Inee nepal

jN8{ lehg
jN8{ lehg afnaflnsf, ltgsf kl/jf/ / ;d'bfox¿nfO{ u/LaL / cGofoaf6 d'Qm x'g ;3fpg k|lta4 Ps O;fO{ /fxt,
ljsf; / k}/jL ;+:yf xf] . O;fO{ dfGotfx¿af6 k|]l/t eP/ xfdL ;+;f/sf ;a}eGbf a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf dflg;x¿;Fu
ldn]/ sfd ug{ k|lta4 5f}+ . jN8{ lehgn] wd{, hfthflt, ;Dk|bfo jf lnËsf] e]befj gu/L ;a}sf] ;]jf ub{5 .
cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 /
sf]l/ofnL o'4af6 kLl8t 6'x'/fx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ jN8{ lehg sf]l/ofdf ;g !(%) df :yfkgf ePsf] k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{
xf] . clxn] of] ;+:yf Plzof nufot ;+;f/sf em08} ;o b]zdf la:tf/ eO;s]sf] 5 .
lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
jN8{ lehg OG6/g]zgn g]kfn
jN8{ lehg OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] g]kfndf klxnf] k6s ;g !(*@ df :yfgLo nlIft ;d"xx¿nfO{ c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug{
/ :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] cg'bfg ;xof]u u/]/ ljsf; ;DaGwL sfdsf] z'?jft u/]sf] xf] . ;g !(**
sf] e"sDknfO{ nlIft u/L jN8{ lehgn] e"sDk kLl8tnfO{ ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u
u¥of] . jN8{ lehg OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;g @))! df ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb;Fu ;fwf/0f / cfof]hgf
;DaGwL ;Demf}tf u/L bL3{sfnLg ljsf; sfo{sf] z'?jft u¥of] . ljut ( -gf}_ jif{df ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf lglDt ;xfotf
u/]sf 5f}+ / xfdL xfn eQmk'/, ?kGb]xL, sf7df8f}+, sf:sL, s}nfnL, ndh'ª, nlntk'/, df]/ª, 8f]6L, pbok'/ / ;'g;/L
;lxt !@ j6f lhNnfdf sfo{zLn 5f}+ .

cfef/M–
k|sfzgM
jN8{ lehg OG6/g]zgn g]kfn
cg'jfbM
/d]z l3ld/] rameshghimi@yahoo.com
;+sng tyf ;DkfbgM
/f]lxt k|wfg, rohit_pradhan@wvi.org
t:jL/x¿ tyf n]cfp6M
k|lt1f /]rn vflnË, pratigya_khaling@wvi.org
;+/rgf ;xof]uM
lbk]z kn 7fs'/, deepesh_paul_thakur@wvi.org
5kfO{M
l;Udf hg/n ckm;]6 k|];
;fFrn, ;fg]kf, nlntk'/
kmf]gM %%%$)@(

cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf nflu cGt/lgsfo z}lIfs ;+hfn -cfO{PgO{O{_ dfgjLo tyf ljsf; cjwf/0ff cGtu{t ;+o'Qm ?kdf
lqmofzLn /x]sf] cfktsfnLg cj:yf / åGåQ/ k'gMlgdf{0f ;dodf lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ !$)) JolQm tyf
;F:yfut ;b:ox? /x]sf] Ps ljZjJofkL ;+hfn xf] . cfO{PgO{O{ -INEE) sf] sfo{sfl/l0f ;d"xn] o; ;+hfnsf nflu ;du|
g]t[Tj / lgb]{zg k|bfg ub{5, jt{dfg sfo{sfl/0fL ;d"xdf s]o/, ls|lZrog afnaflnsf sf]if, cGt/f{li6«o p4f/ ;ldlt,
;]e b lrN8«]g PnfPG;, ga]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb, o'g]:sf], o'=Pg=Pr=;L=cf/=, o'lg;]km / ljZj a}+s 5g .

Go"gtd dfkb08sf nflu cfO{PgO{O{ sfo{;d"xn] cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf, hsl8Psf ;+s6df / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf
k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08sf] ljZjJofkL sfof{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0fsf] sfo{ ub{5 . Go"gtd dfkb08sf
nflu cfO{PgO{O{sf] sfo{;d"x -;g @))%-@))*_ df cfktsfnLg cj:yf / l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu ljz]if1tf xfl;n
u/]sf @) j6f z}lIfs ;+:yfx? /x]sf 5g; ltgLx? z}lIfs ljsf; Ps]8]dL, a]kmf/L (BEFARe), s]o/ ef/t, s]o/
cd]l/sf, Sofyf]lns /fxt ;]jf, z/0ffyL{ lzIffsf nflu kmfp08]zg sf]if, kmG8s]lzog 8f]; d'G8f]; (Fundacion Dos
Mundos), lhl6h]8, cGt/f{li6«o /fxt ;ldlt, k|mfG;sf] lzIff dGqfno, gj]{lhog rr{ P8, gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb, ;]e b
lrN8«]g cd]l/sf, o'g]:sf], o'=Pg=Pr=;L=cf/=, o'lg;]km, o'=P;=P=cfO=8L= / ljZj a}+s 5g .

@@ j6feGbf a9L ljleGg ;+3;+:yf tyf lgsfox?åf/f cfO{PgO{O{nfO{ o;sf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} pknAw u/fOPsf]
;xof]usf nflu cfef/ JoQm ub{5 . o;sf] k"0f{ ljj/0fsf nflu s[kof cfO{PgO{O{sf] j]a;fO{6 www.ineesite.org x]g'{
xf]nf .

cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf nflu lzIff tyf k'gMlgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df ul/g] jsfnt, ;xof]u tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu OR5's
JolQm tyf ;+3;:yfsf nflu cfO{PgO{O{ v'nf 5 . OR5'sn] ;b:otf btf{sf nflu cfO{PgO{O{sf] j]a;fO{6 www.ineesite.
org pkof]u ug'{xf]nf . ;b:otfsf nflu s'g} z'Ns jf ;b:otf jfkt s'g} bfloTj Joxf]g'{ kb}{g .

yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu, cfO{PgO{O{df ;Dks{sf nflu O{d]nx?M M
cfO{PgO{O{ ;+hfn ;+of]hs, coordinator@ineesite.org
cfO{PgO{O{ Go"gtd dfkb08sf nflu ;Dks{ ljGb': minimumstandards@ineesite.org

cfO{PgO{O{ (INEE)©@))$
k'gMd'lb|tM INEE©@))^

ISBN 1-58030-034-0

k|ltlnlksf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;fdfu|L k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/lIft 5 t/ z}lIfs p2]Zosf nflu s'g}
klg dfWodaf6 k'gMd'lb|t ug{ ;lsg]5 . pko'{Qm ;a} k|of]usf nflu cf}krfl/s cg'dlt cfjZos 5 t/ ;fdfGotof
To:tf] cg'dlt t'?Gt} k|bfg ul/g]5 . cGo p2]Zosf nflu k|ltlnlk lgsfNg jf s'g} k|sfzgsf nflu k'gM k|of]u ug{ jf
cg'jfb ug{ jf cg'jfb :jLsf{g k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/Ifsaf6 k"j{ lnlvt :jLs[lt lng' clgjfo{ x'g]5 .

Kff7s a[Gb,
jsfnt, ljsf; / dfgjLotf, cfktsfn / 36gfx? jN8{ lehg OG6/g]zgn
g]kfn -8An'eLcfO{Pg_ sf k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qx? x'g . h;dWo] jsfntn] hgtfnfO{
vf; kl/l:ylt k|lt ;hu / ;r]t agfpgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
8An'lecfO{Pgn] ljutdf sof

laifo ;'rL
kl/ro 1

cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08 1

1= ;a} ju{sf nflu ;femf Go"gtd dfkb08x? 9

;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf -;xeflutf / ;|f]tx?_ 12

ljZn]if0f -n]vfhf]vf, k|ltsfo{, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg_ 19

kl/lzi6 !M ljZn]if0f 9fFrf 29

kl/lzi6 @M cfktsfnLg cj:Yffsf nflu of]hgf th'{dfM 36gf ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;"rL 31

kl/lzi6 #M ;"rgf ;+sng / cfjZostfx? n]vfhf]vf k|ZgfjnL 35

2= kx'Fr / cWoogsf] jftfj/0f 41

kl/lzi6 !M dgf]a}1flgs ;"rL 52

kl/lzi6 @M ljBfno vfgf sfo{qmd ;"rL 54

3= cWoog / cWofkg 57

4= lzIfsx? / cGo lzIffsdL{x? 69

kl/lzi6 !M cfrf/ ;+lxtf 77

5= lzIff gLlt / ;dGjo 79

cg';"rLx? 88

cg';"rL !M zAbfjnL 88

cg';"rL @M ;Gbe{u|Gy / ;|f]t ;fdfu|L 92

cg';"rL #M cfef/ 101

k[i7kf]if0f kmf/fd 106

6= jN8{ lehg OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf cfktsfnLg dfgjLo p4f/ 107
7= ;kmntfsf syfx? 108

n]vfhf]vf kmf/fdx? / ;"rLx?sf] yk ;fdfu|Lx? / :km]o/ (SPHERE) dfgjLo a8fkq / :km]o/ dfkb08sf]
PdP;O{O{ (MSEE) ;DalGwt ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L tyf o"=Pg=Pr=;L=cf/=sf] lzIff;DaGwL :yfgLo dfu{bz{gsf
nflu s[kof http://www.ineesite.org/standards/msee.asp /÷jf MSEE l;l8/f]d x]g'{xf]nf, h'g cfO{PgO{Osf]
{
j]a;fO{6df pknAw 5 .

cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 1

kl/ro M
cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf
;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf
k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd
dfkb08

;a} JolQm, afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf jo:sx?sf] cfktsfnLg cj:Yffdf lzIffsf] clwsf/
/x]sf] tYonfO{ cfTd;ft u/L cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f
r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 Pp6f xft]k'l:tsfsf] ?kdf dfq ge} k|ltj4tfsf]
pb3f]if0f ;d]t xf] h;sf] ljsf; Jofks ;xsfo{sf] k|lqmof dfkm{t ePsf] 5 . o;n] :km]o/
cfof]hgfsf lgDg d"n ljZjfzx? k|ltWjlgt u/]sf] 5M s'g}klg ;+s6 jf åGåsf sf/0f ;[hgf
x'g] dfgjLo kL8fnfO{ cGt ug{ ;a} ;+efAo pkfox? ckgfpg] / ljkbaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf
nflu dof{bf;lxt hLjgsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

;f/f+z ljj/0f
;a} JolQmx?nfO{ lzIffsf] clwsf/ k|fKt 5 . of] clwsf/ w]/} k|s[ltsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw / lnvtx?df
pNn]lvt 5, h:t}M dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjAoflk 3f]if0ffkq, -;g !($*_ – z/0ffyL{x?sf] cj:yf;DaGwL
;lGw -;g !(%!_ – h]g]ef ;lGw -rf+}yf]_ sf] o'4sf] ;dodf lgxTyf JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL k|fjwfg
– cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw -;g !(^^_, afn clwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGw -;g !(*(_ – / ljZj lzIff kmf]/dsf] 8sf/ sfo{;+/rgf -;g @)))_ n] k|jl4{t ;a}sf
nflu lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff, cflb .
lzIff Ps clwsf/ dfq xf]Og ls o;n] cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fh:tf
;dodf ef}lts, dgf]a}1flgs / 1fgd"ns ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5 h'g hLjg arfpg] / hLjg bLuf]
agfpg] b'j} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . lzIffn] cWoogsf] ;'/lIft :yfg pknAw u/fO{ hLjg bLuf]

2 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08

agfpg'sf ;fy;fy} k|efljt JolQmx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ Ifdtf / ;xof]u ;d]t pknAw u/fpFb5
-ljz]if u/L afnaflnsf tyf ao:sx?sf]_ . ;+s6sf] ;dodf lzIffn] l:y/tf, hLjgsf] ;fdfGoj:yf,
;+u7g tyf eljiosf] cfzfd"vL efjgfx? phfu/ u/fO{ åGå tyf ljkbx?sf] dgf]j}1flgs k|efj
clNks/0f u/fpFb5 / eljiosf] cfly{s l:y/tfsf nflu ;+/rgfTds cfwf/ tof/ kfb{5 . lzIffn]
ljleGg zf]if0f tyf lj£gafwf lj?4 ljleGg dfWodåf/f ;+/If0f u/L hLjg klg arfpFb5, ;fy}
yk pbfx/0fdf ckx/0f, ;z:q ;d"xdf aRrfx?sf] elt{ tyf of}ghGo tyf ln+uhGo lx+;flj?4sf]
;+/If0f klg k|bfg ub{5 . cGtdf, lzIffn] ;+s6sf] ;dodf s;/L afFRg] egL ;'/lIft hLjg;DaGwL
h:t} ljikmf]6s kbf{yx?af6 ;'/Iff, PrcfO{eL P8;af6 arfj6, åGå lgjf/0f / zflGt lgdf{0f;DaGwL
hfgsf/Lx? k|bfg u/L 1fg tyf zLk k|bfg ub{5 .

cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lzIff

xfn}sf jif{x?df cfktsfnLg ;dodf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] sfo{qmdx? cfjZos 5g
egL r]tgfx?sf] a9f]Q/L ePsf] 5 . nfvf}+ nfv afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf jo:sx? z}lIfs lgsfox?
tyf /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo ;+:yfx?sf k|of;x?af6 nfeflGjt eO{/x]sf 5g . lzIff If]qnfO{
ljz]if hf]8 lbP cg'?k, b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx? cuffl8 cfPsf 5gM
!= s;}n] klg cfktsfnLg ;dodf lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ xgg gug]{ dfGotf / To:tf] lzIff
dfgjLo ax;sf] d'n k|jfxeGbf aflx/ /xg g;Sg] t/ dfgjLo k|ltsfo{sf] Ps k|fyldstf
/xg], /
@= ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf lzIffsf] nflu Go"gtd :t/sf] kx'Fr, u'0f:t/ / pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt ug{
Ps Jofks cfwf/;lxtsf] O{R5f / k|ltj4tf .
o;}sf nflu cfktsfnLg ;dodf lzIffsf] nflu ljZjAofkL Go"gtd dfkb08 ljsf; ug{ ;xhLs/0f
x]t' ;g @))# df Pp6f sfo{;d"x :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] k|of; cfO{PgO{O{-INEE_ leq z'?cft
ul/Psf] lyof] h'g ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox?, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, bftfx?, Joj;fosdL{x?,
cg';Gwfgstf{x? tyf k|efljt ;d'bfosf JolQmx? ;dfj]z /x]sf] v'nf ;+hfn xf], h;n] ;+o'Qm
?kdf lqmofzLn eO{ cfktsfnLg tyf åGåf]Q/ k'gMlgdf{0fsf ;dodf lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt
ub{5 . o; ;+hfn c;n cEof;x?, k4lt tyf cg';Gwfgx?sf] ;+sng / k|rf/ ug{sf nflu
lhDd]jf/ 5, ;fy} cfktsfnLg cj:yfåf/f kLl8t ;d'bfosf] lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ jsfntsf] dfWodåf/f
k|j4{g ug{ / o;sf ;b:ox? / ;fem]bf/x?aLr lgoldt ?kdf ;"rgfx? cfbfgk|bfg ug{ lqmofzLn
5 . cfO{PgO{O{-INEE_ n] ;|f]t;fwgdf /x]sf sdLsdhf]/L klg klxrfg ub{5 / o:tf ;|f]t;fwgsf]
cfO{PgO{O{ ;b:o ;+:yfx?åf/f ul7t ljz]if ;d"xåf/f clej[l4 ug{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 .


o; xft]k'l:tsfdf k|:t't ljZjAofkL dfkb08x? cfktsfnLg ;dodf lzIffsf Go"gtd dfkb08x? ljsf;
ug{ Aofks tyf ;Nnfxsf/L k|lqmofaf6 cfPsf kl/0ffdx? x'g . Go"gtd dfkb08sf] nflu cfO{PgO{O{sf]
sfo{;d"xn] ;xhLs/0f u/L ;g @))# kZrft Aofks cfwf/;lxtsf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] sfo{af6 dfkb08,
;"rs tyf dfub{zg{x? ljsf; u/L cfktsfnLg ;dob]lv k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0fsf] r/0f;Dd k|Tofe"lt
u/fOg] lzIffsf] Go"gtd kx'Fr / ;Da4 Joj:yfx?nfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ljsf;sf d'Vo
k|lqmofut kIfx?df /fli6«o, pkIf]qLo tyf If]qLo k/fdz{x? cfO{PgO{O{sf] ln:6 ;e{ (List-Serve)
af6 k|fKt cgnfO{g ;Nnfx ;dsIfL k'g/fjnf]sg k|lqmofx? /x]sf lyP . k|To]s r/0fdf ;+slnt
hfgsf/Lx? csf]{ r/0fsf] k|lqmofsf] nflu ;"rgf lbg k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

