]{ . n uDeL/ ¿kdf rf]6 nfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ st} klg gn}hfg] . pkrf/ ;xof]usf nflu k|tLIff ug]{ / To;a]nf;Dd k|fylds pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . n unt ;dfrf/sf] kl5 gnfUg] / c9L s'/f gug]{, xNnf gug]{ . o:tf sfo{n] cfkm" / c¿nfO{ klg cTofpF5 / l:yltnfO{ emg} sdhf]/ agfpF5 . h= e"sDkLo cEof;sf nflu ckgfOg'kg]{ r/0fx¿ r/0f ! M k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL n :yflkt k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L ;'Gg] . n cfktsfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb|af6 k|fKt ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg] . n r/0f @ ckgfpg] . r/0f @ M ;'/lIftlgsf; dfu{df kx'“r n l:ylt ! M 9f]sfx¿ aGb eP p4f/ ;fdu|L k|of]u u/L 9f]sf kmf]g]{ . n l:ylt @ M 9f]sfx¿ aGb 5}gg eg] ;fdfGo ¿kdf ;'/lIft lgsf; k|lqmof yfNg] . n l:ylt # M cfuf] nfu]df clUg;dgs k|of]u ug]{ . kx'“r dfu{sf] klxNofpg] M n 9f]sfx¿df tfNrf nfu]sf] / lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg] u/L cfuf] nfu]sf] 5 eg] 8f]/Lsf] k|of]u u/L p4f/ sfo{ ug]{ . n l:ylt lgoGq0fdf 5 eg] ;ªs]t cg';f/sf] ;fdfGo tyf ;'/lIft kx'Fr k|of]u ug]{ . n r/0f # ckgfpg] . r/0f # M ;'/lIft 7fp“ -e]nf x'g] 7fp“_ df e]nf x'g] n k"j{lgwf{l/t jf klxrfg ePsf] v'nf / ;'/lIft 7fpFdf e]nf x'g] . n ;a} sd{rf/L tyf afnaflnsfsf] pkl:ylt hfFRg] . n r/0f $ ckgfpg] . r/0f $ M ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L lng] jf JolQm uGg] sfd n ;"rgf ;ªsng, n x/fPsf afnaflnsf tyf lzIfs, n 3fOt] tyf d[ts, n ljBfno txdf cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg], n r/0f % ckgfpg] . r/0f % M k|fylds pkrf/ tyf c:ktfn Joj:yfkgsf nflu 6f]nLx¿ kl/rfng n e"ldsf tyf bfloTjcg';f/ 6f]nLx¿ kl/rfng ug]{ .
  • 67.
    67 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L $= x'/Latf; g]kfndf k|foM x/]s jif{ r}tb]lv c;f/;Dd x'/Latf;sf] k|sf]k cfpF5 . cGo k|sf]ksf] t'ngfdf o;af6 3fOt] jf d[To'sf 36gf Tolt w]/} gx'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ uDeL/ k|fs[lts ljkbsf ¿kdf lnOGg . tyflk, x'/Latf;n] ;fj{hlgs tyf gLlh ;DklQdf 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpF5 . ;g @))( df x'/Latf;af6 g]kfnsf @# lhNnf g/fd|/L k|efljt ePsf lyP . s/f]8f}F ¿k}ofF a/fa/sf] wgdfn gi6 ePsf] lyof] eg] clwsf+z ljBfnox¿sf 5fgf p8]sf lyP . 7"nf] x'/Latf;;Fu} k|foM r6Øfª klg k5{ . o; oyfy{sf] hfgsf/L eP/ klg clwsf+z ljBfno ejgx¿ x'/Latf;sf] k|efjnfO{ ljrf/ gu/L l8hfOg tyf lgdf{0f ul/G5 . %= cfunfuL r}qb]lv h]7;Dd ;'Svf tyf x'/Latf; cfpg] df};ddf g]kfnn] w]/} k6s cfunfuLsf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ . oltj]nf tfkqmd #% l8u|L ;]lN;o;eGbf a9L x'G5 . t/fO{sf clwsf+z ljBfnox¿ sf7n] ag]sf / afSnf a:tLglhs} x'g] x'Fbf cfunfuLsf b[li6n] Hofb} ;ªs6f;Gg 5g . u[id ofd tyf v8]/Lsf ;dodf t/fO{sf jg tyf dfgj a:tLdf ljgfzsf/L cfunfuL x'G5 . s=clUgl8«n n clUg ;'/Iff ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ M afn'jf eg]{ afN6L -@ j6f_, ;'Vvf kfp8/o'Qm clUg;dgs -Pp6f_, vfnL afN6L -tLgj6f_ / kfgL hDdf ug]{ hf/ jf afN6L -Pp6f_ . n k|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lsf] clu|d Joj:yf ug]{ M o;df yk s6g /f]n -Pp6f 7"nf] b'O{j6f dWod_, yk 6fFl;g] 6]k jf sfuhsf] Knf:6/ -b'O{j6f_, l6jh;{ -Pp6f_, hu]8f ;fa'g -Pp6f_ / cfjZostfcg';f/ cf]cf/P; -ORS_ / kfgL z'4Ls/0f rSsL df}Hbft /fVg] . n s;}n] cfuf] nfu]sf] b]v]df t'¿Gt} kmfo/ Pnfd{ ahfpg] / /ftf] emG8f jf b[ZofTds ;ªs]t b]vfpg] / clUg jf¿0foGq jf k|x/L rf}sLnfO{ va/ ug]{ . n ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ sfo{bnn] af¿0foGqnfO{ af]nfpgsf lglDt t'¿Gt} hfgsf/L lbg] . ;a} sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug]{ / cfjZostf k/]df pgLx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft 7fpFdf n}hfg] . n clUg ;'/Iff sfo{bnn] cfuf] lgefpg'k5{ / bdsn gcfpGh]n lgefpg] sfo{ hf/L /fVg'k5{ . n clUg ;"rgf /lgsf;sf] cfb]z kfPkl5 cfunfuL ePsf] 7fpFaf6 ;'/lIft x'Fb} ;a}n] oyf;Dej rfF8f] ejg 5f8g'k5{ . n ;'/lIft alxu{dgsf ;dodf b]xfosf s'/fdf Wofglbg'k5{ M o nfddf x'Fbf hf]/n] glxF8g], gs'bg] . o lnkm6 k|of]u gug]{, l;F9L k|of]u ug]{ . o alxu{dg ;ªs]t -exit signs_ nfO{ k5Øfpg] . o ckfªutf ePsf afnaflnsf tyf lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
  • 68.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 68 o sf]7f w"jfFn] el/Psf] 5 eg] 3l;|Fb} sf]7faf6 aflx/ cfpg] . o lzIfs tyf sIff df]lg6/n] ;'/lIft lgsf; u/fpFb} e]nf x'g] 7fpF;Dd k'¥ofpg] / cfjZos dfu{bz{g ug]{ . o cfuf]sf] ;fO/g ah]sf ;do sIffdf gePsf JolQm t'¿Gt} e]nf x'g] 7fpFdf hfg] . n aflx/ lgl:sPkl5 lzIfsx¿n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] luGtL uGg'k5{ / ;a} eP gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . ljBfyL{ 5'6]sf 5g eg] vf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{bnnfO{ hfgsf/L lbOg'k5{ . hfgsf/L kfPkl5 sfo{bn vf]hLdf nfU5 . k|fylds pkrf/ sfo{bnn] 3fOt]x¿nfO{ k|fylds pkrf/ k|bfg ug'{k5{ . n k"jf{Eof;kl5 k|wfgfWofksn] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7s 8fSg'k5{ / k"jf{Eof;df ;fdgf ul/Psf] ;d:of klxrfg ug{sf lglDt k"jf{Eof;sf] d"Nofªsg ug'{k5{ / ;dfwfg vf]Hg'k5{ . cg';"rL ^M ;+/rgfTds n]vfhf]vfsf nflu ;fdfGo ;'emfjx¿ 12 s= ;+/rgf of]hgf / lgdf{0fsf cfwf/e"t lgodx¿ n Ps¿ktf gePsf ejg ;+/rgf ;'/lIft x'Fb}gg . n ;+/rgfsf OsfOx¿df Ps¿ktf sfod ul/g'k5{ . n rf}8fOeGbf tLg u'0ff nfdf] uf/f] ePsf] cfoftsf/ ;+/rgf gagfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . v= 5t jf 5fgf / ufx|f]sf ;fdfGo lgodx¿ n v08 5'6ofpgsf nflu agfOg] ufx|f] ;Fu;Fu} lgdf{0f u/L aflx/L nfdf] ufx|f];Fu hf]8g] . elTsg / rls{gaf6 /f]Sg of] ufx|f] @#) ldln ld6/sf] df]6fO x'g cfjZos x'G5 . n b'O{ kfv] 5fgfeGbf rf/ kfv] 5fgf /fd|f] x'G5 lsgeg] b'O{ kfv] 5fgf y]Ug] lqe'hfsf/ ufx|f] km]bdf ;lhn} rls{g ;S5 . n ufx|f] w]/} nfdf] eP elTsg ;S5 . u= ufx|f]lgdf{0fsf cfwf/e"tlgodx¿ n sfFrf] OF6fsf] k|of]u gug]{ . n lu6L / l;d]G6sf] ld>0fn] 5f]k]sf] ! b]lv !@ ldlnld6/ 58sf] hfnL k|of]u u/L lgdf{0f 12 gf]e]Da/ @)!# df Knfgn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{zfnfsf] ;fdu|Laf6 ;fef/
  • 69.
    69 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ug]{ . n dfly / tNnf] efudf cªs'zn] afFWg] . n a9L ef/sf] ufx|f] gagfpg] .z n @#) ldlnld6/ ef/ axg ufx|f] lgdf{0f ubf{ o;nfO{ alnof] agfpg 808Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ . 3= ;+/rgfTds k|anLs/0f n tf]lsPsf] dfkb08cg'¿k k'/fgf ;+/rgfsf] :j¿k kl/jt{g u/L alnof] agfpg'nfO{ ;+/rgfTds k|anLs/0f elgG5 . n lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] ejgsf] s]xL ;+/rgfTds efux¿ kl/jt{g u/L alnof] agfOG5 . n ejgsf] Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg k|anLs/0f ul/G5 . k|anLs/0flsg n k|anLs/0f ug'{kg]{ d'Vo sf/0f eg]sf] ;+/rgfsf] k|of]udf kl/jt{g, gofF ;+/rgf dfkb08, jftfj/0fLo sf/0faf6 x'g] x|f;, e"sDkh:tf cfsl:ds 36gfaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg . n ejg ;+/rgf ;'/lIft ug]{ b'O{j6f dfu{ 5g M k|lt:yfkg / k|anLs/0f . n ;+/rgfsf] k"0f{ k|lt:yfkgn] >d tyf ;fdu|Ldf pRr nfut, ;+/rgfsf] ;~rfngdf cfpg] cj/f]wsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] jftfj/0fLo k|efj tyf c;xhtfh:tf j]kmfObf / xG5g . n k|foM k|anLs/0fåf/f dd{t jf :t/f]lGt ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . ejgsf] e"sDkLo k|anLs/0f n ljBdfg clwsf+z ;+/rgfdf jf:tljs ;+/rgfTds dfkb08sf] sdL / ;do cGt/fnsf] qmddf x'g] kl/jt{gaf6 ePsf] x|f;sf sf/0f e"sDkLo ;'/Iff dfkb08cg'¿ksf] e"sDk k|lt/f]wL Ifdtf ePsf 5}gg . n oL ejgx¿nfO{ k|snLs/0f u/L ;Defljt Iflt Go"g ug{ / ;'/lIft agfpg :t/f]lGt ul/G5 . n yfd jf lkn/, 6]sf], ufx|f] cflb yk]/ ;'b[9 kfg{ ;lsG5 . n ;Dk"0f{ PsfOnfO{ hf]8]/ alnof] agfOG5 . n sdhf]/ agfpg] :j¿knfO{ x6fOG5 . ejg ;+/rgf cj:yf n ejg ;+/rgf ;fdfGotM e"sDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t x'g;S5 . n k|anLs/0f cfly{s ¿kn] dLtJooL / ;dosf b[li6n] gofF ejg agfpg'eGbf pQd x'G5 .
