Safe Schol toolkit Nepali

Eff]lnsf] nflu /fd|f] kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ afnaflnsfdf cfh}b]lv nufgL u/f}“
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
/fli6«o sfof{no
k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/

© Knfg g]kfn, @)!#
-k|:t't ;Gbe{;fdu|L gf]/f8sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf Knfg OG6/g];gnn] g]kfndf sfof{Gjog u/]sf] ;'/lIft ljBfno kxn ;g @)!@÷!# sf] l;sfOsf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] xf] ._
Knfg g]kfn
/fli6«o sfof{no
k'Nrf]s, sf7df8f}F
kmf]g M )! – %%#%%*), %%@@&!@
kmofS; M )! –%%#^$#!
O{d]n M nepal.co@plan-international.org
j]a;fO6 M www.plannepal.org
zf]wstf{
8f= w|'j uf}td
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
/fli6«o ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f s]Gb| -Pg8Lcf/;L_ g]kfn
;Ëd rf]s, afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}F
kmf]g÷kmofS; M )! –$!!%^!(, (*%!)–(%*)*
Od]n Mndrcnepal2007@gmail.com, drrgautam@gmail.com
cfVofg M o; ;Gbe{;fdu|Ldf k|:t't ul/Psf ljifoj:t', To;sf] JofVof / lgisif{ zf]wstf{sf lghL x'g h;n] Knfg g]kfnsf] ljrf/nfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/n] k|ltljlDat ub{}gg . o; ;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z ul/Psf tYofªssf] z'4tfsf] k|Tofe"lt Knfg g]kfnn] ub}{g . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu
zf]wstf{ jf Knfg g]kfn;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|fSsyg
ljBfno ;fgf afnaflnsfsf nflu bf];|f] 3/ xf] . oBlk, ha;Dd afnaflnsfn]
eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] cfkmgf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpFb}gg ta;Dd
ljBfnon] bf];|f] 3/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb}g . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g]
k|sf]kåf/f pTkGg ljkb xf]; jf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 x'g] 36gfaf6, ljkbsf] ;jf{lws hf]lvddf afnaflnsf g} /x]sf x'G5g . cem cNkljsl;t d'n'sx¿df ;'/lIft ljBfno tyf u'0f:t/Lo lzIffnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o; ;d:ofaf6 g]kfn klg cnu /x]sf] 5}g . oxL b[lisf]0fsf cfwf/df ljBfno ;'/lIft / Go"gtd ;'ljwfo'Qm x'g'kg]{ oyfy{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L a[xQ/ ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrfsf] ljZjJofkL cjwf/0ffcg'?k of] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't ;Gbe{;fdu|L g]kfndf /x]sf ljkbhGo hf]lvd / To;af6 k/]sf] k|efj,
afnaflnsfsf] c6'6 ¿kdf lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . of] ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf] tof/Lsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf ¿kdf ;/sf/åf/f sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] ljBfno ;'wf/ sfo{qmd, Knfg g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] ;'/lIft
ljBfno kl/of]hgf / lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] l;sfO /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{;fdu|Ln]
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;'/lIft ljBfnosf Go"gtd cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L
Xof]uf] sfo{;+/rgf @))%–@)!%, ljkb hf]lvd /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ / ljkb tyf hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL pknAw ;"rgf, ljBfnodf eO/x]sf c;n cEof;nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfg]/ of] ;fdu|L tof/ ePsf] 5 .
ax"ljkbsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;'/lIft ljBfnosf Go"gtd cfwf/ tof/ ug{ of] ;Gbe{;fdu|L pkof]uL x'g] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk, k|:t't ;Gbe{ ;dfu|LnfO{ Knfg g]kfnn] k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . o; qmddf ;'/lIft ljBfnosf nflu
;/sf/åf/f hf/L ePsf jf x'g] gLltlgb]{zgnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L cfufdL ;dodf k"0f{tf lbOg]5 .
o; ;fdu|Lsf] tof/Ldf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] 8f= w|'j uf}tdnufot ;fdu|Lsf]
tof/Lsf qmddf ;xof]u ug]{ lzIff dGqfno;Da4 clwsf/Lx¿ 8f= /f]hgfy kf08], lzIff
ljefusf >L emKk/ l;+x ljZjsdf{nufot lj1x¿, lhNnf lzIff sfof{{no dsjfgk'/, ljBfno, lzIfs, cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{x¿, ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ / g]kfnL efiff ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]uL
Osf]–g]kfnsf cWoIf >L /fdrGb| Gof}kfg]k|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 .
Knfg g]kfn
/fli6«o sfof{no
;'/lIft ljBfno kl/of]hgf

;+lIfKt zAbfjnL
;LaLcf] (CBO) ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf
;L;LP (CCA) hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng
8Lcf]O (DOE) lzIff ljefu
8LOcf] (DEO) lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
8Lcf/cf/ (DRR) ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
hLPncf]Pkm (GLOF) lxdtfn ljikmf]6af6 pTkGg af9L
PreLcf/;LP (HVRCA) k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf
PghLcf] (NGO) u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf
kL6LP (PTA) cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3
P;8LPd;L (SDMC) ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
P;8LPdkL (SDMP) ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf
P;Pd;L (SMC) ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

ljifo;"rL
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf ;DaGwdf
s= ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L s] xf] <============================================ !!
v= of] ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]hg s] xf] <========================================================= !!
u= k|:t't ;fdu|Lsf] s;/L k|of]u ug]{ <================================================= !!
3= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L s–s;sf nflu xf] < ================================================ !@
ª= of] ;fdu|L s;/L tof/ ul/of] < ===================================================== !@
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|L M ;+/rgfTds :j?k
!= k[i7e"ld
!=! ;'/lIft Bfno========================================================================== !#
!=@ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTo =========================================== !#
!=# g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] cj:yf=============================================== !&
@= ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfwf/:De================================================================= !&
@=! cfwf/:tDe ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿======================================= !*
@=!=! ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6================================================================= !*
@=!=@ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut nf]vfhf]vf==================================== @)
@=@ cfwf/:tDe @ M ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ======================================== @^
@=@=! ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ========================== @&
@=@=@ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g ======================================================== #$
@=@=# ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf ============================================= #%
@=@=$ ;~rf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ =================================================== #(
@=@=% ;r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"jf{Eof;
-l8«n_ ;~rfng ==================================================================== $)
@=# cfwf/:tDe # M hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff =========================================== $!
@=#=! cf}krfl/s tyf cgf{krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;dfof]hg ug]{ ================================== $!
@=#=@ lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{====================================== $@

@=#=# ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ============================================ $#
@=#=$ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf
;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ ======================= $#
@=#=% lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ================================================ $$
@=#=^ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL ;DefJo r'gf}tL tyf cj/f]w
x6fpg] ================================================================================ $%
cg';"rLx¿ M
cg';"rL ! M g]kfndf ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL kxnx¿ -;g !(** – @)!@_===== $&
cg';"rL @ M cfwf/e"t ;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08 ========================================= %!
cg";"rL # MljleGg sfo{bnsf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTj ===================================== %!
cg';"rL $ M ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfnosf dfkg -:jd"Nofªsg kmf/fd_ =========== %#
cg';"rL % M g]kfnsf k|d'v k|sf]kx¿========================================================= ^)
cg';"rL ^ M ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfsf nflu ;fdfGo ;'emfjx¿ ======================== &)
cg';"rL & M x'/Latf;, cfuf], af9L / e"sDkLo c;/af6 ;'/lIft /xg df}h'bf
ljBfno ejgsf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf k/LIf0f ;"rL === &%

9
;'/lIft ljBfno
Knfg g]kfn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf ;DaGwdf
s= ;'/lIft ljBfno ;|Gbe{ ;fdu|L -Toolkit_ s] xf] <
;'/lIft ljBfnosf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{
n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsg ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg
JolQmx¿sf nflu ;Gbe{sf] ¿kdf ;xof]uL xf]; eGg]
cfzon] tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L g} ;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{
;fdu|L xf] . o;n] ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] tLg cfwf/:tDenfO{
k|:t't u5{, tL x'g !_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf nflu
cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿, @_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg, /
#_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lZfIff .
k|:t't ;fdu|L ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] of]hgf tyf of]hgfsf]
9fFrf tof/ ug{;d]t pkof]uL 5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf
qmddf k|Kt ePsf c;n cEof; / l;sfOnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ o; ;fdu|LnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf
kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
v= of] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]hg s] xf] <
cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ljsl;t a[xQ/ ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t eP/ tof/ ul/Psf]
o; ;fdu|Ln] ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL ;/n, ;+lIfKt / ;';ªut hfgsf/L k|bfg u5{ .
o;n] ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kf5{ .
ljBfnodf kg{;Sg] ;DefJo k|sf]k / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] ljkbsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{, ljkb
k|ltsfo{sf nflu pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] klxrfg ug{, ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/
u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ / ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;'b[9 agfpg] ;Gbe{df
o; ;fdu|Ln] ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
u= k|:t't ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ <
ljBfno ;'/Iffsf ;jfndf 5l/tf] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsof]; eg]/ k|:t't
;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . k|of]ustf{n] o;nfO{ cfkmgf] :yfgLo kl/j]z cg's"n u|x0f /
pkof]u ug{ ;S5g . o; ;fdu|Ln] ;/n ljlw / tl/sfx¿ k|of]u u/L ljBfnonfO{ s;/L

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
10
;'/lIft agfpg] eGg]af/] Jofjxfl/s pkfox¿ ;'emfpF5 .
3= ;Gbe{;fdu|L s–s;sf nflu xf] <
k|:t't ;fdu|LnfO{ z}lIfs of]hgfsf/, gLltlgdf{tf, sfo{qmd lgdf{tfsf ;fy} dfgjLo ;xfotf
k|bfos / ;'/lIft ljBfnocg'¿ksf] ljZjJofkL lzIffsf kIfw/x¿sf nflu l;kmfl/;
ul/G5 . To;}u/L ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfno lgdf{0fsf cg'ofoLx¿sf nflu of] ;fdu|L cem
pkof]uL x'g]5 . o; ;fdu|Laf6 nfe lng;Sg] nlIft ju{x¿ b]xfoadf]lhd 5g M
• ;fd'bflos tyf lghL ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt,
• cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3,
• lzIfs tyf ljBfnosf sd{rf/L,
• ljBfyL{, afnaflnsf tyf o'jf,
• :yfgLo lgsfo -ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt_,
• ;|f]t s]Gb|, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no,
• ljBfno ejgsf] vfsflrq (Design), nfut cg'dfg / lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg k|fljlws,
• u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf,
• ljBfnonfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] sfo{df ¿lr /fVg] ;a} JolQm, /
• ;'/lIft ljBfno;Da4 cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg ;+:yf tyf JolQm .
ª= of] ;fdu|L s;/L tof/ ul/of] <
lzIff;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] JolQmx¿;Fu a[xt tyf ;"Id b'j} :t/df
k/fdz{ u/L of] ;fdu|L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o tyf lhNnf
txdf a[xt / :yfgLo txdf ;'Id ¿kdf k/fdz{ ul/of] .
/fli6«o txdf lzIff ljefu, lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t lgsfox¿,
cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] u7aGwgcGtu{t
ljkb Joj:yfkg sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿ / z}lIfs If]qsf
k]zfsdL{x¿;Fu k/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof] . lhNnf txdf lhNnf
lzIff clwsf/L, ;|f]t s]Gb| k|d'v / lzIff If]qdf sfo{/t
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;d'bflos ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿;Fu
k/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof] . :yfgLo txdf ljBfno k|zf;s,
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs lzIfs ;ª3, lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿;Fu z[ªvnfa4
5nkmnx¿ ul/Psf lyP . k|:t't ;fdu|LnfO{ dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] Ps ljBfnodf k/LIf0f u/L
;f] qmddf cfPsf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ljrf/ / rf;f]nfO{ qmlds ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/L
k|of]ufTds agfpg k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

11
;'/lIft ljBfno
;'/lIft ljBfno ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M ;+/rgfTds :j¿k
!= k[i7e"ld
!=! ;'/lIft ljBfno
ljkbhGo hf]lvd gePsf] If]qdf cjl:yt jf ljkbsf] ;fdgf
ug{;Sg]u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ljBfnonfO{ g} ;'/lIft ljBfno
elgG5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno ljkb / cGo sf/0faf6 x'g] Ifltaf6
;'/lIft x'G5 . olb ljBfno Ifltu|:t eOxfNof] eg] klg
;DalGwt æljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltÆ / æcleefjs lzIfs
;ª3Æ To:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g .
!=@ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTo
;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] cf}lrTonfO{ lgDg kl/R5]bx¿n]
k|i6 kf5{g M
s_ ljkbn] afnaflnsfnfO{ 3fOt] agfp“5 / pgLx¿sf] d[To'b/ a9fp“5
ljBfno;Fu ljkbsf] ;fdgf Ifdtf sdhf]/ eP ljkbdf k/]/ ljBfyL{sf] d[To'b/ a9g]
;Defjgf /xG5 . ljkbn] ljZjsf nfvf}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ 3fOt] agfpF5, ljkbsf sf/0f
pgLx¿nfO{ rf]6k6s nfU5 h'g pgLx¿sf] hLjge/ klg /xg ;S5 . cem ljBfnox¿df
x'g] afnaflnsf tyf lzIfsx¿sf] d[To'n] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo tyf /fi6«df g} ck'/0fLo Iflt
k'¥ofpF5 .1 cWoog pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿n] %) k|ltzt ;do ljBfnodf g}
latfpg'kg]{ oyfy{ eP klg k|foM ljBfnox¿ ljkb pTyfgzLn x'g]u/L lgdf{0f jf dd{t;Def/
ul/Psf x'Fb}gg .
ljkb k|lt/f]wL ljBfno ejgx¿sf] b'O{ k|d'v pkof]lutf b]lvG5 . klxnf], ljkbsf] ;dodf
ejg Iflt eP/ ToxfFleq /x]sf dflg;dfly v:g] / 3fOt] x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ 36fpF5 .
bf];|f], ljkbsf] ;dodf cf>o:yn / ljkbkZrft /fxts]Gb|sf] nflu 7fpF pknAw
u/fpF5 . ljBfno ejgx¿ bl/nf] ;fdflhs d"No :yfkgf ug{] pTs[i6 :yn x'g h;n]
;a} txdf ;'/Iff tyf pTyfgzLn ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu 1fg, gjLgtf / lzIffnfO{
k|of]u ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ d~rsf ¿kdf sfd u5{g . ;'/lIft ljBfno ejgn] hLjgnfO{ ;'/lIft
1 o"PgcfO{P;8Lcf/, OgL tyf hLPkm8Lcf/cf/ M ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{g l6kf]6 .

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
12
/fVg'sf ;fy} afnaflnsf, lzIfs / sd{rf/LnfO{ rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 arfpF5 .
afnaflnsf / o'jfdf ljkbn] 7"nf] k|efj kf5{ . cem
pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s / af}l4s Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{
z}lIfs ;+:yfdf ljkbsf] k|efjn] pgLx¿sf] efjL hLjgdf
gs/fTds c;/ k5{ . ljkbsf] k|j[lQ / hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf ;DefJo kl/0ffd;DaGwL ul/Psf kl5Nnf
cWoogx¿n] klg x/]s jif{ k|fs[lts k|sf]k;Fu ;Da4
ljkbaf6 dfq !& s/f]8 %) nfv afnaflnsf k|efljt
x'g;Sg] b]vfPsf] 5 .2 ljZje/ k|fylds tyf dfWolds
ljBfnox¿df sl/a ! ca{ @) s/f]8 afnaflnsf egf{ x'G5g
h;dWo] *& s/f]8 %) nfv afnaflnsf pRr e"sDkLo
hf]lvdo'Qm If]qdf /xG5g eg] s/f]8f}F afnaflnsf lgoldt cfpg] af9L, klx/f], x'/Latf;,
;d'b|L cfFwL / cfuf]af6 pTkGg ljkbsf] ;fdgf ug{ afWo x'G5g .
v= ljBfno ejgx¿ cfktsfndf cf>o:ynsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5g
ljkbaf6 pTkGg cfktsfndf lj:yflkt x'g] 7"nf] ;ªVofsf dflg;nfO{ /fVg ljBfnox¿nfO{
cf>o:ynsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . sIffsf]7fx¿ a:g] / vfg] 7fpFdf kl/0ft x'Fbf lgoldt
sIff ;~rfngdf cj/f]w cfpF5 . /fxt Joj:yfkgdfkm{t lj:yflktx¿nfO{ csf]{ 7fpFdf
g;f/];Dd ;'/lIft c:yfoL cfjf;sf ¿kdf ljBfnon] sfd ug{ ;Sg' ;sf/fTds kIf eP
klg clwsf+z ljBfnox¿ cfktsfnLg cf>o / cWoog b'j} k|of]hgdf cfpg;Sg] u/L
agfOPsf x'Fb}gg h;n] cGttM lzIffdf gsf/fTds c;/ kf5{ . cfktsfndf afnaflnsfsf]
lzIff ;'/lIft ug'{sf] cy{ ljkb pTyfgzLn x'g / cfkmgf] Pj+ ;d'bfosf] /Iff ug{ cfjZos
hLjg/Ifs tyf hLjga4{s (life saving and life enhancing) ;Lk Pj+ hfgsf/Ldf
pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr 5 eGg] xf] .3
hf]lvd / ;ªs6f;Ggtf ljBfnoleq dfq xf]Og, afnaflnsf a;f]af; ug]{ :yfg / ljBfno
cfpg]–hfg] dfu{df klg x'G5g . ;'/lIft dfu{sf] cefj x'g', klx/f] tyf af9Ln] dfu{ cj¿4
ug'{h:tf sf/0fn] x/]s jif{ jiff{ofddf ljBfyL{x¿sf] k9fOdf afwf pTkGg x'G5 .
2 of] cfFsng /]8qm; cGt/f{li6«o dxf;ª3 / /]8lqm;]G6 ;f];fO6Låf/f k|sflzt æljZj ljkb k|ltj]bg, @))^Æ sf]
tYofªsdf cfwfl/t 5 .
3 http://www.ineesite.org/uploads/files/resources/doc_1_n}lËs ;dfgtf– afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfsf] lzIff=
kL8LPkm .