%) /fi6«sf @,@%) hgf JolQmx?n] o; Go"gtd dfkb08 ljsf;sf nflu of]ubfg ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;g
@))$ sf] hgj/Lb]lv d] dlxgfsf] aLrdf Go"gtd dfkb08sf nflu cfO{PgO{O{ sfo{;d"xn] clk|msf,
Plzof, Nofl6g cd]l/sf / dWok"j{ tyf o"/f]k u/L rf/j6f If]qLo:t/df ;Nnfx lng] sfd u/of] .
o; If]qLo ;Dd]ngdf !#! k|ltlglwx? ;dfj]z lyP h;df k|efljt ;d'bfo, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, ;/sf/L tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;+:yfsf %! b]zsf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] loof] .
If]qLo ;Dd]ng x'g'cl3 k|ltlglwx? tyf cfO{PgO{O{sf ;b:ox?af6 !!) j6feGbf a9L :yfgLo,
/fli6«o tyf pkIf]qLo k/fdz{ $& j6f b]zx?df ;DkGg ul/of], h;af6 ljleGg ;Nnfx ;'emfj /
;"rgfx? u}=;=;+=, ;/sf/L tyf o"=Pg=sf k|ltlglwx?, bftfx?, lzIffljbx? / k|efljt ;d'bfosf
!,()) k|ltlglwx? nufot ljwfyL{, lzIfs tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x? dfkm{t ;+sng ul/of] . If]qLo
k/fdz{sf k|ltlglwx?n] dfkb08, ;+s]tx? tyf dfu{bz{g ljsf; ug{ /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo:t/df
;Nnfx lng] sfd ug'{sf ;fy;fy} If]qLo Go"gtd dfkb08 ljsf;sf nflu !)) eGbf a9L cfO{PgO{O{sf]
ln:6 ;e{ (List-Serve) df k|fKt hfgsf/Lx? k|of]u ul/of] . ;dsIfL k'g/fjnf]sg k|lqmof ;g @))$
sf] u[idofddf ;DkGg ul/of] h;df $) hgf lj1x? ;dfj]z /x]sf lyP h;n] If]qLo dfkb08x?sf]
ljZn]if0f / kl/dfh{g u/L ljZjAofkL dfkb08sf] :j?k lbPsf x'g .

o;/L ljsl;t ePsf Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf] cfwf/ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, ;a}sf nflu
lzIff;DaGwL 8sf/ sfo{;+/rgf, o'=Pg= ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox? / :km]o/ cfof]hgfsf dfgjLo
a8fkq x'g . afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo / ;a}sf nflu lzIff cleofgn]
s'g} klg cfktsfnLg cj:yfaf6 k|efljtx?sf nflu ;d]t u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] clwsf/sf] pb3f]if0f
u/]sf] 5 . o; xft]k'l:tsf lzIffsf] kFx'r tyf lzIffsf] clwsf/sf] Go"gtd :t/df kl/k"lt{sf] nflu
ul/g] k|of;x?df Ps ;fwg x'g]5 .


:km]o/ cfof]hgfsf] ljkb k|ltsfo{sf] nflu dfgjLo a8fkq / Go"gtd dfkb08, h'g ;g !((& df
dfgjLo u}=;=;+=x?, /]8qm;, /]8 lqm;s]G6 cfGbf]ngx?åf/f hf/L ul/Psf] xf], h;n] ljkbaf6 k|efljt
hgtfx?n] dfgjLo ;xfotfaf6 ck]Iff ug{;Sg] clwsf/nfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . :km]o/ xft]k'l:tsfdf
d'Vo If]qx? vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{, vfB ;'/Iff, kf]if0f tyf vfB ;xof]u, SofDk Joj:yfkg,
:jf:Yo ;]jf dfgjLo a8fkq tyf Go"gtd dfkb08df ;dflxt u/]sf] 5 . o;n] lzIff ;]jfsf] If]qnfO{
;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5}g .

of] dfgjLo a8fkq cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g, cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg"g, z/0ffyL{ sfg"g tyf
cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; / /]8lqm;s]G6 cleofgsf] cfrf/;+lxtf / ljkbsf] /fxtsfnflu u}=;=;+=x?sf l;4fGt
tyf Joj:yfx?df cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . a8fkqn] dfgjLo ;xfotf sfo{ ug{sf nflu cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?sf]
j0f{g ub{5 / ;s+6af6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;xfotf k|flKtsf] ljifonfO{ yk hf]8
lbPsf] 5 . ;fy} o;df ljkb k|efljt hgtfsf] dofbf{k"0f{ hLjgsf] clwsf/nfO{ klg b[9tfk"j{s
:jLsfl/Psf] 5 . of] a8fkqdf /fHo kIf tyf ljb|f]xL kIfn] ;xfotf tyf ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ k|Tofe"lt
ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTjx?nfO{ cf}NofOPsf] 5 . ha ;Da4 kIfx? bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ c;dy{ /÷jf c;Ifd x'g
k'Ub5g, ta ltgLx? dfgjLo ;+/If0f tyf ;xfotfsf nflu dfgjLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ cg'dlt lbg afWo x'G5g
(www.sphereproject.org).

cfO{PgO{O{ Go"gtd dfkb08 k|of]u ug]{ ;do
cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf]
Go"gtd dfkb08 cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{df k|of]u ug{ agfOPsf] xf], / of] cfktsfnLg k"j{tof/L /
dfgjLo jsfntsf nflu ;d]t pkof]uL x'g ;Qm5 . logLx? k|fs[lts ljkbx? / ;z:q åGåx? h:tf
a[xt k|s[ltsf cj:yfdf nfu" x'g ;Qm5g . o; xft]k'l:tsfdf k|o'Qm cfktsfnLg zAb b'O{ lj:t[t
cy{df lnOPsf] 5M k|fs[lts ljkbx? tyf h6Ln cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?, h;sf] AofVof tn lbOPsf]
5.

• k|fs[lts ljkbx? eGgfn] ;fd'lb|s cfFwL, 6fOkm'g, e"sDk, v8]/L / af9L nufotsf ljkbx?
a'lemG5 . s]xL k|fs[lts ljkbx? h:t} e"sDk s'g} r]tfjgLlagf cfpg] / 5]p5fpsf :yfgdf
a;f]af; ug]{nfO{ ulDe/ k|efj kfb{5 . cGodf h:t} v8]/L lj:tf/} ljsl;t x'g ;Qm5 t/
;dfg ?kdf ljgfzsf/L k|efj kfb{5g .
• h6Ln cfktsfnLg cj:yf eGgfn] dfgjl;lh{t x'G5g / w]/}h;f] åGå jf ;fdflhs czflGtaf6
l;lh{t x'G5g, h'g k|fs[lts ljkbaf6 3lge"t x'g ;Qm5g . To:tf] cj:yfdf hgtfsf] hLjg,


;'/Iff, ;d[l4 / dof{bfx? w]/} ;+s6k"0f{ sf/0fx? h:t} k|fs[lts jf dfgjl;lh{t ljkb / ;z:q
åGåaf6 vt/fdf kg{ ;b{5g .

o; xft]k'l:tsfdf /x]sf ljifoj:t'x? cf1fTds k|s[ltsf xf]Ogg . ljleGg txsf -kl/jf/ tx
/ ;d'bfo, :yfgLo clwsf/Lx?, dGqfnosf kbflwsf/Lx?, bftf ;+:yfx?, sfof{Gjogstf{x? cflb_
;fem]bf/x?åf/f of] Go"gtd dfkb08x? ljsf; ul/Psf] / ljZjdf b]lvPsf] cfktsfnLg / l56f]
k'gMlgdf{0fsf] jftfj/0fdf ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf s;/L /fli6«o ;/sf/, cGo
clwsf/L / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx? cfktsfnLg l:yltdf k|ltsfo{ (Response) ubf{ lzIffsf
sfo{qmdx? :yflkt ug]{ egL o; dfkb08n] dfu{bz{g pknAw u/fpFb5 . k|efljt hgtfåf/f lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf tTsfnLg lzIffsf] cfjZostf adf]lhd :yfgLo ;d'bfox?, ;/sf/x?, cGo clwsf/Lx? tyf
dfgjLo ;xfotfsdL{x?n] k|of]u ug{ ;s'g egL of] dfkb08 tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
;do;Ldf
o; Go"gtd dfkb08df pNn]lvt ;do;Ldfsf] k|of]u clwsf+ztM kl/l:yltdf e/kb{5 . logLx? a[xt
k|s[ltsf cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltdf nfu" x'g ;Qm5g h'g k"j{ k|ltsfo{b]lv l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fsf] r/0f;Dd
x'g ;Qm5g / j[xt nlIft ju{n] k|of]u ug{ ;Qm5g . o; xft]k'l:tsfdf k|o'Qm ;'rsx? ljZjJofkL ?kdf
x/]s cj:yfdf nfu" x'g ;Qm}gg g t x/]s ;+efJo k|of]ustf{n] k|of]u ug{ ;Qm5g . pNn]lvt dfkb08 jf
;"rsx?;DaGwL pknlAw xfl;n ug{ xKtf, dlxgf jf jiff}{ nfUg ;Qm5 . s]xL cj:yfdf Go"gtd dfkb08
/ ;+s]tx?sf] pknlAw afxo ;xfotflagf klg xfFl;n x'g ;S5g eg] s]xL cj:Yffx?df lzIff;Da4
kbflwsf/L jf lgsfox?;Fusf] ;+o'Qm k|of; cfjZos klg x'g ;S5 . ha lo dfkb08 jf ;"rsx? nfu"
ul/G5g To;a]nf ;a} ;Da4 ;fem]bf/x? sfof{Gjog ug{ / kl/0ffd xfFl;n ug{ ;do;Ldfdf ;xdt x'g' h?/L
5.

Go"gtd dfkb08 s;/L k|of]u ug]{ <
cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf tyf u}=;=;+= x?n] w]/} yl/sf lgb]{lzsfx? / ;|f]t;fwgx? tof/
kf/]sf5g h;n] lzIffsdL{x?nfO{ cfktsfnLg cj:yf tyf l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fsf k|of;df cWoog
tyf dgf];fdflhs lqmofsnfksf ljleGg ljljw kIfx?df Jojxfl/s dfu{bz{gx? pknAw
u/fO/x]sf 5g . log} ;+:yfx?sf ;fy;fy} lzIff dGqfno / lzIff If]qsf cGo kbflwsf/Lx?n] gLlt
tyf lgb]{zgx? ljsf; u/L u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? lgdf{0f u/L ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf 5g . of]
xft]k'l:tsfn] :yfgLo :t/df sfof{Gjog ul/g] /0fgLltx? tyf sfo{qmdx? tof/ ug{ / sfof{Gjog
ug{ lj:t[t ljj/0f pknAw u/fPsf] 5}g . oBlk, o;n] Go"gtd dfkb08sf ljifoj:t'x?, d'Vo


;"rsx? tyf dfu{bz{gx? k|:t't u/]sf] 5 h;n] z}lIfs ;Gbe{df dfgjLo sfo{sf nflu ljsf; ul/g]
z}lIfs sfo{qmd, ltgsf] sfof{Gjog / lg/Gt/tfsf ;fy;fy} ;/sf/L / ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] af/]df
;d]t ;";'lrt ub{5 . Go"gtd dfkb08x? kfFr k|sf/df k|:t't ul/Psf 5g . ltlgx? lgDg 5gM

;a} ju{sf nflu Go"gtd ;femf dfkb08x? M of] kl/R5]bdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf] cfjZos
If]qx?df k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 / o; xft]k'l:tsfdf pNn]lvt dfkb08x? sfof{Gjog ubf{ :yfgLo
;|f]t;fwg k|of]u ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf ;fy;fy} cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf z}lIfs k|ltsfo{x? k|fylds
n]vfhf]vfdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ h'g pko'Qm / lg/Gt/ cg'udg Pj+ d"Nof+sg Joj:yf klg
pNn]lvt 5g Ù

cWoogsf] nflu kx'“r / pko'Qm jftfj/0f M o;df cWoogsf cj;/x? tyf cGt/If]qut
cGt/;DaGwsf nflu kx'Fr clejl4 u/L ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . h:t}M :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL
tyf ;/;kmfO{, vfB ;xof]u tyf kf]if0f / cfjf;sf dfWodaf6 ;'/Iff, ef}lts, af}l4s ljsf;
/ dgf]j}1flgs ;d[l4sf] clej[l4 ug]{Ù

cWoog / cWofkg M o;df k|efjsf/L cWoog / cWofkg clej[l4sf ;'Id tTjx?sf]
ljifodf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 M !_ kf7oqmd @_ tflnd #_ lgb]{zg / $_ n]vfhf]vf

lzIfs / cGo lzIffsdL{x? M lzIff If]qsf] k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgdfdf sfo{/t dfgj
;|f]tsf] kIfdf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 h;df egf{ tyf 5gf}6, ;]jf zt{x? / cg'udg / ;xof]usf]
ljifodf pNn]lvt 5 Ù

lzIff gLlt / ;dGjo M gLlt th'{df / kfl/t ug]{, of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjog, c'gudg /
;dGjosf ljifodf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .


if0f–;d'bfos
]
lj Zn

f] ;
–
sf] ;xeflutf
kx'Fr tyf cWoog tyf

xefl
cWoogsf] cWofkg
jftfj/0f

utf–ljZ
lzIfsx? tyf lzIff gLlt tyf
lzIffsdL{x? ;dGjo
fo

n]i
b

0f
f
'

;d –

dfkb08x? / ;"rsx?sf aLr km/s
Go"gtd dfkb08x? k|efljt hgtfsf] dof{bfk"0f{ hLjgsf] clwsf/sf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /x]sf]
5 . logL x?n] dfgjLo ;xfotfsf] ;dodf xfFl;n ug'{kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd kx'Fr / cGo Joj:yfsf
ljifodf JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ltgLx? u'0ffTds k|s[ltsf 5g / ljZjAoflk Pj+ s'g} klg jftfj/0fdf
sfof{Gjog of]Uo /x]sf 5g . x/]s dfkb08sf d'Vo ;"rsx?n] dfkb08x?sf] pknlAw xfl;n eP
gePsf] ;+s]t ub{5g . ltgLx?n] dfkg ug]{ pks/0fsf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{5g / sfo{qmdsf] k|efj -jf
kl/0ffd_ x?sf ;fy;fy} k|o'Qm k|lqmof -jf ljlw_ x? ;+k|]if0f ug]{5g . o;df ;+VofTds jf u'0ffTds b'j}
lsl;dsf] ljj/0f /xG5 . d'Vo ;"rsx? ljgfsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 c;n ljj/0f;lxtsf] 3f]if0ffafx]s
s]xL x'g g;Sg] x'G5 h;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ uf¥xf] x'G5 . x/]s kl/R5]bdf /x]sf] dfu{bz{gx? lglZrt
a'Fbfx?;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf]n] ljleGg ;dodf k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{5 . ltgLx?n] k|fyldstf k|fKt
d'2fx?df / Jojxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Nnfx k|:tfljt u/]sf 5g / ljleGg låljwf, ljjfb
tyf ljBdfg 1fgdf /x]sf sdLsdhf]/L klg j0f{g u/]sf 5g . lglZrt d'Vo ;"rsx?;Fu ;DalGwt
dfu{bz{gx? / To;;Fu ;Da4 ljifox? ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . d'Vo ;"rsx? ;Fw} ;Da4 dfubz{gx?;Fu
ldnfP/ dfq cWoog ug'{kg]{5 .


cGt/;DalGwt d'2fx?
o; Go"gtd dfkb08 ljsf;sf] qmddf w]/} dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 .
logLx? dfgj tyf afn clwsf/, n}+lus, hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/, PrcfO{eL P8;, ckf+utf
/ ;+s6f;Ggtf;Fu ;DalGwt 5g . oL ljifoj:t'x?nfO{ 5'66} cg'R5]bdf /fVg] xf]Og ls ;DalGwt
dfkb08x?df g} ;dflxt ul/Psf 5g .
sfo{If]q tyf ;Lldttf
ljleGg cg'R5]bx?sf dfkb08x? 5'§f5'§} ?kdf k|:t't geO{ Pscsf{df cGt/;DalGwt /x]sf
5g . oBlk ljZjJofkL dfkb08x? th'{df ubf{ / ltgLx?nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ Ifdtfsf ;DaGwdf
ckl/xfo{ ?kdf tgfjx? /x]sf 5g . x/]s kl/l:ylt km/s 5g . To;} sf/0fn] dfkb08 th'{dfsf]
ljZjJofkL ljsf; k|lqmofdf dfgjLo ;xfotfsdL{, lzIffljb, ;/sf/, z}lIfs kbflwsf/L, gful/s
;dfh, k|efljt ;d'bfo cfbLsf] If]qLo, /fli6«o / :yfgLo txdf a[xt / Jofks ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
ul/Psf] lyof] .
s]xL pbfx/0fx?df, :yfgLo tTjx?n] Go"gtd dfkb08x? cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'g;S5 t/ d'Vo ;"rsx?
xfFl;n ug{ g;lsg] x'G5 . hj o:tf] cj:yf b]vfkb{5, tj dfkb08 / ;"rssfaLr /x]sf] vf8nx?
xft]k'l:tsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf 5g / Jojxf/df k|of]u ubf{ b]vfk/]df cjZo JofVof ug'{kg]{5 /,
vf8nx? pTkGg x'gfsf sf/0f / dfkb08 nIfd'vL agfpgsf nflu s] kl/jt{g ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 eGg]
s'/f klg JofVof ug'{kg]{5 .
cfO{PgO{O{ Go"gtd dfkb08n] z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf ;a} ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ub}{g oBlk o;n] dfgjLo
;xfotf ;+:yfx?, ;/sf/x? / :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ z}lIfs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf / u'0f:t/ clej[l4
ug{ Pp6f pks/0fsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ ljkbaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf] hLjgdf ;f/e"t km/s
Nofpg ;lsof]; .