  • 70.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 70 k|anLs/0fljlw n]vfhf]vf n ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds Ifdtfaf/] n]vfhf]vf ug'{k5{ . ;+/rgfTd b[li6n] ejgsf] Ifdtf / ;'/lIft :t/af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . n k|anLs/0f sfo{of]hgfn] ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] pkfo atfpF5 . n ;+/rgfTds k|anLs/0f ug{ / o;sf] lj:t[t vfsf Pj+ of]hgf agfpg ;do nfU5 . sfof{Gjog n 58, sªlqm6 / l;d]G6n] ag]sf] ejg -cf/;L;LlalN8ª_ n ;LdfGt kl/;/ ufx|f]sf] (Shear Walls) lgdf{0f . n ljBdfg husf] ;'b[9Ls/0f . n :tDe tyf aLddf yk /f]8fsf] ld>0f xfnL alnof] agfpg] . n tf/–hfnL xfn]/ Knf:6/ jf n]kg ug]{ . n :tDex¿df tf/hfnLn] afFWg] . n Okf]S;L u|fpl6ª (Epoxy grouting) ug]{ ª= ljBfno ;'/Iffdf ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ tTjx¿ tyf Go"gtd dfkb08 k"j{tof/L:t/ ;+/rgf n ejg ;+lxtfsf] hfgsf/L . n dd{t, ;Def/ / k|anLs/0f . n 9nlgsf;sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf . n kfgL r'lxg] tyf /;fpg] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg . n :yfgfGt/0f lzlj/sf] Joj:yf . u}/;+/rgf n cfsl:ds ¿kdf aflx/lgl:sg] dfu{ . n cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf] pkfoaf/] hfgsf/L . n aflx/lgl:sg] af6f] . n ;ªs]t . n Go"gLs/0f sfo{ .
  • 71.
    71 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L nufgL of]hgf k|lqmof n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{dfdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf . n :t/Lo ;~rfng sfo{ljlw th'{df / kfngf . n ;+o'Qm sfo{ of]hgf tof/L . n k'gnf{e of]hgf;lxtsf] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf . n ah]6 ljlgof]hg . n cg'udg / d"Nofªsg / ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g . n ;fd'bflos of]hgfdf ljBfnosf] ;xeflutf . ;dfj]z x'g]kg]{ n czQm afnaflnsfsf nflu k"jf{wf/ ;'ljwfsf] pknAwtf . n afnaflnsf d}qL tyf ckfªud}qL ljBfno If]q / ;+oGq . n plrt ah]6ljlgof]hg . ;+nUg ul/g'kg]{ n k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf / ;"rgf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf . n ljBfno / ;d'bfoaLr ;dGjo . n ljBfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;fd'bflos :jo+;]jLsf] Ifdtf ljsf; . n ljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt ;d'bfoleq tyf aflx/L lgsfo;Fu lgoldt 5nkmn . n ljBfno / ;d'bfosf] ;+o'Qm ultljlw . n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' cg's"ngsf] cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf clwsfl/s lgsfo . k|ltlqmof n cfsl:ds of]hgf th'{df / cfjZos j:t'x¿sf] k"j{e08f/0f . n ;'/lIft /xg] / :yfgfGt/0f x'g] cEof; . n ljBfnodf k"j{;"rgf oGqsf] :yfkgf / o;sf] /]vb]v ug]{ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf . n sfo{bn u7g / ljkb;DaGwL tflnd . n cfktsfnLg lzIffsf nflu lgwf{l/t j}slNks :yfg / c:yfoL ejgsf] aGbf]j:t . n :jo+;]jL tflnd / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 . ;r]tgf / tflnd:t/ ;r]tgf n ljkbsf] ;dodf ug{ x'g] / gx'g] cfwf/e"t sfo{ . n ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu dfu{ / of]hgf .
  • 72.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 72 n cfwf/e"t ;~rfng sfo{ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf . n cGo ;fGble{s ljifox¿ – cfktsfnLg of]hgf, ;/;kmfO, :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f cflb . tflnd / Ifdtf ljsf; n ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd -cfGtl/s tyf afXo_ . n vf]h tyf p4f/, k|fylds pkrf/ / clUg ;'/Iff sfo{bn . n 8sdL{ /l;sdL{ tflnd . n ;d'bfo tyf cleefjsnfO{ ljkb ;r]tgf tflnd . n cfjZostfcg';f/ cGo ;DalGwt If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; k|lzIf0f jf cled'vLs/0f . ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutf n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf czQm afnaflnsf Pj+ aflnsfsf] cfjZostf ;dfj]z . n of]hgf th'{dfdf ;d'bfo / ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;xeflutf . lzIff ;+oGq n kf7o;fdu|L – kf7oqmddf ljkb Joj:yfkg ;dfj]z . n /fd|f] a'emfOsflglDt u}/lzIf0f kf7o;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u . n ljkb Joj:yfkg ;dfj]z ePsf] cltl/Qm z}lIfs ultljlw . afXo ;+:yfx¿;“u ;xsfo{ ;DaGwlj:tf/ n lzIffljefu / :yfgLo k|zf;g . n :yfgLo lgsfox¿ . n :yfgLo k|zf;gdf k"j{;"rgf ;+oGq . n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtf . n cfsl:ds ;]jf k|bfos ;+oGq;Fu k"j{;Demf}tf . n :yfgLo :t/sf cGo ljBfno;Fu k"j{;Demf}tf . cfly{s nufgL n ;/sf/L of]ubfg . n ;d'bflos of]ubfg . n ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] of]ubfg . n /fhgLlts tyf hgk|ltlglwsf] of]ubfg . n :yfgLo lgsfosf] of]ubfg .
  • 73.
    73 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cg';"rL &M x'/Latf;, cfuf], af9L / e"sDkLo c;/af6 ;'/lIft /xg df}h'bf ljBfno ejgsf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf k/LIf0f ;"rL1 e"sDkLo If]q eg]sf] s] xf] < pTs[i6, /fd|f], l7s}, sdhf]/, clt sdhf]/ k|d'v k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg'k"j{ o;sf] cWoog ug'{xf]; k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf k|d'v k|Zgx¿ cWoog ug]{5g . k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf ljsNkdWo]af6 x/]s k|Zgsf plrt pQ/sf] 5gf]6 ug]{5g . k|o f]u s t f{s f] ;'emfj ! k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj @M kªlt -u_ df lbOPsf] lgb]{zg k9]/ cfjZos hfgsf/L o; kªltdf n]Vg'xf]; . s v u 3 ª JofVof÷ /]vflrq ljBdfg ljBfno ejgsf] e"sDkLo ;'/Iffaf/] k|d'v k|Zg lgb]{zs a'Fbfx¿ tyf k|d'v k|Zgx¿sf] j}slNks pQ/x¿ lgb]{zgcg'?ksf] hjfkm ;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 of]hgf 1 blIf0f Pl;ofsf] ax'k|sf]ksf] ;Gbe{df ljBfno tyf c:ktfnsf] n]vfhf]vf ;xof]uL ;fdu|L -@)!@_ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo a;f]af; (UNHABITAT) / cGt/f{li6«o ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f (INISDR) . ljBfno ;'/Iff lgb]{lzsf k'l:tsf !M dN6L xhf8{ Og ;fpy Pl;ofsf nflu ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ;'/Iff d"Nofªsg lgb]{lzsf -@)!@_ . cgXoflj6of6 / Olg; 8f= ljBfno ;'/Iff lgb]{lzsf k'l:tsf !M /]6«f] d]G6]g]G; dN6L xhf8{ ;]km6L sDKnfOG; .
  • 74.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 74 ejgsf] b"/L k[YjL ;tx k|d'v ;lqmo lr/f ljBdfg ljBfno If]q jf glhs /x]sf] d'Vo e"ueL{o lr/faf/] yfxf kfpg e"ueL{o cWoog k|ltj]bgaf/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 < olb tkfOF e"ueL{o cWoogaf/] ;|f]taf/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 eg] ;Gbe{÷s}lkmot kªltdf ;|f]t v'nfpg'xf]; To;kl5 tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 olb tkfOFn] cWoog ug'{ePsf] k|ltj]bgn] e"ueL{o lr/f tkfOFsf] ;Gbe{df nfu" x'Fb}g eg] nfu" gx'g] jf c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 olb cfkmgf] If]qsf] e"ueL{o cWogaf/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'Gg eg] eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ ljz]if gf]6÷l6kf]6 M :yfgLo ejg ljefu, e"ue{ljb, :yfgLo ljZjljBfno jf :yfgLo e"k|fljlwssf] k/fdz{ lng'xf]; . olb ljBfno If]qaf6 e"ueL{o lr/f %)) ld6/eGbf sd b"/Ldf 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ olb ljBfno If]qaf6 e"ueL{o lr/f %)) eGbf a9L t/ !))) ld6/eGbf sd b"/Ldf 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ olb ljBfno If]qaf6 e"ueL{o lr/f !))) ld6/eGbf a9L b"/Ldf 5 eg] # n]Vg'xf]; 7Ls 5 . ;8ssf] kx'Fr /x]sf] ejg If]q of]hgf df}h'bf ljBfno ejgsf] ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf / gofF ljBfno ejgsf] ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfsf] dfkg d'Vo ;8s b]lv ;xfos ;8s x'Fb} ToxfF k'Ug] ;'ljwfdf e/k5{ . ;8ssf] k|sf/sf] cwf/df tnsf] ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ljBfno;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g ;Sg] b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;8s 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ljBfno;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g;Sg] Pp6fdfq ;8s eP ! n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] ljBfno;Dd sf/dfq k'Ug / kms{g ;Sg] t/ bdsn k'Ug / kms{g;Sg] ;8s eP # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} df]6/ ;fOsn dfq k'Ug;Sg] af6f] eP $ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ k}bnofqLdfq k'Ug;Sg] af6f] eP % n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
  • 75.