13
;'/lIft ljBfno
u= ljkbn] aLr}df ljBfno TofUg] b/ pRr agfpg'sf ;fy} lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df k|efj kf5{ .
ljkbsf k|d'v kl/0ffd jf k|efjdWo] afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf kg]{ k|efj dxTjk"0f{
;jfn xf] . xfn;Ddsf cEof;n] klg ljkbkZrftsf] klxnf] sfo{ ljBfno aGb ug'{
b]vfPsf] 5 .4 ljBfnosf] lgoldt ultljlwdf cj/f]w cfpFbf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s
;'/Iff / dgf]j}1flgs :jf:Yo b'j} hf]lvddf k5{ . ljkbaf6 JolQmut
¿kdf x'g] Ifltn] dfq xf]Og, lzIffdf x'g] cj/f]wn] klg :yfgLo
;d'bfosf] ;d[l4 a[xt ¿kdf vl:sg] x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf] lxt tyf
eljiodfly g} bL3{sfnLg c;/ k5{ . ha ljkbaf6 afnaflnsfsf]
lzIffdf afwf pTkGg x'G5, pgLx¿ :yfoL ¿k d} ljBfnoaf6 aflx/
/xg'kg]{ ;Defjgf a95 .5
Affnaflnsf ;dfhsf] ;a}eGbf a9L ;ªs6f;Gg ju{ x'g / ljkb
sf] df/df pgLx¿ g} a9L kb{5g . afnaflnsfx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd
ljBfnoaf6 aflx/ /xg'kbf{ k9fO 5f]8g] qmd a95 . o;sf] bL3{sfnLg
k|efj yk lzIff k|flKtdf dfq xf]Og, /f]huf/L / cGo cj;/df klg
k5{ . x/]s k6s ljkb cfpFbf 7"nf] ;ªVofdf ljBfyL{x¿ ljBfnoaf6
aflxl/G5g . ljkbaf6 kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf x'g] Iflt /
cGo kfl/jfl/s sf/0fn] ubf{ clwsf+z ljBfyL{ slxNo} ljBfno
kmls{+b}gg . ljkbkZrft klg afnaflnsfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf hf]
lvd pTkGg x'G5 . d[To', zf/Ll/s czQmtf / rf]6k6ssf ;jfndf
pgLx¿ sd ;'/lIft x'G5g, pgLx¿n] 6'x'/f]kg / ul/aLsf] ;fdgf
ug'{k5{ , z}lIfs cj;/af6 k"0f{¿kn] jl~rt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 .
ljutsf cg'ej tyf k|df0fn] klg z}lIfs If]q cGo If]qeGbf sd k|efljt gx'g] b]lvG5 .
ljkbsf sf/0f ljBfnosf k"jf{wf/ Iflt x'Fbf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df klg k|ToIf k|efj k5{ .
3= ljkbn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t clwsf/ k|flKtaf6 jl~rt u5{
ljkbn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;]jf k|flKtaf6 jl~rt ug{ ;S5, pgLx¿sf] df}lns
clwsf/ s'l07t ug{ ;S5 . ;'/lIft z}lIfs cj;/x¿n] ljz]ifu/L aflnsfx¿nfO{ zf]if0f
tyf xflgaf6 ;'/Iff u5{ / ljkbsf] ;dodf ;fdfGo cj:yfsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg ;S5 .6
4 o'lg;]km tyf Knfg OG6/g];gn -@)!!_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu ckgfOg] afns]lGb|t k4ltsf nfe .
5 n]lj;, Pd / nsxL8, Pd -@))^_ cIfDo cg'kl:ylt M cem} klg ^ s/f]8 aflnsf ljBfnodf lsg 5}gg / o;
;DaGwdf s] ug]{ . ljZj ljsf; s]Gb| Pg jfg{/, c~h' dNxf]qf / Pln;g Dofsuf]gfUnsf] aflnsf lzIff, ;zQmLs/0f
tyf jo:sfj:yfdf ¿kdGt/0f M ;femf Ph]G8f df p4[t . dlxnf cg';Gwfg cGt/f{li6«o s]Gb| .
6 http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/ lzIff kv{g ;Sb}g=kL8LPkm .

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
14
lzIff If]qn] ljkbhGo r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / k|sf]knfO{ ljkbdf ?kfGt/0f x'gaf6 /f]Sg
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;S5 . lZfIffn] ljkbaf6 ;'/lIft / tof/L /xg] hLjg/Ifs hfgsf/L
lbG5 h;n] hLjg/If0f ;Lk / ;fdgf ;+oGqnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpF5 . ljkb k|efljt afnaflnsfdf
;fdfGo cj:yf dx;'; u/fpg / cfktsfndf cg'e"lt x'g] dgf];fdflhs tgfjnfO{ Go"g
ug{ z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf cfjZos 5 . afnfaflnsfsf] lzIff k|flKtsf] clwsf/ k"/f ug{
;'/lIft l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f clgjfo{ x'g'k5{ .
ª= afnaflnsf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pTs[i6 ;+jfxs x'g
ljkbsf ;Gbe{df afnaflnsf ;a}eGbf a9L ;ªs6f;Gg ju{ t x'g g} t/ ljkb pTyfgzLn
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ pTs[i6 ;+jfxs klg x'g . afnaflnsf cfkm" / cfpFbf] k':tfnfO{
;'/lIft agfpg] gofF 1fgk|lt w]/} u|x0fzLn x'G5g . pgLx¿ cfˆgf]
3/kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf ljkbsf] ;fdgf
tyf hLjg /Iffljlwsf] k|jfxsf nflu 1fg
k|a4{g tyf k}/jLstf{ / pTk|]/s x'g . ljkb
af/] cfkmgf] kl/jf/, ;dfh / ljBffnonfO{
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;r]t u/fpg ;Sg]
kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs x'g . afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf
u/fP/ ljBfno k|zf;gn] ;'/lIft jftfj/0f /
;'/lIft ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g .
;d'bfodf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL
;r]tgf km}nfpg ;'/lIft ljBfno Ps
k|efjsf/L dfWod xf] . l;sfOsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf
sfd ug{, ;d'bfonfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ / ljkb pTyfgzLn
;dfhsf] ljsf;df ;3fpg ljBfnox¿sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k'/fgf ljBfnosf]
k|anLs/0f / gofF lgdf{0f x'g] ejgdf ;'/lIft pkfox¿sf] cjnDagdf hf]8 lbFb}
ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;'/lIft ejgsf] cfjZostf / dxTjaf/] ;d'bfodf
;Gb]z km}nfpg afnaflnsfsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
r= cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿sf] d'Vo Ph]G8f
k'/fgf ljBfnosf] :t/f]Gglt u/L ;'/lIft agfpg' / ljkbsf ;dodf ;'/lIft /xg]
gofF ljBfno ejg lgdf{0f ug'{ s'g} klg /fi6«sf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf] cleGg cªu
x'g'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf] nflu bjfa lbFb} cfPsf] 5 .
ljkbsf] cfj[lQ a9]sf] / o;sf] k|lts"n k|efj ljBfnodf w]/} b]lvg yfn]kl5 vf;u/L ;g

15
;'/lIft ljBfno
@))) otf of] cleofg cl3 a9fOPsf] xf] . lzIff If]qn] k|sf]knfO{ ljkb x'gaf6 /f]Sg
pNn]Vo of]ubfg ug]{ s'/fdf ;a} lgsfox¿
;xdt 5g . tflnsf @ df ;'/lIft
ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL k|d'v kxnx¿nfO{
;doqmdcg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!=# g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] cj:yf
ljZjel/ g} a9bf] cfj[lQ, r/d df};dL
36gf / clglZrttf;lxt ljkb
sf 36gf eO/x]sf 5g .7 hnjfo'
kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt ;ªs6nufot
k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 l;lh{t
k|sf]kaf6 x'g] ljkbx¿n] g]kfndf dfgjLo tyf ljsf;hGo r'gf}
tL l;h{gf u5{g . ljkb g]kfnsf nflu gf}nf] xf]Og . oxfFsf] ;+j]bgzLn
ef}ule{s agf]6 / le/fnf] ef}uf]lns
;+/rgfn] o; /fi6«nfO{ ljZjsf] aL;f}F clt
ljkbf]Gd'v d'n's agfPsf] 5 . g]kfn hnjfo'
kl/jt{g, e"sDk, af9L tyf klx/f]sf ljkbsf] ;Gbe{df ljZjdf qmdzM rf}yf], P3f/f}F /
tL;f}F :yfgdf kb{5 .
g]kfn af9L, klx/f], e"sDk, cfunfuL, cl;gf, x'/Latf;, v8]/L, r6Øfª, lxdtfn ljikmf]6gaf6
pTkGg af9L, lxdklx/f] / dxfdf/Lh:tf ax'k|sf]k b[li6sf]0fn] ;ªs6f;Gg 5 . b]zsf]
a9bf] hg3gTj, pRr jftfj/0fLo x|f;, sdhf]/ e"–agf]6, Jofks ul/aL, ejg -cfjf;
tyf ljBfno_ lgdf{0f ;+lxtf sfof{Gjogsf] cefj / cfktsfnLg k"j{tof/Lsf] ckof{Kttf
cflbn] ljkbaf6 x'g] Ifltsf] dfqf a9fpF5g . sdhf]/ ¿kdf lgdf{0f ePsf] ljBfno ejg
k|fs[lts ljkbsf] kl/0fltaf6 afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff ug{ c;kmn x'G5g .
@= ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfwf/:tDe8
;'/lIft ljBfno k4ltsf tLg d'Vo cfwf/:tDe 5g M -s_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf
7 ;g @)!@ df Knfgn] #^ j6f ljkb tyf cfktsfndf cfkmgf] bfloTj lgjf{x u¥of] / ljkb hf]lvd cNkLs/0fdf ^
s/f]8 o'/f] vr{ u¥of] -Knfg OG6/g];gn jflif{s ;dLIff @)!@_ . Knfg ;g @))) b]lv ljkbaf6 k|efljt clwsf+z
d'n'sx¿ / !) hnjfo'hGo hf]lvdf]Gd'v d'n'sdWo] * d'n'sdf sfd ub}{cfPsf] 5 . -Dofknqmkm6 hnjfo' kl/jt{g
;ªs6f;Ggtf ;"rsfÍ @)!!_ .
8 Knfg OG6/g];gnsf] b[li6sf]0fdf ;'/lIft ljBfno k4ltsf tLg cfwf/:tDe x'g'k5{ M-s_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿,
-v_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg, / -u_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff .

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
16
k"jf{wf/x¿, -v_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf, / -u_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff .
;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿df ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, k|f¿k lrq0f, lgdf{0f tyf
dd{t;Def/ kb{5g eg] oL k"jf{wf/x¿df ;'/lIft Pj+ lg/Gt/ kx'Fr kb{5g .9 ljBfno
ljkb Joj:yfkgn] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg'¿k ;'/lIft l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f tof/
ug{ / z}lIfs lg/Gt/tfsf] of]hgf agfpg ul/g] Joj:yfksLo sfo{nfO{ ;d]65 .10
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffn] pTyfgzLn ;d'bfo / ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ lgoldt
z}lIfs kf7Øqmd tyf lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf kf7of+zdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg"s"ngsf ljifo ;+nUg u/fpg'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;fd]n u5{ -lrq g+ ! x]g'{xf]; .11
@=! cfwf/:tDe ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfx¿
;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿df k|sf]k tyf ;ª6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf u/L 5gf]6
ul/g] ;'/lIft :yfgÙ ejglgdf{0f ;+lxtf tyf dfkb08cg'¿k ljkb pTyfgzLn k|f¿k
lrq0fÙ ejglgdf{0f, ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg, lg/LIf0f / k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu tflnddfkm{t
Ifdtf clej[l4Ù z}lIfs ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] k|anLs/0f, ;'ljwfx¿df ;'/lIft kxF'r -vf;u/L
ckfªutf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] kb{5g . oL cfjZos tTjx¿ tflndk|fKt OlGhlgo/, lgdf{0f
Joj;foL, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs– lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:ox¿, lhNnf lzIff
sfof{nob]lv lzIffljefu;Ddsf gLltlgdf{tfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdfkm{t k"/f ul/g'k5{ .
lrq !M ;'/lIft ljBfno 9f“rfsf] k|jfx lrq
cfwf/:tDe !_ ;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/
x¿Ù cfwf/:tDe @_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgÙ
cfwf/:tDe # _hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff
ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{
r/0fa4 lgb]{lzsf tnlbOPsf] 5 . -lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu
cg';"rL @ x]/f}F _.
@=!=! ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6
s'g} klg ljBfno ;'/lIft x'g ;f] ljBfno
;'/lIft :yfgdf x'g'k5{ . ;'/lIft :yfgdf
/x]sf ljBfnox¿ ax'k|sf]kx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ a9L
;Ifd x'G5 . k|d'v k|sf]kx¿sf sf/0f pTkGg
9 a[xt ljBfno ;'/Iff 9fFrf, dfr{ @)!# .
lrq ! M ;'/lIft ljBfno 9fFrfsf]
k|jfx j[Qlrq

17
;'/lIft ljBfno
x'g;Sg] yk k|sf]kx¿sf] klxrfg ug{
ljBfno :yfkgf ug]{ 7fpFsf] ;fjwfgLk"j{s
n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . h:t}M k|d'v k|sf]
k e"sDksf sf/0f ejgleqsf a:t'x¿
v:g] / ejg k"/} 9lNsg]h:tf yk k|sf]k
pTkGg x'G5g . g]kfndf
afn–aflnsfsf] k9fOdf Wofg s]lGb|t
u/fpg PsfGt:yndf ljBfno
lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ eGg] unt hgljZjf;
5 . g]kfndf clwsf+z ljBfnox¿
gbLsflsgf/, le/fnf] hldgsf]
km]bL, klx/f] hfg;Sg] 8fF8fsf]
5]p / bftfåf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] jf ;/sf/åf/f 5'6ofOPsf] Go"g u'0f:t/sf] ;fj{hlgs hUufdf
ag]sf x'G5g . :yfgljz]ifdf cfOkg]{ k|sf]kn] ljBfnosf] ef}lts tyf u}/ef}lts
;ªs6f;Ggtf a9fpF5 eg] ef}uf]lns b'u{dtfn] ljBfno / cGo lgsfonfO{ ljkb
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ug{ cem r'gf}tL yKg] sfd u5{ .
;'/lIft :yfg 5gf]6sf nflu—
n ljutsf 36gfsf cfwf/df To; If]qsf] ;DefJo k|sf]ksf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf]; .
n ljBfno / To; j/k/ k|To]s k|sf/sf] k|sf]kn] kfg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf] nf]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; .
n k|sf]k gS;fªsg tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;xeflutfd"ns ¿kdf k/fdz{ u/L ljleGg
;ªs6tkm{ pGd'v :ynx¿ klxrfg ug'{xf]; .
n v'nf tyf km/flsnf], k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft, ;lhn} k'Ug ;lsg], ;fdflhs ;'ljwf -h:t} :jR5
kfgL, ljB't / ;~rf/ ;~hfn_ af6 glhs /x]sf] 7fpF klxrfg ug'{xf]; .
n cUnf ¿v / v'nf kf]v/L jf Ogf/ glhs /x]sf] 7fpF 5gf]6 gug'{xf]; . ¿vx¿n] ljBfno
ejgnfO{ x'/Latf;sf] k|ToIf k|efjaf6 hf]ufP klg tL ¿v g} 9n]/ ejgnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg
;S5g . 5]sjf/ jf ;'/Iffsf cGo Joj:yf gePsf] v'nf kf]v/Ldf afnaflnsf b'3{6gfa;
8'Ag] hf]lvddf x'G5g .
n e"sDkn] lr/f kfg{;Sg] :yfgsf] 5gf]6 gug'{xf]; . tnsf] hldg s8f ePsf], e"ldut
hn:t/ ejgsf] hueGbf w]/} tnePsf] :yfg pko'Qm x'G5 .
n sDtLdf klg %) jif{ otfsf] af9Lsf] k'g/fj[lQsf] cWoog u/L af9L 8'afg x'g]eGbf cUnf]
e"efu 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . 9n tyf kfgL lgsf;–k|0ffnLdfkm{t af9Lsf] kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft
lgsf; lbg'k5{ . jiff{ofddf hndUg x'g] vfnsf] xf]rf] 7fpF 5gf]6 ug'{ x'Fb}g .

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
18
n jiff{sf] kfgL ;lhn} au]/ hfcf]; eGgfsf nflu
gfnf tyf 9nsf kfOk lgoldt ¿kdf ;kmf ul/g]
s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; .
n ljBfnoleq / jl/kl/ 8'afg / ;DefJo IfltnfO{
6fg{ kfgLsf] lgsf; x'g] gfnfsf] ;'wf/ ug'{xf]; .
n jftfj/0fLo tyf e"ld k|of]udf cfPsf
kl/jt{gx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . lsgls o:tf
kl/jt{gn] klx/f] hfg] tyf uN5L lgdf{0f x'g]
hf]lvdnfO{ tLj| agfpF5g .
n 7f]; tyf ;'Vvf, e"ldut kfgLsf] :t/eGbf
sDtLdf @ ld6/dfly /x]sf] e"ldsf] 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; .
le/fnf] hldgsf] xsdf !% l8u|LeGbf sd le/fnf]
ePsf] 7fpF 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; .
@=!=@ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut nf]vfhf]vf
;'/lIft ljBfno ;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut b'j} kIfdf s]lGb|t
x'G5g . ;'/lIft :yfgdf /x]sf ;+/rgfut ¿kdf alnof ljBfno k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf k|efjsf]
;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g .
-;+/rgfut n]vhf]vfsf ;fdfGo ljlwx¿sf] nflu cg';"rL % / e"sDk, x'/Latf;, cfunfuL,
af9Lh:tf k|sf]k lj¿4 ljBdfg ljBfnox¿sf] k|anLs/0f cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf ug]{
k/LIf0f ;"rL (Checklist) sf nflu cg';"rL ^ x]/f}F ._
s= ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf
s'g} klg ejgsf ;+/rgfTds tTjx¿n] :jo+ To; ejg, To;leq /x]sf dflg; Pj+
j:t'sf] ef/ / k|fs[lt zlQmsf] bafa jxg u5{g . oL ef/ axg ug]{ tTjx¿df aLd, ufx|f],
vDafnufot kb{5g .
e"sDk, af9L, x'/Latf; tyf cGo k|sf]ksf] ;Defjgf ePsf If]qdf :yflkt ljBfnox¿n]
tL k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] ;+/rgfTds Ifdtf eP gePsf] lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/df
hfFr ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ dfkb08df bVvn ePsf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L clwsf/L jf OlGhlgo/n]
k|dfl0ft ug'{k5{ . o;df ejgsf k|sf/af/] ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L, ef/ jxg dfu{, lgdf{0f
;fdu|L, ejgdf x'g;Sg] Iflt / o:t} cGo cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L /xG5g .
;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf ax'k|sf]k hf]lvd n]vfhf]vfdfkm{t ul/G5 . ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f