! ;a} ju{sf nflu ;femf
Go"gtd dfkb08x?

kl/ro
of] kl/R5]bdf 5 j6f d'Vo dfkb08sf k|lqmofx?sf] ljifodf JofVof ul/Psf] 5, h'g o;
xft]k'l:tsfsf cGo x/]s ju{x?sf cleGg c+usf ?kdf /x]sf 5g . oL dfkb08x?M !_
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf, @_ :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwg, #_ k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf, $_ k|ltsfo{ /0fgLlt,
%_ cg'udg / ^_ d"Nof+sg x'g . ltgLx? b'O{j6f pk–;d"xut zLif{sdf k|:t't ul/Psf 5g,
klxnf] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf -;xeflutf / ;|f]t;fwg_ / bf];|f] ljZn]if0f -n]vfhf]vf, k|ltsfo{,
cg'udg / d"Nof+sg_ xf] . oxfF pNn]lvt dfkb08x? sfof{Gjog u/L dfgjLo ;xfotfsdL{x?
/ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] kx'Fr / cWoogsf] jftfj/0f, cWoog / cWofkg, lzIfs / cGo
lzIffsdL{x?, lzIff gLlt / ;dGjosf If]qx?sf dfkb08x?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{5g .

cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL pks/0fx?;“usf] ;DaGw
k|To]snfO{ dof{bf;lxtsf] hLjgsf] clwsf/ x'g5 / ltgLx?sf] lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;lxtsf] dfgj
]
clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ul/g]5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/, dfgjLo tyf z/0ffyL{;DaGwL sfg"gdf pNn]v
ePadf]lhd dfgjLo ;xfotfsdL{x?n] dfgj clwsf/;Fu / ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/, e]befj gx'g]
clwsf/ / ;"rgfsf] clwsf/;Fu tfbfDotf sfod x'g] u/L ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L x'g5 . ]
:km]o/ cfof]hgfsf] dfgjLo a8fkq, cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm;sf] cfrf/;+lxtf, /]8lqm;s]G6 cfGbf]ng, dfgjLo
/fxtsf nflu u}=;=;+= / dfgjLo ;xfotfsf ;+:yfx?n] cfFkm} ;xfotf vf]Hg]nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] lhDdf
lng]5g . ;femf dfkb08x?n] ;+:yfx? tyf JolQmx?n] k|bfg ug]{ z}lIfs ;xfotfsf nflu lhDd]jf/Lx?sf]
/]vf+sg u/]sf] 5 .


;a} ju{sf nflu ;femf Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf] dxTj
;DalGwt k|fljlws v08 k9g' cl3 ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf / ljZn]if0fsf] o; v08 k9g' h?/L / dxTjk"0f{
x'g5 . oL v08x?df ;a} Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf nflu d"ne"t kIfx?sf] ;dli6 vfsf sf]l/Psf] x'gfn]
]
of] k|f;+lus 5 . cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] ;a} r/0fx?sf nflu lzIff;DaGwL tYof+sx?sf] ;+sng /
ljZn]if0f dxTjk"0f{ 5 . of]hgfx? agfpg / k|ToIf ;|ft;fwgx? Jojl:yt ug{ ;+s6 z'?x'bfsf] ;dodf
] F
g} ;|ft;fwg, cfjZostf / ck"0f{ cfjZostfx? klxrfg ug}{ kb{5 .
]
cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ;+rfng ul/g] k|efjsf/L z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? kl/l:yltsf] :ki6tfsf cfwf/df
dfq lgwf{/0f u/L ljkb–k|efljt ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ vfnsf] x'gkb{5 . k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vfn]
'
cfkTsfnLg 36gfsf] k|sl[ t / o;n] hgtfnfO{ kf/]sf] k|efj ljZn]if0f ug'kb{5 . k|efljt ;d'bfosf]
{
Ifdtfx? / :yfgLo ;|ft;fwgsf] pknAwtf klxrfg ug'kg]5 / ;f]xL ;dodf ltgLx?sf] cfjZostf
] { {
/ ;+s6f;Ggtfsf] cfFsng u/L cTofjZos ;]jfdf /x]sf ck"0f{tf klg cfFsng ul/g]5 . sfo{qmdx?sf]
k|efjsfl/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+rfng ul/g] z}lIfs n]vfhf]vfsf nflu ;+s6af6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf] clgjfo{
;xeflutf dfq xf]Og ls :yfgLo ;/sf/ / lzIff tyf u}/–lzIffdf ;+nUg dfgjLo ;xfotfsdL{x?nfO{
;d]t ;xefuL u/fpg' kg]5 . n]vfhf]vfn] ljleGg k|sl[ tsf ;d'bfosf nflu cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s
{
b'j} lzIffsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg} kb{5 . lzIffnfO{ cGo If]qaf6 cnu /fv]/ x]g{ ;lsFbg cyf{t
}
cy{zf:q, wfld{s jf k/D/fut ljZjf;, ;fdflhs cEof;, /fhg}lts jf ;'/Iff;Da4 tTjx?, ;dfg
ug]{ ;+oGq jf eljiosf nflu ck]lIft ljsf;af6 cnUu} /fVg ;lsb}g . ;+s6sf sf/0f / k|efjx?sf]
ljZn]if0f sfo{ h6Ln 5 . obL ;d:of ;xL tj/n] klxrfg ePg / a'lemPg eg] pko'Qm tj/n] k|ltsfo{
ug{ sl7gfO{ x'G5 .
k|ltsfo{ w]/} tTjx?df lge{/ ub{5, h:t} ;xfotfsdL{x?s]f Ifdtf, ljz]if1ftfsf] If]q-x?_, cfly{s
;Lldttf, :yfg / cj:yfsf] 1fg, / sd{rf/L tyf l;sf?sf nflu ;'/Iff hf]lvd . s;n], slxn], s]
ug]{ egL :ki6 hfgsf/L lbg o; xft]kl' :tsfdf k|ltsfo{sf dfkb08x? lj:t[t ?kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
ha pko'Qm k|ltsfo{ ;+oGq lgwf{/0f ul/G5, nlIft ;+oGqx? :yflkt ul/G5 To;n] g} ;xfotfsdL{x?nfO{
cfjZostfg'?k lgikIf tyf ljgfe]befj ;xfotf ljt/0f ug{ ;xh x'G5 .
p2]Zog'?k lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|ult dfkg ug{ ;"rgfsf] ;+sng / ljZn]if0fsf nflu k|lqmofsf] z'?cftd}
cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug'kg]5 / h;af6 sfo{qmdsf] ;fGble{stfx? efjL kl/j]zdf lg/Gt/ hfFlrg]
{
5 . k|ltsfo{sf] ;dodf jf ;f]sf] ;dflKt kZrft d"Nof+sg sfo{ sfo{qmdsf] cjlw cg';f/ aLraLrdf
lg/Gt/ ?kdf ug'kg]5 / sfo{qmdsf] ;du| k|efjsfl/tf tyf l;lsPsf kf7x? klxrfg ug'kg]5 h;af6
{ { { {


eljiodf To:t} k|sl[ tsf sfo{qmdx?df ;'wf/ x'g;Sg]5 . ;DalGwt ;fem]bf/x? tyf l;Sg] JolQmx?nfO{
d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL u/fpg'kg]5 . d"Nof+sg tyf cg'udgsf k|lqmofx?, ljifoj:t'x?
{
/ kl/0ffdx? o;df ;+nUg ePsfsf] ;'/Iffdf ;+emf}tf gu/L kf/bzL{ x'g5g / nfeflGjt ;d'bfo tyf cGo
]
;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ Jofks?kdf ljt/0f ul/g]5 . s]xL cj:Yffx?df ;"rgfx? /fhgLlts jf ;fdflhs
;fF:s[lts sf/0fn] ;+jbgzLn x'G5g, t;y{ ;+ul| xt tYof+s jf hfgsf/Lx? thljhLk"0f{ tj/n] pkof]u
]
ug}kb{5 .
{
cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf k|efjsf/L z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? ;+s6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf] af/]df a[xt hfgsf/Ldf /
sfo{qmdsf] tof/L r/0fdf g} ltgLx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf zAbn]
k|lqmof / lqmofsnfkx? b'anfO{ hgfpFb5 h;n] k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;b:ox?sf] cfjfh ;'gfpg cg'dlt
}
lbG5, lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf cleGg c+usf] ?kdf ;+nUg u/fpg ;zQm kfb{5 / z}lIfs d'2fx?df k|ToIf
lg0f{o ug{ ;an kfb{5 . w]/} tx / dfqfdf ;xeflutf x'g;Qm5 -k|ltsfTds ;xeflutf, ;Nnfxsf/L /
k"0f{ ;xeflutf_ . o;df k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] k|flKt cfktsfnLg kl/l:ytdf w]/h;f] uf¥xf] x'G5 hxfF ;Nnfx
}
lbg' cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] lzIffsf nflu nlIft x'G5 / k"0f{ ;xeflutf g} p2]Zo /xG5 .
cg'ejx?n] b]vfPcg';f/ k|tLs ;xeflutf Pp6f lal;{Psf] cj;/ xf] / bLuf] Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo sfo{qmd
Joj:yfsf nflu of] ck|efjsf/L 5 . ;+s6f;Gg ;d"xsf ;b:o / ;+s6af6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf ;b:osf]
n]vfhf]vf, of]hgf th'df, sfof{Gjog, Joj:yfkg / k|ltsfo{sf] cg'udgdf ;xeflutfnfO{ clej[l4
{
ug'kb{5 h;n] ljkb k|ltsfo{sf] pko'Qmtf, k|efjsfl/tf / u'0f:t/Lotf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;sf]; . ;d'bfosf]
{
;lqmo ;xeflutfn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t lzIffsf d'2fx? / /0fgLltxx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Daf]wg
ug{ ;xh kfb{5 . cltl/Qm ?kdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfn] :yfgLo ;|ft;fwgsf] klxrfg u/L ;d'bfoleq
]
kl/rfng ug{ /0fgLlts p2]Zo k"lt{ ug'sf ;fy;y} z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf nflu ;xdlt / ;xof]usf] lgdf{0f
{
;d]t ub{5 . ;d'bflos ;xeflutfn] oyfy{ / bLuf] ;zlQms/0f Pj+ Ifdtf ljsf;nfO{ ;dfj]z ug}{ kb{5,
/ :yfgLo txsf k|of;x?nfO{ ;d]t dha't agfpg} kb{5 .
1fg tyf ;"rgfsf] k|ltsfo{df ;+nUg ;a}sfaLr Jojl:yt cfbfgk|bfg x'g' cTofjZos /x]sf] 5
h;n] ;d:ofsf] ;femf a'emfO{ / lgsfosfaLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo :yflkt ub{5 . tYof+s ;+sng Pj+
ljZn]if0f ug]{ ljlzli6s[t k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g ul/g]5 . o;af6 ;"rgfx? ;an ?kdf clen]vLs/0f,
cfbfgk|bfg / ljt/0f x'g5 .
]


Go"gtd dfkb08x? M logLx?sf] u'0ffTds k|sl[ tsf] x'g5g / z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf Joj:yfx?sf]
]
Go"gtd pknlAwsf] :t/ lgwf{l/t x'g5g .
]
d'Vo ;"rsx? M logLx? ;+stx? x'g h;n] dfkb08x? k'/f eP jf gePsf] b]vfpFb5g .
]
logLx?n] sfo{qmd / o;df k|of]u ul/Psf k|lqmof jf ljlwx?n] kf/]sf k|efj jf kl/0ffdx?sf] dfkg
/ ;+rf/ ug]{ pkfo b]vfpF5 . oL ;'rsx? ;+VofTds jf u'0ffTds x'g ;Qm5g .
dfu{bz{g M o;df ljleGg cj:yfx?df slxn] dfkb08 / ;'rsx? k|of]u ug],{ Jojxfl/s ;d:of
;dfwgfy{ pkfox? / k|fyldstf k|fKt d'2fx?sf ljifodf ;Nnfxh:tf Wofg lbg'kg]{ vf; a'bfx?
F
;dfj]z /x]sf 5g . ltgLx?df h6Ln dfkb08 jf ;"rs ;Da4 h6Ln d'2fx? / låljwf, ljjfbx?
jf jt{dfg 1fgsf ck"0f{ kIfx?sf] JofVof ;dfj]z 5 . cg';rL @ df 5flgPsf ;Gbe{ u|Gyx?
"
pNn]lvt 5g, h;n] ;fdfGo ljifox? / vf; k|fljlws ljifosf ;"rgfsf ;|ftx? k|i6ofPsf 5g .
]

;d'bfosf]
;xeflutf

dfkb08 ! dfkb08 @

;xeflutf ;|ftx?
]

cfktsfnaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? / cGo
;b:ox? ;lqmotfk"js lzIffsf
{ cWoogsf lqmofsnfkx? sfof{Gjog
sfo{qmdx?sf] cfFsng, of]hgf
ug{ :yfgLo ;|ftx? klxrfg,
]
th'df, sfof{Gjog, c'gudg /
{
d"Nof+sgdf ;xefuL x'g] . kl/rfng / k|of]u ug]{ .

cg';rL @ M ;Gbe{ u|Gy / ;|ft ;xfotf ;fdfu|L
" ]
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf v08


;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL dfkb08 !M ;xeflutf
cfktsfnaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf ;b:ox? ;lqmotfk"js lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?sf] cfFsng, of]hgf
{
th'df, sfof{Gjog, c'gudg / d"Nof+sgdf ;xefuL x'g] .
{

d'Vo ;"rsx? -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL;“u ;dGjo u/]/ cWoog ug'kg]_
{ {
lzIffsf lqmofsnfksf] k|fyldsLs/0f Pj+ of]hgf tof/ ug{ cfktsfnaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfoaf6
r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx? ;xefuL /x]sf / lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt
/x]sf] . -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !–% x]gxf]nf_
{'
afnaflnsf / o'jfx? klg z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? ljsf; / sfof{Gjogdf ;xefuL ePsf] . -dfu{bz{g
l6Kk0fL ^ x]gxf]nf_
{'
;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltn] z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? tyf ltgsf] ah]6sf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] nflu
;fj{hlgs a}7sx? u/]sf] -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL & x]gxf]nf_
{'
afnaflnsf tyf o'jfx?;lxt ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?sf] nflu z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? Joj:yfkg ug{
tflnd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sf cj;/x? pknAw /x]sf] -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL * x]gxf]nf_
{'

dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?df ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTjM ;a} Go"gtd dfkb08x?df pNn]lvt ;fd'bflos
lzIff ;ldltn] ;d'bfosf] lzIffsf] cfjZostf lgwf{/0f / ;Daf]wg ug{ :yflkt ;ldltnfO{
hgfpF5 h;df cleefjs /÷jf cleefjs lzIfssf] ;+3, :yfgLo lgsfox?, gful/s ;dfhsf]
;+:yfx?, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? / o'jf tyf dlxnfsf ;d"x, lzIfs / l;Sg] JolQmx? jf cGo
;Da4sf k|ltlglwx? -hxfF pko'Qm x'G5_ /xG5g . ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltsf pk;ldltx?
x'g ;Sg]5 h;sf ;b:ox? o;sf] ;+/rgfdf klg k|ltlglwTj ug]5g . s]xL pbfx/0fx?df
{
;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx? Pp6f lzIff sfo{qmdsf nflu lhDd]jf/ /xg]5g eg] s'g} If]qdf eg]
s]xL lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? /xg]5g .
cWoogsf] jftfj/0f ljsf; Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu kl/jf/, ;d'bfo tyf ljBfnosf]
;DaGwx? cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf dftflktf jf cleefjsx?sf dfWodaf6 ;an
agfOg]5 . kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfnosf] ;DaGwx?sf] ;+/rgfx? ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmofaf6 ljsf;
ul/g]5 . of] k|lqmof ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx?, cleefjs, lzIfs ;+3 cflbsf ;fy;fy}