    75 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ef/tsf] e'hdf ;g @))! Dff uPsf] e"sDksf sf/0f elTsPsf ejgn] w]/} ;8sdfu{ cj/f]w u/]sf lyP . o;n] p4f/ / /fxtsf sfo{ lgs} sl7g agfPsf] lyof] . e"sDksf] ;dodf ejgx¿ elTsP/ ;8sdfu{ g} cj?4 u5{ / e"sDkkl5 ug'{kg]{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f / ;]jf k|j]zsf sfo{nfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpF5 . ljBfno If]q uP/ e"sDkkZrft ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf k'Ug;Sg] k|efjsf] dfqf lg/LIf0f ug'{xf]; . glthfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ljBdfg ;8s km/flsnf] 5, j/k/sf ejg gelTsg] vfnsf 5g, ejg eTs]/ / ljh'nLsf] tf/ v;]/ cj?4 gx'g] j}slNks dfu{ 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf];, h;n] s'g} c;/ kb}{g eGg] b]vfpF5 . pTs[i6 glhssf s]xL ejg elTsg ;S5g t/ o;n] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fdf yf]/} dfq k|efj kfb{5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] glhssf ejgsf s]xL efu elTsg ;S5g / o;n] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fdf dWod k|efj kf5{ eg] # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} glhssf ejgx¿ eTs]/ ;8s cj?4 u/L k"0f{¿kdf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fdf afwf pTkGg u5{ eg] $ n]Vg'xf];, o;n] clt w]/} c;/nfO{ hgfpF5 . clt sdhf]/ cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf kfgL / OGwgsf] j}slNks Joj:yf u/]/ dfq x'Fb}g . o;sf] :jR5tf sfod ug]{ / lgoldt dd{t;Def/ klg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . 7"nf] wSsf cfpFbf gu/kf lnsfsf] vfg]kfgL ;]jf k|fo cj?4 x'G5g . o:tf] cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug{ ljBfnodf xft] kDkh:tf kfgL cfk"lt{sf] j}slNks ;|f]t klg x'g'k5{ h;sf] k|of]u glhssf ;d'bfon] klg ug{ ;S5g . ljBfnodf kfgLsf] j}slNks ;|f]t ljkbsf] ;dodf klg lqmofzLn /xg] kof{Kt ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ljBfnodf kfgLsf] j}slNks ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ljBfnodf kfgLsf] j}slNks ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
  • 76.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 76 w]/} glhs} agfOPsf ejgx¿ Ps csf]{dfly v:g ;S5g . olb tkfOFsf] ejg e"sDkLo If]q %, $ jf # df 5 eg], s] tkfOFn] glhssf ejgx¿aLr Ps csf{df 7Ss/ x'gaf6 hf]ufpg kof{Kt b'/L sfod ug'{ePsf] 5 . ljBfnosf] ;a}eGbf lgs6 b"/Ldf /x]sf] ejg÷;+/rgfsf] b"/L ld6/df hgfO ;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 kªltdf n]Vg'xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 kof{Kt b"/L sfod ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 kof{Kt b"/L sfod gul/Psf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ ljBfno If]q of]hgfdf v'nf If]q ePsf] e"sDksf] ;dodf ;'/lIft e]nf x'g] v'nf :yfg ljBfnodf 5 < s}lkmot kªltdf v'nf If]qsf] If]qkmn / ;f] If]q k|of]u ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] ;ªVof n]Vg'xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 e]nf x'g] v'nf If]q kof{Kt ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 e]nf x'g] v'nf If]q kof{Kt gePdf @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} e]nf x'g] v'nf If]q gePdf # n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ ejg :j?ksf ;jfnx¿ (architectural issues) of]hgfdf 6L jf Pnh:tf] clgoldt :j?k x'G5 ejg ;+/rgfsf :j?k clgoldt 5 < ejgsf] jl/kl/ 3'd]/ ejgsf] :j?ksf] lgoldttfaf/] n]vfhf]vf ug{'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 cfsf/df lgoldttf, ;+/rgfdf Ps?ktf / ejgnfO{ 9Nsfpg] s'g}k|sf/sf] tTj gePsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 cfsf/df s]xL clgoldttf / ;+/rgfdf s]xL Ps?ktf geP @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} cfsf/df k"0f{ clgoldttf / ;+/rgfdf Ps?ktf geP # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 77.
    77 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Pp6} ejgsf] b'O{ efudf ljleGg jhg ePdf M 7f8f] clgoldttf ;+/rgfsf] :j¿kdf 7f8f] clgoldttf 5 < ejgsf] jl/kl/ 3'd]/ ejgsf] jhgsf] lgoldttfaf/] n]vfhf]vf ug{'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 tnfsf] prfOdf w]/} lgodlttf cyf{t % k|ltzteGbf sd km/s ePdf s'g} clgoldt efu gePsf] dflgG5 . o:tf] eP cªsdf ! n]Vg'xf]; . /fd|f] tnfsf] prfOdf kfFr k|ltzt eGbf a9L t/ @) k|ltzt eGbf sd ePdf / yf]/} dfq} clgoldt efu eP cªsdf @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} tnfsf] prfOdf @) k|ltzteGbf a9Ln] km/s ePdf / w]/} clgoldt efux¿ eP cªsdf # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ kfªu|] s';L{ rflxg] czQmsf nflu rfF8f] aflx/ u'8fpg ;dtn af6f]sf] Joj:yf ejg leq k:g / aflx/ lg:sg zf/Ll/s czQm d}qL dfu{sf] Joj:yf 5 < leq k:g] jf aflx/ lgl:sg] af6f] dfkb08cg';f/ eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug'{xf]; / o;nfO{ s}lkmotdf n]Vg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf] ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgf czQm JolQmx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f ;xh 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgf czQm JolQmx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f Joj:yf sfdrnfp 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgf czQm JolQmx¿sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f Joj:yf sdhf]/ 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
  • 78.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 78 cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu ;ªs]t;lxtsf] km/flsnf] sl/8f]/ jf Kof;]h ljBfnosf] ejg lgdf{0f of]hgfdf cfktsfnLg :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu s'g} Joj:yf 5 < ejg leq / aflx/ lg/LIf0f u/L ;xh :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu lgsf; dfu{sf] Joj:yf eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pssf] 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L sl/8f]/x¿ 5g, tL sl/8f]/x¿ sDtLdf @=$ ld6/ km/flsnf 5g, aQLsf] /fd|f] k|aGw 5 / cfktsfndf ;lhn} klxrfg / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L sl/8/x¿ 5g, tL sl/8/x¿ @=$ ld6/ eGbf sd t/ !=@ ld6/eGbf a9L km/flsnf 5g, aQLsf] /fd|f] k|aGw 5 / cfktsfndf ;lhn} klxrfg / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; . /fd|f] Psdfq sl/8/ 5, Tof] !=@ ld6/eGbf sd km/flsnf] 5, cfktsfndf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] # n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} ejg lgdf{0f ;+/rgfdf s'g} cfktsfnLg lgsf;sf] Joj:yf geP $ n]Vg'xf]; . clt sdhf]/ emofndf l;;f /fVg] xf] eg] b'j}tkm{ kof{Kt 7fpF x'g'k5{ . o;n] ;+/rgfsf] :j?k otfptf ;bf{ klg ToxL 7fpFdf /lx/xg d2t u5{ . e"sDk ;dodf d'Vo ;+/rgfTds :j?k otfptf ;bf{ klg c;/ gkg]{ lsl;dn] l;;fx¿sf] /flvPsf] 5 < l;;f / cGo ;dtn j:t' ;'/lIft ¿kdf h8fg ul/Psf] lg/LIf0f ug'{xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf dWo] Ps ljsNk /f]Hg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 olb of] s'/f nfu" gx'g] b]lvG5 eg] c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s ;+/rgfdf x'g] ;/fOn] l;;fdf s'g} c;/ gkfg]{ cj:yfdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ;+/rgfdf x'g] ;/fOn] l;;fx¿ ;'/lIft gx'g] cj:yfdf ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/
  • 79.
    79 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 6fonsf] alnof] / kof{Kt h8fg ul/Psf 5}g eg] e"sDksf a]nf pKs]/ oqtq v;L aflx/ lg:sg c;lhnf] jf c;Dej x'g;S5 . s] leQfdf 6fonx¿ h8fg ul/Psf 5g, vf;u/L aflx/ lgl:sg] e¥ofª j/k/ < olb 5g eg] s] tL e"sDk ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] alnof];Fu h8fg ul/Psf 5g < tnsf dWo] Ps ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 nfu" gx'g] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; …c;fGble{sÚ 6fonx¿ alnof];Fu h8fg ul/Psf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 6fonx¿ alnof];Fu h8fg ul/Psf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ cf/;L;L (RCC) 9nfg jf ;f] ;/xsf] ks8 e"sDksf] ;dodf v:g glbg] u/L Kof/flkm6 ejg ;+/rgf;Fu /fd|/L h8fg ul/Psf] 5 < s8f OF6f k|of]u gu/L agfOPsf] Kof/flkm6 dflysf] ufx|f]nfO{ ;'/lIft gul/P a9L ;ªs6f;Gg x'G5 . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ejgdf Kof/flkm6 gePsf] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s lgoldt cGt/fndf :nfa;Fu dflyaf6 afFWb} Kof/flkm6sf] ufx|f]dfly cf/;L;L aGwg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 Kof/flkm6sf] ufx|f]nfO{ v:gaf6 dflysf] h:t} Joj:yf 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 Kof/flkm6 ;'/Iffsf] nflu s'g} pkfo gckgfOPsf] eP # n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
  • 80.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 80 rf}8fO prfO nDafO df}h'bf ejgsf] nDafO÷rf}8fOsf] cg'kft / prfO÷rf}8fO cg'kft ejg ;+lxtf cg'?k 5÷5}g < s}lkmotdf ;+lxtfsf] k|fjwfg zLif{s pNn]v ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/fdf eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/feGbf yf]/} aflx/ k/]df @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/fsf] bfFhf]df dWod :t/n] km/s k/]df # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} nDafO. rf}8fO. prfOsf] cg'kft ;'/lIft bfo/feGbf w]/} km/s k/]df $ n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ /fd|f] pbfx/0f M ejg lgdf{0f of]hgfn] b'j} lbzftkm{ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf (Grid lines) ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ b]vfpF5 . cyf{t nx/ tyf kªlt b'j} ;dfg b"/Ldf /x]sf] 5 . s] ejg lgdf{0fsf] of]hgfdf b'j} lbzftkm{ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ b]vfOPsf] 5 < tndWo] Ps ljsNk 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 b'j} lbzftkm{ ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 Psftkm{ ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5g t/ csf]{tkm{ !% k|ltzt ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ eg] ;f] :j¿kdf 5}g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} !% k|ltzt eGbf a9L t/ @% k|ltzteGbf sd ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5}gg eg] # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ @% k|ltzt eGbf a9L ufx|f] jf :tDex¿ ;dfg :j?k / b"/Ldf 5}gg eg] $ n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
  • 81.