19
;'/lIft ljBfno
/ sfo{of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu of] pkof]uL 5 . s'g} klg ljBfno ejg /x]sf] :yfg, To;sf]
;+/rgfTds :j¿k / lgdf{0fsf] cj:yfn] pQm ejgsf] cfunfuL, e"sDk, af9L, klx/f],
lxdkft jf x'/Latf;sf b[li6n] ;ªs6f;Ggtf a9fpF5 jf 36fpF5 . ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfdf
;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, gofF ejg lgdf{0f / ljBfdfg ljBfno ejgx¿sf] ef}lts
nf]vfhf]vf kb{5 .
ljBfno ejgx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ltgsf] ljkbhGo 36gfsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ;+/rgfut
kof{Kttfsf nflu ul/g'k5{ . k'/fgf ejgx¿ gofF ejgx¿sf] t'ngfdf a9L ;ªs6f;Gg
x'G5g, lsgls o:tf ejg ljkbsf] dfkb08nfO{ Wofgdf g/fvL agfOPsf x'g ;S5g jf
;dosf] nfdf] cGt/fndf k'/fgf] eP/ sdhf]/ ePsf x'g ;S5g jf tL ejgx¿ ljutdf
ePsf k|sf]kaf6 Ifltu|:t ePsf x'g ;S5g .
ljBfno ejg ;+/rgfsf] zL3 nf]vfhf]vfdf b]xfosf k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 M
n s] ejgdf k"0f{ -x'/Latf; tyf e"sDkLo_ 7f8f] ef/ dfu{ (Verticalload path) 5 <
n s] ejgdf k"0f{ -x'/Latf; tyf e"sDkLo_ t];f]{ ef/ dfu{ (lateralload path) 5 <
n s] ufx|f] / k|m]d e'OF tyf 5t;Fu alnof];Fu hf]l8Psf 5g <
n s] hun] /fd|/L sfd ul//x]sf] 5 jf To;sf] hf]8fO rls{Psf] 5 <
n s] ejgsf] gS;f / ;+/rgfTds :j¿k (Layout) n] alnof] ejgsf nflu cfjZos
Go"gtd lgb]{lzsf k"/f u/]sf] 5 <
n s] 5fgf gp8g] u/L d'Vo ejgsf] ;+/rgf;Fu alnof] u/L hf]l8Psf] 5 < -h:tfsf]
5fgfsf] xsdf_ .
n s] ufx|f] / e'OFdf ePsf ghf]l8sf efunfO{ 58 jf 808L xfn]/ alnof] agfOPsf] 5 <
n s] s'g} kSsL ;+/rgf (concrete or masonry) km'6]sf] jf rs]{sf] 5 <
n s] alnof] agfpg k|uf]u ul/Psf] :6Ln 808L kof{Kt 5 / alnof];Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 <
n s] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L tyf lgdf{0f u'0f:t/n] ejg g6'lqmg] u/L alnof] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt u5{ <
;fdfGo ¿kdf ul/g] o; zL3| n]vfhf]vf ljBdfg ejgx¿dWo] s'grflx+ ljkbhGo 36gfk|lt
a9L ;ªs6f;Gg 5 eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]uL 5 . tyflk o; k/LIf0f ;"rLdf s'g} ejgn] pRr
cªs k|fKt u/] klg ;'/lIft ljBfnosf kof{Kt u'0f eP–gePsf] yfxf kfpg /fd|/L lg/LIf0f tyf
k/LIf0f ul/g'k5{ . o;af6 clwsf+z k'/fgf ejgx¿sf] :t/f]Gglt ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf x'g;S5 .
gofF ljBfnosf] ;+/rgfTds vfsf (Design) tof/ ubf{ Wofglbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M
n ;a} gofF ljBfno ejgn] ;+/rgfTds vfsf, :yfg 5gf]6, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / tl/sf,
lg/LIf0f, cg'udg tyf dd{t;Def/df ljkb pTyfgzLn k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
ejglgdf{0f ;+lxtf kfngf ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; .

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
20
n h;/L k|sf]ksf] ljz]iftf To;sf] k|sf/, tLj|tf / cfj[lQcg';f/ km/s x'G5g, To;/L g}
ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf k|sf]k;Fu ;Da4 hf]lvd / ;ªs6f;Ggtf km/s x'G5g eGg]
s'/fsf] dgg ug'{xf]; . Ps} k|sf/sf tl/sf ;a} kl/l:yltdf pko'Qm x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] klg
:d/0f ug'{xf]; . To;}n] k|To]s ljBfnon] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;Defljt k|sf]k / o;sf vf;
hf]lvdx¿sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . ljBfno ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds vfsfn]
ax'k|sf]ksf] k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ .
n ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf
clwsf/Lnufot lzIff;Fu ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yn 5gf]6, ;+/rgfTds
vfsf tof/L cyf{t l8hfOg, lgdf{0f tyf dd{t;Def/sf sfo{df ;fd]n u/fpg'xf]; .
ljBfyL{x¿n] k|of]u ug]{ ljBfnodf ;a} kIfaf6 lgoldt ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw x'g] s'/fsf]
;'lglZrt u/fpg] k|lqmofdf klg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;fd]n u/fpg'k5{ .
n ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L k|anLs/0faf6} alnof] agfpg ;lsG5
jf k|lt:yfkg ug'{k5{ jf 7fpF ;fg'{kg]{ b]lvG5 ;f]sf] l;kmfl/; ug'{xf]; . ljkb pTyfgzLn
vfsf tof/ u/L ljBfnonfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg ;f]cg'?k lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
n x'/Latf; / e"sDkLo bafasf] k|efj sd ug{ oyf;Dej xf]rf] ejg / :yn (lowest
profile) k|of]u ug'{xf]; lsgeg] prfOcg'¿k g} x'/Latf; / e"sDkLo hf]lvd a9g] u5{ .
n ;b}j Ps} k|sf/sf] ;+/rgfTds cfsf/ 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; . juf{sf/, cfotfsf/ -a9Ldf #M!
nDafO / rf}8fOsf] cg'kft_ / j[Qfsf/ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf cfsf/ x'g . cªu|]hL Pn (L),
6L (T) / o" (U) cfsf/df ejg lgdf{0f gug'{xf]; .
n ejgsf] ;txdf x'/Latf;sf] cl:y/tf l;h{gf ug]{ / zf]if0f zlQm (suction forces)
a9fpg] clgoldt ;tx 36fpg'xf]; .
n 7f8f] ufx|f]nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd lgoldt / ;/n k|sf/sf] agfpg'xf]; . emofn jf cGo
k|of]hgsf nflu k|To]s tnfdf /flvg] v'nf :yfg ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf /fVg'xf]; . OF6fsf nx/
tyf ef/jxg ufx|f]nfO{ Ps csf]{dfly vK6ofP/ /fVg'xf]; . le/fnf] jf c;Gt'lnt tj/n]
lgdf{0f gug'{xf]; . ufx|f], :Nofa, aLd / cGo :yfgx¿df w]/} v'nf :yfg g/fVg'xf]; .
n ejgsf] tNnf] efudf afSnf] tyf km/flsnf] e'OF agfpg'xf]; . w]/} ef/ axg ug{;Sg] ufx|f]
dfly xn'sf / nlrnf 5fgfsf] k|of]u gug'{xf]; . ef/ axg ug]{ ufx|f]df s8f rf}8f ;+/rgf
agfpg'xf];, OF6fsf nx/sf] k|of]u gug'{xf]; .
n ejgsf cfGtl/s ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ Ps csf{df ;6fP/ gagfpg'xf]; lsgls tL ejgx¿
ljleGg lbzfdf rnfodfg x'G5g / k|sf]ksf 36gfsf sf/0f x'g] IfltnfO{ emg} a9fpF5g .
ejgx¿ :jtGq¿kdf rnfodfg x'g;Sg] u/L Ps csf{af6 cnu /flvg' k5{ .
n ejgsf] hu af9Lsf] ;txeGbf dfly /fVg'xf]; . olb o;f] ug{ ;Dej geP tn
ulx/fOaf6 ejg yfDg] :tDex¿ p7fP/ af9Lsf] ;Defljt :t/eGbf dfly x'g]u/L e"OFtnf
agfpg'xf]; . af9L k:g glbg ejg jl/kl/ af9L cj/f]ws ufx|f] agfpg'xf]; .

21
;'/lIft ljBfno
k'/fgf ejgx¿sf]lj:t[t ;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfljlw M
n ejgnfO{ Psn OsfO{sf ¿kdf hf]8g] aN5L z}nL k|of]u u/L x'/Latf;af6 x'g;Sg] Iflt
/f]Sg ;lsg] jf g;lsg] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . To;}u/L cly{ªsf] k|of]u u/L r6ofªsf]
hf]lvd sd ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg] klg n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; .
n sf]7fsf] :yfoL tfkqmd sfod ug{ 9'Ëfsf ufx|f] sDtLdf !^ OGr rf}8f / OF6fsf ufx|f]
sDtLdf ( O~r rf}8f eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . .
n rf]6k6saf6 /Iff ug{ 8]:sa]Gr tyf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] s'gfx¿ sfl6Psf] jf
gsfl6Psf], e¥ofªsf v'8lsnfx¿ glrKng] agfOPsf] jf gagfOPsf], zf/Ll/s
ckfªutf ePsfsf] ;xh cfjfudgsf] nflu v'8lsnf lagfsf] af6f] agfOPsf] jf gagfOPsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; .
n k'gMlgld{t ejgx¿ ()–!@) ;]dL rf}8fO ePsf] hudf /x]–g/x]sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; .
-df6f]sf] k|s[lt ;'xfFpbf] husf] ulx/fO x'g'k5{ . tn / dflysf] efunfO{ 5'6ofpg] ufx|f]
tyf k|m]dsf] s8fkg dflyNnf] / To;}sf] ;dfgfGt/ tNnf] ef/nfO{ yfDg pFef] / pFwf]
b'j} ef/nfO{ yfDg ;Sg]u/L bx|f] eP–gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . To;}u/L g/d kmnfd]
808L, l;d]G6 / lu66Lsf] ld>0f qmdzM !M@M$ sf] cg'kftdf g36fO{ k|of]u u/L hunfO{
bl/nf] / l6sfp agfP–gagfPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; .
n ef/jxg ug]{ ;a} ufx|f] jf ufx|f]sf] df]6fO @# ;]=dL= eGbf sd eP–gePsf] n]vfhf]vf
ug'{xf]; . ;fdfGotM Knfi6/ ul/Psf] OF6fsf uf/f]sf] df]6fO @% ;]=dL= / 9'Ëfsf uf/f]sf]
df]6fO $) ;]=dL= x'g'k5{ .
n 5tdf afFlwPsf /8x¿ ufx|f]x¿;Fu afFlwPsf] jf gafFlwPsf] / ufx|f]df agfOPsf Kjfnx¿
l;d]G6 lu§Ln] 6flnPsf] g6flnPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . 5t agfpFbf l6gsf] kftf
k|of]u ul/Psf] gul/Psf] / tL kftfx¿ 5]psf ;tx lgdf{0fsf 58x¿ / aN5L
cfsf/sf x'sx¿;Fu hf]l8P jf ghf]l8Psf] hfFr ug'{xf]; . aLd / vDafdf k|of]u ul/Psf
l/ªx¿ ;a} aLd / vDafsf] ;ªud cyf{t hf]l8g] 7fpFsf] w]/} lgs6 -hf]l8g] :yfgdf k|lt
$ OGrsf] b"/L / cGoq k|lt ^ OGr b"/L_ /flvPsf] 5 5}g hfFr ug'{xf]; . x'/Latf;sf]
hf]lvd Go"g ug{ 5]p5fpdf hf]l8Psf 58x¿ / cGo ;xof]uL cjojx¿nfO{ kmnfd]
kftfx¿n] Pscsf{;Fu /fd|f];Fu afFlwP gafFwPsf] hfFr ug'{xf]; .
n ljBfno ejgsf] hu ;'/Iff ug{ agfOPsf] jl/kl/sf] k]6L huleq kfgL hfgaf6
/f]Sg;Sg] u/L rf}8f agfOPsf] 5 jf 5}g n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . -;fdfGotM /8–l;d]G6–
sªlqm6sf] k]6L km]bdf &% b]lv !)) ldlnld6/ df]6f], ;ª3f/df !%) ldlnld6/ df]6f],
5tsf] ;txdf &% ldlnld6/, l:6rdf &% ldlnld6/ / emofnnufot cGoq lgsflnPsf]
k]6L &% ldlnld6/ x'g'k5{ ._

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
22
n 5]psf] efusf] s8fkg / ef/ljt/0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ejgsf] 7f8f]kgdf pko'Qm
eP gePsf] / 5]psf] efusf] ef/ axg ug]{u/L ufx|f] jf ufx|f] l8hfOg ul/Psf] gul/Psf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . ;fdGotof ;a} ufx|f] jf ufx|f]sf] s'gf 58–l;d]G6–sªlqm6 k|of]u u/L
alnof] agfOg'k5{ / x/]s )=^& ld6/sf] lgoldt cGt/fndf 58 a'g]/ l;d]G6 / sªlqm6
k|of]u u/L aGwg (stitch bands) lgdf{0f ul/g' k5{ . hf]l8Psf] :yfgdf (diaphragm)
kg]{ ef/nfO{ ;xL 9ªun] ;xof]uL ufx|f] jf ufx|f]df :yfgfGt/0f ug{ tL :yfgx¿ ;'/lIft
tl/sfn] ufx|f]x¿;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'g'k5{ . ufx|f] klN6gaf6 hf]ufpg dflyNnf] prfO;Dd
To;nfO{ afFw]/ /fVg] k|aGw;lxt lqe'hfsf/ ufx|f] agfOg'k5{ . lqe'hfsf/ ufx|f] / 5fgfsf]
aLdaLr ;'/Iff sjrsf] ¿kdf alnof] ufx|f] tof/ ug{ 8fougn aGwg /flvg'k5{ .
v= u}/;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vf
;'/lIft ljBfno / u'0f:t/Lo jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;+/rgfut
n]vfhf]vfsf] e"ldsf hlt dxTjk"0f{ 5, Tolt g} u}/;+/rgfut
n]vfhf]vfsf] klg /xG5 . u}/;+/rgfut n]vfhf]vfn] ljBfno tyf o;sf]
;]/f]km]/f]df vt/f pTkGg u/fpg;Sg] ;a} tTjnfO{
;d]6g'k5{ .
u}/;+/rgfut tTjx¿n] ejgsf] ef/
jxg ub}{gg . oL tTjdf emofn,
9f]sf, l;F9L, kfOk / gnLx¿ kb{5g . oL
ejg;Fu ufFl;Psf x'G5g / lognfO{ k|foM
v;]/ Iflt k'¥ofpg] k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . oL tTjn]
ljBfyL{ tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu vt/f pTkGg
u/fpF5g / ;xL ¿kdf Ps csf{df gafFlwPdf
yk ;ªs6f;Ggtf yK5g . o:tf vt/f ljBfno ejgaflx/ klg x'g ;S5g .
ljBfno ejgleqsf k|sf]k jf hf]lvd M
n 7"nf] ;ªVofdf ljBfyL{ aflx/ lgl:sg] xn jf l;F9Lsf] dfu{sf] cfsf/,
n leqlt/ v'Ng] 9f]sf tyf emofn,
n emofndf h8fg ul/Psf l;;fsf vfkf,
n lah'nLsf] c;'/lIft tf/,
n ufx|f];Fu h8fg gul/Psf k':ts /fVg] b/fh
n cfuf] lgefpg] pks/0fsf] cefj,
n cGo rnfodfg, v:g;Sg] / af6f] cj/f]w ug]{ a:t',
n 5tdflysf] kfgL6]ÍL, 5]pdf /flvPsf v'nf udnf cflb .
3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'NsL, cf]tnflu ;dft cEof;

23
;'/lIft ljBfno
ljBfnoejg aflx/sf k|sf]k jf hf]lvd M
n ljB't k|zf/0f k|0ffnL jf nfOg,
n 7"nf, cUnf, k'/fgf / w]/} xfFuf ePsf ¿v,
n sf};L jf afb{nLsf] l8n, 5tsf 6fonx¿, lrdgL, l;;f cflb,
n ufx|f] /x]sf af6f]x¿,
n d"n ;8s, rf]s, ahf/
n af/ gePsf v'nf Ogf/,
n t];f]{ l;F9L gePsf af6f]x¿, ;dfTg] af/x¿ cflb .
hf]lvd 36fpg] sfo{x¿ M
n kmlg{r/ tyf dfn;fdfg ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg]{,
n u}/;+/rgfut tTjaf6 x'g] hf]lvd sd ug{ To:tf a:t'x¿nfO{ /fd|/L afFWg],
n k|sf]k x6fpg jf hf]lvd sd ug{ k|fljlws;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{,
n v:g] a:t'af6 x'g] hLjg u'dfpg] hf]lvd /f]Sg o:tf j:t' k|of]u ug]{ JolQmx¿dfem
;r]tgf hufpg] .
u}/;+/rgfTds n]vfhf]vfljlw M
n r6ØfªnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg] ljBfno j/k/sf cUnf ¿v, ljBfno
kl/;/ x'Fb} uPsf] ljB'tk|;f/0f cyf{t pRr ef]N6]hsf] ljB't k|zf/0f nfOg,
x'/Latf; jf af9Lsf sf/0f n8g;Sg] ljB't tf/ 6fFlug] sf7sf vDaf / afnaflnsf
8'Ag] vt/f ePsf v'nf Ogf/, tnfp jf kf]v/Lsf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; .
n ljBfnosf] ufx|f] jf af/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . plrt af/sf] cefjdf hgfj/x¿ leq
k;L afnaflnsfnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5g . o;/L g} sfF9] tf/n] 3fp agfpg ;S5 .
n /]lnª / 5tsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . 5t, l;F9L / afb{nLdf ePsf] /]lnªn]
vt/f jf hf]lvd 36fpF5g . /fd|f];Fu afFlwPsf], x's ul/Psf] jf df]l8Psf] l6gsf]
kftfx¿ xfjfn] p8fpg] jf pKsfpg] ;Defjgfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;S5g . t];f]{ ;dtn af6f]
gePdf jf ePklg /]lnª gePdf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm JolQmx¿sf] cfjfudgdf afwf
kg{ ;S5 .
n xft] kDk jl/kl/ xftn] ;dfTg] /]lnª eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . lsgls xft] kDk
jl/kl/sf] e"FO k|foM n]p nfu]/ lrlKng;Sg] x'G5 .
n v]n d}bfgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . w]/} vfN8fv'N8L;lxtsf lxnfDd] d}bfgdf afnaflnsf
lrlKng ;S5g / ;k{x¿ klg cfpg ;S5g . jl/kl/ emf8Lx¿ ePdf / 5]ps'gfdf
kmf]xf]/d}nf y'kfl/P d';f, ljiffn' sL/f tyf ;ªqmfds hLjf0f' /xg ;S5g .
n emØfn tyf 9f]sfx¿sf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . emØfndf lu|n 5 <