:yfgLo kl/l:ylt / ;d:ofx? -aRrfsf] g]tTjdf /x]sf] 3/_ ;Fu ;fdgf ug{ ljz]if pkfox?df
[
klg ckgfOg]5 . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|lqmofn] ;+/rgfx? -olb klxn] g} :yflkt ePsf 5}gg
eg]_ lgdf{0f ug{ d2t ug]5g / :yfgLo ;+:s[lt tyf z}lIfs dfGotfx?nfO{ kfngf ug]{ jt{dfg
{
;+/rgfx? ;an agfpg]5 / :yfgLo h'Wg] ;+oGq -;+s6;Fu_ klg kl/is[t x'gkg]5 .
' ' ]{
@= ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx?M o;sf] k|ltlglwTj ;dfj]zL x'gkb{5, ;xeflutf x'gkg]{ ;d"x /
' '
;+:yfx?df :yfgLo u}=;=;+=x?, wfld{s ;+:yfx?, k/Dk/fut g]tfx?, ljz]if z}lIfs cfjZostf
ePsf ;d"xx?, ;LdflGts[t ;d"xx?, dlxnf tyf aflnsfx?, hftLo ;d"x Pj+ ljleGg
pd]/;d"xx? / cGo kb{5g . k|ltlglwx? k|hftflGqs k4ltaf6 r'lgg' kb{5 . k'gMlgdf{0fsf]
r/0fdf ;fd'bflos lzIff ;d"x a}wflgs ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt x'gkb{5 / cf}krfl/s ;+:yfsf]
'
?kdf sfo{ ug{ sfg"gL ?kdf btf{ ug'kb{5 . hxfF pxL sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf;fy klxn] g} :yflkt
{
;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx? lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g, To:tf] ;ldltx?nfO{ ckgfO{ ;dfgfGt/
;+:yfx? agfpg' x'bg .
F}
;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx? ;dfj]zL / ;Gt'lnt x'gkb{5 Pj+ k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ljljlwtf
'
emlNsg] u/L n}l+ us, pd]/, hftLo, wfld{s / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx?sf cnfjf cGo kIf;d]t
;dfj]z u/fpg' kb{5 . dlxnf tyf aflnsfx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ dxTjk"0f{ eP cg'?k ;fd'bflos
lzIff ;ldltx?df ltgLx?nfO{ ljsf;sf] ;dfg ;fem]bf/ agfO{ ;dtf ;'lglZrt / clej[l4
ul/g' kb{5 .
#= e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx?M ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx?
:ki6 kl/eflift x'gkb{5 / ;d'bfonfO{ x/avt pknAw u/fpg' kg]5 . o;df cGo s'/fsf
' {
cltl/Qm b]xfo s'/fx? ;dfj]z x'g;Qm5g M
ljleGg rf;f]x?sf d'2f;DaGwdf lgoldt a}7s / lg0f{ox? ug],{
a}7ssf] lg0f{ox?, ;d'bfosf] cfly{s / lhlG; ;xof]u ljj/0f k'l:tsfdf pNn]v ug],{
;fF:s[lts ?kn] pko'Qm k4ltx? pknAw u/fpg] -h:t}M nrsk"0f{ ljBfno ;fl/0fL, ;dbfosf]
;Gbe{ emNsfpg] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf kf7oqmd / ;db'fosf ;b:ox?sf] ;xeflutf, cflb_,
/
;d'bfo;Fu ;+rf/ ug],{ lzIffsf sfo{qmd /÷jf /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo clwsf/Lx? dfkm{t
;d'bfosf ;b:ox?sfaLr c;n ;DaGw ljsf;
$= z}lIfs k|ltsfo{x? tof/ ubf{ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfM ;a} ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox?
lzIffsf k|ltsfo{x? tof/ kfbf{ ;xdt x'gkg]5 / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{
' {


sfo{ljlwx? lgdf{0f ug'kg]5 . oL sfo{ljlwx? k|yd lbgb]lv g} tTsfnLg k|ltsfo{sf] Ps cleGg
{ {
c+u x'g5 / o;df ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx?sf] pkof]u b]xfosf] s'/f l56f] :yfkgf ug]{ s'/f
]
;dflxt x'gkg]5M
' {
ljleGg pk–;d"xx? -afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf k|f9x?_ sf] tTsfnLg z}lIfs cfjZostfx?,
}
pknAw dfgjLo Ifdtf / ;do, ;fy} cfly{s tf ef}lts ;|ft;fwgx?,
]
ljleGg pk–;d"xx?sf ;fy} eflifs ;d"xx?aLrsf] zlQmsf] ultzLntf,
;'/Iffsf] ;Lldttf,
lzIffsf Joj:yfx?sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgx?, /
hLjg arfpg] ;Da4 z}lIfs ;"rgfx? cfktsfnLg /fxtsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?df PsLs[t
ug]{ /0fgLltx? .
-ljZn]if0f dfkb08 @, dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL % k[i7 @$ tyf lzIff;DaGwL gLlt tyf ;dGjo;DaGwL
dfkb08 @ k[i7 @$ klg x]gxf]nf _ .
{'
%= :yfgLo lzIff sfo{of]hgfM ;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltn] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Qm5 /
z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? tNnf]txsf] ;fwf/0f dflg;sf] ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmofåf/f of]hgf lgdf{0f
k|lqmofsf] lgwf{/0f u/L ljz]if u/L ;+s6f;Gg ;d"x / ;+s6af6 k|efljt hgtfsf] cfjZostfx?,
rf;f] / d"Nox?nfO{ of]hgfdf k|ltljlDjt ul/g'kb{5 . o; of]hgf k|lqmofsf] kl/0ffd ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/s lzIff sfo{of]hgf xf] . o; of]hgfn] cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;]jf tyf
sfo{qmdx?sf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg Pp6f vfsf k|bfg ub{5 . lzIff sfo{of]hgfn] w]/} p2]Zox?
af]ssf] x'G5, h'g lgDgadf]lhd 5g t/ o;df dfq ;Lldt 5}ggM
]
ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?, ;"rs tyf nIfx?sf] dfWodaf6 cWoogsf] ;+efljt jftfj/0f o:tf]
k|sf/sf] x'gkb{5 egL ;xsdL{x?sfaLr Ps ;femf b[li6sf]0f ljsf; ug]{ .
'
;xsdL{x?sfaLr cWoogsf] jftfj/0fsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;'ljwfx?sf] ;'wf/sf nflu
k|fyldstfx? lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xdlt / ;femf k|ltj4tf lgdf{0f ug]{ .
of]hgfdf lgwf{l/t nIox? xfFl;n ug{ sfo{of]hgfdf :ki6 ?kdf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf
sfo{ / lhDd]jf/Lx? tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq k"/f x'g] u/L pNn]v ug]{ .
:yfgLo lzIff sfo{of]hgfx?df ;a} ;fe]mbf/x? nufot ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox?, ;fd'bflos
lzIff ;ldltx? tyf cGo lzIff sfo{qmd ;+rfnsx?sf aLr ;xlqmofTds e"ldsfx? lgwf{/0f
x'gkb{5 . ;d'bfosf] Jofks ;xeflutfnfO{ bLuf] agfpg ;+nUgtfsf] ;F:s[lt lgdf{0f u/L
'


d2t ug{ / ;d'bfon] lg/Gt/ cg'udg tyf n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfo{ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu
sfo{of]hgfx?df cfrf/;+lxtf ;dfj]z x'gkb{5 . o;df cGo ljleGg If]qx? h:t}M of]hgf
'
lgdf{0f, afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f, aflnsf, dlxnf tyf ;+s6f;Gg ;d"xsf JolQmx?sf] ;xeflutf,
k|j4{g cWoog tyf cWofkgsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, ;|ft kl/rfng, sd{rf/L
]
egf{ tyf tflnd, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / dd{t;+ef/, ;Da4 afxo;+:yfaLr ;dGjo tyf :jf:Yo,
;/;kmfO{, vfg]kfgL Pj+ kf]if0fsf pko'Qm :yfgdf PsLs[t ug]{ pko'Qm Joj:yf kb{5g . ;a}
;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ ;"rgfsf] kxFr /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'g5 h;n] ltgLx?nfO{
' ]
;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltnfO{ z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? s;/L k|efjsf/L tj/n] Joj:yfkg ug]{ egL
;Nnfx lbg ;Qm5g -lzIfs tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?;DaGwL dfkb08 @ k[i7 &# / lzIff gLlt
/ ;dGjo;DaGwL dfkb08 @ k[i7 *$ klg x]gxf]nf_ {'
^= z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx?df afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfM afnclwsf/;DaGwL ;+oQm /fi6«;3Lo
' +
dxf;GwLsf] wf/f !@ n] o'jfj:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L lgldQ tof/L x'g afnaflnsfnfO{ ltgLx?sf]
cfkmg} hLjgnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ ljifodf egfO{ /fVg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . of] wf/f
cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf ;fy} hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0fsfndf klg nfu" x'G5 .
ljBfyL{x?÷lzsf?x?, ljz]if u/L o'jf / jo:sx?nfO{ ltgLx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] lzIffsf] k|0ffnLut
Joj:yfsf] ljsf; / Joj:yfkgdf ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ljleGg cEof;x?df
clgjfo{ ?kdf k|lzlIft ug}kb{5 h;n] ltgLx? cfkm}nfO{ / cGo afnaflnsfnfO{ ;d'bfoleq
{
;'/lIft /fVg ;Qm5g . tflndn] ltgLx? /rgfTds ?kdf ;xeflu x'g ;s'g / ;sf/fTds
'
kl/jt{gsf] z'?cft ug{ ;s'g egL hf]8 lbg'kb{5, h:t}M ljBfnosf lqmofsnfkx? ;'wfg{ ;Nnfx
lbg] jf cWoogsf] jftfj/0fleq /x]sf zf]if0fx?sf] ljifodf hfgsf/L lbg] jf arfj6 ug]{ -kx'rF
tyf l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f dfkb08 @ k[i7 $* / lzIfs tyf cGo lzIffsdL{sf;DaGwL dfkb08
# k[i7 &% klg x]gxf]nf_ . cfktsfndf cfOkg]{ sfo{x? -h:t}M afnaflnsf tyf o'jfx?sf nflu
{'
dgf]/GhgfTds lqmofsnfk_ ug{ o'jf ;d'bfo ljz]if u/L ljBfno ghfg]nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg
;lsG5 h'g ;d'bfosf nflu dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf x'G5g . o;n] gsf/fTds k|efjx? h:t} ck/fw,
;z:q ;d"x cflbsf] lj?4df ltgLx?nfO{ ;sf/fTds ljsNkx? k|bfg ub{5 .
&= ;fdflhs k/LIf0fx? z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t d"Nof+sg x'g . tL k/LIf0fx?
dfgjLo, cfly{s tyf ef}lts ;|ftx?sf] cfk"lt{, cem} s] cfjZos 5 egL klxrfg ug{
]
/ oyfy{df s] pknAw 5 egL cfFsng ug{ ;+rfng ul/G5 / o;n] cGo kIfx?sf ;fy}
sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] klg cg'udg ub{5 .


;fdflhs k/LIf0fx? ;+s6sf] z'?d} jf dWo r/0fd} ;+rfng ug{ ;Fw} ;+ej gx'g ;Qm5 . oBlk
ha ;+s6 :yL/ cj:yfdf /xG5 -h:t} nfdf] ;dosf hsl8Psf ;+s6 jf l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fsf]
r/0f_ To:tf] ;dodf ;fdflhs k/LIf0fn] ;d'bfox?sf nflu cfkmg} lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? cem
k|efjsf/L ?kn] cg'udg ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ pknAw u/fpFb5 -ljZn]if0f dfkb08
$ k[i7 @^ klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
*= Ifdtf ljsf;M k|of{ Kt / pko'Qm tflnd jf ;Nnfx lagf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx?
cfkmgf] k|fljlws Ifdtfaf6 Joj:yfkg u5{g jf :jfldTj u|x0f u5{g egL ck]Iff ug'{ ;xL
x'bg . tflnd sfo{qmdx?n] ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf Pj+ tflndsf cfjZostfx? klxrfg ug]{ /
F}
ltgLx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ tl/sf klg cfFsng ug'kb{5 . ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltsf] Ifdtf
{
ljsf;sf] cltl/Qm, pknAw x'g] ;xof]usf] u'0f:t/ tyf bLuf]kgfsf nflu lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?n]
;dbfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf sfo{df ;xefuL u/fpg] / tflnd lbg' kb{5 .

;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL dfkb08 @M ;|ft
]
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf ;|ftx? klxrfg, kl/rfng / k|of]u u/L lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? / cGo cWoogsf
]
cj;/x? sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

{ {
;d'bfox?, lzIffsdL{x? / l;sf?x?n] ;d'bfoleq /x]sf lzIffsf ;|ftx? klxrfg ug]{ -dfu{bz{g
]
l6Kk0fL ! x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
;dbfodf /x]sf ;|ftx? lzIffsf] kx'r, ;+/If0f / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? lgldQ kl/rfng
] F
ug]{ -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL @–# x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
;fe]mbf/x?n] ;d'bfox?sf] IfdtfnfO{ dfGotf lbg] / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg]5g, ;fy} lzIffsf
sfo{qmdx? tof/L ubf{ :yfgLo ;Lkx? / Ifdtfsf] cej[l4d"ns pkof]u ug]{ -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL
$–% x]gxf]nf_ .
{'


dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= ;fd'bflos ;|ftx? eGgfn] ;dfhdf /x]sf dfgjLo, af}l4s, cfly{s jf ef}lts ;|ftx?nfO{
] ]
hgfpFb5 . ;|ft kl/rfngnfO{ cWoogsf] jftfj/0f ;'b9Ls/0f ug{ cfa4 ug'kg]5 . o;df
] [ { {
ef}lts jftfj/0f -h:t}M ljBfnosf] lgdf{0f, dd{t;Def/df ef}lts / >dsf] of]ubfg_ /
af}l4s Pj+ efjgfTds jftfj/0f -h:t} lzIfs jf ;xhstf{sf nflu dgf];fdflhs ;xof]u jf
;+/If0fsf d'2fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg_ kg{ ;Qm5g . kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 lgldQ clen]vx?
/flvg]5 -kxFr tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 @–# k[i7 $*–%) klg x]gxf]nf_ .
' {'
@= k'xr / ;'/Iffsf] clej[l4 M ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ ;+s6f;Gg ;d'xleqsf afnaflnsfnfO{
F
d2t ug{ ;do / ;|ft k|bfg ug{ kl/rfng ul/g]5, h;af6 ljBfnodf egf{ eO{ lgoldt
]
k7gkf7g x'g5, h:t} dlxnf jf o'jf ;d"xsf] k|of;åf/f u/Lj kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfsf nflu
]
pko'Qm n'ufx? lbg] jf aRrfn] g]tTj u/]sf] kl/jf/nfO{ vfBfGg lbg] . dlxnfn] aflnsfx?sf]
[
ljBfnodf pkl:yltsf] nflu sIff ;xof]uL, lg?T;flxt ultljlwsf lj?4 ;'/Iff k|bfg u/]/
Pj+ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] cfjZos kg]{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno;Dd k'¥ofpg] / 3/ kmsf{pg]
sfo{ u/]/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Qm5g -kx'r tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 @–# k[i7
F
$*–%) klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
#= bLuf]kgf lgdf{0f M ;d'bfox?nfO{ nfdf] ;dosf nflu cWoogsf] jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ug{,
;|ft kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{ tyf bLuf]kgf -;]jfx?sf] dd{t;+ef/, ;+s6f;Gg ljBfyL{x?sf]
]
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if pkfox? ckgfpg_ sf nflu tflnd ;lxt e"ldsf /
lhDd]jf/Lx? lbg'kg]5 .
{
$= ;d'bfosf] of]ubfgnfO{ dfGotf M bftfx?nfO{ lbOg] k|ltj]bgdf ;d'bfosf of]ubfgx?sf]
;+VofTds / u'0ffTds ;"rgfx? ;dflji6 /x]sf] x'gkb{5 . ;zQm ;d'bfosf] of]ubfgx?
'
;"rsd"ns k|ltj4tfsf] ?kdf phfu/ x'g ;Sg]5g / sfo{qmdx?sf] bLuf]kgf k|flKt x'gkb{5 .
'
%= :yfgLo Ifdtf M ;+s6sf] ;dodf x:tIf]k jf sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;xeflutfn] hgtfsf] dof{bf /
cfzfsf] efjnfO{ ;'b9 agfpg' kb{5 . sfo{qmdx? tof/ kfbf{ :yfgLo Ifdtfsf] cfwf/ bl/nf]
[
x'g] / hgtfsf] cfFkmg} h'Wg;Sg] /0fgLltx?nfO{ gh/cGbfh gug]{ x'gkb{5 .
'


ljZn]if0f

dfkb08 ! dfkb08 @ dfkb08 # dfkb08 $
k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf k|ltsfo{ /0fgLlt cg'udg d"Nof+sg

PsLs[t / z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf ;a} ;fe]mbf/x?n] cEof;x? kl/dfh{g
;xeflutfd"ns nflu ;d:ofsf] z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf ug{sf nflu z}lIfs
k|lqmofåf/f :ki6 ljj/0f lqmofsnfkx? tyf k|ltsfo{sf] Jojl:yt
cfktsfnLg ;lxtsf] sfo{ut k|efljt ;d'bfosf Pj+ lgikIf d"Nof+sg
ljsl;t x'b} cfPsf
F
cj:yfsf] z}lIfs /0fgLltx? pNn]lvt ug]{ / pQ/bfloTj
cfjZostfx?
n]vfhf]vf ug]{ Ps 9fFrf ljsf; lgoldt ?kdf clej[l4 ug]{
ug]{ . cg'udg ug]{ .

kl/lzi6 !
n]vfhf]vf 9fFrf

kl/lzi6 @
cfktsfndf of]hgf M cj:yf ljZn]if0f ;"rL

kl/lzi6 #
;"rgf ;+sng Pj+ cfjZostf klxrfg kmf/fd

cg';rL @ M
"
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L tyf ;|ft ;fdfu|L ljZn]if0f v08
]


ljZn]if0f;DaGwL dfkb08 !M k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf
PsLs[t / ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmofåf/f cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] z}lIfs n]vfhf]vf ug]{ .