    81 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;+/rgfsf ljifox¿ w]/}h;f] :yfgdf ;"Id gS;f+sg x'Fb}g . olb ;;fgf If]qsf] ;d]t gS;fªsg ePsf] 5 eg] OlGhgLo/n] ljBfno If]qsf] l8hfOg ubf{ To;df Wofg lbg'k5{ . s] df}h'bf ejg ;;fgf If]qdf x'g;Sg] e"sDkLo hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5 < ;"Id gS;fªsg pknJw eP s}lkmotdf To;sf] ;|f]t v'nfpg'xf]; . olb lj1af6 zL3« ;+/rgfTds n]vfhf]vf ug'{kg]{ eP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ;"Id gS;fªsg pknJw gePsf] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; / s}lkmot v08df pknAw gePsf] egL hgfpg'xf]; c;fGble{s ;"Id gS;fªsgsf] cfwf/df ejg ;'/lIft ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ;"Id gS;fªsgsf] cfwf/df ejg c;'/lIft ePdf ) n]Vg'xf]; . clt sdhf]/ s] tkfOF cfkmgf] If]qsf] e"k|ljlw :j?k -df6f]sf] cj:yf_ af/] hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 < df6f]sf] k|sf/ Pj+ e"sDkLo If]qsf] cfwf/df ;+/rgf k|0ffnL cjnDag ug'{ePsf] 5 < olb tkfOF;Fu cfkmgf] If]qsf] e"ueL{o :j?kaf/] hfgsf/L 5 eg] s}lkmotdf ;|f]t v'nfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6
  • 82.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 82 l:6ndf cfwfl/t k|m]d (Steel Braced Frame) v08v08 k/]sf] ufx|f] (Shear walled) ;+/rgf cf/;L;L ;+/rgf olb tkfOF+sf] If]q g/d jf sd;n df6f]df eP ejgsf] ufx|f], :tDe / tnsf] hudf :6Lnsf] k|m]dh:tf xn'sf / alnof] ;+/rgfTds k4lt k|of]u ePsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ejg df6f]sf] agf}6cg'?ksf] ;+/rgfTds k4ltdf cfwfl/t gePdf @ n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ olb tkfOF+sf] If]q dWod df6f]df eP 5f]6f]cjlwsf] nflu v08v08 k/]sf] ufx|f], :6Ln hl8Psf, ;;fgf O6f k|of]unufotsf alnof] ;+/rgfTds Joj:yf eP # n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ejg df6f]sf] agf}6cg'?ksf] ;+/rgfTds k4ltdf cfwfl/t gePdf $ n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ tkfOF+sf] If]q s8f df6f]df k/]sf] eP cf/;L;L k|m]d ;+/rgf, km/skm/s huh:tf bL3{sfnLg nlrnf] k4ltdf ejg cfwfl/t eP % n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ejg df6f]sf] agf}6cg'?ksf] ;+/rgfTds k4ltdf cfwfl/t gePdf ^ n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/
  • 83.
    83 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L e"sDkk"j{ df6f]df lglxt afFlwg] zlQm e"sDksf] a]nf df6f]df lglxt afFlwg] zlQmdf x|f; e"sDksf] a]nf ha df6f]df t/ntf b]lvG5 . ejg lgdf{0f ubf{ df6f]sf] t/nkgsf] (liquefaction) c;/nfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] lyof] -olb of] tkfOFsf] If]qdf nfu" x'G5 eg] < o; ;jfndf hfgsf/Lsf] ;|f]t s}lkmotdf v'nfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]af6 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 g/d df6f]n] t/nkg a9fpF5 . df6f]sf] t/nkg nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s ejgsf k"j{clen]v / gSzfx¿ x]g{'xf]; df6f]sf] t/nkg nfu" x'G5 / ejg l8hfOg ubf{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 df6f]sf] t/nkg nfu" x'G5 t/ ejg l8hfOg ubf{ o;nfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ s'g}klg hfgsf/Lsf] ;|f]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g / ejg l8hfOg ubf{ t/nkgsf] c;/nfO{ klg Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ ljleGg v08sf] cjnf]sg ubf{ ejgsf] ef/ jxg dfu{ c;dfg 5 ejgsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgfTds PsfOaf6 hudf ;dfg ef/ jxg dfu{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 < ejgsf] rf/}lt/ 3'd]/ lg/LIf0f ug'{xf]; . lj1sf] ;'emfj cfjZos eP o;nfO{ s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ;dfg ef/ dfu{n] ejgsf] ;+k"0f{ ;+/rgfnfO{ e"sDksf] ;dodf Ps;fy sfd ug{ d2t u5{ . ufx|f]af6 lk9L tyf 5t;Dd ;dfg ef/ axg ug]{ lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ . ;dfg ef/ jxg dfu{ ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ef/ jxg dfu{df yf]/} tndfly ePdf @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} ef/ jxg dfu{df w]/} ptf/r9fa ePdf # n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
  • 84.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 84 e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf nflu OF6fsf] ufx|f] ePsf] ejgdf lgDg s'/f x'g'k5{ M != km]bdf, aLrdf / dfly cf/;L;L 9nfgsf] aGwg /fVg'k5{ @= ufx|f]sf] hf]8 cyf{t ufx|f] 6'+lug] 7fpFdf / 9f]sf tyf emofnsf b'j}tkm{ 7f8f] ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g'k5{ . olb ljBfno OF6fsf] ufx|f]n] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] eP, ejg ;+lxtfcg';f/ 7f8f] k|anLs/0f / t];f]{ aGwg k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] jf lyPg < alg;s]sf ejgdf o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ufx|f] x'G5 . ljutsf] tYofªs pknAw eP To;af6 hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . o; k|sf/sf] cWoog ug{ g;lsP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 7"nf] sDkgdf ;'b[9 lsl;dn] gagfOPsf OF6fsf ejgx¿ ;+s6f;Gg x'G5g eGg] k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . o:tf ejgx¿nfO{ e"sDksf] b[li6n] alnof] agfpg ufx|f]sf s'gfnfO{ ;an agfpg], / km]b, emofnsf] rf}v6 a:g] efu, aLrdf / dfly cf/;L;L 9nfgsf] aGwg /fVg'k5{ . OF6fsf] ufx|f] gePsf] ejg jf hfFr ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s ;a} ufx|f]sf s'gf ;an agfO{ km]bdf, emofn, aLrdf / dflyNnf] efudf cf/;L;Lsf] aGwg t];f]{ ¿kdf /flvPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 s]an cf/;L;Lsf] aGwgdfq lbOPsf] eP @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} s]an s'gfx¿nfO{ dfq tf/ tyf ;fgf 808Lx¿ k|of]u u/L dha't agfOPsf] eP # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} nrsbf/ -g'lxg] jf afªlug] k|sf/sf efux¿sf sf/0f ;+/rgf k"0f{¿kdf elTsg' eGbf klxn] o;sf] cfsf/df w]/} kl/jt{g cfpF5 h;n] dflg;nfO kof{Kt k"j{;r]t u/fpF5 . ;+/rgfsf] nlrnf]kgsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ejg ;+lxtfcg';f/ o;sf efux¿df tf/ tyf 808Lx¿ k|of]u u/L dha't agfOPsf] lyof] < klxnf g} ag]sf ejgdf ;+/rgfut nlrnf]kgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . ljutsf tYof+s pknAw eP Tof] x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf n]vfhf]vf ug{ g;lsg] eP s}lkmot hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 lg/LIf0f ;'lglZrt ug{ g;lsP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s ;+lxtfcg'?k nrsbf/ ;+/rgfTds efusf] Joj:yfkg eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 olb cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq nrsbf/ efusf] Joj:yf eP @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} ;+lxtfcg'?k nrsbf/ efusf] Joj:yf geP # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/
  • 85.
    85 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L e"sDkLo hf]lvd If]qdf ejgx¿ eP o;sf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf nflu kfng ug'{kg]{ ;+lxtf ljsl;t eO;s]sf 5g . h:t} ef/tLo ;+lxtf !*(# / @))@ ejg l8hfOg ubf{ e"sDkLo ef/ jxgdf Wofg lbOPsf] lyof] < klxnf g} lgdf{0f ePsf ejgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . ljutsf tYofªs pknAw eP Tof] x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf n]vfhf]vf ug{ g;lsg] eP s}lkmot hgfpg'xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o; s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ g;lsP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s l8hfOgdf e"sDkLo ef/ jxgnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 l8hfOgdf e"sDkLo ef/ jxgnfO{ Wofg glbOPsf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ :tDe jf vDafsf] ljleGg prfO M le/fnf]df lgdf{0f ubf{ :tDe jf vDafsf] ljleGg prfO M afb{nL z}nL ;+/rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / l8hfOg ubf{ 5f]6f :tDe jf vDafsf] k|efjnfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] lyof] < alg;s]sf ejgdf o; k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ sl7g x'G5 . ljutsf tYofªs pknAw eP Tof] x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf n]vfhf]vf ug{ g;lsg] eP s}lkmot hgfpg'xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ljz]if l6kf]6 M 5f]6f :tDe jf vDafn] a9L e"sDkLo ef/ jxg ug{ ;S5 . ;+/rgfsf] :j?k lgwf{/0fdf 5f]6f :tDe÷vDafn] lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Ng] x'Fbf l8hfOg ubf{ o:tf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ . lg/LIf0f ;'lglZrt ug{ g;lsP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s ;+/rgfdf 5f]6f :tDe÷vDafsf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 5f]6f :tDe÷vDafsf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg glbOPsf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 86.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 86 OF6fsf] k|of]u ePsf] ejgx¿df v'nf /flvPsf] 7fpFsf] b"/L sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ x'g'kb{5 OF6fsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] ejgdf 9f]sf / emofnsf] :yfg Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . tL ;+/rgfx¿ ;'/lIft dfkb08leq /x]g/x]sf] hfFr ug'{xf]; . ufx|f]sf] s'gfaf6 emofn tyf 9f]sfsf] b"/L sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ x'g'kb{5 . b'O{ v'nf :yfg aLrsf] b"/L klg sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ x'g'kb{5 . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf] ljsNkdWo]af6 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 OF6fsf] k|of]u eP/ ag]sf] ejg xf]Og eg] …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf];Ú . c;fGble{s ;'/lIft dfkb08 kfng gul/P ejg w]/} Ifltu|:t x'g;S5 . ufx|f]sf] s'gfaf6 emofn tyf 9f]sfsf] b"/L ^)) ldlnld6/ / b'O{ v'nf :yfg aLrdf /x]sf] ufx|f] sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ rf}8fOsf] ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ufx|f]sf] s'gfaf6 emofn tyf 9f]sfsf] b"/L ^)) ldlnld6/ gePdf / b'O{ v'nf :yfg aLrdf /x]sf] ufx|f] sd;]sd ^)) ldlnld6/ rf}8fO eGbf sd ePdf ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ rf}8fO ! + rf}8fO @ sf] of]ukmn nDafOsf] cfwf jf a/fa/ x'g'k5{ (W1+W2<=0.5L) ufx|f]df /x]sf emofn tyf 9f]sfsf] rf}8fO ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwfeGbf sd jf a/fa/ /x]g/x]sf] hfFr ug'{xf]; . emofn / 9f]sfsf] rf}8fO gfkL ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwfeGbf sd /x]g/x]sf] hfFr ug'{xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 OF6fsf] k|of]uaf6 ag]sf] ejg gePdf c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s o; dfkb08 kfng gul/Psf] v08df emofnsf] rf}vf]6eGbf dflysf] ufx|f]sf] efu ;g{;S5 . Pp6f ufx|f]df /x]sf emofn / 9f]sfsf] ;du| rf}8fO pQm ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwf jf Tof]eGbf sd ePsf] / ;a} ufx|f]df o;} dfkb08sf] kfngf ePsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 Pp6f ufx|f]df /x]sf emofn / 9f]sfsf] ;du| rf}8fO pQm ufx|f]sf] ;du| nDafOsf] cfwfeGbf a9L eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 87.