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
24
9f]sfx¿ aflx/lt/ v'N5g < cfktsfndf aflx/ ;'/lIft lgl:sg ;xh xf]; eGgfsf nflu
9f]sfx¿ aflx/lt/ v'Ng'k5{ .
n sDKo'6/ ;]6, kmlg{r/, efG;fsf ;fdfg / ljB't pks/0fx¿ /flvPsf 7fpF tyf
ltgLx¿sf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . e"sDk tyf x'/Latf; cfpFbf gv;'g eGgfsf
nflu oL ;a} j:t'x¿ leQfdf /fd|f];Fu afFlwPsf 5g jf ;'/lIft tl/sfn] /flvPsf 5g
eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; .
n ;'/lIft 7fpF, ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sg] af6f] / e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft ynf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; .
n k|To]s sf]7fdf leq–aflx/ ug]{ 9f]sf eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . o;n] ;'/lIft
¿kdf lgl:sg ;xof]u u5{ . ljBfnodf lglZrt b"/Ldf k|j]z ug]{ / lgl:sg] b'O{ 5'§f5'§}
åf/ eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . ;'/lIft cfjfudgsf tL åf/x¿ ejgaf6 s]xL k/
x'g'k5{ .
n 8]:sa]Grsf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . ufFl;Psf 8]:sa]Grn] æ3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'Ns,
cf]t nflu ;dftÆ cEof;df / cfktsfndf ;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg afwf
k'¥ofpg ;S5g .
n ljutsf] 8'afg:t/nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} af9L / 8'afgsf] ;fdgf ug{ ejg, zf}rfno /
6o"aj]nsf] ;tx kof{Kt dfqfdf p7fOPsf] gp7fOPsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . pko'Qm
dfqfdf gp7fOPsf] eP e/fgljlw k|of]u u/L prfO a9fpg] jf kfgL 5]Sg tyf lgsf;
lbg / ;DefJo Iflt 36fpgsf af9L 5]Sg] ufx|f] jf gfnf agfpg ;lsG5 .
n zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm / sdhf]/ JolQmx¿sf nflu sIffsf]7fdf ;xh¿kdf k'Ug
;dtn af6f] eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; . To;}u/L kfgL / ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf] klg
n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; .
n x'/Latf;sf] k|efj kg]{, tfkqmd a9L x'g], blIf0flt/af6 sIffsf]7fx¿df ;"o{sf] k|sfz
gcfpg] u/L ljBfno ejgsf] df]x8f pQ/lt/ kms]{sf] gkms]{sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{xf]; .
@=@ cfwf/:tDe @ M ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg
ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgn] ;'/lIftl;sfOsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 / cfktsfndf

25
;'/lIft ljBfno
klg z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt u5{ . of] efu d'VotM u}/;+/rgfut tTjx¿df s]lGb|t 5 .
k|efjsf/L ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgsf nflu b]xfosf sfo{ pkof]uL x'G5g M
@=@=! ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g
;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] k"j{tof/Lsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{, ljBfno ljkb
Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug]{, To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;dofg's"n cBfjlws ug]{h:tf
sfo{dfkm{t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf k|of;sf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;S5 . ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf k|d'v bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd x'g;S5g M
n :yfglglb{i6 k|sf]k, ;ªstf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f / ljkb kl/xfn]df k|ltsfo{ ug]{ of]hgf agfpg' .
n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;|f]tx¿sf]
Joj:yf ug'{ / of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLltut lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug'{ .
n ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsgdf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng Pj+ ;xof]u ug'{ .
n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf klxrfg ul/Psf] ;'/lIft 7fpFdf lgl:sg ljBfyL{,
aflx/sf afnaflnsf, lzIfs / ;d'bfosf dflg;nfO{ ;lDdlnt u/fO{ ;do–;dodf
æ3'F8f 6]sL u'F8'Ns, cf]t nfuL ;dftÆ ljlwsf] cEof; u/fpg' .
n afnaflnsfsf] 1fg tyf ;LknfO{ ltvfg{ lrqsnf, jfbljjfb, xflh/L hjfkm tyf
lgaGw k|ltof]lutfh:tf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{ .
n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfg / ;|f]t–;fwgcg'?k k4lt, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf /
:t/Lo ;~rfng sfo{ljlw tof/ ug'{ .
k|sf]k, ;ªstf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf
;'/lIft :yfgx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ k|sf]k, ;ªstf;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfljlw
k|of]u ug'{xf]; . ;f] n]vfhf]vfn] ljBfno ejg / o; j/k/sf] ;+/rgfut, u}/;+/rgfut
/ sfo{ut kIfx¿sf] vf]hL u5{ . ljBfno tyf ToxfFsf ;d'bfo ;ªs6f;Ggtf / hf]
lvdk|lt slQsf] ;+j]bgzLn 5g eGg] yfxf kfpg ljBfno ejg /xg] :yfgsf] 5gf]6 ug'{k"j{
o;k|sf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 .
s= k|sf]k n]vfhf]vf
k|sf]k Ps e"–ef}lts, jfo'd08nLo jf hnhGo 36gf xf] h;n] xflg jf Iflt k'¥ofpg ;S5 .
e"sDk, klx/f], x'/Latf;, af9L jf v8]/Lnufotsf 36gfnfO{ o; cGtu{t lng ;lsG5 .
k|sf]k k|fs[lts / dfgjl;lh{t b'j} 36gfsf] ¿kdf cfpF5 . k|sf]k jf:tjdf dfgjhLjgsf
vt/f x'g . a[xt ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ k|fs[lts Pj+ dfgjLo ;lqmotf / lgliqmotfsf sf/0f

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
26
g} k|sf]ksf] pTkGg x'G5g . -g]kfndf x'g] k|d'v k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿sf] nflu cg';"rL %
x]g'{xf]; .
k|sf]ksf] n]vfhf]vfn] vt/fx¿ klxrfg ug{ / ltgsf k|s[lt tyf Jojxf/ a'emg
;xof]u u5{ . o;n] ljBfnon] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] ;DefJo k|sf]kx¿sf] k|s[lt tyf Jojxf/
ls6fg u5{ . ;DalGwt ljBfno s'g k|sf]k x'g;Sg] If]qdf k5{ eGg] hfgsf/L pknAw x'G5 .
;fy} k|sf]kaf6 csf]{ k|sf]k l;lh{t x'g] cj:yfsf] klg klxrfg x'G5g . h:t} vx/]af9Ln] klx/f],
v8]/Ln] dxfdf/L / e"sDkn] cfunfuLsf 36gf pTkGg u/fpg ;S5g . k|sf]ksf] Jojxf/
lgDg cfwf/df klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 M
n k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ,
n k|sf]ksf] 36gfsf] ;ªs]t,
n k|sf]k pTyfgsf] ult,
n k|sf]k x'g] ;do, /
n k|sf]ksf] cjlw .
tnsf tflnsfdf b]vfPcg'¿k k|sf]ksf rf/ :j¿k x'G5g M
tflnsf ! M k|sf]ksf :j¿k
hn tyf hnjfo';Da4 e"ue{;Da4 b'3{6gf;Da4 h}ljs;Da4
• af9L
• cl;gf
• d';nwf/] jiff{
• r6Øfª
• tftf] nx/ æn"Æ
• zLtnx/
• lxdkft / lxdklx/f]
• v8]/L
• klx/f]
• e"sDk
• jg tyf ufpFa:tLdf x'g]
cfunfuL
• ejg elTsg]
• ad jiff{ / ljikmf]6g
• rf8kj{sf ;dodf x'g]
b'3{6gf
• ljB't;Da4 36gfx¿
• xjfO tyf ;8s b'3{6gf
• dxfdf/L
• sL6 cfqms0f
• kz'df x'g]
dxfdf/L
• vfB ljiffQmtf
;|f]t M ef/tdf ljkb Joj:yfkg
k|sf]k n]vfhf]vfsf] k|of]hg eg]sf] ljBfnodf x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;DefJo k|sf]k
tyf vt/fsf] k|s[lt ls6fg ug'{ xf] . of] n]vfhf]vfn] lgDg s'/f ;d]6g'k5{ M
-s_ k|sf]ksf] zlQm,
-v_ k|sf]ksf 36gfsf] ;ªs]t,
-u_ k"[j{;"rgf,
-3_ k|sf]k pTyfgsf] ult,
-ª_ k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ,

27
;'/lIft ljBfno
-r_ k|sf]k x'g] ;do, /
-5_ k|sf]ksf] cjlw .
s]xL k|sf]kn] yk k|sf]ksf 36gf pTkGg u/fpg ;S5g eGg] hfGg cfjZos 5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu v8]/Ln] dxfdf/L, sL/f tyf hLjsf] ;ªqmd0f jf clgsfn / e"sDkn] cfunfuL tyf
klx/f] pTkGg u/fpg ;S5 . k|sf/, tLj|tf / cfj[lQcg';f/ k|sf]ksf] ljz]iftf km/s x'G5 .
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:o tyf cGo k|fljlw1x¿ o;
n]vfhf]vfdf ;+nUg x'g'k5{ .
k|sf]k n]vfhf]vfljlw M
n ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf ljut %) jif{otf ePsf ;a} k|fs[lts / dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]ksf]
;"rL agfpg'xf]; . ;"rL agfpFbf ;do/]vf, ljkb k|j[lQljZn]if0f, df};dL kfqf] cflbsf]
;xof]u lng'xf]; .
n ljutdf ePsf / clxn] jf eljiodf x'g;Sg] ;Defjgfaf/] ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr 5nkmn
ug'{xf]; . e/kbf]{ tYofªs k|fKt ug{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf tYofÍ
k|of]u ug'{xf]; . :jefjtM s]xL k|sf]k ;w}F ljBdfg x'G5g eg] s]xL df};dL, s]xL a9bf] ¿kdf
/x]sf x'G5g . To;}u/L s]xL k|sf]k lj/n} x'G5g, t/ tL cjZo x'g] ;Defjgfdf /x]sf x'G5g .
k|To]s k|sf]ksf] ;DefjgfnfO{ ;fdfGo ;ªs]tsf cfwf/df ! b]lv % ;Dd
:t/Ls/0f ug'{xf]; .
n x/]s k|sf]ksf] k|efj slt uDeL/ x'g;S5 egL ! b]lv % ;Dd :t/Ls/0f ug'{xf]; .
d"Nofªsg tyf lg0f{osf] nflu tnsf k|efj ;"rL k|of]u ug'{xf]; M
o dfgj – d[ts, 3fOt], ckfË .
o ef}lts – Iflt ePsf ejg, pks/0f, cfk"lt{ ;+oGq ;ªVof / Ifltsf] xb .
o ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts –;fdflhs ;DklQ tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljgf; .
o cfly{s – dd{t tyf k|lt:yfkg vr{, hLljsf]kfh{g / Ifltaf6 lzIffdf
kg]{ c;/ .
o jftfj/0fLo – k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf jf;:yfgx¿df x|f; .
o dgf];fdflhs – z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf, cfzf / ;kgfdfck]Iffdf x'g] Iflt .
tflnsf @ M k|sf]ksf k|sf/, k|sf]k cfpg] ;Defjgf / ufDeLo{tf
qm=;= k|sf]ksf k|sf/ k|sf]k cfpg] ;Defjgf k|sf]ksf] uDeL/ k|efj
! @ # $ % ! @ # $ %

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
28
ljBfnoleq dfq x'g] t/ ljBfno aflx/sf] a[xQ/ ;d'bfodf k|efj gkfg]{ ;DefJo k|d'v
k|sf]kx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf]; . o:tf ;DefJo vt/fdf ljBfno glhs ePsf ljB't 6«fG;kmd{/,
ljBfno d}bfg x'Fb} hfg] ljB't k|;f/0f k|0ffnL / ljBfno glhssf v'nf Ogf/ kb{5g . cfunfuL /
;8s b'3{6gf klg ljBfnoleq dfq x'g] 36gfdf kg{ ;Sg5g . oL hfgsf/LnfO{ tn tflnsf # df
b]vfPadf]lhd tflnsLs/0f ug'{xf]; .
tflnsf # M k|sf]kx¿, ltgsf] cfj[lQ tyf :t/ / ltgn] ug]{ Iflt
jif{ jf ;fn d'Vo k|sf]k :t/ -p÷d÷lg_ ePsf] Iflt ;fdgf ;+oGq
Gff]6 M p – pRr, d – dWod, lg –lgDg
P]ltxfl;s hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf -profile_n] hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . o;n]
P]ltxfl;s k|j[lQ tyf cfj[lQ b'j}nfO{ b]vfpF5 . tnsf] tflnsfn] hf]lvdsf k|efjsf] eljiojf0fL
ug{ ;lhnf] pkfo k|:t't u5{ .
tflnsf $ M P]ltxfl;s hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ ug]{ljlw
jif{ jf ;fn k|sf]ksf k|sf/ :yfg
- ljBfnoleq /
aflx/_
hf]lvd hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu
:yfgLo kxnx¿
k|sf]ksf tTjx¿sf] k|s[lt / ljBfno If]qaf6 ;f] tTjx¿sf] lgs6tf;Fu hf]lvd ;DalGwt x'G5 .
b"/L hlt lgs6 x'G5 Tolt g} hf]lvdsf] dfqf a95 . ljleGg k|sf]ksf tTjx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{
tnsf] tflnsf g+= % k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
tflnsf % M k|sf]ksf tTjx¿ / ljBfno;Fu /x]sf] lgs6tf
k|sf]k ljBfnoaf6 w]/}
glhs -! sL=dL=
eGbf sd_
ljBfnoaf6
6f9f -!–@
sL=dL=leq_
ljBfnoaf6 6f9f
-@ sL=dL=eGbf k/_
hf]lvd
k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd lgDTofpg
;Sg] snsf/vfgf
Jo:t ;8s
cUnf uugr'DaL ejg

29
;'/lIft ljBfno
k]6«f]n kDk -cToflws
k|HHjngzLn kbfy{ /xg]
v'nf ¿kdf /x]sf hfd ePsf
tyf ;kmf gul/Psf 9n
k]6«f]n kDk
cGo
v= ;ªs6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf
ljleGg k|sf]ksf] hf]lvddf /x]sf tTjx¿ -dflg;, ljBfno / cGo ;+/rgf_
sf sdhf]/L cfsng ug]{ / oL tTjx¿nfO{ hf]lvddf /fVg] d"n sf/0fx¿sf]
ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|lqmof g} ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] n]vfhf]vf xf] . ;ªs6f;Ggtfn] ljkb
sf ;dodf ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf] ;fdgf ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpF5 .
;ªs6f;Ggtf kL8fbfos xflg–gf]S;fgL k|ltsf] em'sfj xf] . o;sf] ;DaGw
k|sf]ksf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{, ;fdgf ug]{, /f]Sg] / o;sf] k|efjaf6 pTyfgzLn x'g] ljifo;Fu
/xG5 . ef}lts, jftfj/0fLo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts tyf ;+:yfut tTjx¿n]
;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f u5{g . ;ªs6f;Ggtf
To:tf ljBdfg jf kl/0ffdL cj:yfsf] ;d"x xf] h;n]
k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿sf] /f]syfd ug]{, Go"g
ug]{, k|ltsfo{sf nflu tof/L ug]{ / k|ltsfo{
ug]{ ;d'bfosf] Ifdtfdf k|lts"n c;/ kf5{ . ;ª
s6f;Ggtf Psk|sf/sf] sdhf]/L klg xf] . ;ªs6f;Ggtf
ef}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo
tTjx¿n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ To:tf] cj:yf xf] h;n]
k|sf]ksf] ;Defljt k|efjk|lt ;d'bfosf] em'sfj
a9fpF5 .
;ªstf;Ggtf n]vfhf]vfsf nflu lgDg ljlw pkof]uL 5g M
n k|sf]ksf] klxrfg / tL k|sf]kn] ljBfno tyf jl/jl/sf] ;d'bfodf l;lh{t u/]sf]
;ªs6f;Ggtf dfkgsf] nflu ;ªs6f;Ggtf gS;fªsg,
n ljBfno / ToxfFsf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf] ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] dfqfnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfx¿sf]
klxrg ug]{ uf]nfsf/lrq (Venn diagram),
n jiff}Fotfsf] ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] :t/ kQf nufpg] df};dL kfqf],
n ;ªs6f;Ggtfsf cjojx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;d:of j[If ljZn]if0f .
;ªs6f;Ggtf ljZn]if0f k|foM hl6n x'G5 . o;sf nflu jt{dfg Ifdtf / ;|f]t,

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
30
;ªs6f;Ggtfsf] l:ylt, ;d:ofx¿sf] k|s[lt tyf ltgsf] k|efj / ;+:yfut ;xof]udf
kx'Fr;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf] lj:t[t ;"rL tof/ ul/g' k5{ .
;ªs6f;Ggtf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] xft]dfnf]sf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;fd"lxs
xft]dfnf] h'6fpg ;ªs6f;Ggtf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ljutdf ePsf k|of;sf] ljZn]if0f
ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;df Ifdtf clej[l4, k}/jL jf clwjfrg;DaGwL cleofg / sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjogh:tf kIfx¿ x'g;S5g .
u= hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf
k|sf]ksf ljz]iftf / cfj[lQ, ljBfno tyf jl/kl/sf] ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k k|ltsf] ;Dd'vtf
dfqf jf :t/ / ltgLx¿sf] ;ªs6f;Ggtf jf pTyfgzLntfsf] dfqf ;a}sf] ;+o'Qm :j¿k
g} ljkb hf]lvd xf] . csf]{ cy{df vf; k|sf]ksf 36gf / o;n] ug]{ Ifltsf] ;DefJotf g}
hf]lvd xf] . k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf / Ifdtf ljZn]if0faf/]sf] a'emfOn] hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf
ug{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . ;'/lIft jlxu{dg of]hgf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu Ps dxTjk"0f{
xltof/ xf] .
hf]lvd n]vfhf]vfljlw M
n Hff]lvdsf d"n sf/s tTj klxrfg ug'{xf]; .
n ljBfno / o;sf] ;]/f]km]/f]sf] hf]lvdsf] ¿k/]vf tof/ ug'{xf]; -tflnsf ^ x]/f}F .
n x/]s k|sf]kn] k|:t't u/]sf] jf ug{;Sg] d'Vo hf]lvdx¿sf] cGj]if0f ug'{xf]; .
n ljutdf x/]s k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf ;+oGq klxrfg ug'{xf]; .
n hf]lvdsf] :t/ 36fpg k|of]u ul/Psf ;dGjofTds ;+:yfut k|of; klxrfg ug'{xf]; .
n ;Íng ul/Psf ;"rgf k|of]u u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf]; .
n Tfflnsfdf lbPadf]lhd hf]lvd ¿k/]vf k|:t't ug'{xf]; .
tflnsf ^ M ljBfno / ;]/f]km]/f]sf] hf]lvd ¿k/]vf
hf]lvd pTkGg u/fpg] sf/s tTjx¿ hf]lvd ;fdgf ug]{ ;+oGq cGo ;+:yfx¿;“u ;dGjo
k]6«f]n kDk
dfgj a:tL
gbL÷vf]nf
ljBfno jl/kl/ emf8Lo'Qm hldg
ljB't nfOg