{ {
zflGt ;'/Iff / ;'/lIft cj:yfsf] ljrf/ u/]/ Ps k|f/lDes b|t z}lIfs n]vfhfvf hlt;Sbf] rfF8f]
'
;DkGg ug]{ -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !–# klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
tYof+ssf] cfjZostfx? klxrfg u/L ;+sng ug{ Pj+ ;"rsx?sf] ljsf;, JofVof / kl/dfh{g ug{
tyf ;"rgf Joj:yfkg / k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ d'Vo ;fe]mbf/x? ;xefuL x'g5g . -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL $–%
]
klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
cfktsfnLg k|efljt If]qx?sf] nflu ljleGg tx / k|sf/sf lzIffsf s] s:tf cfjZostfx? 5g
tyf ;|ftx? ;DaGwL Ps k"0f{ n]vfhf]vf sfo{ d'Vo ;/f]sf/afnfx?sf] ;xeflutf ;DkGg ug'kb{5
] {
/ lgoldt ?kdf cBfjlws ug'kb{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL $ klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{ {'
lzIff cGt/ ljifout n]vfhf]vfsf] Ps c+u xf] h;n] k|efljt hgtfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{
;]jf;'ljwfx? lgwf{/0f ug{ /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f hg;f+lVos ljt/0f
tyf pknAw ;|ft ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;+sng ub{5 . -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ^ klg x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
n]vfhf]vfn] ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+/If0fdf b]lvPsf jt{dfg jf ;+efljt r'gf}ltx?sf] ljZn]if0f ub{5 . o:tf]
ljZn]if0f ubf{ r'gf}ltx?, ;+s6f;Ggtf / Ifdtfx?;DaGwL r'gf}ltx?sf] Jojl:yt hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf
dfWodsf] k|of]u ug'kb{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL & klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{ {'
cfktsfnLg cj:yf cfpg'eGbf cufl8 / cfktsfnLg ;dodf cWoog tyf lzIffsf :yfgLo
Ifdtfx?, ;|ftx? tyf /0fgLltx? klxrfg ul/g]5 .
]
n]vfhf]vfaf6 lzIffsf] p2]Zox? / pko'Qmtf;DaGwL :yfgLo dgf]efjx? / k|fyldstf k|fKt z}lIfs
cfjZostf tyf lqmofsnfkx? klxrfg x'g5 . ]
n]vfhf]vfsf] kl/0ffdx? tyf lzIffsf tYof+sx? e08f/0f ug]{ k4lt ljsf; u/L cfbfgk|bfgsf]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL * klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'


dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= n]vfhf]vf ug]{ ;dodf n]vfhf]vf ug]{ 6f]nL / k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff / ;'/lIft cj:yfnfO{
Wofg lbg'kb{5 . hxfF kx'rsf] ;d:of 5, To:tf] ;dodf j}slNks /0fgLltx? vf]hL u/L låtLo
F
;|ftx? h:t} :yfgLo g]tTj / ;d'bfosf] ;+hfn k|of]u ug'kb{5 . hFxf v'nf kx'rsf] ;+efjgf
] [ { F
5, ToxfF k|f/lDes :t/d} n]vfhf]vf ug{ lj:t[t tYof+s / ;"rgf ;+sng Joj:yfsf] pkNnf]
:t/sf] k|of; x'gkb{5 . n]vfhf]vf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg tYof+s, sfo{qmdsf] pknlAw tyf
'
;Lldttfsf] cWoog tyf ;"rgf / ck'0f{ cfjZostfx?sf cfwf/df lgoldt -sDtLdf q}dfl;s
?kdf_ cBfjlws x'gkb{5 .
'
@= tYof+s ;+sng tyf n]vfhf]vf of]hgfa4 ?kdf x'gkb{5 / of] sfo{ z}lIfs cfjZostf, Ifdtf,
'
;|ft / ck"0f{tfx? olsg ug{ ;+rfng ul/g]5 . ;a} k|sl[ tsf lzIff / :yfgx? ;d]6g] u/L
]
;du| n]vfhf]vf sfo{ oyf;+ej l56f]eGbf l56f] ;DkGg ul/g' kb{5 t/ o;n] tTsfn} ug'kg]{{
sfo{sf nflu cf+lzs n]vfhf]vf ug{ zL3| tof/Ldf 9LnfO{ ug'xbg . ljleGg lzIff k|bfosx?sf]
{ F' }
:ynut e|d0fnfO{ ;dGjo ug'kg]5 / oyf;+ej cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?n]
{ {
k'¥ofO/x]sf] ;]jfsf] Wofg e+u gx'g] u/L ug'kg]5 .
{ {
u'0ffTds tyf ;+VofTds n]vfhf]vfsf pks/0fx? cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x?;Fu, ;a}sf nflu lzIff
/ clwsf/df clwsf/ dfu{bz{gdf tfbfDotf sfod ug]{ vfnsf] x'gkb{5 . o;n] ljZjAofkL
'
k|of;x?nfO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfo;Fu hf]8g d2t ub{5 / :yfgLo :t/ b]lv ljZjAofkL 9fFrfx? /
;'rsx?sf s8Lx?sf] k|j4{g ub{5 . cGt/lgsfo txdf kl/of]hgfx?sf] ;dGjodf ;xhLs/0f
ug{ / ;"rgf ljt/0fstf{sf] dfu 36fpg /fHout ?kdf tYof+s ;+sng kmf/fdx? :t/Los/0f
ug'kg]5 . oL kmf/fdx?df :yfgLo pQ/bftf jf ;d'bfon] dxTjk"0f{ 7fg]sf cltl/Qm ;"rgfx?
{ {
yk ug{sf] nflu;d]t vfnL 7fpF pknAw x'gkg]5 .
' {
dfgjLo k|ltsfo{df s'g} klg k|sf/sf] tYof+s ;+sng ug{ g}lts dfGotfx? ckl/xfo{ 5g . s'g}
klg p2]Zosf nflu ;+slnt ul/g] ;'rgf jf cg'udg, n]vfhf]vf jf ;e]If0fx?n] hgtfnfO{
{
hf]lvddf kfg{ ;Qm5 lsgls ;+slnt ;"rgfsf] ;+jbgzLn k|sl[ t dfq xf]Og ls k|lqmofdf
]
;+nUg ePsf] cfwf/df ;d]t hgtf nlIft x'g ;SQ5 jf hf]lvddf kg{ ;Qm5g . dof{bfsf
cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?, s'g} xfgL gug]{ / e]befj/lxt h:tf dfGotfx? ;Fw} x[bodf /fVg'
clgjfo{ 5 / ;"rgfbftfx?sf] clwsf/sf] ljifodf ltgLx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] / ;+/If0f ug]{
lhDd]jf/L klg ;+snsx?sf] /x]sf] 5 . ;+/If0f Ps k|fyldstfM dfgjLo ;xfotfsf nflu tYof+s
;+sngdf ;+/If0fnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ dfu{bz{g k'l:tsf;Fu cfj4 cg';rL @ k[i7 (@ df lbOPsf
"
ljZn]if0fsf ;|ft;fdfu|Lx? x]gxf]nf .
] {'


#= ljZn]if0fsf] ljlwx?M k"jf{ux 36fpgsf nflu ax'kIfLo ;|ftx?af6 k|fKt ;"rgfx? ljZn]if0f u/L
| ]
lgrf]8 lgsfNg' cl3 lqkIfLo sf]0faf6 x]gkb{5 . lqmkIfLo sf]0f tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0fdf
{'
/x]sf låcyL{ jf vlK6Psf ;"rgfx? dfkgug]{ Ps ldl>t ljlwsf ;fy;fy} u'0f:t/Lo ;"rgfsf]
ljsf; Pj+ ;'lglZrttf xfFl;n ug{sf] nflu ljleGg wf/0ffut kf6fx? ;dflji6 kIf klg xf] .
afxo dgf]efj jf k|fyldstfx?df dfq cfwfl/t x'g] k|stlsf] dfgjLo k|ltsfo{nfO{ kl/Tofu
[
ug{ :yfgLo dgf]efjx? ;d]t ljZn]if0fdf ;dfj]z x'G5g .
$= ;/f]sf/jfnfx?df k|efljt ;d'bfosf ;d"x-x?_ dWo]af6 hlt;Sbf] w]/} JolQmx? ;dfj]z
ug'kb{5 . tYof+s Pj+ ;"rgf ;+sng, ljZn]if0f, ;"rgf Joj:yfkg tyf ljt/0fdf ;/f]sf/
{
afnfx?sf] ;xeflutf k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vfsf] ;dodf kl/l:yltut sf/0faf6 ;Lldt x'g;Qm5,
t/ kl5Nnf ;dodf n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgdf clej[l4 ug'kb{5 .
{
%= n]vfhf]vfsf] kl/0ffdx? hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 tfls lqmofsnfkx? of]hgfa4
x'g ;S5g . ;+s6 k"jsf] tYof+s / ;+s6 kZrftsf] n]vfhf]vfx? h;n] z}lIfs cfjZostfx?
{
/ ;|ftx? -h:t}M clwsf/Lx?, u}=;=;+=x?, dfgjLo ;d'bfo leqsf ljlzli6s[t ;+:yfx? /
]
:yfgLo ;d'bfoaf6_ tof/L xfntdf ;a} lqmofzLn ;fem]bf/x?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]5 . of]
{
ljz]if u/L cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf :ynut kx'r gePsf lqmofzLn ;fe]mbf/x?s]f nflu
F
pkof]uL x'G5 .
^= ;fdfGo cfktsfnLg n]vfhf]vfx? ubf{ cfktsfnLg ;d"xdf z}lIfs tyf afn ;+/If0fsf
cfjZostf tyf ;|ftx?;DaGwL tYof+s ;+sng Ps lzIffljb jf afn ;+/If0f lj1 ;dfj]z
]
u/fpg'kb{5 . ljleGg lgsfox?n] lo lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ubf{ ;fwg;|ftx?, sd{rf/L Joj:yf
]
/ ;f+u7lgs Ifdtfsf] k|ltj4tf hgfpg' kb{5 .
&= hf]lvd ljZn]if0fM ljleGg kl/l:ytn] afnaflnsf tyf o'jfsf] :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf kfg{;Sg]
k|efjx?sf] ;a} kIfx?df ljrf/ k'/ofpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'g5, hxfF lzIffn] ;+/If0ffTds /÷jf
]
hf]lvdd"ns k|efjx? l;h{gf ug{;Qm5 . n]vfhf]vfdf hf]lvdsf] ;"rL jf hf]lvdsf] vfsf klg
;dfj]z ug'kb{5, h;df lgDg ljj/0fx? ;dfj]z ug'kb{5M ljleGg pd]/ ;d"x / ;+sf6;Gg
{ {
;d'xsf jftfj/0fLo tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]kx?;Fu hf]l8Psf hf]lvdk"0f{ tTjx?, hldgdf
/x]sf ljikmf]6s tyf gkl8Psf ljikmf]6s kbfy{x?, ejg / k"jf{wf/x?sf] ;'/Iff, afn ;+/If0f
/ ;'/Iff, zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yosf r'gf}ltx?, lzIfsx?sf] of]Uotf;DaGwL ;d:ofx?,
ljBfyL{ egf{;Vof tyf kf7oqmd, / cGo ;Da4 ;"rgfx? -gd'gfsf nflu hf]lvd vfsfsf]
+
PdP;O{O{ l;l8/f]d (MSEE CD-ROM) x]gxf]nf_ .
{'


n]vfhf]vf sfo{n] k|fs[lts jf cGo k|sl[ tsf] k|lts"n k|efjx? /f]syfd, clNks/0f Pj+ cfktsfnLg
;dosf sfo{x? -k"jtof/L, k|ltsfo{, k'gMlgdf{0f / k'gM:yfkgf_ sf nflu cfjZos kg]{
{
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /0fgLltx? pNn]v ug'kb{5 . o;sf nflu s]xL kl/l:yltx?df cfktsfnLg
{
cj:yfaf6 hf]lug jf k|ltsfo{ ug{ x/]s z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df ljBfno / lzIffno e}k/L tyf
;'/Iff of]hgf x'g' cfjZos 5 . cfjZos k/]df k|To]s z}lIfs s]Gb|n] ;DefAo hf]lvd :ki6
b]lvg] / ;+s6f;GgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjx? k|sfz kfl/Psf] Ps hf]lvd gS;f tof/ ug'kg]5 . { {
*= n]vfhf]vfsf] kl/0ffdx? cfbfgk|bfgM o;nfO{ :yfgLo / /fli6«o txdf ;Da4 lgsfox? åf/f
;dGjo x'gkg]5 . obL ;dGjo ug{sf nflu bIf kbflwsf/Lx? jf lgsfox? pknAw 5}gg
' {
eg] ;+oQm /fi6«;3Lo dfgjLo dfldnfsf] sfof{no (UNOCHA) nfO{ ;dGjo Pj+ ;"rgfx?
' +
cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ;+oGqsf] nflu g]tTj k|:tfj ug'kg]5 . n]vfhf]vfsf] kl/0ffdx?sf] cfbfgk|bfg
[ { {
ubf{ tYof+sLo 9fFrfsf] ;6Ls kl/ro / ;a} ;/f]sf/afnfx?n] tYof+ssf] kl/0ffd pkof]u ug{
;Sg] k|sl[ tsf] x'gkb{5 -lzIff gLlt / ;dGjo;DaGwL dfkb08 # k[i7 *^ klg x]gxf]nf_ .
' {'

ljZn]if0f dfkb08 @M k|ltsfo{ /0fgLlt
z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf nflu ;d:ofsf] :ki6 ljj/0f ;lxtsf] sfo{ut /0fgLltx? pNn]lvt Ps 9fFrf
ljsf; ug]{ .