    87 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L u}/;+/rgfsf ljifox¿ e"sDksf] a]nf wf/fsf kfOk k'm6]/ / 5tdf /x]sf 6ofÍL kN6]/ lkpg] kfgLsf] cefj /xg] cj:yf cfpg;S5 . s] wf/fsf kfOknfOgx¿, 5tsf] kfgL 6ofÍL ;'/lIft /flvPsf / afFlwPsf 5g < kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ gePsf] cj:yfdf s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 wf/fsf kfOkx¿, 5tsf] kfgL 6ofÍL ;'/lIft ¿kdf /flvPsf 5g / ljBfnodf xft] kDk klg 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 wf/fsf kfOkx¿, 5tsf] kfgL 6ofÍL c;'/lIft ¿kdf /flvPsf 5g jf lkpg] kfgLsf] k|aGw gePdf ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ e"sDksf a]nfdf cfuf] lgefpg k|of]u ul/g] kfgLsf] kfOkdf Iflt eO cfunfuL lgoGq0fsf nflu kfgLsf] cefj x'g ;S5 . cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ ;xL¿kdf h8fg ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g < cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ gePdf s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 cfuf] lgefpg] kfOksf] Joj:yf geP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ ;xL¿kdf h8fg ul/Psf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 cfuf] lgefpg] kfgLsf kfOkx¿ ;xL¿kdf h8fg gePdf ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ nrsbf/ h8fg ljGb'x¿ Nofadf h8fg ul/Psf UofF;sf nfOgx¿df nrsbf/ h8fg 5 < cGoyf tL kfOkx¿ r'xfj6 x'g uO cfunfuL x'g;S5 . ljBfnodf Nofa gePdf s}lkmot hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6
  • 88.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 88 Nofa gePdf c;fGble{s egL n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s nrsbf/ kfOk k|of]u ePsf] / tL kfOkx¿ plrt :yfgdf afFlwPsf eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 nrsbf/ kfOk k|of]u gePsf] / kfOkx¿ plrt :yfgdf gafFlwPsf eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ h8fg ul/Psf] ;fdfg v;]/ rf]6 nfUg;S5 . s] em'G8fOPsf aQLnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] s;]/ bfofF–afofF gxlNng] u/L h8fg ul/Psf] 5 < em'G8fOPsf aQL geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 em'G8fOPsf aQL geP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s em'G8fOPsf aQLnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] s;]/ h8fg ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 em'G8fOPsf aQLnfO{ plrt tl/sfn] s;]/ h8fg gul/Psf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ h]g]/]6/, Aof6«L Pj+ ljB'tLo oGqx¿ plrt tl/sfn] g/flvPdf lrKn]/ n8g ;S5g . e"sDksf] a]nf h]g]/]6/ / o;sf cGo pks/0fx¿ xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L /flvPsf 5g jf 5}gg . s] o; lsl;dsf ;fdu|Lx¿ xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L ;'/lIft /flvPsf] 5 < h]g]/]6/ geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 h]g]/]6/sf] k|aGw gePdf c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s h]g]/]6/ cflb xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L /flvPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 h]g]/]6/ cflb xnrn ug{ g;Sg] u/L ;'/lIft /flvPsf] eP 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 89.
    89 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L t];f]{ ¿kdf x'g] xnrnaf6 ;'/lIft /xg]u/L h8fg / aGwgx¿ /flvPsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . cfunfuLsf] ;ªs]t oGq xnrnaf6 ;'/lIft /flvPsf] 5 < aGwgx¿ 6'6]/ tL pks/0fx¿ klN6g jf v:g ;S5g . cfunfuLsf] ;ªs]t lbg] oGq geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 cfunfuLsf] ;ªs]t lbg] oGq gePdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s cfuf]sf] ;ªs]t lbg] oGq ;'/lIft tl/sfn] /flvPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 cfunfuLsf] ;ªs]t lbg] oGq ;'/lIft tl/sfn] g/flvPsf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ ;~rf/ PG6]gf M t];f]{ ¿kdf x'g] xnrnaf6 ;'/lIft /xg]u/L h8fg / aGwgx¿ /flvPsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . PG6]gf nufotsf ;~rf/ pks/0f e"sDkLo xnrnaf6 Iflt gxf]; egL ;'/lIft /flvPsf 5g < olb ljBfnodf To:tf s]xL pks/0fx¿ 5}gg eg] s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 To:tf s]xL pks/0fx¿ 5}gg eg] …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s ;~rf/ pks/0f, PG6]gfx¿ ;'/lIft /flvPsf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ;~rf/ pks/0f, PG6]gfx¿ ;'/lIft /flvPsf 5}gg eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/
  • 90.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 90 x'/Latf;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ljBdfg ljBfnosf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vfsf] hfFr–;"rL a]u lsdL k|lt306f pTs[i6, /fd|f], l7s}, sdhf]/, clt sdhf]/ k|d'v k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'k"j{ tnsf s'/fx¿ cWog ug'{xf]; k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf k|d'v k|Zgx¿ cWog ug]{5g k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf ljsNkdWo]af6 x/]s k|Zgsf plrt pQ/sf] 5gf]6 ug]{5g . k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj ! k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj @M kªlt -u_ df lbOPsf] lgb]{zg k9]/ cfjZos hfgsf/L o; kªltdf n]Vg'xf]; s v u 3 ª JofVof. /]vflrq ljBdfg ljBfno ejgsf] e"sDkLo ;'/Iffaf/] k|d'v k|Zg lgb]{zs a'Fbfx¿ tyf k|d'v k|Zgx¿sf] j}slNks pQ/x¿ lgb]{zg cg'?ksf] hjfkm ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 of]hgf ;8ssf] kx'Fr /x]sf] ejg If]q of]hgf s'g} klg ejgsf] ;'/Iffsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] d'Vo ;8saf6 ;f] ejg If]qdf k'Ug] ;8ssf] k|sf/ klg Ps xf] . tFkfOsf] If]qdf k'Ug ;8ssf] k|sf/df cfwfl/t eP/ tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 d'Vo ;8saf6 ejg;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g ldNg] b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;8s ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 dflysf] h:tf] Ps dfq ;8s ePdf @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] sf/dfq hfg;Sg] t/ bdsn hfg g;Sg] ;8s ePdf # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} df]6/;fOsndfq hfg;Sg] ;8s ePdf $ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ k}bn ofqL dfq hfg;Sg] ePdf % n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
  • 91.
    91 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L kxf8 jf l9:sf]n] x'/Latf;sf] j]u 5]s]/ To;sf] k|efj sd u5{ . j/k/sf e"agf}6n] ejg;Dd k'Ug] xfjfsf] j]unfO{ sd u5{ < ljutsf tYofªs / ;d'bfosf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df o; ljifodf lg0f{o lng'xf]; . hfgsf/Lsf] ;|f]t s}lkmotdf v'nfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 xfjfsf] ;DefJo j]usf] :t/ %) k|ltzt eGbf a9Ln] sd u5{ eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 xfjfsf] ;DefJo j]usf] :t/ @% k|ltzt eGbf a9L t/ %) k|ltzt eGbf sd dfq /f]Sg] eP @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] olb xfjfsf] axfj @% k|ltzteGbf sd / !) k|ltzt eGbf a9Ln] /f]Sg] eP # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} olb xfjfsf] axfj !) k|ltzteGbf sd dfq /f]Sg] eP $ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} ejgsf] ;dLkdf /x]sf] 6fj/ ejgsf] glhs x'/Latf;n] 9Ng;Sg] s'g} cUnf ¿vx¿ jf 6fj/x¿ 5g < 9Ng] j:t'af6 x'g] k|sf]ksf] cfwf/df tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 9Ng] a:t'n] ljBfno ;~rfngdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ 9Ng] a:t'n] ljBfnodf Iflt k'¥ofpg] t/ ;~rfngdf c;/ gug]{ eP @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ¿v jf 6fj/ 9Ng] s'g} hf]lvd geP # n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6
  • 92.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 92 of]hgfdf x'/Latf;sf] dfu{af6 x'g] c;/nfO{ Vofn ul/Psf] j/k/sf] e"agf}6, glhsf] ejgx¿ / ;+/rgfx¿sf sf/0f s'g} ;DefJo x'/Ljtf;sf] dfu{ ablnP/ x'g] c;/ 5 < tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 x'/Latf;sf] dfu{sf] c;/ gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s x'/Latf; dfu{sf] c;/ 5 t/ l8hfOg ubf{ o;nfO{ Vofn ul/Psf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 x'/Latf; dfu{sf] c;/ 5 t/ l8hfOg ubf{ o;nfO{ Vofn ul/Psf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ ;+/rgfTds :j?ksf ljifox¿ of]hgfdf 6L tyf Pn :j¿kdf c;dfgtf of]hgfdf ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds :j¿kdf s'g} c;dfgtf 5 < leq aflx/ rf/}lt/ 3'd]/ ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds :j?ksf] ;dfgtfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 cfsf/df ;dfgtf 5g, ;+/rgfdf Ps?ktf 5, / ejgnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] s'g} PsfO 5}gg eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 cfsf/df c;dfgtf 5 t/ ;+/rgfdf Ps?ktf 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} cfsf/df c;dfgtf 5 / ;+/rgfdf klg Ps?ktf 5}g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ Pp6} ejgsf] b'O{ efudf km/s jhg ePdf M 7f8f] clgoldttf s] ;+/rgfTds :j¿kdf 7f8f] clgoldttf 5 < ejgsf] jl/kl/ 3'd]/ ejgsf] jhgsf] ;dfgtf n]vfhf]vf ug{'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 tnfsf] prfOdf % k|ltzteGbf a9Ln] km/s gePdf, cyf{t s'g} c;dfg efu 5}gg eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . /fd|f] tnfsf] prfOdf @) k|ltzteGbf a9Ln] km/s gePdf cyf{t s]xL c;dfg efu 5g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s tnfsf] prfOdf @) k|ltzt eGbf a9L c;dfgtf 5 cyf{t w]/} c;dfg efux¿ 5g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 93.