31
;'/lIft ljBfno
v'nf Ogf/
;fgfltgf vx/] tyf vf]N;f
=====
=====
3= Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf
Ifdtf eGgfn] 3/kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;d'bfodf ljBdfg ;|f]t;fwg Pj+ ;fdYo{ a'lemG5
h;n] ljkbsf] ;fdgf ug{, k|ltsfo{sf] nflu tof/L ug{, /f]syfd ug{ jf zL3| k'gnf{esf]
nflu ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfdf ljBfno;Fu ePsf tL ;|f]tsf] n]vfhf]vf
ul/G5 h;n] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . pknAw ;|f]tdfly lg0fGq0f
tyf kx'Fr /xG5 .
k|sf]ksf 36gf hxLFtxLF x'G5g t/ ltgLx¿n] ljkbsf] ¿k tadfq lnG5g ha
;ªs6f;Ggtf eGbf ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf sd x'G5 . k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ jf ;Defjgf / ;d'bfosf]
;ªs6f;Ggtfn] uDeL/ ¿kdf k|efljt x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ a9fpF5g .
Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfljlw M
n pknAw ;|f]t–;fwgsf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; .
n 1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw / ;fwgx¿ ePsf JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; . ljkb hf]lvd 36fpg
/ zL3| k'gnf{esf nflu pgLx¿n] Tof] IfdtfnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;S5g eGg] vf]hL
ug'{xf]; .
n ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf /x]sf On]lS6«l;og, cfunfuL lgoGqs, KnDa/ / :jf:Yo
sd{rf/Lx¿h:tf :yfgLo:t/df pknAw x'g] k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ;Dks{ ljj/0f;lxt ;"rL
tof/ ug'{xf]; .
n k|sf]kaf/] ;d'bfosf] ljutsf] cg'ej, pgLx¿n] k|sf]ksf] s;/L ;fdgf u/] / pgLx¿n]
pkof]u u/]sf] ;Lk ljsf;sf] klxrfg ug'{xf]; .
n ljkb hf]lvd 36fpg ljBfnodf s]–s:tf ;|f]tx¿ pknAw 5g / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5, tL
;|f]tdfly s;sf] kx'Fr / lgoGq0f 5 eGg] klxrfg ug'{xf]; .
n tflnd cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf u/L cfjZos Ifdtf a9fpg tflnd k|bfg ug'{xf]; .
k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd / Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfaf6 ljsl;t u/]sf] gS;fnfO{ 7"nf] sfuh jf
;"rgf kf6Ldf b]vfpg'xf]; . o; gS;fdf :ki6 ;ªs]t ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . ljBfno
/ glhssf ;d'bfosf ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg / ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkg;DaGwL
;r]tgf hufpg pQm gS;fnfO{ ljBfno glhs} pko'Qm :yfgdf /fVg'xf]; .

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
32
afs; @ M ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf gS;fªsgdf
b]vfpg'kg]{ ljifoj:t'
n k|sf]kpGd'v ljleGg If]qx¿,
n k|j]z ug]{ tyf aflx/lgl:sg] dfu{,
n cfktsfndf aflx/ lgl:sg] ;'/lIft af6f],
n cfktsfndf e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft 7fp“,
n ejg tyf 6fpsf] dfly /x]sf vt/fx¿,
n hf]lvd pTkGg ug{;Sg] ;fdu|Lx¿ /flvPsf] 7fp“,
n clUg;dgs pks/0fx¿ /flvPsf 7fp“,
n k|fylds pkrf/ ul/g] 7fp“
n ckfªutf ePsf JolQmx¿ tyf ;fgf afnaflnsf .
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf gS;fªsgdf
b]vfpg'kg]{ ljifoj:t'
n k|sf]k pGd'v ljleGg If]qx¿,
n cfktsfndf lgl:sg] ;'/lIft af6f],
n cfktsfndf e]nf x'g] ;'/lIft 7fp“,
n ;'/lIft cf>o:ynx¿
n ;d'bfodf / glhs /x]sf :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿
n k|sf]k l;h{gf ug{;Sg] ;fdu|Lx¿ /flvPsf 7fp“,
n ;d'bfodf ljz]if k|fljlws Ifdtf ePsf ;|f]t JolQmx¿
n j[4j[4f, ckfªutf ePsf JolQmx¿h:tf ;ªs6f;Gg dflg; a;f]af; ug]{ ejg
n ;d'bfodf ;ªs6f;Gg ejg, ;8s tyf ;'ljwfsf ;+/rgfx¿
@=@=@ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g
hf]lvdk"0f{ ljBfnosf glhs a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿ ljBfnosf pTs[i6 ;|f]t JolQm
x'g . pgLx¿;Fu To; 7fpFdf x'g] k|sf]k / To;sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ a'emfO{
aflx/af6 cfPsf dflg;sf] t'ngfdf uxg / e/kbf]{ 1fg /x]sf] x'G5 .
ljBfno afnaflnsf tyf o'jf ;~rf/sf pTs[i6 ;+jfxs x'g . t;y{ sfo{bndf :yfgLo
JolQm, o'jf tyf ljBfnosf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{ .
cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg sfo{bnx¿ u7g ul/g'k5{ . oL sfo{bn ;"rgf k|jfx tyf
r]tgf clej[l4, ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, vf]h tyf p4f/, k|fylds pkrf/, clUg ;'/Iff

33
;'/lIft ljBfno
/ dgf];fdflhs ;xfotf sfo{bn x'g
;S5g . x/]s sfo{bnnfO{ lbOg] :ki6
e"ldsf tyf bfloTjn] cfktsfnLg
;dodf ;f] sfo{bnnfO{ a9L hjfkmb]xL
Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpF . sfo{bnx¿nfO{
pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTjaf/] :d/0f
u/fpFg / pgLx¿sf] 1fg tyf a'emfOnfO{
ltvfg{ a]nf–a]nfdf s[ltd cEof;sf]
cfof]hgf ul/g'k5{ -lj:t[t ljj/0fsf
nflu cg';"rL # x]/f}F .
@=@=# ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf
ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf
tof/ ug'{ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ljBfnodf
cfwfl/t 7f]; of]hgf -tflnsf g+= !@
x]g'{xf]; n] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg
lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df
k'¥ofpg ;S5 . of]hgfn] ;+/rgfut
;'/Iff, dd{t;Def/, u}/;+/rgfut
cNkLs/0f, :yfgLo k"jf{wf/, jftfj/0fLo
hf]lvd cNkLs/0f / clUg ;'/IffnfO{
;d]6g'k5{ . x/]s ljBfnodf ljkb
Joj:yfkg of]hgf Ps hLjGt
b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf /xg'k5{ . csf]{ zAbdf,
of]hgfnfO{ lg/Gt/ k|ultsf] qmddf /x]sf],
;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g x'Fb}hfg] / slxNo}
g6'lËOg] b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf lnOg'k5{ .
oyfy{k/s of]hgfn] of]hgf th'{dfnfO{
pkhsf] ¿kdf xf]Og k|lqmofsf ¿kdf
lnG5g .
ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf
;ªs6f;Ggtf n]vfhf]vf, of]hgf th'{df,
ef}lts ;+/If0f / k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] Tof] k|lqmof xf] h;nfO{ tnsf sfo{ ug{

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
34
tof/ ul/G5 M
n ljBfyL{ tyf ljBfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ zf/
Ll/s rf]6k6s nfUgaf6 arfpg,
n ;a} afnaflnsfsf nflu lzIffsf]
lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt ug{
n ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/L To;df cEo:t
agfpg .
ljkbsf] ;dodf afnaflnsf tyf sd{rf/Lx¿ pNn]Vo hf]lvddf /xg] x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ Pp6}
;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg'{kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ x/]s ljBfnosf] ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf x'g' h¿/L
5 . ljBfno;Fu w]/} ;|f]t x'G5 / ;fd'bflos e]nf x'g] ynf] klg aG5 . t;y{ glhssf]
;d'bfok|lt ljBfnosf] klg bfloTj x'G5, h;/L l5d]sL ;d'bfo ljBfno;Fu hf]l8Psf
x'G5g . ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfn] k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf ;fy} cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{df
;dGjo, lgoGq0f / ;~rf/sfo{ ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTjnfO{ kl/eflift ug'{k5{ .
tflnsf * M ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] k|f¿k
;'/lIft ljBfnocGtu{t ul/g] sfo{sf k|sf/ s;n] ug]{ ;dofjlw
ck]lIft
kl/0ffd
cfjZos ;|f]tsf]
Joj:yfkg
;'/lIft ljBfnosf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿
!=
@=
ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg
!=
@=
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff
!=
@=
ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfn] ljBfnosf] ;'/Iff cfjZostfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ .
ljBfno;Fu ;Da4 k|sf]k tyf ;ªs6f;Ggtfaf/] ul/g] r]tgf clej[l4n] lzIff If]qsf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ljBfnosf cfjZostf tyf dxTj klxNofpg ;xh t'NofpF5 .
;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg ;~rfng ug'{ ljBfno tyf ljBfyL{x¿ cfpg] l5d]sL ;d'bfox¿sf]
bfloTj xf] . c;n g]t[Tj;lxtsf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3n]
;|f]t h'6fpg, k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflu bIf dfgj;+;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ / ljBfno ljkb
Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g .
Afnaflnsf;Fu k/fdz{

35
;'/lIft ljBfno
ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/Lljlw M
n ;xeflutfd"ns 9Ën] ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf]; . k|fo cf]em]ndf
kg]{, ljBfno ghfg] afnaflnsf, ckfªutf ePsf afnaflnsf / aflnsfsf d'2f tyf
cfjZostfnfO{ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{xf]; .
n k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, Ifdtf tyf ;|f]tsf] a[xt n]vfhf]vf / ef}lts hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f,
;'/lIft k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, cNkLs/0f / k"j{tof/L of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t eP/
of]hgf agfpg'xf]; .
n of]hgfaf/] lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;"lrt ug'{xf]; . of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L
¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ pgLx¿ klg of]hgf;Fu kl/lrt x'g'k5{ .
n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfaf/] lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg
cfjlws a}7ssf] cfof]hgf ug'{xf]; . hfgsf/L lbg >Job[io k|:t'ltljlw ckgfpg'xf]; .
o;n] ;|f]t ;Íng tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ ub{5 . cNkLs/0f,
k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{ of]hgfx¿ tof/ ug{ Pj+ ltgsf] ;dLIff ug{ o:tf a}7s dxTjk"0f{
x'G5g .
n of]hgfnfO{ pRr u'0f:t/Lo cEof;df kl/0ft ug{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf ultljlwnfO{ cufl8
a9fpg'xf]; .
n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf Joj:yf ul/Psf ;a} lqmofsnfksf] lglj{£g
sfof{Gjog xf]; / ;fdu|L, ljQLo jf dfgj;|f]tdf Jojwfg gcfcf]; eGg] ;'lglZrt
ug{ e}k/L of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf]; . e}k/L of]hgfn] ljkbkl5 oyf;Dej zL3| lzIff k'gM
cf/De ug{ lzIff If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;xh t'NofpF5 .
n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf] lbuf]kgf ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft
:yfgfGt/0f of]hgf lgdf{0f, cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{, k|fylds pkrf/, clUg ;'/Iff, vf]h
tyf p4f/df tflnd lbP/ cEo:t agfpg'xf]; .
ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ubf{ cNkLs/0fsf d'2fx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{
/ ;ªs6f;Ggtf Pj+ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ lgoldt cBfjlws ul/g'k5{ . o;sf nflu
b]xfosf sfo{ ul/g'k5{ M
n olb ljBfno ejg gbLsf] lsgf/ jf af9LpGd'v If]qdf cjl:yt 5 eg] af9Lsf]
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{xf]; . af9Ln] c;/ ug{;Sg] jf af9L k:g;Sg]
7fpFdf cfjZostfcg';f/ afFw, :k/, 7f]s/, t6aGwnufotsf af9L cj/f]ws lgdf{0f
ug'{xf]; . tLj| ultdf aUg] af9Lsf] kfgLn] e"Ifo dfkm{t ljBfno If]qdf Iflt ug{;S5 .
j[Iff/f]k0fn] df6f]nfO{ aUg glbO{ e"Ifo Go"g ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . To;}n] To:tf 7fpFdf
j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{xf]; .
n ljBfno af9Lsf] ;txeGbf dfly lgdf{0f ul/P klg ljBfno l5g]{ dfu{x¿ af9L

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
36
k:g;Sg] ;txdf k5{g eg] afnaflnsf ljBfno hfg jf cfktsfndf efUg
;Sb}gg . dflg;x¿ ljBfno ejgleq gkm;"g jf ljBfno ejg k'Ugaf6 g/f]lspmg
eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ prflnPsf lgsf; dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . xNsf le/fnf] x'g]
u/L df6f] eb}{ / lyRb} o:tf] af6f] agfpg ;lsG5 .
n ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] kl/rfng ug{
pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf, bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]lxtf :ki6;Fu kl/eflift ul/g'k5{ .
n cfjlws ;~rfng tyf dd{t;Def/sf nflu ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{ ;'/lIft
ljBfno cNkLs/0f of]hgfnfO{ ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf;Fu ;dfof]hg ul/g'k5{ .
n cNkLs/0f of]hgdf x/]s k|sf]kn] k'¥ofpg] ;DefJo IfltnfO{ Go"g
ug]{ pkfox¿ ;dfj]z ulg'k5{ . ljBfno cNkLs/0f of]hgf ;w}F ultzLn x'G5 .
k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfdf cfwfl/t eO{ of]hgfdf ;do
;fk]If kl/jt{g x]/km]/ ul/g'k5{ . o;n] ljkbaf6 x'g] d[To' tyf 3fOt] ;ªVof /
;fdflhs–cfly{s k|efjnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
ljBfno ljkb pTyfgzLntf t'¿Gt} xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] s'/f xf]Og . o;sf nflu ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf, k|of; / ;dk{0fsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f sfod ug'{k5{ / z}lIfs lg/Gt/tfsf nflu
of]hgf agfpg'k5{ . oyfy{ ;+nUgtf tyf /fhgLlts k|lta4tfn] ljBfno ljkb
Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ / k7g–kf7gsf] lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ ljBfno
ljkb Joj:yfkgn] u}/;+/rgfut cNkLs/0f, ejg dd{t;Def/ / k|ltsfo{sf] k"j{tof/LnfO{
;d]6g'k5{ .
ljBfnosf] lg/Gt/tf of]hgf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:o
/ lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/Lsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf tof/ ul/g'k5{ . pTyfgzLntf
lgdf{0f ug{ cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:o, ufpF ljsf;
;ldltsf] lzIff ;ldlt, lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf clwsf/L, ljBfyL{ / cGo afnaflnsfdf
Jojxf/hGo kl/jt{g x'g cfjZos 5 .
;'/lIft ;+:s[ltk|lt k|lta4, hf]lvdk|lt ;r]t, ljkb tyf cfktsfndf k|ltsfo{sf] nflu
tof/ x'g] ljBfno tyf ;d'bfosf] ljsf; ug{ / ljkb To;kl5sf] cj:yfdf lzIffdf
Go"gtd cj/f]wsf] ;'lglZrtf ug{ u}/;+/rgfTds tTjx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g . oL tTjdf
Wofg lbg ;s]sf] v08df dfq :j:y l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf x'g ;S5 .
s'g} klg ljBfnon] x/]s ljkbsf] k|efj wfGg ;Sb}g . ljkbsf sf/0f d[To' / 3fOt] x'gaf6
aRg ;a} ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿ ;'/lIft :yfglt/ lgl:sg'kg]{ ;do klg cfpg;S5 . x/]s
ljBfnon] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f dfu{ / glhs} ;'/lIft ¿kdf e]nf x'g ;lsg] :yn lgwf{/0f
ug'{k5{ . tL ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f dfu{ / e]nf x'g] :yfgaf/] ljBfnosf afnaflnsf tyf

37
;'/lIft ljBfno
cleefjsx¿nfO{ clu|d hfgsf/L lbOg'k5{ . ljBfyL{,
cleefjs tyf :yfgLo ;fd'bflos cu'jfx¿df
cGof}ntf x6fpg oL :yfgx¿ lrq0f ul/Psf] gS;f
x/]s sIffsf]7f tyf sl/8f]/df 6fFl;g'k5{ . To;}u/L
cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf cGof}ntf l;h{gf gxf]; / ;a}
;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;s"g eGgsf nflu
s[ltd cEof; lgoldt ¿kdf cfof]hgf ul/g'k5{ .
;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f of]hgf glhssf k|x/L
rf}sL, clUg lgoGq0f sfof{no tyf c:ktfn clwsf/L x¿nfO{ pknAw
u/fOg'k5{ . cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf cfjZos hgzlQm t'¿Gt} pknAw
x'g ;s"g eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ oL ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;~rf/ ;DaGw /
;~rf/sf] ;+oGq :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ . cfktsfndf ljt/0f ug{ cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ ;'/lIft
:yfgdf e08f/0f ul/g'k5{ .
@=@=$ ;~rf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf;
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLn] ;'/lIft ljBfno tof/ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . lqmofzLn
;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ePsf] v08df dfq of] k|efjsf/L x'G5 . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/
Joj:yfn] cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿nfO{
;xof]u u5{ . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ k|0ffnLn] cfktsfnLg ;~rf/ / cfGtl/s ;"rgf ;+oGq
:yfkgfdf klg ;xof]u u5{ .
;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;ljlw M
n ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;Dks{ljj/0f pknAw x'g'k5{ . ;Dks{ljj/0fnfO{ lgoldt hfFr
/ cBfjlws ul/g'k5{ . o; sfo{n] cfjZostf k/]sf] a]nf pgLx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug{
;xh x'G5 .
n sfo{bnn] ;Dks{ ;"rLsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . ;f] ;"rLdf k|To]s ;b:osf] gfd, 7]ufgf /
cfjf;Lo tyf df]afOn b'j} kmf]g gDa/ x'g'k5{ .
n ljkbsf] ;dodf lqmofzLn /xg] ;"rgfsf] e/kbf]{ afXo ;|f]tdf kx'Fr a9fpg /
cfGtl/s ;~rf/ k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{ k|of; ul/g'k5{ . o;f] ePdf dfq ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n]
ljkbsf] cj:yfaf/] cBfjlws hfgsf/L kfpg ;S5g / ljkb Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;dod}
cfkmgf] ;Lk, k|lzlIft hgzlQm, cf}hf/ tyf pks/0fnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;S5g .
n cfktsfnsf] Joj:yfkgdf zL3| ;~rf/sf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf x'G5 . o;n] ;do tyf
;|f]tsf] art dfq ub}{g, cfktsfnLg cj:yfcg'¿k bIf JolQmx¿nfO{ klg kl/rfng u5{ .
;~rf/sf] ;Dks{ ;"rLn] ljBfno k|zf;sx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpF5 / cfktsfnLg
;dodf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|ltsfo{sf nflu tof/ u5{ .
Kff}8L ;LknfO{ tLI0f agfpFb}