{ {
cfwf/e"t tYof+sx? sfo{qmdsf] z'?cftd} Jojl:yt ?kdf ;+slnt ul/g]5 .
cfktsfnLg z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf /0fgLltx?n] ;du| tYof+sx?sf] :ki6 ljj/0f k|ltljlDat ug]5
{
-dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !–@ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
z}lIfs k|ltsfo{n] afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf ;du| ;d'bfodf kfg]{ k|efjx?sf] cg'udg ug{ j}wflgs
a]~rdfs{ (Benchmark) tyf ;"rsx? klxrfg ul/g]5 .
k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vfsf qmddf ;+slnt ;"rgfx? gofF tYof+sx?åf/f cBfjlws ul/g]5 h;n] rfn"
sfo{qmdsf] ljsf;;DaGwdf ;"lrt ub{5 . -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL # x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
z}lIfs k|ltsfo{ /0fgLltx?n] ;+s6f;Gg /x]sf JolQm jf ljz]if z}lIfs cfjZostfx? ePsf,
afnaflnsf / o'jfx?sf] ;'/Iff / ;d[l4nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]5 .
;dfj]zL / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu z}lIfs k|ltsfo{ /0fgLltx?n] ;+s6 k|efljt hgtfsf
cfjZostfx? pGgt tj/n] k"lt{ ug]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL $–^ x]gxf]nf_ .
{ {'


dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= k|ltsfo{sf k|:tfjx?n] o;df pNn]lvt Go"gtd dfkb08x? k'/f ug{ cTofjZos lqmofsnfksf
nflu /sd cg'dfg / k|of{Kt cfly{s ;|ftsf] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug'kg]5 . k|:tfjx?df s:tf]
] { {
z}lIfs lqmofsnfk s'g :yfgdf ;+rfng x'g nfu]sf] xf], klxrfg ePsf cfjZostfx?sf nflu
ljleGg tx / k|sf/sf lzIffx?n] slt xb;Dd ;d]6g] xf] ;f]sf] cfFsng / afFsL cfjZostfx?

k"/f ug{sf nflu cGo ;+u7gx? k|lta4 /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t O{lu+t ug'kg]5 olb lzIffsf] jf:tljs
{ {
dfu klxn] b]lvPsf] eGbf w]/} dfqfdf ePdf ;f] k"/f ug{sf] nflu nrstfsf] oyf;+ej hlt;Sbf]
w]/} x'gkb{5 . ljleGg tx / k|sl[ tsf cfktsfnLg z}lIfs vr{x? lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;+:yfx?sf aLr
}
bLuf]kgf / Ps?ktf clej[l4 x'g] k|of;x? ul/g]5 . -h:t} tnj ;'ljwf, ;fwgx?df, cflb_
@= tYof+s ;+nsg tyf ljZn]if0fsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;M cfwf/e"t tYof+s ;+sng, ljZn]if0f /
cg'udg Pj+ d"Nof+sg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ k|:tfjx?df vf;df /fli6«o sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;
kIf ;dfj]z x'gkb{5 . of] ljifonfO{ k|:tfj k|lqmofdf w]/h;f] k"0f{?kn] Wofg lbO+bg .
} } {}
#= /0fgLltx? cBfjlws ug]M{ cfktsfnLg / l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fsf] ;dodf k|ltsfo{sf k|:tfjx?
sDtLdf q}dfl;s ?kdf k'g/fjnf]sg / cBfjlws ul/g]5 . To;df xfn;Dd k|fKt ePsf
pknlAwx?, cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gx? / k'/f gePsf cfjZostfx?sf] tfhf
cfFsngx? k|:t't ug'kg]5 . cfjZostfg';f/ o;sf] nIf eg] u'0f:t/ / cf]u6g] If]qsf]
{ {
pGgtzLn ;'wf/sf ;fy;fy} bL3{sfnLg bLuf]kgf;Fu ;DalGwt x'gkb{5 .
'
$= bftfx?sf] k|ltsfo{M bftfx?n] lgoldt ?kdf cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{n] cf]u6]sf] If]q / u'0f:t/
b'jsf] lgoldt ;dLIff ug'kg]5 h;df ;s+6f;Gg ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{ jf k|lzIffyL{x?sf]
} { {
egf{ tyf lgoldttf ;d]t kb{5g . ltlgx?n] ljleGg cfktsfn k|efljt If]qx?df z}lIfs
cj;/x?sf] kx'rsf] k|Tofe'lt ;'lglZrt ug'kg]5 . z/0ffyL{ jf cfGtl/s ?kdf lj:yflkt
F { {
hg;+Vofn] Go"gtd dfkb08 adf]lhd lzIff kfpg ;s'g egL sf]if -/sd_ x? k|bfg ug'kg]5 { {
-kx'r tyf cWoogs] jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 !, dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL * klg x]gxf]nf_ .
F {'
%= /fli6«o sfo{qmdx?sf] ;'b9Ls/0fM ljz]if u/L lj:yflkt gePsf hgtfsf nflu k'gMlgdf{0f
[
r/0fdf cfktsfnLg z}lIfs k|ltsfo{ ubf{ Ps?ktf x'g] u/L / /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo lzIffsf
of]hgf, k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg tyf lzIfssf] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd tyf ;xof]usf If]qsf /fli6«o
z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? ;'b9 x'gu/L of]hgf agfpg' kg]5 .
[ ] {
^= ;+:yfut sfof{bzsf ;Lldttfx?af6 d'lQmM ;Lldt sfof{bz ePsf -h:t} afnaflnsfsf
] ]
nflu dfq sfof{bz ePsf, jf z/0ffyL{ / ltgLx?sf] ;kmn kmLlt{sf nflu dfq_ ;xfotfd"ns
]


;+:yffx?n] ;/sf/L jf a[xt sfof{bz ePsf ;+:yfx?;Fu cleGg c+usf] ?kdf ;+oQm ?kn]
] '
z}lIfs k|ltsfo{ ug'kg]5 h;af6 ;a} z}lIfs cfjZostfx? k"/f x'g ;s'g . k|To]s k|efljt
{ {
If]qsf z}lIfs /0fgLltx?n] aRrfx?sf] z}zjsfnLg ljsf;sf cfjZostfx?sf ;fy;fy}
o'jfx?sf] dfWolds, pRr Pj+ k|fljlws lzIffsf] cfjZostf, lzIfsx?sf] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd /
pko'Qm j}slNks lzIffsf] klg Joj:yf ug'kg]5 . z}lIfs ljsf;sf /0fgLltx?n] h'g If]qsf
{ {
z/0ffyL{x?n] ;]jf k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g, ltgLx?n] nfdf] ;dofjlwsf] ;xfotf sfo{qmdx? ljsf;
ug'kg]5, h;df dfgjLo ;+:yfx?n] ug]{ ;xof]u tf]lsPsf] ;do ;lxtsf] x'g;Qm5 -h:t}M
{ {
z/0ffyL{x?sf] k|f/lDes k'gMPsLs/0f / :jb]z kmLlt{df ;xof]u_ .

ljZn]if0f dfkb08 #M cg'udg
;Da4 ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf lqmofsnfkx? tyf k|efljt ;d'bfosf ljsl;t x'b}
F
cfPsf cfjZostfx? lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg ug]{ .

{ {
cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ k4lt / k|lqmofut x:tIf]kx? :yflkt 5g /
sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf] x'g5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !–@ x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
;a} k|efljt ;d'bfox?sf] dlxnf, k'?if, afnaflnsf tyf o'jf;Fu lgoldt k/fdz{ lnOPsf] /
cg'udg lqmofsnfkx?df ;xefuL u/fOPsf] x'g5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL @ x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
lzIffsf tYof+sx? Jojl:yt / lgoldt ?kdf ;+sng, cfwf/e"t txsf] ;"rgfaf6 z'? ul/Psf] /
tTkZrft x'g] kl/jt{g tyf k|jl[ Qx? cg'udg eO/x]sf] x'g5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL #–$ x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
tYof+sx? e/kbf]{ / ljZn]if0fx? k|dfl0ftof]Uo Pj+ ljZj;gLo 5g egL ;'lglZrt ug{
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tYof+s ;+sngsf] ljlwx? af/]df k|lzlIft ug]{ -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL % x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
k"jl{ gwf{l/t lgoldt cGt/fndf lzIffsf ;"rgfx? ljZn]if0f ePsf] / ;fem]bf/x?aLr cfbfgk|bfg
ePsf] x'g5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL # x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
gofF k|jl[ Qx? k|ltlalDat ug{ / ;";l" rt lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ cg'ldt lbg k[i7kf]if0fsf
cfwf/df cg'udgsf k4lt tyf tYofs e08f/0fx? lgoldt ?kdf cBfjlws ug]{ .
kl/jt{gx?, gofF k|jl[ Qx?, cfjZostfx? tyf ;|ftx? klxrfg ug]{ ;"rgfx? lzIff sfo{qmdsf
]
Joj:yfksx?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf pknAw u/fpg] .
cfjZos ePdf cg'udgsf glthf adf]lhd sfo{qmdx?df ;dfof]hg ug]{ .


dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= cg'udg M hgtfsf kl/jlt{t z}lIfs cfjZostfx?sf ;fy;fy} hjfkmb]xLd"ns / ;d:of;Fu
;DalGwt hf/L sfo{qmdx?n] s'g s'g xb;Dd tL cfjZostfx? k'/f ul//x]sf 5g /
;'wf/sf ;+efjgfx?sf] hfgsf/L lng] ljifodf cg'udgn] JoQm ug'kg]5 . ;a} tYof+sx? Ps}
{ {
/kmtf/df ;+sng ug'{ cfjZos x'g] 5}g . t;y{ tYof+s ;+sng of]hgfdf cfjZostfdf
cfwfl/t eO{ slt k6s;Dd s'g k|sl[ tsf tYof+sx? ;+sng ug]{ egL lg0f{ox? ;dfj]z x'G5,
/ tYof+s ;+sng / k|zf]wgsf nflu vkt x'g] ;|ft;fwgsf] dfqf ;d]t pNn]v x'G5 . dfu
]
tyf ;d:ofx? ;'rsx? -h:t}M egf{ ;+Vof, ljBfno 5f]8g]sf] ;+Vof, ljBfno cfpg' cl3 vfgf
vfP gvfPsf], lstfjx?sf] ;+Vof, lzIf0f ;fdfu|L tyf kf7o;fdfu|Ls]f pknAwtf cflb_ sf
dfWodaf6 tTsfn hfgsf/L lbO{ w]/} k|sl[ tsf ;"rgfx? gd'gfsf] ?kdf ljBfnox? / lzIffsf
cGo sfo{qmdx?af6 ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfno 5f]8g] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof / k'gM egf{ x'g
grfxg'sf] sf/0f jf ?h' xflh/ gx'gsf] sf/0fx? klg ;fgf] gd'gfsf] ?kdf 5flgPsf] :yfgsf]
'
3/kl/jf/;Fuaf6 lng'sf ;fy;fy} ;d'bfosf ;d"x;Fu a}7s u/L cg'udg ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= cg'udgdf hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf M k|efljt hgtfsf ;a} ;d"xx?af6 ;fF:s[lts ?kn] :jLsfo{
tj/df ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ ;Sg] AolQmnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg' kb{5, ljz]if u/L n}lu+s / eflifs
bIftf /fVg]nfO{ . :yfgLo ;fF:s[lts cEof; cg'?k dlxnf jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] ;d"x;Fu
5'66} k/fdz{ ug'kg]{ klg x'g ;S5 h;sf nflu ;dfhaf6 :jLsfo{ JolQm 5fGg'kb{5 .
{
#= lzIff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL M cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf klg cj?4 ePsf] x'g;Qm5 .
cfwf/e"t tYof+s ;+sng / ;fdGo k|zf]wg Joj:yfnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy k'gM;+rfng Joj:yf
;/sf/L lgsfox?nfO{ cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo / ;xof]u dfkm{t ldnfpg' kb{5 . pknAw
;"rgfx?sf] ;+sng, Joj:yfkg, JofVof, sfof{Gjog, ljsf; jf cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf nflu
:yflkt /fli6«o lzIff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] k'gM:yfkgf jf ljsf; ug{ Ifdtf ljsf; /
/fli6«o, If]qLo / :yfgLo txdf ;|ftx? cfjZos x'g;Qm5 . cfktsfndf of] sfo{ rfF8f]eGbf
]
rfF8f] z'?cft ul/xfNg' kb{5, h;sf] nIo l56f] k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf cg'udg k4lt sfdofj
/xg' x'g5 . z}lIfs ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] Ps h6Lntd kIf eg]sf] o;;Fu ldNbf] ;km6j]o/sf]
]
pknAwtf xf] . /fli6«o / lhNnftxsf lzIffsf sfof{no jf lzIffsf cGo ;x–If]qx? -h:t}
/fli6«o tflnd ;+:yfx?_ df k'/s ;km6j]o/ (Software) pknAw x'g ;Qm5 h;n] ldNbf]hNbf]
'
tYof+s k|0ffnLsf] h8fg u/L ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;xh t'Nofpg ;Qm5 .
$= ljBfyL{x?sf] cg'udg ;+efjgf cg';f/ k9fO{ 5f]8L;s]kl5 jf k9fO{ ;lsPkl5
ug'kg]5 . cg'udgn] ;fIf/tf / ;f+VosLo bIftf Pj+ ;fIf/tf kZrft kf7o;fdfu|Lsf] kx'rnfO{
{ { F


;dfj]z ug'kb{5 . k|fljlws lzIffsf nflu ul/g] cg'udgdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/x?sf] pknAwtf
{
/ k"j{ tflnd lnPsfx?n] u/]sf] k|fljlws zLksf] pkof]ux? ;DaGwL cfFs8f cWoog jf s'g}
sd{rf/Låf/f vf]hL ug]{ ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'kg]5 . sfo{qmd ;dflKt kZrftsf] cg'udgn] gofF
{ {
sfo{qmd tof/ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub{5 . -cWoog tyf cWofkgsf dfkb08x? $
k[i7 ^* klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
%= tYof+ssf] j}wflgstfM ;a} ljZn]if0fx?n] b]xfosf] JofVof lnlkj4 u/]sf] x'gkb{5M !_ ;"rssf]
'
kl/efiff @_ tYof+ssf] ;|ft #_ ;+sng ljlw $_ ;"rgf ;+sns / %_ tYof+s ljZn]if0f
]
sfo{ljlw . tYof+ssf] k|zf;g, ;+sng jf ljZn]if0f sfo{df s'g} clgoldttf ;[hgf ePsf] eP Tof]
klg pNn]v x'gkb{5 . ;"rgfbftfx?n] ;|ft clej[l4 -h:t} egf{;Vof jf pkl:yltsf] cfFs8fdf
' ]
a9f]Q/L_ lgldQ jf s'g} cf/f]kaf6 aRg tYof+sx? a+ufPsf] x'g ;S5 . tYof+ssf] j}wflgstfnfO{
a9fpg sd{rf/Lsf] tflnddf c3f]lift cg'udg e|d0f x'g] gLlt klg hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]5 . {

ljZn]if0f;DaGwL dfkb08 $M d"Nof+sg
pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 / cEof;x? kl/dfh{g ug{sf nflu z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf] Jojl:yt / lgikIf
d"Nof+sg ug]{ .