    93 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L x'/Latf;nfO{ vf;} g5]Sg] ;dfg k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfTds :j?k s] ejgsf] x'/Latf;nfO{ vf;} g5]Sg] ;dfg k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfTds :j?k 5 < tkfOFsf] ejgsf] :j?k s:tf] 5 < n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]af6 Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 of]hgf / ef/ axgdf ;dfgtf eP ! n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] of]hgfdf ;dfgtf t/ ef/ axgdf c;dfgtf eP @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ of]hgf / ef/ axg b'j}df ;dfgtf geP # n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ ljutsf tYofªssf cfwf/df tkfOFnfO{ cfkmgf] If]qsf] e"hnjfo' cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L 5 eg] xfjfsf] jxfj sd ;fdgf ug]{ lsl;dsf] ejg lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . xfjfsf] axfj lbzfnfO{ Vofn ub}{ ejg lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 < ejgsf] kms]{sf] lbzfsf] cfwf/df x'/Latf;sf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vfsf] nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]af6 Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; < ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 /fd|f] cyf{t xfjfsf] lbzfnfO{ Vofn ub}{ ejgsf] :j?k ;xL lbzfdf 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 dWod cyf{t xfjfsf] lbzfnfO{ Vofn ub}{ ejgsf] :j?k w]/} xb;Dd ;xL lbzfdf 5 eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} sd cyf{t xfjfsf] lbzfnfO{ Vofn gu/L ejgsf] :j?k klg unt lbzfdf 5 eg] # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ w]/} sd cyf{t xfjfsf] lbzfnfO{ s'g} Vofn} gu/L ejgsf] :j?k k"0f{¿kdf xfjfsf] c;/ kg]{ 5 eg] $ n]Vg'xf]; . clt sdhf]/
  • 94.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 94 7"nf] x'/Latf;sf] ;dodf o;sf] ;xh ;fdgf ug{ 5]l:sgLx¿ e]6g] :yfgdf h8fg x'g' h?/L 5 . 9f]sf tyf emofnsf 5]l:sgL alnof / ;lhn} e]6g] :yfgdf 5g < tnsf dWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 9f]sf tyf emofnsf 5]l:sgL alnof / ;lhn} e]6g] :yfgdf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 s]xL 9f]sf tyf emofnsf 5]l:sgL alnof / ;lhn} e]6g] :yfgdf 5g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} s'g} klg 9f]sf tyf emofnsf 5]l:sgL alnof / ;lhn} e]6g] :yfgdf 5}gg eg] # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ cfd'Gg]–;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]df ;dfg emofn jf 9f]sfsf nflu v'nf efu . cfd'Gg]–;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]df v'nf efu ;dfg cfsf/sf 5g < tndWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 cfd'Gg]–;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]df v'nf efu ;dfg cfsf/sf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]sf v'nf efu 7Ls} cyf{t dWod :t/sf] ;dfgtf 5g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} cfd'Gg]–;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]sf v'nf efudf Go"g ;dfgtf 5g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg]sf ufx|f]sf v'nf efudf w]/} sd ;dfgtf 5 eg] $ n]Vg'xf]; . clt sdhf]/
  • 95.
    95 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L w'/L ePsf] cyf{t lxkcfsf/sf] 5fgf (Hip roof) pTs[i6 le/fnf] 5fgf (Pitch roof) -le/fnf]kg #) b]lv $% l8u|L ;'/lIft_ tkfOFn] le/fnf] jf lxkcfsf/sf] 5fgf k|of]u ug'{ePsf] 5 < lxk cfsf/sf] 5fgf ;a}eGbf a9L k|lt/f]wL ePsf] b]lvG5 . csf]{ pko'Qm 5fgf eg]sf] #) b]lv $% l8u|Lsf] le/fnf] 5fgf xf] . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o; k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ;fGble{s gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s @) l8u|LeGbf a9L le/fnf]kg ePsf] lxkcfsf/sf] 5fgf eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . /fd|f] #) b]lv $% l8u|L le/fnf]kg eP @ n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 @) b]lv @( l8u|L le/fnf]kg ePsf] le/fnf] 5fgf ePdf # n]Vg'xf]; . /fd|f] !( l8u|LeGbf sd le/fnf]kg ePsf] 5fgf eP $ n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ ;Dk"0f{ ejg ux|f}+ a:t' (Missiles) jf eUgfaz]if x'gaf6 ;'/lIft x'g' pko'Qm xf] . t/ o;f] ug{ g;lsP s]xL efux¿ pRr x'/Latf;sf] ;dodf a:g] ;'/lIft cf>o:yn cg'?k agfOg'k5{ . ux|f}+ a:t' jf eUgfjz]if ejgdfly ah|g] a9L ;Defjgf ePsf] If]qdf tkfOFn] o;af6 ;'/lIft x'g] lsl;dsf] 5'66} cf>o:yn agfpg' ePsf] 5 < o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ sl7g x'G5 . ;j]{Ifsn] uP/ cfkmg} lg/LIf0f u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 / ;Dej eP ljutsf tYofªssf] ;xf/f lng'k5{ . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ux|f}+ a:t' jf eUgfjz]if ejgdfly ah|g] ;Defjgf geP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s ux|f}+ a:t' jf eUgfjz]if ejgdfly ah|g] ;Defjgf / o;af6 aRg] 5'66} ;'/lIft :yn agfOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 ux|f}+ a:t' jf eUgfjz]if ejgdfly ah|g] ;Defjgf / o;af6 aRg] 5'66} ;'/lIft :yn agfOPsf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/
  • 96.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 96 x'/Latf; /f]Sg] ;6/n] ;fdfGo cj:yfdf lzzfsf emofn nufpg ;d:of gx'g] u/L pko'Qm lsl;dn] agfpg'k5{ . x'/Latf;n] a:t'x¿ p8fP/ Nofpg] ;Defjgf eP emofn jf 9f]sfsf zLzfx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;6/ agfOPsf] 5 < tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ gkg]{ eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s olb ejg x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 x'g] hf]lvddf 5 / o;af6 ;'/lIft /xg ;6/ agfOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 olb ejg x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 x'g] hf]lvddf 5 t/ o;af6 ;'/lIft /xg ;6/ agfOPsf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ;+/rgfsf ljifox¿ OlGhlgo/n] xfjfsf] dfu{ k|efj / xfjfsf] j]usf] /f]syfd ug]{ :yfgLo cj:yfsf] Vofn ug'{k5{ . ejg lgdf{0f If]qdf xfjfsf] a]u;lxt lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbOPsf] 5 < !=ejg prfO @= df]6fO $= e"agf}6 ljz]iftfx¿ (e.g. IS 875 part 3, 1987: V2→design wind speed k1→risk co-efficient k2→terrain, height and size factor and k3 topography factor) o;k|sf/sf] l8hfOgaf/] s'g} hfgsf/L geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . olb ejg If]q xfjfsf] pRr jxfj If]qdf k5{ eg] lj1sf] ;xfotf lng'kg]{ s'/f s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{.÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ejg lgdf{0f If]qdf xfjfsf] jxfjsf ;fy != ejg prfO @= df]6fO #= hf]lvd / e"agf}6 ljz]iftfnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ejg lgdf{0f If]qdf xfjfsf] jxfjsf ;fy != ejg prfO @= df]6fO #= hf]lvd / e"agf}6 ljz]iftfnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 97.
    97 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L OlGhlgo/x¿n] ejgsf] leqL efudf s'g} sdhf]/ ufx|f] /x]g/x]sf]af/] ljz]if ;r]t x'g'k5{ lsgls d'Vo ;+/rgf k4ltsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ sl7g sfo{df o;k|sf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] gb]lvg ;S5 . ejgsf] leqL efudf ef/ jxg gug]{ ufx|f] 5g < OF6f jf l;d]G6 lgld{t sdhf]/ ufx|f]x¿ xfjfsf] dfu{df kbf{ ;ªs6f;Gg x'G5g . o;k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfaf/] s'g} hfgsf/L geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . olb ejg If]q xfjfsf] pRr jxfj If]qdf k5{ eg] lj1sf] ;xfotf lng'kg]{ s'/f s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ gkg]{ eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s olb ef/ axg gug]{ leqL ufx|f]x¿ xfjfsf] j]unfO{ Vofn u/L agfOPsf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 olb ef/ axg gug]{ leqL ufx|f]x¿ xfjfsf] j]unfO{ Vofn gu/L agfOPsf 5g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft /xg] tLg k"j{ cfjZostf eg]sf] aGwg, 6]jf / h8fg x'g h;nfO{ cªu|]hLdf PaL;L -PGs/]h, a|]l;Ë, sg]S;g _ elgG5 . ejg l8hfOgdf PaL;LnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 < o;k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfaf/] s'g} hfgsf/L geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . olb ejg If]q xfjfsf] pRr jxfj If]qdf k5{ eg] lj1sf] ;xfotf lng'kg]{ s'/f s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 lbPsf ;a} efux¿df alnof] h8fg ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; M hu tyf kvf{nsf] hf]8fO, ufx|f] / 5fgfsf] hf]8fO . bf]xf]/f] 6]jf, cªs'z] aGwg, dha'tLs/0f ul/Psf 7f8f] tyf t];f]{ 6]jfx¿ cflb . l8hfOgsf] ;a} kIfdf PaL;LnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 l8hfOgsf] ;a} kIfdf PaL;LdWo] s'g} b'O{df Wofg lbOPsf] eP @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} l8hfOgsf] ;a} kIfdf PaL;LdWo] dWo] Psdf Wofg lbOPsf] eP # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ l8hfOgsf] ;a} kIfdf PaL;LnfO{ j]jf:tf ul/Psf] eP $ n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ NofPsf jf eTsfPsf j:t'n] dflg;x¿nfO{ 3fOt] agfpg ;S5 . Ps ejgaf6 csf]{ ejgdf hfg] ;'/lIft k}bndfu{ 5 < x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ NofPsf a:t'n] dflg;nfO{ 3fOt] agfpg ;S5 . :ynut lg/LIf0f u/L tnsf ljsNkdWo]af6 Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o:tf j:t'af6 ;'/lIft /fVg] k}bndfu{ 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ;'/lIft k}bndfu{ 5 t/ x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'nfO{ Vofn u/L agfOPsf] 5}g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; 7Ls} k}bndfu{ 5 t/ ;'/lIft 5}g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 98.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 98 Jofofd u[x, ;efu[xh:tf km/flsnf If]qePsf :yfgx¿df x'/Latf;n] kfg]{ c;/nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'k5{ . s] xfnsf k"jf{wf/df nfdf] 5fgf ePsf] ejg 5 < o;k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfaf/] s'g} hfgsf/L geP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . olb ejg If]q xfjfsf] pRr jxfj If]qdf k5{ eg] lj1sf] ;xfotf lng'kg]{ s'/f s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s nfdf] 5fgf ePsf] ejg 5 / o;nfO{ x'/Latf;n] kfg]{ c;/ /f]Sgdf Wofg lbP/ agfOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 nfdf] 5fgf ePsf] ejg 5 t/ x'/Latf;sf] c;/ /f]Sgdf Wofg lbP/ agfOPsf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ em'l08Psf 5fgfsf efux¿ $%) ldlnld6/eGbf a9L x'/Latf; k|lt/f]ws x'g] u/L l8hfOg ug'{k5{ . 5tdf em'l08Psf 5fgfsf efux¿ $%) ldlnld6/eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 < ejgdf 5'l08Psf 5fgfx¿nfO{ x'/Latf;n] p8fpgaf6 /f]Sg] u/L k|lt/f]wfTds k|foM sd} agfOPsf] x'G5 . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s olb o;k|sf/sf] efux¿ 5g / x'/Latf;n] gp8fpg] u/L ;'/lIft agfOPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 olb o;k|sf/sf] efux¿ 5g / x'/Latf;n] gp8fpg] u/L ;'/lIft agfOPsf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ ejgsf] ;+/rgfn] ef/ jxgdf dfu{ Ps?ktf gePsf] b]vfpF5 / of] :jLsfo{ xf]Og . ejgsf] ;a} OsfOx¿af6 hu;Dd ;dfg ef/ jxg dfu{ 5 < ejgsf] leq aflx/ ;a}lt/ 3'd]/ n]vfhf]vf ug{ tnsf ljsNkdWo]af6 Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . lj1sf] k/fdz{ h?/L eP s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ejgn] ;dfg ef/ jxg u/]df sDkgsf] a]nf Ps PsfOsf] ¿kdf k|:t't x'G5 . ufx|f]sf] 5t / e'O;Fusf] hf]8 klg ;f]xL PsfOdf k5{g < ef/ jxg dfu{ ;dfg eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ef/ jxg dfu{df yf]/} leGgtf eP @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} ef/ jxgdf w]/} leGgtf eP # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 99.