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
38
tflnsf ( McfktsfnLg ;dodf ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsg] lgsfox¿sf] ;"rL
dxTjk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿
;Dks{ JolQmsf]
gfd / 7]ufgf
df]afOn
ljBfnoaf6
b"/L
sfof{nosf]
kmf]g gDa/
lhNnf cfktsfnLg sfo{ ;~rfng s]Gb|
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no
:yfgLo c:ktfn÷:jf:Yo rf}sL÷cf}iflw k;n
lgs6td cf}iflw ljqm]tf
af?0foGq sfof{no
:yfgLo k|x/L
g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
k|wfgfWofks
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:ox¿
cleefjs– lzIfs ;ª3
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
lhNNff ljsf; ;ldlt
cGo
@=@=% ;r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"jf{Eof; ;~rfng
qmda4 tyf ljifout s[lqd cEof;n] ;/f]sf/jfnf / afnaflnsfdf ljkb k"j{tof/L tyf
k|ltsfo{sf nflu ;kmntfk"j{s ;r]tgf clej[l4 u5{ . jf:tjdf s[lqd cEof; dxTjk"0f{
l;sfOljlw xf] . h:t} ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf] s[lqd cEof;n] afnaflnsf tyf cGo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, p4f/, clUg;'/Iff / k|fylds pkrf/df /x]sf]
pgLx¿sf] 1fg k|bz{g Pj+ k/LIf0f ug{ l;sfpF5 .
cEof; cfof]hgfljlw M
n x/]s k|sf/sf] cEof;sf nflu ljifolgwf{/0f u/L afnaflnsf
tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ o;sf] k|lqmof tyf tl/sf;Fu kl/lrt
u/fpg'xf]; . cEof; Ps cg'ejhGo l;sfOsf] cj;/ xf] h;n] ;}4flGts 1fgnfO{
k/LIf0f u5{ .
n ck]lIft / bf]xf]l/g] ljkbsf nflu lgoldt cEof; u/fpg'xf]; / ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
of]hgf agfpg'xf]; .
n sIff ;'¿ x'g'k"j{ e]nf x'g] 7fpF jf sIffsf]7fdf clu|d ¿kdf cfjZos ;Lk k|bfg ug'{xf]; .
Ps z}lIfs jif{df ljleGg cEof; u/fOg'k5{ . o:tf] cEof; ljBfnon] dgfpg] lbj;

39
;'/lIft ljBfno
kf/]/ ubf{ cem /fd|f] x'G5 . kof{Kt cEof; x'g ;sf]; eGgfsf nflu s'g} ;"rgfljgf g} klg
cEof; u/fOg'k5{ . l;sfOsf] k|ltljlDat ug{ / ;'wf/sf nflu ;do lbg'k5{ .
n ljkb Joj:yfkg k|lqmofdf sfo{bn, ;d'bfosf JolQm / :jo+;]jsx¿nfO{ ;+nUg
u/fO{ ;Lk / ;r]tgfsf] k|jfx ug'{xf]; . cEof;n] dlitisdf ;LknfO{ 7f]; k|ltljlDat
u/fpg ;xof]u u5{ .
n lgoldt cEof;dfkm{t afnaflnsf;Fu ejgaf6 ;'/lIft lgl:sg] cfwf/e"t lgod tyf
pkfo cfbfgk|bfg ug'{xf]; . o:tf lgodx¿df …s'/f gu/f}F, gbu'/f}F, s'/f gu/f}F / k5fl8
kms]{/ ghfcf}FÚ cflb k5{g .
n ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg, vf]h tyf p4f/, k|fylds pkrf/, cfuf] lgefpg], hn ;'/Iff / kf}8L
;Lkh:tf ;Lk h:tf ljifodf cEof; u/fpg'k5{ . -ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfno dfkb08
M :jd"Nofªsg kmf/fdsf nflu cg';"rL $ x]/f}F .
@=# cfwf/:tDe # M hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIff
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffcGtu{t ;'/lIft ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{, pTyfgzLn ljBfno tyf
;d'bfosf] ljsf; ug{ ljBfnosf kf7oqmd, lzIfs k|lzIf0f / cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{nfO{ lnOG5 .
cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s b'j} k|sf/sf lzIffn] a[xt kl/jf/df ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngaf/] 1fg k|jfx ub{5 .
@=#=! cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ngnfO{ ;dfof]hg
ljkb hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f;DaGwLhLjgko{Gtl;sfOsf] PscleGgefux'g'k5{ . ljkb hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f/ hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL k|rng km}nfpgsf nflu lzIff Ps k|efjsf/L ;fwg xf] .
cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng
;dfof]hgljlw M
n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/
jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfn, 1fg / Jofjxfl/s
cg'ej b'j} ljsf; ug{ ljBfnosf] lgoldt
kf7Øqmddf ;dfof]hg ul/g'k5{ egL
z}lIfs If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu
ldn]/ cleofg ;~rfng ug'{xf]; .
n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnnfO{ cltl/Qm
z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf ;dfjz]; ug'{xf]; /
o;nfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstfsf] ljifo agfpg'xf]; .
ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cjwf/0ffnfO{
lrqsnfdfkm{t k|ltlalDat ub}{

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
40
cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkx¿df lrqsnf, lgaGw, jfbljjfb / xflh/L
hjfkm k|ltof]lutf kg{ ;S5g . cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;dfj]zL x'g'k5{
/ o;df ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"x, ljz]ifu/L aflnsfx¿nfO{ nlIft ug'{k5{ .
n ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ Dffgj lqmofsnfk / ljkbaLr /x]sf] ;DaGwaf/] hfgsf/L lbg clgoldt
lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnx¿ ;+nUg ug]{
s'/fsf] k}/jL ug'{xf]; .
n afnaflnsfnfO{ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;dfof]hgsf ultljlwdf
;fd]n u/fpg'xf]; . pgLx¿sf] r]tgf tyf a'emfOnfO{ a9fpg afnsaflnsfaf6
afnaflnsfdf lzIff, uLt, ljB'tLo tyf 5fkfnufotsf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u ug'{xf]; .
@=#=@ lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf
ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{
lzIfsx¿n] ljBfyL{dfkm{t w]/} cleefjs / ;d'bfosf dflg;df ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL ;Gb]z ;~rf/ ug{ ;S5g . lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf
ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf] d"nk|jfxLs/0f ul/Pdf pgLx¿n]
;f] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] ;'lglZrt x'G5 .
lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ljifoj:t'
;dfof]hgljlw M
n ljBdfg lzIfs tflnd kf7Øqmdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k7of+zsf] s'g v08df s'g
;Gb]z /fVg] eGg] lgwf{/0f ug'{xf]; .
n lzIfs, ;|f]t s]Gb| k|d'v, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 ;b:o
/ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfn ;d]6g] pko'Qm kf7Øqmd ljsf; ug'{xf]; . kf7Øqmddf
ljkb hf]lvd, hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf pkfo, ljkb k"j{tof/L / k|ltsfo{af/] hfgsf/L /flvg'k5{ .
n d:of}bf kf7oqmdnfO{ s]xL ljBfnodf k/LIf0f ;~rfng ug'{xf]; . a[xt ljt/0fsf] nflu
kf7Øqmd k|sflzt ug'{cl3 ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 k[i7kf]if0f Pj+ ;'emfj ;Íng
ug'{xf]; .
n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;jfnx¿ ;d]l6Psf] z}lIfs
;fdu|L tof/ ug'{xf]; . o; ;fdu|Lsf] ;xfotfaf6 lzIfsn] k|sf]ksf] k|s[lt tyf
cfj[lt, ljkbx¿sf] ;Defjgfaf/] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hfgsf/Llbg / ljkb tyf hnjfo'
kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgpGd'v 5nkmndf pgLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg ;lsG5 .
n lzIfs tflnd k|lti7fg, ljBfno / sn]hx¿sf kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f /
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng;DaGwL ;a} ;fdu|L, k'l:tsf, lgb]{lzsf / Go"gtd dfkb08
;dfj]z ug'{xf]; .
n lzIfs tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ubf{ cg's"lnt Pj+ kl/is[t
kf7Øqmd k|of]u ug'{xf]; .

41
;'/lIft ljBfno
n /fli6«o lzIff gLlt tyf of]hgfdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng
;DalGw ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ug{ cleofg ;~rfng ug'{xf]; .
@=#=# ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
afnaflnsf k|efjzfnL Pj+ k|efjsf/L ;~rf/stf{ x'g h;n] ljBfnodf l;s]sf c;n cEof;
/ kf7nfO{ cfkmgf 3/kl/jf/df pT;'stfsf ;fy atfpF5g . aflnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ljkb
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f lzIffn] pgLx¿ a:g] glhssf] jftfj/0faf/] ;r]tgf / a'emfOnfO{ k|j4{g u5{ .
afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf cltl/Qm pgLx¿n] l;sfOk|lt lhDd]jf/x¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
ug'{ klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ljkbaf/] lzIff lnPsf cfhsf afnaflnsfdf ef]ln joZs x'Fbfsf]
cj:yfdf klg ljkb, dfgjLo ultljlwsf] kl/0ffd / sdhf]/ jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgaf/] a[xQ/
a'emfO x'g]5 . o;sf ;fy} pgLx¿df k|s[lt;Fu ;fd~h:o ub}{ gofF k|sf/sf] ljsf; dfu{ k|j4{g
ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf klg /fd|f];Fu ax; ug]{ Ifdtf x'g]5 . -cfO{P;8Lcf/, @))@_ .
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 M
n ;d'bfodf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ lbuf] ¿kdf cl3 a9g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{
8sdL{nufotsf :yfgLo lgdf{0fstf{ / lgdf{0f sDkgLnfO{ ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f /
dd{t;Def/;DaGwL k|fljlws lzIff k|bfg ug'{xf]; .
n ljBfnosf] lgoldt kf7Øqmdcg'¿k :yfgLo txdf x'g] k|sf]ksf] k|s[lt tyf k|efjaf/]
afnaflnsfdf ;r]tgf hufpg'xf]; . ljkb /f]syfd, k|ltsfo{sf] k"j{tof/L / ljkb
pTyfgzLn jftf/0fLo ;+/If0fsf l;4fGtaf/] 5nkmn ug'{xf]; . afnaflnsfn] k|fKt
u/]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ cfktsfnLg l:yltsf] ;fdgfdf k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd x'g]u/L pgLx¿sf]
r]tgf clej[l4 ug'{xf]; .
n ljBfnosf afnaflnsf, lzIfs tyf ;d'bfodf hf]lvd;DaGwL ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{
cleofg rnfpg'xf]; .
@=#=$ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{
z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{
pko'Qm z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngaf/] a'emg ;xof]u u5{ . o;nfO{ lgoldt tyf clgoldt b'j}
kf7Øqmd;Fu cGt/;DalGwt ul/g'k5{ .
z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ M
n cf}krfl/s tyf cgf]krfl/s z}lIfs kf7oqmdn] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ngnfO{ a[xt ¿kdf ;d]6]–g;d]6]sf] n]vfhf]vf u/L l/Qmtfx¿ klxrfg
ug'{xf]; .
n b]lvPsf l/QmtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{xf]; . o:tf z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln]
ljz]ifu/L afnaflnsf, dlxnf / ckfªutf ePsf JolQmnufotsf ;Í6f;Gg ;d"xx¿sf
nflu ljkb /f]syfd tyf k"j{tof/Ldf s]lGb|t ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
42
n k|efjsf/L l;sfOnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ >Job[io z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug'{xf]; ->Jo M uLt,
/]l8of] ;Gb]z, gf6s cflb . b[io M lel8of], j[Qlrq, kmf]6f]u|fkm, kf]:6/, sf6{'glrq cflb_ .
lg/If/, yf]/} lzIff xfl;n u/]sf / slnnf afnaflnsfn] oL ;Gb]z a'emg ;S5g eGg]
;'lglZrt ug'{xf]; . oL ;fdu|LnfO{ cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk tyf lgoldt lzIffdf
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .
n ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngsf ;fGble{s ;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf ljifoj:t'nfO{ kl/dfh{g Pj+ cBfjlws ug'{xf]; .
@=#=% lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{
ljkbsf ;dodf ckfªutf ePsf JolQmnufot cGo ;ªs6f;Gg JolQmx¿ clt
k|efljt x'G5g . pgLx¿sf df}lns clwsf/ tyf ljz]if cfjZostfsf] pk]Iff
ul/g' x'Fb}g . zf/Ll/s ¿kdf sdhf]/ JolQmn] cfkmgf] b}lgs hLjgofkgsf qmddf
cfkmgf] kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfnodf alx:sf/ / cnUofpg]h:tf Jojxf/sf] ;fdgf
ug'{kg]{ x'g;S5 . pgLx¿nfO{ 1fgåf/f ;zQmLs/0f u/]sf] v08df pgLx¿n] klg
;d'bfosf] pTyfgzLntf ;'b[9 agfpg pNn]Vo of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g . af:tjdf
afnaflnsf tyf sdhf]/ Ifdtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;xeflutf
tyf ;zQmLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;dfj]z u/]df ;d'bfosf] pTyfgzLntfnfO{ a9fpg] 5 .
lzIffsf] xs ;'lglZrt ug{ M
n ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ljleGg sfo{bndf km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf
JolQm tyf cGo ;ªs6f;Gg ;d"xnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg'xf]; . o;n] pgLx¿nfO{ lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ / cfkmgf cfjZostfx¿sf] ;Daf]wg x'g] s'/fsf]
;'lglZrtf lbnfpF5 .
n km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm tyf cGo ;ªs6f;Gg ;d"xsf ;jfnnfO{ cf}krfl/s
tyf cgf}krfl/s z}lIfs kf7Øqmddf ;dfj]z x'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'xf]; .
n afnaflnsfnfO{ km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm tyf cGo ;ªs6f;Gg ;d"xnfO{
;dfj]z u/fpg] sf/0fx¿af/] ;r]t u/fpg cltl/Qm z}lIfs lqmofsnfk / ljBfnodf
cfwfl/t cled'vLs/0f tyf ;+jfb sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]zL z}lIfs ;jfnx¿sf]
;Daf]wg ul/g'k5{ .
n km/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm / afnaflnsfsf clwsf/ tyf cfjZostf ;Daf]wgdf
s]lGb|t x'Fb} / ltgLx¿ ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ngdf ;lqmo
kfq x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ub}{ km/s zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf JolQm cg's"n ;dfj]zL ljkb
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{xf]; .
@=#=^ ;'/lIft ljBfno cleofg;DaGwL ;DefJo r'gf}tL tyf cj/f]w x6fpg]
;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgn] cem} klg w]/} r'gf}tL / cj/f]wx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{

43
;'/lIft ljBfno
kl/x]sf] 5 . o;df ;'/lIft lzIff gLltsf] cefj, ;Lldt /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm, ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3 ;b:ox¿aLrsf] :ki6 e"ldsf, bfloTj tyf
hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj / ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f vlr{nf] x'G5 eGg] unt wf/0ffh:tf /x]sf
5g . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf nflu ljkb pTyfgzLn
ljBfno lgdf{0fdf nufgL Hofb} dxFuf] /x]sf] unt hgljZjf; sfod} 5 . t/ efl6of
-@))*_ sf] cWoog;lxt cGo ljleGg cWoogn] ljkb pTyfgzLn gofF ejgsf] lgdf{0f
ug{ ;fdfGo:t/sf] ejg lgdf{0fsf] t'ngfdf * k|ltzt dfq a9L vr{ nfUg] atfPsf 5g .
;'/lIft lgdf{0fn] lbg] nfenfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] of] yk nfut vf;} 7"nf] xf]Og . h'g;'s}
kl/l:yltdf klg * k|ltzt dfq vr{ 36fpg'eGbf hLjgsf] ;'/Iff w]/} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] .
;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf r"gf}tL tyf cj/f]w x6fpg M
n z}lIfs If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;fGble{s / oyfy{
tYofªs;lxt qmda4 / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ;r]tgf cleofgsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
n ljBfno kf7Øqmddf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ s'g} klg kxn
ul/Psf] 5}g . kl/jlt{t cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljutdf ag]sf w]/} gLltsf] ;+zf]wg
ul/Psf] 5}g . gLlt ultzLn x'g'k5{ . :yfgLo ;|f]t kl/rfng u/L ;d'bfodf Go"g
nfutsf] ljBfno ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug{ gofF k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg'k5{ .
n :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf /fhgLlts bnx¿ ;'/lIft ljBfno jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿sf] k|lta4tfljgf ;DalGwt :yfgLo ;/sf/ / s]Gb|Lo
;/sf/af6 k|fKt x'g] ;|f]t lglj{£g kl/rfng ug{ c;Dej x'g]5 . ;ªs6f;Gg
afnaflnsfsf] hLjg /Iff ug{ /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . b'ef{Uoj; ;'/lIft
ljBfnosf] cfGbf]ng Hofb} sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 / o;n] :yfgLo ;/sf/ tyf /fhgLlts
bnsf Ph]G8fdf :yfg;d]t kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
n ;+/rgfut / u}/;+/rgfut b'j} k|sf/sf hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/g'k5{ . ;'/Iff;Fu
;Da4 ;d:of tyf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;DefJo pkfox¿ ;'/lIft ljBfno
of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ .

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
44
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
P8LkL;L -@))*_M lzIffIf]qdf ljkbsf] k|efj, sDaf]l8of .
ljBfno tyf ljBfno ejgx¿sf nflu ck]n (APELL) -@))@_ M ljBfnosf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k4lt .
ljkb lzIff sG;f]l6{od, OG8f]g]l;of M ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"j{tof/L 9fFrf .
gfOh]n jfs]xd cflbkl/af -@))#_ k/fdz{bftf cfls{6]S6 M k|fylds ljBfno ejgsf] dd{t–;Def/df ljBfno tyf
;'d'bfon] k|of]u ug]{ k'l:tsf .
efl6of, P; -@))*_ M ef/tdf e"sDk k|lt/f]ws ljBfno ejgx¿ . ;x/L of]hgf tyf l8hfOg, !^! -$_, !$& – !$( .
ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] s]Gb|df afnaflnsf tyf o'jf . Knfg OG6/g];gn .
ljkb k"j{tof/L of]hgf ;Gbe{;fdu|L -@)!)_ M s]o/ OG6/g];gn .
uf}td, w|'j -@)!@_ M g]kfnsf] t/fO{If]qsf nflu ;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f lgb]{lzsf . g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIffljefu, PS;gP8
g]kfn tyf d];L{ sk{;sf] ;+o'Qm kxn .
uf}td, w|'j -@)!)_ M clGtd d"Nofªsg k|ltj]bg . ljBfno kl/of]hgfdfkm{t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f . PS;gP8 g]kfn
tyf 8LPkmcfO{8L .
uf}td, w|'j -@)!!_ M afng]t[Tjdf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng . :ynut k|of]ustf{x¿sf
nflu afn arfp g]kfnåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] 6"nls6 .
uf}td, w|'j -@)!@_ M ;'/lIft ljBfno gLlt tyf cEof; . c;n cEof;, r'gf}tL tyf efjL dfu{ . Knfg g]kfn .
;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{gl6kf]6 -@))(_ M ljkb Go"gLs/0f tyf k'gnf{esf nfluljZj ;xof]u . cfO{P;8Lcf/,
OgL tyf ljZj AofÍ .
e"sDk k|ljwsf nflu /fli6«o ;dfh– g]kfn M 8sdL{ tyf lgdf{0f k|fljlw1x¿sf nflu e"sDk ;'/lIftlgdf{0f ;Lk tflnd .
e"sDk k|ljwsf nflu /fli6«o ;dfh– g]kfn M g]kfn –u'h/ft 8sdL{ cfbfgk|bfg tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd .
l8k]sf], P8LkL;L, XoflG8Sofk OG6/g];gn, O:nflds l/lnkm tyf Knfg M ;'/lIft ef]lnsf nflu ljBfnox¿nfO{ tof/ ul//
fVg] . afËnfb]zdf ljBfno ;'/Iff;DaGwL ax'k|sf]k k4lt k'l:tsf .
blIf0f Pl;ofdf ax'k|sf]ksf nflu ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ;'/Iff n]vfhf]vfljlwx¿ -6"N;_ -@)!@_ M o"PgXofla6Øf6 tyf
cfPcfO{P;8Lcf/ . ljBfno ;'/Iff 6"nls6 aS; ! M gofF l8hfOg ax'k|sf]k ;'/Iff kfngf .
blIf0f Pl;ofdf ax'k|sf]ksf nflu ljBfno tyf c:ktfn ;'/Iff n]vfhf]vfljlwx¿ -6"N;_ -@)!@_ M o"PgXofla6Øf6 tyf
cfPcfO{P;8Lcf/ . ljBfno ;'/Iff 6"nls6 aS; ! M /]6«f] dd{t–;Def/ ax'k|sf]k ;'/Iff kfngf .
ljBfno ;'/Iff;DaGwL u'¿ k|lzIf0f -df:6/ 6«]lgª_ sf nflu k|lzIf0f df]8Ø"n M /fli6«o ljBfno ;'/Iff sfo{qmd, PgcfO{8LPd .
ljkb Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª3Lo cGt/f{li6«o /0fgLlt -@))&_ M /f]syfd ;+:s[lttkm{ M ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
ljBfnodf cf/De x'G5 / c;n cEof; tyf kf7x¿ ljBfnod}l;lsG5 . o"PgcfO{P;8Lcf/, h]g]ef .
lj:6/ aL -@))^_ M afnaflnsfn] xfdLnfO{l;sfpmg . ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf lzIff tyf 1fgsf] e"ldsfsf] ;dLIff .
cfP;8Lcf/ k|0ffnL ljifout ;d"x÷1fg tyf lzIff d~r .

45
;'/lIft ljBfno
cg';"rL ! M g]kfndf ;'/lIft ljBfno;DaGwL kxnx¿
-;g !(** – @)!@_
jif{ k|d'v kxnx¿
!(** sf]
e"sDkkl5
clwsf+z ljBfno sdhf]/ ef}lts cj:yfdf /x]sf / a[xt ;+/rgfTds Iflt ePsf sf/0f
;fj{hlgs ljBfno k'gM ;~rfng ug{ sl/a tLg dlxgf nfUof] .
!(**–!((% hfOsfn] d'n'se/ ljBfnox¿sf nflu e"sDk k|lt/f]ws k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u¥of] .
!(() g]kfn ;/sf/n] ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf u¥of] .
!(($ ;'/lIft ejgx¿lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ejg;+lxtf agfof] .
!((&–!(((
/fli6«o e"sDk k|ljlw ;dfh / lhcf]–Xofhf8{ OG6/g];gnn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cfof]hgf
u/]sf] sf7df8f}F pkTosf e"sDkLo hf]lvd Joj:yfkg kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
ljBfno e"sDk ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] .
!((&
ljBfnodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"j{tof/LnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljkb k"j{tof/L sfo{qmdsf]
Ps c+zsf] ¿kdf lnOof] t/ ljBfno ;'/Iff tyf lzIffdf ljkb hf]lvdnfO{ 5'66} :ki6
¿kdf cufl8 a9fOPg .
!((( g]kfn ;/sf/n] ejg P]g :jLs[t u¥of] .
!((( –@)))
clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ljBfno, c:ktfn / cGo k|d'v ejgx¿sf]
e"sDkLo ;ªs6f;Ggtf cBfjlws ug{ ;+/rgfut tyf u}/;+/rgfut ;ªs6f;Ggtf
n]vfhf]vf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/] .
!(((<
;x/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefun] o"Pg8LkL e"sDk hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
k'g{nfe kl/of]hgf tyf /fli6«o e"sDk k|ljlw ;dfhsf] ;xof]udf ejgx¿;Fu ;Da4
e"sDkLo hf]lvdaf/] ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿df ;r]tgf sfo{qmd / gu/kflnsfsf
clwsf/Lx¿sf nflu tflnd ;~rfng u¥of] .
!(((
ljBfno e"sDk ;'/Iff sfo{qmdn] s]xL ljBfno ejgx¿nfO{ e"sDk k|lt/f]ws agfpg
k|anLs/0f u¥of] .
@))# g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o ejg;+lxtf :jLs[t u¥of] .
@))#
b;f}F /fli6«o of]hgf -@))@–@))&_ df ljsf; kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ljkb k|efj n]vfhf]vfnfO{
clgjfo{ ul/of] .
@))# b]lv
clxn];Dd
clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] o'/f]lkog sldzgsf] ljQLo ;xfotfdf
l8k]sf] -DIPECHO_ cGtu{tsf ;'/lIft ljBfno kxnnfO{ ;xof]u u/] .
@))&–@))(
PS;gP8 g]kfnn] ljBfno sfo{qmddfkm{t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwsf] vfsf
tof/ u/L To;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] .

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
46
@))&
;g @))& df ejg;+lxtfsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgaf6 o;nfO{ %* gu/kflnsf, @* lhNnf
;b/d'sfd -t/fO{sf] s'g} klg ;b/d'sfd g;d]l6Psf] / *! ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf nfu"
ul/of] .
@))(
ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ df ;'emfOPsf dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLlts
sfo{x¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ bL3{sfnLg ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
sfo{of]hgf tof/Lsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ g]kfn hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;d"x gfds Ps
cGt/f{li6«o ;d"x u7g ul/of] . ;f] ;d"xn] g]kfndf ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf nflu
tTsfn} ug'{kg]{ kfFr k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q klxrfg u¥of] . ljBfno ;'/Iff sfo{qmd klxnf]
k|fyldstf If]qdf kb{5 .
@))(
ljBfnoIf]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -@))(–@)!%_ n] ;'/lIft ljBfno k|f]T;fxgsf nflu ;a}sf
nflu lzIff, dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd, ;fd'bflos ljBfno ;xof]u sfo{qmd /
lzIfs lzIff kl/of]hgfh:tf rfn" sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]5 .
ljkbsf ljleGg k|efj
ljkbsf ef}lts k|efj
n c;'/lIft ljBfnon] afnaflnsf tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 3fOt] agfpF5 jf df5{ / lzIffdf
cj/f]w k'¥ofpF5 .
n ljkbn] cfhLjg zf/Ll/s ¿kdf czQm agfpg;S5, h;n] lzIffdf k|efj kf5{ .
n ljBfno / j/k/sf ef}lts ;+/rgf elTsg ;S5g jf Ifltu|:t x'G5g .
n ljBfnosf ef}lts ;'ljwf Ifltu|:t x'G5g .
n v:g] jf emg]{ a:t'h:tf u}/;+/rgfTds tTjx¿n] e]nf x'g] 7fpF;Dd k'Ug] ;'/lIft
lgsf; dfu{nfO{ cj¿4 ug{;S5g .
ljkbsf z}lIfs k|efj
n k9fO 5f]8g] b/ a95 .
n ljBfno Iflt x'Fbf afnaflnsfsf] lzIff k|fKt ug{kfpg] clwsf/df cj/f]w k'U5 .
n lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ vl:sG5 .
n lzIffsf] j}slNks :yfg geP z}lIfs ;+/rgfdf x'g] Ifltn] afnaflnsfsf] k9fOn]
lg/Gt/tf kfpFb}g .
n dxTjk"0f{ z}lIfs clen]vx¿ gi6 x'G5g .
n afnaflnsf csf]{ ljBfnodf hfG5g hxfF pgLx¿nfO{ cEo:t x'g ufx|f] kg{;S5 / lzIff
l;sfOdf ca/f]w pTkGg x'g;S5 .

47
;'/lIft ljBfno
ljkbsf cfly{s k|efj
n ;DalGwt lgsfo Ifltu|:t ljBfnosf] k'glg{df{0f / gofF ljBfnosf] lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] /sd
nufgL ug{ afWo x'G5g .
n ;+/rgfx¿sf] dd{t ug{ cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:odfly cfly{s af]em ylkG5 .
n ;|f]tsf] ;Lldttf;Fu ;Demf}tf ul/G5 h;n] Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfd} sfd
rnfpg'kg]{ afWotf pTkGg x'g' eg]sf] dflg;x¿ efjL 36fgfx¿k|lt
;ªs6f;Gg /xg' xf] .
n k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gM:yfkgfdf nufgL a9bf cGo If]qsf] nufgL k|efljt x'G5 h;n]
efjL ;dodf w]/} gs/fTds k|efj kf5{ .
ljkbsf dgf]j}1flgs k|efj
n ljkbn] lzIff cj¿4 x'Fbf afnaflnsfn] lg/Gt/tfsf] af]w tyf cfzf u'dfpF5g .
n afnaflnsf qf; / dfg;ls cf3fth:tf dgf]j}1flgs ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t x'G5g .
pgLx¿sf] lgbfpg] lbgrof{df vnan x'Fbf ljBfnodf Psfu| x'g ;Sb}gg .
n ljBfnoaf6 aflx/ a:g afWo ePsf / x]/rfx ug{ g;lsPsf afnaflnsfn] cfkmgf]
lrGtf / tgfjnfO{ JoQm ug{ ;fdflhs ¿kdf c:jLsfo{ Jojxf/ ckgfpg ;S5g .
n cleefjs cfkmgf afnaflnsfnfO{ c;'/lIft ljBfno jftfj/0fdf k7fpg 8/fpF5g .
;'/lIft ljBfno cleofgsf sf];]9'ªuf
n ;g @)!@–@)!# M ljZje/ z}lIfs ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;'/lIft ljBfnosf] k}/jL /
cleofgnfO{ hf/L /fv] .
n ;g @))(–@)!# M cfwf/e"t tYofªs / k|ultnfO{ dfkg ub}{ cl3 a9g] (Taking Stock
and Moving Forward) gfds sfo{qmdn] afnaflnsf tyf ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{
s]Gb|df /fVb}] afns]lGb|t ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|of;sf w]/} pNn]Vo 36gf cWoogsf]
clen]vLs/0f u¥of] .
n @)!! M o'g]:sf] tyf o'lg;]kmn] lzIff If]qsf of]hgfdf åGå tyf ljkb hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ z}lIfs of]hgfsf/x¿sf nflu dfu{bz{gsf] d:of}bf tof/
u/] .
n @)!)M cfktsfnLg lzIffsf nflu cGt/lgsfo ;~hfn -O{gL_n] ælzIffsf nflu Go"gtd
dfkb08Æ cBfjlws u/L k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{ / k'gnf{eh:tf ljifo ;dfj]z u/L ljkb
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] k|of; u¥of] .
n @))( M OgL / ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k'gnf{esf nflu ljZj a}+ssf] ;xfotf
;oGq (GFDRR) n] …;'/lIft ljBfno lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfu{bz{g tof/ ug{ bh{gf}+

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
48
lj1x¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fof] . ljleGg k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] k|efjk|lt ljBfno ;+oGqsf]
ef}lts ;ªs6f;Ggtf sd ug{ tof/ ul/Psf] of] dfu{bz{g lg0f{ostf{x¿sf] nflu
dxTjk"0f{ clen]v lyof] .
n @))* M O{gLsf] cfktsfnLg lzIffsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08n] ljBfno
;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffTds ¿k/]vf k|:t't u/]sf] 5, h;cGtu{t M -s_ ;'/lIft lgdf{0f /
k|anLs/0fåf/f ;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{], -v_ ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkgåf/f
;'/lIft l;sfO jftfj/0f sfod ug]{, -u_ z}lIfs lg/Gt/tf of]hgf / ljkb /f]syfd tyf
k"j{tof/L;DaGwL lzIf0f l;sfOåf/f lzIffdf kx'Fr sfod /fVg], / -3_ kx'Fr tyf
;'/Iff ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
n @))*: ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cGt/f{li6«o ljkb Go"gLs/0f lbj; (UNISDR) n] z}lIfs
If]qsf lg0f{ostf{x¿sf nflu ljBfno ljkb /f]syfd dfu{bz{g k|:t't u¥of] . z}lIfs
If]qdf ljkbsf] ef}lts, z}lIfs, cfly{s tyf dgf];fdflhs k|efjnfO{ k|:6Øfof] . o;n]
a[xt ljBfno ljkb /f]syfd sfo{qmddf lgDg tLg nIo klxrfg u¥of] M -s_ hLjg
arfp / rf]6k6s /f]syfd, -v_ bf]xf]l/O/xg] k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 lzIffdf x'g] cj/f]wsf]
/f]syfd, / -u_ bf]xf]l/O/xg] k|sf]ksf ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts k|efjnfO{ Go"g
ug{ ;Ifd pTyfgzLn gful/s ju{sf] ljsf; .
n @))^ M ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo cGt/f{li6«o ljkb Go"gLs/0f lbj; (UNISDR) sf] ljZj
ljkb Go"gLs/0f cleofgcGtu{tsf] ljkb hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f 3/af6 cf/De x'G5
-@))^–@))&_, o'g]:sf]sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu z}lIfs bzs -@))%–@)!$_ /
o'lg;]kmsf] cfktsfnLg l:yltdf afnaflnsfk|ltsf] cfwf/e"t k|lta4tf nufot cGo
ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿n] ;'/lIft ljBfno ljsf;sf kIfdf k}/jL u/] .
n @))%M Xof]uf] sfo{9fFrf -@))%–@)!%_ sf kfFr k|fyldstf dWo]sf] t];|f] k|fyldstfn]
;'/Iff ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0fdf 1fg tyf lzIffsf] e"ldsfdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;'/lIft ljBfnon]
Pp6f o:tf] l;sfO jftfj/0f k|bfg ug]{ nIo /fVb5 hxfF afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo
/ ;'/Iff ;w}Fsf nflu ;'lglZrt ul/G5 .
n @))$M o'g]:sf] / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo jftfj/0fLo sfo{qmd -o'g]k_ n] ljkbsf j]nf
ck]Iffs[t ;'/lIft /xg] lx;fan] ljBfnosf] :t/f]Gglt tyf lgdf{0f ug'{ /fi6«sf] bL3{sfnLg
of]hgfsf] Ps c+z x'g'k5{ egL ljBfno ;'/Iffsf] dxTjdf hf]8lbPsf] 5 .
n @))) M ljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|fylds lzIffsf] k|flKt ug]{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf ;g
@)!% ;Dddf ;a} afnaflnsfn] ;dfg ¿kn] k"0f{ k|fylds lzIff k"/f ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g
eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . of] k|fjwfg ljkb Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL
clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf tyf kxnnfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg'kg]{ afnclwsf/;Fu
hf]8g] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ ePsf] 5 .