{ {
;du| k|ltsfo{sf /0fgLltx?, ljlzi6 z}lIfs Pj+ afn ;+/If0fsf p2]Zox? tyf Go"gtdg dfkb08x?sf]
cfwf/df sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf gLlt, sfo{qmd / kl/0ffdx?sf] d"Nof+sg pko'Qm cGt/fndf ;DkGg
ug]{ -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ! x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
nfu" ul/Psf sfo{qmdaf6 k/]sf] cgk]lIft k|efjsf ljifodf ;"rgf vf]Hg] .
;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx? Pj+ k|efljtf hgtf tyf ;a} If]qut ;xsdL{x?af6 ;"rgf ;+sng kf/bzL{ /
lgikIf tl/sfaf6 ul/g]5 .
d"Nof+sg lqmofsnfkdf ;a} ;fem]bf/x?M ;LdflGts[t ;d"xx?, ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx?, lzIffsf
/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo kbflwsf/Lx?, lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;dflxt ul/g]5 .
c;n cEof;x? tyf l;lsPsf kf7x? /fli6«o, :yfgLo tyf dfgjLo ;d'bfosf aLr Aofks ?kdf
cfbfg k|bfg ul/g]5 / cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf /fli6«o tyf ljZjAofkL lzIffsf
nIox?df of]Ubfg k'¥ofpg jsfnt, sfo{qmd tyf gLltx?df pkof]u ul/g]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL #
x]gxf]nf_ .
{'


dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= d"Nof+sgx?n] u'0ffTds tyf ;+VofTds b'j} k|sl[ tsf tYof+sx? ;+sng u/L PsLs[t :j?k
k|bfg ug'kg]5 . . ;+VofTds tYof+sn] ;Gbe{ cg';f/sf] ;"rgf lbg / ;+slnt tYof+sLo
{ {
;"rgfsf] JofVof ug{ d2t ub{5 . u'0ffTds tYof+sx? cGtjftf{, cjnf]sg e|d0f / lnvtx?sf
dfWodaf6 ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5; u'0ffTds tYof+s ;e]If0f tyf k|ZgfjnLsf dfWodaf6
{
;+sng ug{ ;lsG5, d"Nof+sgn] dfgjLo, ef}lts tyf cfly{s nufgL, ljBfyL{sf] kx'r, F
lg/Gt/tf, ;dfj]zL tyf ;+/If0f, cWoog / cWofkg k|lqmofx?, cWoogsf] dfGotf / k|dfl0fs/0f,
efjL lzIff / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? / ;d'bfodf kg]{ k|efjx?;DaGwL k"0f{ n]vfhf]vf k|:t't
ug'kg]5 .
{ {
@= d"NofÍgåf/f Ifdtf ljsf; M d"NofÍg cjwf/0ffx? nfu" u/fpg, d"NofÍg 9fFrf /
k|lqmofx?sf] ;xeflutfTds cfwf/df ljsf; ug{ / gtLhfsf] ;+oQm ?kdf ;dLIff Pj+
'
JofVof ug{ d"NofÍg ah]6n] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu sfo{zfnf -uf]i7L_ ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ;dfj]z
ug'kg]5 . o;n] ltlgx?nfO{ eljiodf æ:jfldTjÆ sfnflu ;}4flGts cfwf/ ljsf; ug{
{ {
Pj+ ;'emfjx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u ug{;Qm5 . cfof]hgfaf6 nfeflGjt x'gx?n] h:t}
]
lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?n] cfkm"n] ef]usf Jojxfl/s sl7gfOx? / lglZrt ;'emfjx?sf]
]
kl/0ffd:j?k ;fdgf ug'kg]{ sl7gfOx? ;d]t pNn]v ug{ ;Qm5g .
{
#= glthfx? Pj+ l;lsPsf kf7x?sf] cfbfgk|bfg M ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg] k|sl[ tsf
;"rgfx? k|ltj]bgsf] k|yd v08df ;dfj]z ug{ d"NofÍgstf{x?nfO{ cg'/f]w ug'kg]5 / uf]Ko jf
{ {
cfGtl/s k|sl[ tsf glthfx? Aofks ?kdf ljt/0f gx'g] u/L bf];f| ] v08df k|:t't ug'kg]5 .
{ {


;a} cfwf/x?sf nflu Go"gtd ;femf dfkb08x? M
kl/lzi6x?
kl/lzi6–!

;+/If0f -zfl//Ls, sfg"gL / ef}lts_/dfgj clwsf//sfg"sf] zf;g

;db'fosf] hg;+Vof, lj:yflkt, a]kQf / pd]/ / ln+usf] ljt/0f cflb_
hg;f+lVos -hDdf hg;+Vof, vf; ;+s6f;Gg ;d"x, cf>o lbg]
d[To'b/
-h:t}M ln+u / pd]/sf] ljljwtf;lxtsf] n}+lus_ ;xeflutf

?U0ftf (Morbidity) kf]if0f l:ylt
k|fylds :jf:Yo, cf>o
Ifdtf tyf ;+s6f;Ggtfx?sf] ljZn]if0fdf

ef8fFdf
kf]if0f tyf vfOg] :ynsf] :j:y ;/;kmfO{sf]
kfgL cf];fg]{
dgf];fdflhs ;]jfdf vfgf pknAwtf Jojxf/x? tx
7fpF;Dd kx'Fr
kx'Fr kof{Kttf
vfB ;'/Iff :jf:Yo, kf]if0f tyf dgf];fdflhs
;]jfdf kx'Frsf] sfo{;Dkfbg
3/kl/jf/x?sf] cfly{s lzIff ;fdflhs tyf c;dfgtfx?
l:ylt tyf ahf/sf] ;fF:s[lts cj:yf
;Gbe{
/fli6«o ;Gbe{ /fli6«o ahf/x?
/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, P]ltxfl;s, o;sf] ;+rfng -/ To;af6 afxo
;/sf/sf] Ifdtf, k"jf{wf/, k|0ffnLx?, ;xfotfsf nflu dfu 36fpg]_ jf
e"uf]n, df};d, k|fs[lts k|sf]kx?, cGt/f{li6«o csfof{Tds
;+:yfx?, cflb .

s'g} lglZrt hg;+Vofsf] ;femf cfjZostfx? a'emg] p2]Zosf] nflu 5nkmn / ljZn]if0fsf]
cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng n]vfhf]vfsf] 9fFrf k|of]u ul/G5 . o; ljZn]if0fn] k|df0f / lg0f{onfO{ hf]8b5 . of]

n]vfhf]vfsf] 9fFrfn] ljleGg ljljwtfx?nfO{ ;d]6b5 h'g cfFkm}df cfjZostfsf] ?kdf geO{ rf;f];Da4
egfO{sf d'4fx? x'g . ljleGg cfwf/x?aLrsf] sf/0f–sfo{;DaGwdf ;Nnfx lbFbf o; 9fFrfn] :ki6;Fu
o;df ;Nnfx lbFbg / n]vfhf]vf ;d"xsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ yk cf}hf/x? j[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . To:tf]
}
cf}hf/x? ljsf; gx'Gh]n;Dd ;d"xn] sf/0f–sfo{;DaGw AofVof s;/L ug]{ egL cfFkm} 5fGg ;Qm5 . o;
9fFrfn] ;+s6df k|fyldsLs/0f u/L dfgjLo k|ltsfo{ of]hgf agfpg] nIfsf] nflu ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{
Ps ;dfg / kf/bzL{ rf}tf/L k|bfg ub{5 . hals 9fFrfsf] k|To]s txdf rf;f]x?sf >[vnfx? k|ltljlDat
+


ePsf 5g, h;sf] cy{ qmdzM k|fyldstfk|fKt k|ltsfo{ eGg] x'bg . 9fFrfn] ljleGg cj:yfx? cGt/cfl>t
F}
/x]sf] s'/f k|sfz kfb{5 / To;nfO{ ToxL ?kdf dfq a'emg' kb{5 . 9fFrfleqsf k|To]s cfwf/x? 5'§f5'§}
d"NofÍg ug'kg]5 -h:t}M lzIff_ / PsLs[t n]vfhf]vfsf] Ps efusf] ?kdf -h:t}M lzIffdf kl/l:yltn]
{ {
kf/]sf] k|efjn] 9fFrfsf cGo cfwf/x?df kf/]sf] k|efj_ . ;+/If0f÷dfgj clwsf/÷sfg"gsf] zf;gx?
d'ne"t d'2fx? x'g h'g 5'§} / d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf b[li6n] ;Daf]wg x'g' cfjZos 5 . n]vfhf]vfsf] z'?cft
ljGb" ef}uf]lns jf hg;f+lVos ;d"x x'gk5{ .
'
;|ft M n]vfhf]vfsf] 9fFrf cGt/lgsfo :yfoL ;ldltn]sf] Sofk ;x–sfo{;d"xn] ljsf; u/]sf] xf] / ;g
]
@))$ hgj/L @% df bftfx?, ;+oQm /fi6«;3Lo lgsfox?, /]8qm; / u}=;=;+=x?sf] sfo{zfnfn] kl/dfh{g
' +
u/]sf] xf] .


kl/lzi6–@ cfktsfnLg cj:Yffsf nflu of]hgf th'dfM 36gf
{
ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;"rL
xfdLn] sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf agfpFbf / sfof{Gjog ug{ ljleGg sf/0fx?, d'2fx? / hgtf Pj+ ;+:yfx?sf]
ljifodf hfgsf/Lx? xfl;n u/]sf] x'gkb{5 . h;sf ljj/0fx? b]xfo adf]lhd 5gM
'
!= cfwf/e"t n]vfhf]vf M
cfwf/e"t cWoogsf nflu s'g tYof+sx? cfjZos 5g <
tkfO{nfO{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ s'g tYof+sx? cfjZos 5g / s] pknAw 5g, h:t}M ljBfnox?
/x]sf] 7fpF -;+Vof, :yfg_, ck]lIft ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof, lzIfsx?sf] ;+Vof cflb <
sfo{qmd z'? ug'eGbf cl3 g} tkfO{n] cfwf/e"t tYof+sx? ;+sng ug]{ cj;/ pknAw 5 <
{

@= 36gfsf] k|sl[ t M
36gfsf] k|sl[ t s:tf] 5 -lj:tf/} cfPsf] jf cs:dft_ <
cfktsfnLg cj:yfaf6 k|efljt ePsf ;d"xx? -;fF:s[lts, pd]/, n}lu+s cflb_ jf s'g} vf;
;+s6f;Gg ;d"xx? 5g <

#= 36gfsf] l:y/tf M
s] 36gf l:y/ 5 -5f]6f] cjlw÷dWod cjlw_ jf cem} al9/x]sf] 5 <
s] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] cGo ;+s6x? cufl8 b]lvG5g -gofF cfktsfnLg jf xfnsf] 36gfdf
dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g_ <
s'g} tTjx? klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 h;n] cs:dft jf ;f/e"t kl/jt{gsf] :j?kdf kl/0ft x'g
;Qm5g <

$= jt{dfg lzIff k|0ffnL M
lzIff k|0ffnL Joj:yf;DaGwL M
jtdf{g lzIff k|0ffnL ;+rflnt 5 <
nlIft hg;+Vofdf PseGbf a9L ;+rflnt k|0ffnL 5 <
jt{dfg cfktsfnLg cj:yfn] pknAw lzIff Joj:yf -x?_ nfO{ s;/L k|efljt kf/of] <
s] ejgx? tyf k"jf{wf/x? Ifltu|:t ePsf] jf sdL ePsf] cj:yf -efG;f3/, ;/;kmfO{sf
;'ljwfx?, e08f/ clfb_ 5 <
jt{dfg cWoogsf] jftfj/0f s:tf] /x]sf] 5 -:yfg, ;fdfu|Lx?, sIff sf]7fx?, sd{rf/L cflb_ <


ljleGg If]qLo÷hftLo÷cGo k[i7e"ldsf afnaflnsf jf s]6f jf s]6Lsf] cj:yf ;dfg 5 <
s] afnaflnsfx? egf{ ePsf 5g / lg/Gt/ ljBfno cfO{/x]sf 5g < obL 5}g eg] lsg <
s] afnaflnsfx? ljBfno cfpFbf ef]s} x'G5g -h:t}M vfhf gx'g,' ljBfno;Dd k'Ug nfdf] b'/L,
cfd ?kdf s'kf]if0f_<
s] afnaflnsfx? s'g} vf; ;'Id s'kf]if0fsf] sdLaf6 u|l;t 5g < 5g eg] Tof] s'g xf] <
kf7oqmd / lzIf0f;DaGwL M
s] ;a}sf nflu ;dfg k|sl[ tsf kf7oqmd 5g <
k9fpg] efiff -jf efiffx?_ Pp6} 5g <
lzIfsx?, lzIf0f ;fdfu|Lx? /÷jf cWoogsf nflu cfjZos ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw 5g <
lzIfssf nflu tflnd / k'gM tflnd cfjZos 5 <
cgf}krfl/s jf ;Lkd"ns tflnd sfo{qmdx? -k'/fgf -afn_ n8fs'x?, ljBfnoaf6 efu]sf
afnaflnsf /÷jf cGo vf; lk5l8Psf ;d"xx?sf nflu_ cfjZos 5g <
%= d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? M
d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? klxrfg ug]{
s;n] s] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 <
s] sfdsf] nflu sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 <
s;n] s] of]hgf agfO{/x]sf] 5 <
s] s:tf] ;fwg;|ftsf nflu sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 <
]
s'g lg0f{ox?sf nflu sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 <
cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gx?
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? -/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo_
;/sf/L lgsfox? M
/fli6«o tyf :YffgLo ;/sf/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf s:tf] -j}wflgs, cGtl/d_ /x]sf] 5 <
lzIffsf] k|zf;g s;n] ub{5 <
ljBfnox? -lzIfsx?, k|wfgfWofksx?, cleefjs lzIfs ;+u7gx?_
;d'bfo -g]tfx?, kfsfx?, wfld{s, dlxnf ;+u7gx?, :Jff:YosdL{x?, jf cGo ;fd'bflos ;d"xx?_
kl/jf/ M
;d'bfosf] k"jsfnb]lvsf] k|dv ;+/rgf s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
{ '
s] cfktsfnLg cj:yfn] kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgfnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 <
afnsflnsfsf] lzIffdf ;xeflutf -ljz]if u/L aflnsfsf] xsdf_ s;n] lg0f{o ub{5 <


^= pknAw ;|ftx?
]
lzIffsf] nflu -dfly pNn]lvt jt{dfg lzIff k|0ffnL klg x]gxf]nf_
' {'
cWoogsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgx? pknAw 5g <
ljBfnodf /x]sf ;'ljwfx? k"0f{ ?kdf ;+rfngsf nflu pknAw 5g <
b}lgs ?kdf ljBfno ;+rfng ug{sf nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf lzIfsx? tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx?
5g <
vfB ;xfotsf nflu M
vfB ljt/0f z'? ug{ slQsf] h?/L 5 <
vfgf tof/ kfg{ slt hgf JolQm pknAw 5g <
vfgf tof/ ug{sf nflu s]s:tf] ;'ljwfx? /x]sf 5g -ljBfnodf efG;fx?, e08f/0f u[x, ksfpg]
/ vfg] efF8fx?, 8f8'kGo", O{Gwg, kfgL cflb_ <
oL ;'ljwfx? sfod ug{ ;+ej 5 <
oftfoftf÷cfk"lt÷e08f/0fsf] k"jf{wf/ /x]sf] 5 <
s'g vfgfsf ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] cj:yfdf 5 < sxfF / slt l56f] tL vfgfx? k|fKt
ug{ ;lsg] / vfgf ljt/0f ug]{ s]Gb|;Dd k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 <
s'g} ljBfno :jf:Yo sfo{qmdx? ;rfng x'g nfu]sf] jf klxn] g} pknAw 5g ls <
s'g} bftfn] tTsfn s'g} k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 ls <
sfof{Gjogsf nflu s'g} ;+efAo ;fe]mbf/ pknAw 5 ls <
&= jt{dfg / ;+efljt afwfx?
;'/Iff
cWoogsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgx? pknAw 5g <
lzIf0f :yfgx? afnaflnsf, lzIfsx? tyf ;xfotfsdL{x?sf nflu ;'/lIft kx'r pknAw 5 <
F
vfgf tof/ ug{ jf ljt/0f ug{sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgx? pknAw 5g <
vfBfGg cf];f/k;f/ ug{ / ljt/0f ug{ ;'/lIft 5 <
vfB e08f/0f ;'/lIft tj/n] /x]sf] 5 <
n}l+ us÷hftLo afwfx?
s'g} klg n}lu+s ;d"xsf vf; afwfx?÷d'2fx? /x]sf 5g ls <
ljleGg ;d"xx? -hftLo, If]qLo_ sf vf; jfwfx?÷d'2fx? /x]sf 5g ls <
j}wflgstf
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L ;fem]bf/ :ki6 ?kdf pknAw 5 <


z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? tof/ kfg{ / ;xof]u ug{ /fhg}lts÷:yfgLo g]tTjaf6 clwsf/ k|fKt 5 <
[
obL 5}g eg] lsg <
lo ;xof]u ljgf cufl8 a9g hf]lvd 5 ls 5}g <
lo ;xof]u ljgf cufl8 a9bf Gofok"0f{ x'G5 <
;fem]fbfl/tf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 <
sfo{qmdx? ;xof]u cfsif{0f ug{ /÷jf ljsf; ug{sf nflu tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 <
;|ft u|x0f M ljZj vfB sfo{qmd, cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ljBfno vfgfsf] of]hgf–cj:Yff ljZn]if0f,
]
of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, ;g @))$, http://www.wfp.org


kl/lzi6 #M ;"rgf ;+sng / cfjZostfx? n]vfhf]vf k|ZgfjnL

:yfg -x?_M================================================================================================================================
cfktsfnsf] k|s[ltM=====================================================================================================================
d'Vo ;d:of -x?_M=======================================================================================================================

s]xL ljBfnox? cem} ;+rfngdf 5g <
5g/5}gg < :yfg -x?_ k|efljt afnaflnsfx?sf] pkl:ylt
s]6L s]6f