    99 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L hf]lvd If]q eg]sf] 5fgfsf 5]p jf dfly w'/Ldf (Hip line) /x]sf] h] cfsf/sf sfF6L jf aGwgx¿ x'g . 6fon, w'/L jf 5]pdf /x]sf h:tf÷kmnfd] kftf x'/Latf;n] p8fpg g;Sg] u/L agfOPsf] 5 < n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s x'/Latf;n] gp8fpg] u/L o:tf kftfx¿ ;'/lIft ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 x'/Latf;n] gp8fpg] u/L o:tf kftfx¿ ;'/lIft gul/Psf] eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ;fdu|Lx¿ / lj:tfl/t OsfOx¿ 5gf]6 Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s] ljBdfg aflx/L ufx|f]x¿ x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] j:t'x¿af6 ;'/lIft 5 < olb ejg x'/Latf;sf] pRr hf]lvd If]qdf 5 eg] vf;u/L lj:tfl/t OsfOx¿ p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft agfOg'k5{ . :ynut lg/LIf0f ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] j:t'x¿af6 ;'/lIft x'g]u/L ufx|f]sf] l8hfOg / lj:tfl/t ul/Psf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] j:t'x¿af6 ;'/lIft x'g]u/L ufx|f]sf] l8hfOg / lj:tfl/t ul/Psf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ nrsbf/ -g'lxg] jf afªlug] k|sf/sf efux¿sf sf/0f ;+/rgf k"0f{¿kdf elTsg' eGbf klxn] o;sf] cfsf/df w]/} kl/jt{g cfpF5 h;n] dflg;nfO{ kof{Kt k"j{;r]t u/fpF5 . ;+/rgfsf] nlrnf]kgsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ejg ;+lxtfcg';f/ o;sf efux¿df tf/ tyf 808Lx¿ k|of]u u/L dha't agfOPsf] lyof] < l8hfOg / /]vflrq pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . pknA3 5 5}g s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 ;a} dha'tLs/0f OsfO ;+lxtfcg'?k nrsbf/ k|bfg ug]{ lx;fan] l8hfOg / lj:tfl/t ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ;a} dha'tLs/0f OsfO ;+lxtfcg'?k nrsbf/ k|bfg ug]{ lx;fan] l8hfOg / lj:tfl/t gul/Psf] eP @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ o;af/] hfgsf/L gePdf # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ u}/;+/rgfsf ljifox¿
  • 100.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 100 ;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/, :j?k / ljj/0f Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . emofn tyf 9f]sfdf k|of]u ul/Psf sAhf, lsnf, sfF6L, aGwg, 5]l:sgL, r's'n ;a} ;lhn} vf]Ng / aGb ug{ ;lsg] u/L tNnf] efudf /flvPsf 5g < s] tL ;a} ;fdfgx¿ alnof / sd dd{t;Def/ rflxg] k|sf/sf 5g < n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]df Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 emofn tyf 9f]sfdf k|of]u ul/Psf sAhf, lsnf, sfF6L, aGwg, 5]l:sgL, r's'n ;a}sf] l8hfOg tyf :j?k pRr x'/Latf;sf] nflu pkof]uL 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 emofn tyf 9f]sfdf k|of]u ul/Psf sAhf, lsnf, sfF6L, aGwg, 5]l:sgL, r's'n ;a}sf] l8hfOg tyf :j?k pRr x'/Latf;sf] nflu pkof]uL 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/ / ljj/0f Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s] aflx/L 9f]sf, emofn / cfsfzåLk x'/Latf;nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ agfOPsf] 5 < 5gf]6 ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ / lgdf{0f:j?kx¿ x'/Latf; / o;;Fu} cfpg] jiff{ 5]Sg pkof]uL 5g < ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s 5gf]6 ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ / lgdf{0f:j?kx¿ x'/Latf; / o;;Fu} cfpg] jiff{ 5]Sg] k|sf/sf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 5gf]6 ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ / lgdf{0f:j?kx¿ x'/Latf; / o;;Fu} cfpg] jiff{ 5]Sg] k|sf/sf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 101.
    101 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L h:tfkftf, 6fon, gl/jn, udnf, kmf]x/ kmfNg] 6f]s/L, 9+'uf cflbn] v;]/ rf]6k6s nfUg ;S5 . o:tf v:g] j:t'n] emofn, 9f]sf tyf cGo v'nf k|sf/sf efudf /x]sfl;;fdf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5g . o:tf j:t'x¿ 5g eg] To;nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ l8hfOg ul/Psf] lyof] < tkfOFn] ;fdu|L, ;+/rgf, agfj6 / :j?ksf] 5gf]6 ubf{ o:tf v:g] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft /xg]u/L 5gf]6 ug'{ePsf] 5 < ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . c;fGble{s emofn tyf 9f]sf p8fP/ jf v;]/ cfpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L l8hfOg / lgdf{0f ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 emofn tyf 9f]sf p8fP/ jf v;]/ cfpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L l8hfOg / lgdf{0f gul/Psf] eP eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ tfkqmdsf sf/0f lj:tf/ x'g] / v'Drg] sfo{n] hf]8fOx¿ lvOg] cj:yfnfO{ klg Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . 6fon, lnpg, jf tskn] aflx/af6 9flsPsf] 5 < /flvPsf] eP s] To:tf a:t' x'/Latf;n] p8fpg] hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5g < n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo]df Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . …c;fGble{sÚ ;fdu|L 5gf]6 / aGwg tyf hf]8fO lgdf{0fdf x'/Latf;sf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ;fdu|L 5gf]6 / aGwg tyf hf]8fO lgdf{0fdf x'/Latf;sf] k|efjnfO{ Wofg glbOPsf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ /fd|f];Fu h8fg gul/Pdf 6fonx¿ x'/Ln] p8fpg ;S5 . s] 5fgf 6fon jf OG;'n];g af]8{ lgld{t 5g < x'/Latf;sf b[li6n] oL ;'/lIft 5g < nfu' x'g] cj:yfdf x'/Lsf] k|xf/sf] c;/df s] of] ;'/lIft 5 < ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . …c;fGble{sÚ x'/Latf;af6 6fon jf OG;'n];g af]8{ ;'/lIft 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 x'/Latf;af6 6fon jf OG;'n];g af]8{ ;'/lIft 5}gg eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 102.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 102 5fgfsf] km'sf]{ jf 5]ps'gf]sf] l8hfOg ubf{ x'/Latf;n] gp8fpg]df Wofg lbg'k5{ . s] 5fgfdf km'sf]{ jf 5]ps'gf] agfOPsf] 5 < x'/Latf;df of] ;'/lIft 5 < olb km'sf]{ eP x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft 5g t < ;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . …c;fGble{sÚ 5fgfdf km'sf]{ jf 5]ps'gf] x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L l8hfOg / lgdf{0f ul/Psf] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 5fgfdf km'sf]{ jf 5]ps'gf] x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L l8hfOg / lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ;~rf/ PG6]gf M 58s] zlQm k|jfxsf lj?4 aGwg, 6]jf tyf hf]8fOx¿ ;'/lIft 5g eGg] ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . :of6]nfO6 l8;sf] PG6]gfnfO{ ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds efu;Fu afFlwPsf] 5 < olb 5 eg] /vfO / aFwfO x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft 5 < ;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . …c;fGble{sÚ :of6]nfO6 l8;sf] PG6]gf /vfO / aFwfO x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 :of6]nfO6 l8;sf] PG6]gf /vfO / aFwfO x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft 5}gg eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ h:tfkftf, 6fon, gl/jn, udnf, kmf]x/ kmfNg] 6f]s/L, 9+'uf cflbn] v;]/ Iflt ug{ ;S5 . cfktsfnLg h]g]/]6/nfO{ x'/Latf; / o;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L leq /flvPsf] 5 < h]g]/]6/sf] s'/f nfu" x'g] eP x'/Latf;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft /fVg] 3/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 < ;Gbe{. s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; . …c;fGble{sÚ cfktsfnLg h]g]/]6/nfO{ x'/Latf; / o;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L /flvPsf] 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 cfktsfnLg h]g]/]6/nfO{ x'/Latf; / o;n] p8fP/ Nofpg] a:t'af6 ;'/lIft x'g] u/L] 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 103.