49
;'/lIft ljBfno
cg';"rL @ M cfwf/e"t ;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08
n efG;fsf]7f / lj1fg k|of]uzfnf /flvg] ljB'tLo ;~hfn, pks/0f, lx6/, :6f]e, UofF;
l;lnG8/, k]6«f]n / d6Lt]n k|HHjngzLn tyf k|sf]k pTkGg ug]{ a:t'x¿ ;Lldt x'g'k5{,
5'66} ;'/lIft ¿kdf /flvg'k5{ .
n cfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg ;dodf ;'/lIft aflx/L ¿kdf lgl:sg s'g} cj/f]w
gxf]; eGgsf nflu tL dfu{x¿ v'nf /flvg'k5{ .
n k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf / k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 k'gM eg]{nufotsf cfjZos lgb]{zg;lxt
clUg;dgs oGq h8fg ul/g'k5{ .
n ljB't k|0ffnL lgoldt ¿kdf dd{t;Def/ ul/g'k5{ / cTolws ljB't ef/ gx'g] ;'lglZrt
ul/g'k5{ .
n 5fgfh:tf rnfodfg j:t'x¿ x'/Latf;n] pKsfpg, p8fpg jf 6'qmØfpg g;sf];
eGgsf nflu alnof];Fu sl;g'k5{ .
n atf; jf e"sDksf sf/0f v;]/ jf lrlKnP/ rf]6k6s nufpg;Sg] jf ;'/lIft lgsf;
dfu{df cj/f]w Nofpg;Sg] a:t'x¿nfO{ alnof];Fu ejgdf sl;g' jf afFlwg'k5{ .
n x/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf x'g'k5{ / aflx/ lgl:sg k|of]u x'g] ;a} 9f]sf aflx/lt/
v'Ng] x'g'k5{ .
n cUnf k':ts /fVg] ¥ofs, b/fh, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu hf]8]/ s:g'k5{ /
rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{ 6fpsf]sf] :t/eGbf d'lg /flvg'k5{ .
n km'6]/ 6'qmf x'g] / rf]6k6s u/fpg ;Sg] kmf]6f] k|m]dsf tyf cGo ;L;fx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft
¿kdf afFw]/ jf c+s'zdf c8sfP/ /flvg'k5{ .
cg";"rL # MljleGg sfo{bnsf] e"ldsf tyf bfloTj
k"j{;"rgf sfo{bn
n dxTjk"0f{ dflg; tyf 7fpFsf] ;Dks{ ;"rL tyf ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ -h:t} c:ktfn,
:yfgLo :jf:yosdL{, bdsn, :yfgLo k|x/L cflb_,
n oyfy{ ;"rgf ;Íng ug]{ / k"j{;"rgf sfo{bnsf] e"ldsfaf/] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
tyf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª3sf ;b:ox¿;Fu hfgsf/L cfbgk|bfg ug,
n k"j{;"rgfsf] ;ªs]tsf lsl;d / ltgsf sfo{af/] atfpg],
n jif{sf] sDtLdf rf/k6s ljkb k"jf{Eof; ug]{,
n cfktsfnLg l:yltdf bdsn, k|x/L, :jf:YosdL{, lzIff sfof{no / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfo
kl/rfng ug]{,

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
50
n clUg;dgs oGqh:tf cfktsfnLg pks/0f, ljB'tsf] d'Vo :jLr / cfktsfnLg
pks/0f /flvPsf] 7fpFsf] ;~rfng ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L cfbgk|bfg ug]{ .
;"rgf k|jfx sfo{bn
n af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, d]3 uh{g, r6Øfª, x'/Latf;af6 ;'/lIft /xg s:tf] Jojxf/
ckgfpg] eGg]af/]sf] lgb]{zg ;do–;dodf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ .
n /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgnufot ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;Íng ul/Psf ljkb;DaGwL ;"rgfsf]
sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿df cBffjlws ug]{ .
n ckmjfx g;'Gg] t/ ;a} cflwsfl/s ;ªs]t kfngf ug]{ / b[Zo cjnf]sg ug{ ghfg] .
lgsf; sfo{bn
n ;do–;dodf ;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg] cEof; ug]{ / ;do–;dodf o;sf
sfo{ljlw cBfjlws ug]{ .
n lgsf; dfu{ eP/ ;'/lIft :yfgdf k'Ug ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
n ;'/lIft ¿kdf aflx/ lgl:sg ;Sg] af6f], ;'/lIft :yfg;lxtsf] gS;fªsg tof/ ug]{ /
kl/jt{gcg'¿k cBfjlws ug]{ .
n pkl:yt ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ / sf]xL x/fPsf eP hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
n ;"rgf ;ªs]t tyf lgsf; of]hgfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
n ;'/lIft :yfg, lgsf; dfu{ / e]nf x'g] :yfgaf/] ljBfno kl/jf/nfO{ clu|d ;"lrt ug]{ .
n vf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{bn / cGo ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ x/fPsf JolQmx¿af/] hfgsf/L
u/fpg] .
n ljBfnosf] ;DklQ /Iff ug{ lgsf;kl5 ;a} afXo åf/ tyf 9f]sf aGb ug]{ .
vf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{bn
n ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf] clen]v /fVg] .
n ljBfnoleq ePsf ;ªs6f;Gg :yfg klxNo} cªlst ug]{ .
n aflx/ lgl:sg] ljleGg 9f]sf tyf åf/x¿;lxtsf] gS;f tof/ ug]{ .
n ;fFrf], :6«]r/, 8f]/L tyf l;F9Lsf] cu|Ld Joj:yf ug]{ .
n uDeL/ l:yltdf aflx/sf vf]h tyf p4f/ 6f]nL kl/rfng ug]{ .
n x/fPsf JolQmx¿af/] lgsf; 6f]nLaf6 hfgsf/L lng] .
n x/fPsf JolQmx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ .
n 3fOt]nfO{ k|fylds pkrf/ k|bfg ug]{ .
n 3fOt]nfO{ yk pkrf/sf nflu c:ktfn n}hfg] .
n ejgsf] k|To]s sf]7fsf] hfFr ug]{ / 3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] k|fylds pkrf/ 6f]nLnfO{
cjut u/fpg] .

51
;'/lIft ljBfno
n l;s]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ :d/0f u/fpg / r':t agfpg a]nfa]nfdf cEof;, cled'vLs/0f /
k/fdz{ lqmofsnfksf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .
k|fylds pkrf/ sfo{bn
n k|fylds pkrf/ afs;df cfjZos cf}iflwx¿ /fVg] .
n 3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] .
n ljz]if cf}ifwf]krf/ cfjZos kg]{ cj:yfsf] b[li6ut ub}{ ljBfnoaf6 lgs6
/x]sf cGo :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|af/] ;"lrt u/fpg] .
n lgoldt cGt/fndf k|fylds pkrf/ k'gtf{huL tflndsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .
n cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lgsf; 6f]nL;Fu k|fylds pkrf/ s]Gb|af/] k/fdz{ ug]{ .
n d[To' tyf 3fOt]sf] cj:yfaf/] a'emg :yfgLo c:ktfnsf ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx¿;Fu
;Dks{ ug]{ .
n 3fOt]x¿nfO{ ;Sbf] rfF8f] c:ktfn k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ug]{ .
dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ sfo{bn
n sl7g kl/l:ylt / ;Í6sf] 38Ldf s;/L k|ltsfo{ ug]{ eGg]af/] kl/jf/nfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ .
n ;+od eO{ a:g], :ki6;Fu ;f]Rg] / ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ sfd ug]{ .
n ;Fu} a:g] / Pscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
n ;fgf afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f, ladf/L / czQm JolQmx¿df ljz]if x]/rfx / ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg] .
n afnaflnsf tyf kl/jf/x¿ ljkb k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ dfgl;s ¿kdf tof/ ePsf] /
ug{;S5' eGg] wf/0ff ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;s/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx ug]{ .

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
52
cg';"rL $ M ljkb pTyfgzLn ljBfno dfks
-:jd"Nofªsg kmf/fd_
-tnsf] k/LIf0f ;"rLdf s"n #) dfkb08 k|:t't ul/Psf 5g . @! eGbf a9L cªs k|fKt ePdf
tkfOFsf] ljBfno pRr ljkb pTyfgzLn, ( b]lv @) ;Dd cªs cfPdf dWod ljkb pTyfgzLn
/ ( eGbf sd cªs cfPdf Go"g ljkb pTyfgzLn dflgg]5 .
;'/lIft ljBfno dfkb08 cªs
;'/lIft ljBfno k"jf{wf/ tyf ;'ljwf
!= :yfg
 ljBfno ef}ule{s lr/f glhs, le/fnf] :yfg, kxf8sf] km]bL, eL/dfly, af9L cfpg] If]q jf
vf]nfsf] t6df 5
)=)
 ljBfno /x]sf] :yfg xfn ljkbsf] hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft 5 t/ efjL ljkb hf]lvdaf6
;'/lIft 5}g
)=%
 ljBfno /x]sf] :yfg v'nf tyf km/flsnf], k|sf]ksf] 36gf x'g] 7fpFaf6 6f9f, ;xh kx'Fr /
;fdflhs k"jf{wf/sf ;'ljwf -h:t} ;kmf vfg]kfgL, lah'nL, ;~rf/ ;~hfn cflb_ pknAw
ePsf] 5
!=)
s'n cªs
@= ljBfno cjl:yt e"ldsf] cj:yf
 ljBfno ;Ld;f/ -df6f] efFl;g] e"lddf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 )=)
 ljBfno lgdf{0f ug'{cl3 df6f] lyRg] / vfFbg] sfd ul/Psf] 5}g )=%
 ljBfno lgdf{0f ug'{clw kof{Kt sl;g] bf]d6, anf}6] df6f] 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 !=)
s'n cªs
#= ejg;+lxtfsf] kfngf
 ejg;+lxtf k|fjwfgsf] cj1f ul/Psf] 5 )=)
 l8hfOg ejg;+lxtf cg'¿k ul/Psf] 5 t/ lgdf{0fdf kfngf ul/Psf] 5}g )=%
 ejg l8hfOg / lgdf{0f b'j}df ejg;+lxtfsf] kfngf ul/Psf] 5 !=)
s'n cªs
$= k|sf]k, ;ªs6f;Ggtf, hf]lvd tyf Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf gS;fªsg tyf cBfjlws
ug]{ ;+:s[lt
 of] cEof; / gS;fªsgsf] cf}lrToaf/] cgle1tf 5 )=)
 ljutdf gS;fªsg cEof; ul/Psf] lyof] t/ cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5}g )=%

53
;'/lIft ljBfno
 ljutdf k|sf]ksf] gS;fªsg, cEof; ul/Psf] / o;nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ug]{
 ul/Psf] 5
!=)
s'n cªs
%= ef/jxg k|0ffnL
 e"sDksf] wSsf gyfDg] 6fOaLd ljgf OF6f, 9'Ëf / sfFrf] OF6f dfq k|of]u u/L ufx|f] nufOPsf]
5
)=)
 ejgsf] ufx|f] t];f]{ jf 7f8f] ¿kdf 808Låf/f k|anLs/0f gu/L agfOPsf] 5 )=%
 ufx|f] jf ufx|f] 6fF8 kf/]/ jf sf6]/ agfOPsf], ;fgf emofn / 9f]sf /flvPsf] 5}g !=)
s'n cªs
^= l8hfOgsf] cfsf/
 ljBfno ejg cªu|]hL …Pn-LÚ, …Pr -HÚ / …6L -TÚ cfs[ltsf] 5 )=)
 nDafO / rf}8fOsf] ;x;DaGw lx;fa gu/L ejg agfOPsf] 5 )=%
 cfoftsf/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ejgsf] nDafO rf}8fOeGbf bf]Aa/ 5 !=)
s'n cªs
&= 9n tyf gfnf lgsf;sf] ;'ljwf
 af9Lsf] kfgL ljBfno ejg x'Fb} jf jl/kl/af6 ;lhn} au]/ hfg ;Sb}g )=)
 9n tyf gfnf 5 t/ k"j{lgwfl/t pko'Qm :yfgdf 5}g )=%
 9n tyf lgsf; k|0ffnL k"j{lgwf{l/t pko'Qm :yfgdf 5 / af9L tyf 8'afgsf] s'g} ;d:of 5}g !=)
s'n cªs
*= 58, l;d]G6 / sªlqm6 ejgsf] 5tsf] cj:yf
 jiff{sf] kfgL r'lxG5 )=)
 kfgL r'lxg] ;d:of 5}g t/ cf]l;nf]kg :ki6 b]lvG5 )=%
 kfgL r'lxg] ;d:of / cf]l;nf] kg 5}g !=)
s'n cªs
(= /]lnªsf] Joj:yf
 /]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5Fb} 5}g )=)
 l;F9Ldf dfq /]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5 )=%
 l;F9L, 5t, afnsf]gL, wf/f / ;fwf/0f le/fnf] af6f] (Ramps) df /]lnªsf] Joj:yf 5 !=)
s'n cªs
!)= ljBfno / jl/kl/ k|sf]ksf] cj:yf
 ;DefJo vt/f -cUnf ¿v, ljBfno d}bfgdf vfN8fv'N8L, v'nf Ogf/, ljB't 6«fG;kmd{/,
pRr ef]N6]hsf] ljB't k|zf/0f k|0ffnL cflb_ af/] 1fg 5}g
)=)

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
54
 plNnlvt k|sf]kaf/] 1fg ePsf] t/ hf]lvd 36fpg s'g} sbd rflnPsf] 5}g )=%
 ljleGg k|sf]kaf6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd 36fpg sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 !=)
s'n cªs
!!=k|HHjngzLn tyf ljkb pTkGg ug]{ j:t' -ljB't nfOg tyf pks/0f, lx6/, :6f]e, PnkLhL
6Øfªs, k]6«f]n / d6Lt]n_ ;Lldt ug]{, cnUu} jf ;'/lIft /fVg]
 oL s'/faf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)
 s]xL 1fg ePsf] t/ s'g} ;'/Iff pkfoaf/] sfd gu/]sf] )=%
 k|HHjngzLn tyf ljkb pTkGg ug]{] j:t'nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] /
nfu" ul/Psf] .
!=)
s'n cªs
!@= k|of]u ug]{ / k|of]u eO;s]kl5 jf lglZrt ;dodf eg]{ nufotsf :ki6 lgb]{zg;lxt
clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg .
 clUg;dgssf] k|of]uaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)
 clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg ul/Psf] t/ ;do–;dodf ge/]sf] tyf dd{t;Def/ gu/]sf] )=%
 ;do–;dodf eg]{nufot s;/L k|of]u ug]{ :ki6 lgb]{zg;lxt clUg;dg oGqsf] h8fg ul/Psf] !=)
s'n cªs
!#= ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/ ePsf] / k|0ffnLdf cTolws af]em gePsf] ;'lglZrt
ug]{
 ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/af/] cgle1 /x]sf] )=)
 ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/sf nflu sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ gu/]sf] )=%
 sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ ljB't k|0ffnLsf] lgoldt dd{t;Def/ ul/Psf] / k|0ffnLdf cTolws
af]em gePsf] ;'lglZrt ul/Psf]
!=)
s'n cªs
!$= cfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg l:yltsf nflu ;'/lIft ¿kdf lgl:sgsf] nflu ;xh
alxu{dg dfu{ / k]6L v'nf /fVg]
 alxu{dg dfu{ jf k]6Lsf] cf}lrToaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)
 alxu{dg dfu{ jf k]6L v'nf /fVg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog
gul/Psf]
)=%
 cfunfuL jf cGo cfktsfnLg l:yltsf nflu sfo{of]hgf;lxt ;'/lIft lgsf;sf nflu
alxu{dg dfu{ / k]6L v'nf /fv]sf]
!=)
s'n cªs

55
;'/lIft ljBfno
!%= x'/Latf;af6 Rofltg, p8g jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5th:tf rn j:t'nfO{ s:g]
 x'/Latf;h:tf k|sf]klj¿4 sfd ug{ s'g} kxn gul/Psf] )=)
 sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%
 sfo{of]hgf ;lxt Rofltg, p8fpg jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5th:tf rn
j:t'nfO{ s;]sf]
!=)
s'n cªs
!^= atf; jf e"sDksf] c;/ Go"g ug{ lrlKng, emg{ / 3fOt] agfpg jf alxu{dg dfu{ cj¿4
ug]{ vfnsf j:t'nfO{ /fd|/L afFWg]
 o:tf ljkbsf lj¿4 sfd ug{ kxn gul/Psf] )=)
 ;a} rn j:t'nfO{ afFWg sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] )=%
 sfo{of]hgfcg'¿kg Rofltg, p8fOg jf 6'qmf–6'qmf x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{ 5fgf tyf rn
j:t'nfO{ s;]sf] / leQfx¿sf] k|anLs/0f ul/Psf]
!=)
s'n cªs
!&= x/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf ePsf] / ;a} alxu{dg åf/x¿ aflx/ v'Ng] agfOPsf]
 sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg g/x]sf] )=)
 sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] t/ tL slxNo} klg gvf]lnPsf] )=%
 x/]s sIffsf]7fdf b'O{j6f 9f]sf / aflx/lt/ v'Ng] ;a} alxu{dg åf/x¿sf] k|fjwfg ePsf] /
cfktsfnLg l:yltdf k|of]udf jf Nofpg cEof; ul/Psf]
!=)
s'n cªs
!*= k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'b[9
ug]{ / rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{ 6fpsf]sf] txeGbf tn /fVg]
 k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ;'/lIft ug]{ sfo{ gul/Psf] jf
ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg gagfOPsf]
)=)
 k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'/lIft
gubf{ cfpg] kl/0ffdaf/] 1fg ePsf] / sfo{of]hgf klg tof/ u/]sf] t/ sfof{Gjog gu/]sf] .
)=%
 sfo{of]hgfcg';f/ k':ts /fVg] cUnf b/fh, Soflag]6, ux|f}F kmlg{r/ / pks/0f ufx|f];Fu
sAhfåf/f oyf]lrt tj/n] ;'b[9 u/]sf] / rf]6k6ssf] hf]lvd 36fpg ux|f}F j:t'x¿nfO{
6fpsf]sf] txeGbf tn /fv]sf]
!=)
s'n cªs

;'/lIft ljBfno
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Knfg g]kfn
56
!(= cªs'zdf kmf]6f]x¿ gemg]{ u/L em'G8ØfP/ 6'qmf–6'qmf eO{ km'6g] / 3fOt] agfpg ;Sg]
l;;fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{af/] ;r]tgf tyf sfo{
 rf]6k6saf6 hf]lug kmf]6f] / l;;f gemg]{u/L Joj:yfkg gul/Psf] . )=)
 rf]6k6saf6 hf]lug kmf]6f] / l;;f gemg]{u/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/
oyf]lrt sfof{Gjog gul/Psf] .
)=%
!(= kmf]6f]x¿ gemg]{ u/L em'G8ØfP/ 6'qmf –6'qmf eO{ km'6g] / 3fOt] agfpg ;Sg] l;;fsf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{af/] ;r]tgf tyf sfo{ ePsf]
!=)
s'n cªs
ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg
@) ;dfj]zL ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn
 ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn ;dfj]zL gePsf] )=)
 ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn u7g ePsf] t/ lqmofzLn
gePsf]
)=%
 ;dfj]zL ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf sfo{bn u7g ePsf] / lqmofzLn ePsf] !=)
s'n cªs
@!= of]hgfsf] k|fjwfg tyf sfof{Gjog
 ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofªsg of]hgfaf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)
 ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofªsg of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] t/ ;|f]t;DaGwL
;d:ofsf sf/0f lqmofzLn gePsf]
)=%
 ljBfno ljkb Joj:yfkg of]hgf / d"Nofªsg of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] / sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] !=)
s'n cªs
@@ ljkb cNkLs/0fsf pkfoaf/] 1fg tyf sfo{
 ljkb cNkLs/0fsf pkfox¿ / ltgsf] k|fyldsLs/0faf/] 1fg gePsf] )=)
 ljkb cNkLs/0f pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] t/ sfo{qmdsf] k|fyldsLs/0f gul/Psf] )=%
 sfo{of]hgfcg'¿k ljkb cNkLs/0f pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf], k|fyldsLs/0f ul/Psf] /
sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf]
!=)
s'n cªs
@# ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf ;~hfnLs/0f / ljj/0f cBfjlws
 cfktsfndf cfjZoskg]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;Dks{ JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ gul/Psf] )=)
 ;Dks{ 7]ufgf;lxt dxTjk"0f{ JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] t/ cBfjlws gul/Psf] )=%

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