    103 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L jt{dfg ljBfnonfO{ cfunfuLaf6 hf]ufpg Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{kg]{ d"Nof+sgsf] k/LIf0f ;"rL pTs[i6, /fd|f], l7s}, sdhf]/, clt sdhf]/ k|d'v k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'k"j{ tnsf s'/fx¿ cWog ug'{xf]; k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf k|d'v k|Zgx¿ cWoog ug]{5g k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf ljsNkdWo]af6 x/]s k|Zgsf] plrt pQ/sf] 5gf]6 ug]{5g . k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj ! s v u 3 JofVof÷ /]vflrq ljBdfg ljBfno ejgsf] e"sDkLo ;'/Iffaf/] k|d'v k|Zg lgb]{zs a'Fbfx¿ tyf k|d'v k|Zgx¿sf] j}slNks pQ/x¿ lgb]{zgcg'?ksf] hjfkm of]hgf ;8ssf] kx'Fr ePsf] b]vfpg]u/L agfOPsf] ljBfno If]q of]hgf ejgsf] ;'/Iffsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf ToxfF cfjfudg x'g] ;8ssf] k|sf/ klg Ps xf] . cfjfudg ug {];8ssf] k|sf/sf cfwf/df tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; olb ljBfno;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g ;Sg] b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;8s eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 ljBfno;Dd bdsn k'Ug / kms{g;Sg] Ps dfq ;8s eP @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] ljBfno;Dd bdsn gk'Ug] t/ sf/h:tf demf}nf ;jf/L ;fwg dfq k'Ug ;Sg] ;8s eP # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} ljBfno k'Ug] ;8sdf df]6/;fOsn dfq k'Ug] eP $ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ljBfno k'Ug] s]an k}bn ;8s dfq eP % n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/
  • 104.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 104 :ynut lg/LIf0f e|d0fafx]s k/fdz{stf{n] :yfgLo dflg; / :yfgLo cfunfuL lgoGq0f ljefu;Fu aflx/L cfunfuL hf]lvdaf/] klg ;f]wvf]h ug'{k5{ . ljBfnosf] aflx/L efunfO{ Vofn ub}{ of] aflx/af6 x'g;Sg] cfunfuL k|lt slQsf] ;Gd'v 5 egL :t/Ls/0f ug'{xf]; . ljB'tLo ;a:6];g, k|HjngzLn e08f/0f s]Gb|h:tf w]/} cfunfuLsf ;|f]t x'g;S5g . k/fdz{bftfn] cfunfuLsf k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf cWoog ug{ o:tf :yfgx¿sf] :ynut cjnf]sg e|d0f ug'{k5{ . olb ljBfno aflx/L cfunfuLsf] hf]lvdk|lt w]/} ;Gd'v eP ! n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ olb ljBfno aflx/L cfunfuLsf] hf]lvdk|lt dWod k|sf/n] ;Gd'v eP @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ olb ljBfno aflx/L cfunfuLsf] hf]lvdk|lt Go"g ;Gd'v eP # n]Vg'xf]; l7s} olb aflx/L cfunfuLsf] hf]lvdk|lt ;Gd'v g} geP $ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] v'nf :yfg b]vfpg] ljBfno If]q of]hgf cfunfuLsf ;dodf ljBfyL{x¿ ;'/lIft e]nf x'g] v'nf :yfg 5 jf 5}g < v'nf :yfg eP o;sf] nDafO tyf rf}8fO / o;df c6fpg;Sg] JolQm ;+Vof s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . e]nf x'gsf] nflu v'nf :yfgdf kof{Kt 7fpF 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 e]nf x'gsf nflu v'nf :yfgdf kof{Kt 7fpF 5}g eg] @ n]Vg'xf]; l7s} v'nf :yfg g} 5}g eg] # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ ;+/rgfsf ljifox¿ b'O{ tNn] ejgx¿df lgl:sg] 9f]sf sl/8f]/lt/ x'g'k5{ . df}h'bf sIffsf]7faf6 lgl:sg] b'O{j6f 9f]sf 5g . emofnnfO{ klg rf}8f u/]/ ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sg] af6f] agfpg ;lsG5 . o; n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; x/]s sIffdf b'O{j6f lgl:sg] 9f]sf 5g eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 x/]s sIffdf Pp6f dfq 9f]sf 5 eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; l7s}
  • 105.
    105 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L lah'nLsf] ld6/ aS; e¥ofË ePsf] :yfgdf 5 eg] ;fg'{k5{ . s] k|d'v ld6/ aS; e¥ofª ePsf] :yfgdf 5 < ljB't gePdf s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . tndWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ljB't gePdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s k|d'v ld6/ aS; e¥ofª ePsf] :yfgdf 5 eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ k|d'v ld6/ aS; ;'/lIft :yfgdf 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 olb lah'nLsf] k|d'v :jLr d'Vo k|j]z dfu{df 5 o;nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg'{xf]; . s] lah'nLsf] k|d'v :jLr d'Vo k|j]z dfu{df 5 < ljB't gePdf s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . tndWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ljB't gePdf …c;fGble{sÚ n]Vg'xf]; …c;fGble{sÚ k|d'v :jLr d'Vo k|j]z dfu{df eP ) n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ k|d'v :jLr ;'/lIft :yfgdf eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 cfunfuLaf6 hf]ufpg ljBfnosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ rflxg] k/LIf0f ;"rL pTs[i6, /fd|f], l7s}, sdhf]/, clt sdhf]/ k|d'v k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'k"j{ tnsf s'/fx¿ cWoog ug'{xf]; k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf k|d'v k|Zgx¿ cWoog ug]{5g k|of]ustf{n] o; kªltdf lbOPsf ljsNkdWo]af6 x/]s k|Zgsf] plrt pQ/sf] 5gf]6 ug]{5g . k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj ! k|of]ustf{sf] ;'emfj @M kªlt -u_ df lbOPsf] lgb]{zg k9]/ cfjZos hfgsf/L o; kªltdf n]Vg'xf]; s v u 3 ª JofVof jf /]vflrq jt{dfg ljBfno ejgsf] e"sDkLo ;'/Iffaf/] d'Vo k|Zg lgb]{zs a'Fbfx¿ tyf k|d'v k|Zgx¿sf] j}slNks pQ/x¿ lgb]{zgcg'?ksf] hjfkm ;Gbe÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6
  • 106.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 106 gbLlsgf/sf ;d'bfo af9Lsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf x'G5g ljBfno If]q af9L tyf 8'afg x'g] If]qdf kb{5 < af9L tyf 8'afgsf] hf]lvd gS;fªsg ul/Psf lrqx¿ :yfgLo ljkb Joj:yfkg sfof{nodf pknAw x'g ;S5 . pknAw eP gePsf] s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu / cGo ;Da4 lgsfo;Fu ;Dks{ /fvL ljutsf af9L tyf 8'afgsf] cj:yfaf/] cWoog u/L ;Defljt Ifltsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{'k5{ . af9L 8'afg x'g] If]q gk/] c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s Ifltsf] ;Defjgf Go"g eP ! n]Vg'xf]; . pTs[i6 Ifltsf] ;Defjgf clns a9L eP @ n]Vg'xf]; . l7s} Ifltsf] ;Defjgf w]/} eP # n]Vg'xf]; . sdhf]/ :yfgLo JolQm;Fu ljutsf] tYofªs lng'xf]; / :yfgLo vfgL tyf e"ue{ sfof{nox¿;Fu klg k/fdz{ ug'{xf]; . e"sDk jf klx/f]sf] sf/0f lxdtfn km'6g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] If]qdf ljBfno If]q /x]sf] 5 < ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 of] ;Gbe{ nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s Ifltsf] ;Defjgf pRr 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ Ifltsf] ;Defjgf w]/} sd 5 eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] ;'/lIft lg0f{osf nflu ljutsf tYofªs x]g'{xf]; . ck]lIft ul/Psf] 8'afgsf] :t/ slt 5 < cyf{t ejgsf] tNnf]efueGbf slt dfly af9L cfpg;S5 < tNnf] efusf] t'ngfdf slt ldlnld6/ dfly;Dd af9L cfpg;S5 eg]/ s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 8'afg :t/eGbf ejgsf] tNnf] k]6L #)) ldlnld6/eGbf dfly /x]df ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 8'afg :t/eGbf ejgsf] tNnf] k]6L !%) ldlnld6/eGbf dfly /x]df @ n]Vg'xf]; /fd|f] 8'afg :t/eGbf ejgsf] k]6L tn eP # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/
  • 107.
    107 ;'/lIft ljBfno Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 8'afgsf] ;do df6f]sf] :t/, ljBfno If]qdf kx'Fr, cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{, kfgLsf] ;Dks{df /xg] j:t'sf] l6sfpkgdf lge{/ u5{ . jf:tljs af9L tyf 8'afgsf] tYofªs cjlwsf] pQd ;"rs x'g lsgls w]/} h;f] af9L If]qsf] ljZn]if0fn] af9L / 8'afgsf] cjlwnfO{ cWog u/]sf] kfOFb}g . af9L8'afgsf] ck]lIft cjlwdf ;Defljt Ifltsf] :t/ slt xf] < af9L 8'afgsf] ;dofjlw s}lkmotdf hgfpg'xf]; . af9Lsf] kfgL hd]/ x'g] ;Defljt Iflt slt x'g;S5 < ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 of] ;Gbe{ nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s af9L / 8'afgsf] ck]lIft cjlwdf Ifltsf] ;Defjgf Go"g ePdf ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 af9L / 8'afgsf] ck]lIft cjlwdf Ifltsf] ;Defjgf clns a9L eP ! n]Vg'xf]; l7s} af9L / 8'afgsf] ck]lIft cjlwdf Ifltsf] ;Defjgf w]/} eP # n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ af9L8'afgsf] cjlw a9]df ;f]xL cg'?k kx'Frsf] klg a9bf] dxTj x'G5 . ToxfF /x]sf afnaflnsf tyf cGo JolQmx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfTds ;"ljwfx¿ af9Lsf] ;dodf Jo:t /xg' x'Fb}g . af9L / 8'afgsf] cjlwdf ljBfno If]qdf hfg sDtLdf klg Pp6f ;xh dfu{ 5 < n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; ;Gbe{÷ s}lkmot÷l6kf]6 af9Lsf] a]nf ejgdf k'Ug sd;]sd Pp6f af6f] v'nf 5 eg] ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 af9Lsf] a]nf ejgdf hfgsf nflu s'g} af6f] v'nf 5}g eg] ) n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/ ;+/rgfTds :j?ksf ljifox¿
  • 108.
    ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L Knfg g]kfn 108 kfls{ª / ;Lldt e08f/u[xafx]s af9L pGd'v If]qdf lgdf{0f x'g] dxTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfTds ;'ljwfx¿sf ultljlwx¿ af9L8'afgsf] :t/eGbf tn x'g'x'Fb}g . s] gj lgld{t ejgsf] efu klxn]sf] af9Lsf] txeGbf d'lg 5 < n]vfhf]vfsf nflu tnsf ljsNkdWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; of] ;Gbe{ nfu" gx'g] eP c;fGble{s n]Vg'xf]; c;fGble{s olb cTofjZos ;+/rgfTds ;'ljwfx¿sf ultljlw ck]lIft af9L / 8'afg :t/eGbf dfly ug{ ;lsg] eP ! n]Vg'xf]; pTs[i6 olb cTofjZos ;+/rgfTds ;'ljwfx¿sf ultljlw ck]lIft af9L / 8'afg :t/eGbf dfly ug{ g;lsg], t/ af9L8'afg gk:g] agfpg ;lsg] eP @ n]Vg'xf]; sdhf]/ olb cTofjZos ;+/rgfTds ;'ljwfx¿sf ultljlw ck]lIft af9L / 8'afg :t/eGbf dfly ;fg{ g;lsg] / af9L 8'afg gk:g] klg agfpg g;lsg] eP # n]Vg'xf]; clt sdhf]/