!= ;d:of //jf lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] d'Vo sf/0f -x?_ M

ljBfno ejgx? Ifltu|:t ePsf % olb kfl/>lds glbPdf lzIfsn] gk9fpg]
ljBfno kl/;/df kfgL c;'/lIft jf pknAw ofqf vt/fo'Qm x'Fb} uPsf] %
%
gePsf]
afnaflnsfx? gc6]sf÷ljBfnoaflx/ /x]sf % lzIfsx? ;]gfdf egf{ ePsf %
OSo'kd]06÷;fwgx? cg'knAw % s]xL ljBfyL{x? ulDe/ dgf]qf;df /x]sf %
z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lx? vl/b ug{ kl/jf/x? c;dy{ % s]xL ljBfyL{x? czQm ePsf %
lzIfsx?n] 5f]8]sf jf 8/fPsf % afnaflnsfx? ;]gfdf egf{ ePsf %
lzIfssf] ;§fdf /fVg lzlIft JolQmx?sf] cefj %

@= afnaflnsfsf] hg;+Vof klxrfg hDdf s]6L s]6f
afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof =================== ================== ===============
)–% jif{ pd]/sf ===================% ==================% ===============%
^–!# jif{ pd]/sf ===================% ==================% ===============%
!$–!* jif{ pd]/sf ===================% ==================% ===============%
afl;Gbfx? ===================% ==================% ===============%
aflx/af6 cfPsfx? ===================% ==================% ===============%


#= cfktsfneGbf cl3sf] cj:yf;Fu t'ngf
hDdf s]6L s]6f
afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}
)–% jif{ pd]/sf sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}
^–!# jif{ pd]/sf sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}
!$–!* jif{ pd]/sf sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}
afl;Gbfx? sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}
aflx/af6 cfPsfx? sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}

n}lu+s cj:yfdf b]lvPsf] d'Vo km/sx? JofVof ug]{M

cGo s'g} ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ k|s[ltsf b]lvPsf d'2fx? h:t} hftLo ;d"xx?sf] pkl:yt 5g ls < JofVof
ug'{xf];

$= afnaflnsfx?sf] lzIffsf] :t/ s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
afnr/0fsf] k"j{ lzIff k|fylds lzIff dfWolds txsf
lzIff -k"j{ jo:s
cj:yfdf_
k"/f ul/;s]sf] ljleGg
pd]/ ;d"xsf] k|ltzt ______________ __________ _____________

%= afnaflnsfsf] af]Ng] efiff -x?_ s'g x'g <
dft[ efiff af]Ng ;Sg] n]Vg ;Sg]
:yfgLo efiffx? -gfd n]Vg]_ _________________
_________________
_________________
cGo -gfd n]Vg]_ _________________
_________________
_________________

^s= tkfO{;Fu ;d'bflos ejgx? -h:t}M ljBfnox?, :jf:Yo s]Gb|, dlGb/, rr{x?_ b]lvg] If]qut gS;f
pknAw 5 <
^v= olb ^s=adf]lhdsf] gS;f gePdf, s] tkfO{n] s'g} ;|f]taf6 k|fKt ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 <
^u= olb ^v= adf]lhdsf] 5}g eg] s;/L To:tf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 pNn]v ug'{xf]; .


&= sIffsf nflu s'g 7fpF pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
;f] :yfgdf k9fpg ;lsg] afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+Vof
ljBfno÷sIff sf]7fx?
k'gM:yfkgf s]Gb|
cf>o :yn
aflx/L vfnL 7fFp -?vd'lg cflb_
3/
wfld{s 3/x?
lSnlgs
cGo -pNn]v ug]{_

*= tnsf ;]jf ;'ljwfx? ;xh ?kdf kx'Fr of]Uo 5g <
36gf:yndf cln 6f9f -ld6/df_ kx'Fr gePsf]
kfgLsf] ;|f]t -pNn]v ug]{_
zf}rfnox?
g'xfpg] 7fpF
zf}rfno
:jf:Yo ;'ljwfx?
c;xfosf nflu ;]jf;'ljwfx?
ljB't

(= afnaflnsfx?n] sIff 3/;Dd slt ;do ofqf ug'{kb{5 <
)–@% % @^–%) % %!–&% % &^–!))%
-ld6/df_ -afnaflnsfsf] ;d"xsf] %_
%)) ld6/ jf ;f]eGbf sd
%)) ld6/b]lv !))) ld6/;Dd
!))) ld6/eGbf a9L -dfOndf_
cfwfb]lv ! dfOn;Dd
! dfOneGbf a9L

!)= s] 3/kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx? 3/sf] sfd jf cGo sfddf ;+nUg 5g <
s]6L s]6f
%
306f-k|lt lbg
ljz]if u/L laxfg jf a]n'sf

!!= slt kl/df0fdf -sl/a_ cWoog ;fdfu|L -ljBfyL{sf nflu_ pknAw jf cfjZos 5 <
-k|lt afnaflnsf_ pknAw /x]sf] cfjZos
kf7ok':tsx?
ljifo !


ljifo @
ljifo #
kf6L -x?_
rs -x?_
an :kf]Gh -x?_
cEof; sflk -x?_
snd/k]lG;n -x?_
k]lG;n O/]h/ -x?_
/+uLg k]lG;n -x?_
cGo -pNn]v ug]{_

!@= slt kl/df0fdf -sl/a_ cWoog ;fdfu|L -ljBfyL{sf nflu_ pknAw jf cfjZos 5 <
-k|lt sIff_ pknAw /x]sf] cfjZos
lgb]{lzsfx?
/]s8{ k'l:tsfx?
sfnf]kf6L -x?_
v/L -x?_
leQ] rf6{/gS;fx?
snd/k]lG;n -x?_
d;nGb
cGo -pNn]v ug]{_
dgf]/GhgfTds ;fdfu|Lx?

!#= afnaflnsfnfO{ k9fpg sf] pknAw 5 jf pknAw x'g ;S5 <
;+Vof dlxnf -%_ k'?if -%_
tflnd lnPsf lzIfsx?
cf+lzs tflnd lnPsf ljz]if1x?
cGo If]qsf ljz]if1x? -h:t} :jf:Yo If]qsf_
cGo afnaflnsf
;d'bfosf ;b:ox?
u}=;=;+=sf ;b:ox?
:jo+;]jsx?
cGo -pNn]v ug]{_

!$= lzIfsx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ slt jo:s hgzlQmx? pknAw 5g <
;+Vof dlxnf -%_ k'?if -%_ lzIff jf of]Uotfsf] tx
cw{ ljz]if1x?
cGo If]qsf ljz]if1x? -h:t} :jf:Yo If]qsf_


k'/fgf afnaflnsf
;d'bfosf ;b:ox?
u}=;=;+=sf ;b:ox?
:j+o;]jsx?
cGo -pNn]v ug]{_

!%= s] afnaflnsf ;fydf 5g <
afnaflnsf ;d"xsf] %
pgLx?sf] k'/} kl/jf/;Fu
cfdfj'jfdWo] sDtLdf Pshgf;Fu
cGo kfsf glhssf gft]bf/;Fu
kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox?;Fu
:jo+;]jsx?;Fu
PSn}

!^= 3/sf] d"nL sf] 5 <
afnaflnsf ;d"xsf] %
cfdf
a'jf
cGo kfsf ;b:o -pNn]v ug]{_
cGo aRrf -7"nL lbbL_
cGo aRrf -7"nf] bfh'_
cGo -pNn]v ug]{_

!&= afnaflnsfsf] kl/jf/sf] cfly{s k[i7e"ld -cj:yf_ <
k|ltzt
ls;fgx?
sfnLu9x?
hghftLx?
kz'kfns
cGo -pNn]v ug]{_

!*= afnaflnsfsf nflu s:tf] ljz]if ;Gb]zx? k|;fl/t ug{ cfjZos 5 <
;/;/;kmfO{ tyf :jf:Yo ljifosf ;Gb]zx?_______________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
:jf:Yo ;Gb]zx?_______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________


ljikmf]6s kbfy{x? h:tf s'g} ;Defljt vt/f af/]df ;Gb]z______________________________
hLjg afFRg] ;Lkx? -pNn]v ug]{______________________________________________
cGo -pNn]v ug]{_______________________________________________________

!(= k|efljt ;d'bfox?df d'Vo ?kdf lqmofzLn ;+:yfx?sf] pkl:ylt -s]xLsf] gfd ;+s]t ug'{xf];_
;fd'bflos ;ldltx? ;a{Joflk ;femf slxn]sfFxL cl:tTjdf g/x]sf]
!_______________ % % % %
@_______________ % % % %

lzIff dGqfnosf] ;fwg;|f]tx? ;a{Joflk ;femf slxn]sfFxL cl:tTjdf g/x]sf]
!_______________ % % % %
@_______________ % % % %
lzIfssf nflu tflnd lbg]
;a{Joflk ;femf slxn]sfFxL cl:tTjdf g/x]sf]
;+:yfx?
!_______________ % % % %
@_______________ % % % %

lzIffsf nflu ;lqmo :yfgLo ;a{Joflk ;femf slxn]sfFxL cl:tTjdf g/x]sf]
u}=;=;+=x?
!___________________ % % % %
@___________________ % % % %

lzIffsf nflu ;lqmo cGt/fli6«o ;a{Joflk ;femf slxn]sfFxL cl:tTjdf g/x]sf]
u}=;=;+=x?
!___________________ % % % %
@___________________ % % % %

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf lgsfox? ;a{Joflk ;femf slxn]sfFxL cl:tTjdf g/x]sf]
!___________________ % % % %
@___________________ % % % %

cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ;a{Joflk ;femf slxn]sfFxL cl:tTjdf g/x]sf]
!___________________ % % % %
@___________________ % % % %

;|f]t M o'lg;]km


@ kx'Fr / cWoogsf]
jftfj/0f

kl/ro
;+s6sf] ;dodf dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/ / ;|f]tdf ljz]if u/L lzIffsf] kxF'r w]/}h;f] Hofb} g}
;Lldt x'G5 . oBlk lzIffn] cltl/Qm 1fg / ;Lk xfl;n u/fO{ ;fdfGo hLjgofkg ;'rf? ug{
kl/l:ylt;Fu h'Wg k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ d2t u/L Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Qm5 . To;}
u/L w]/}h;f] cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltx?df z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ug{ w]/} h6Lntfx?
b]vf kb{5g, / vf;u/L ;+s6f;Gg ;d"xx? k|:tfljt lzIff k|fKt ug{ c;kmn x'g] vt/f /xG5 .
;/sf/, ;d'bfox? / dfgjLo ;+:yfx?n] ;a} JolQmx?sf] ;Da4, u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/
/ cWoogsf] jftfj/0f ;'/lIft /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L x'g]5, / ljwfyL{x?sf] b'j}
;+/If0f tyf dfgl;s, efjgfTds Pj+ zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf] klg k|j4{g ug'{kg]{5 .

cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?n] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ef}lts, ;fdflhs tyf dfgl;s ;+/If0f
k|bfg ug{ ;Qm5, ljz]if u/L afnaflnsf tyf o'jf / lzIffsdL{x?nfO{ . oBlk, ljwfyL{x? ljBfno cfpFbf
jf hfFbf / cWoogsf] jftfj/0f leq ;d]t ef}lts tyf dgf]j1flgs vt/fx? w]/h;f] ef]lu/x]sf x'G5g .
} }
oL ;d:ofx?n] c;dfg'kflts ?kdf aflnsfx? tyf dlxnf lzlIfsfx?nfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . lzIffsf ;]jfx?
k|bfg ubf{ Pp6f afWosf/L Joj:yf eg]sf] ljBfyL{x? ljBfno cfpFbf jf hfFbf ;'/lIft /x]sf] ;'lglZrt
ug'{ xf] eg] cWoogsf] jftfj/0f cfFkm}df klg csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf cj;/x? klg a9f]Q/L x'g] u/L pknAw u/fpg' kg]5 . olb
{
cf}krfl/s lzIff cfktsfnLg l:yltsf] tTsfn} ;Dej 5}g eg] dgf]/GhgfTds lqmofsnfk -v]ns'b
v]Ng]_, cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf lqmofsnfkx?, 7"nf afnaflnsfx?sf nflu ;dfTg] sfo{qmdx?, o'jfx?sf


d'Vo cWoog ;Lk ljsf; / cBfjlws ug{sf nflu cj;/x? / a}slNks cgf}krfl/s lzIff jf
afnaflnsf, o'jf jf jo:sx? h;n] cfwf/e"t lzIff z'? u/]sf 5|gg jf k'/f u/]sf 5}gg ltgLx?sf
}
nflu ;Lksf tflndx? h:tf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug'kg]5 .
{ {
s]xL ;d"xx? jf JolQmx?nfO{ cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltdf k|bfg ul/g] lzIffsf] kx'r k'¥ofpg vf; ;d:ofx?
F
/x]sf x'g ;Qm5g . t/klg e]befjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ s;}n] klg lzIff / cWoogsf cj;/x?sf] kx'rnfO{
F
gsf{g ;Sb}gg . lzIff k|bfosx?n] c;xfo, jo:s aflnsfx?, n8fs' ;d"x;Fu ;Da4 afnaflnsf,
ckxl/t afnaflnsf, pd]/ gk'usf cfdfx?, cflb h:tf ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf ;+s6f;Gg ;d"xx?sf]
]
vf; cfjZostfx?sf] n]vfhf]vf clgjfo{ ?kdf ug}{ kb{5 h;n] ubf{ ltlgx? lzIffsf cj;/x?af6
nfeflGjt ePsf] ;'lglZrt x'g ;sf]; . z}lIfs x:tIf]kx?n] cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf
;]jfx?df dfq Wofg s]lGb|t gu/L, e]befj, ljBfno z'Ns, efiffsf cj/f]wx? h:tf lglZrt ;d"xNffO{
afx]s ug]{ ljleGg Jojwfgx?nfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug'{ kb{5 . :ki6 ?kdf eGbf lzIffsf kx'r gePsf
F
jf h;n] lg/Gt/ lzIff k|fKt ug{ cj/f]wx? ef]lu/x]sf 5g To:tf aflnsf tyf dlxnfsf cfjZostfx?
;Daf]wg ug{ cltl/Qm cj;/x? cfjZos kb{5g – tL cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s jf k|fljlws h'g;'s}
If]qdf x'g;Qm5g .
;a} ju{sf nflu ;femf Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf] ;DaGw
z}lIfs k|ltsfo{ ljsf; jf sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmof o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu d'Vo zt{ xf] . of] v08sf]
pkof]u ;a}sf nflu ;femf Go"gtd dfkb08x?;Fu tfbfTdotf x'g] u/L ug'kg]5, h;n] ;d'bfosf]
{ {
;xeflutf, :yfgLo ;fwg;|ft, k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf, k|ltsfo{, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf]
]
5 . vf;?kdf eGbf ljkb k|efljt hgtfsf] ;+s6f;Gg ;d"xx? ;lxtsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ a9f]Q/L u/L
o;sf] pko'Qmtf / u'0f:t/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug}{ kb{5 .

Go"gtd dfkb08x?M lolgx?sf] u'0ffTds k|sl[ tsf] x'g5g / z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf Joj:yfx?sf] Go"gtd
]
pknlAwsf] :t/ lgwf{l/t x'g5g .
]
d'Vo ;"rsx?M logLx? ;"rsx? x'g h;n] dfkb08x? k'/f eP jf gePsf] b]vfpFb5g . logLx?n]
sfo{qmd / o;df k|of]u ul/Psf k|lqmof jf ljlwx?n] kf/]sf k|efj jf kl/0ffdx?sf] dfkg / ;+rf/
ug]{ pkfo b]vfpF5 . lo ;"rsx? ;+VofTds jf u'0ffTds x'g ;Qm5g .
dfu{bz{gM o;df ljleGg cj:yfx?df dfkb08 / ;"rsx? k|of]u ug]{ ljlw, Jojxfl/s ;d:of
;dfwfgfy{ pkfox? / k|fyldstf k|fKt d'2fx?sf ljifodf ;Nnfx h:tf Wofg lbg'kg]{ eGg]
vf; a'bfx? ;dfj]z /x]sf 5g . ltgLx?df hl6n dfkb08 jf ;"rs ;Da4 hl6n k|Zgx? /
F
låljwf, ljjfbx? jf jt{dfg 1fgsf ck"0f{ kIfx?sf] JofVof ;dfj]z 5 . cg';rL @ df 5flgPsf
"
;Gbe{ u|Gyx? pNn]lvt 5g, h;df ;fdfGo ljifox? / vf; k|fljlws ljifosf ;"rgfsf ;|ftx? ]
k|i6ofOPsf 5g .


kx'r / cWoogsf] jftfj/0f
“


;dfg kx'r
F ;+/If0f tyf cg'udg ;]jf;'ljwfx?
pGgtzLn hLjg
;a} JolQmx?nfO{ ;a} ;fe]mbf/x?n] lzIffsf
cWoog l;sfOsf z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf ;]jf;'ljwfx?
;Da4 / u'0f:t/Lo
jftfj/0fx? ;'/lIft lqmofsnfkx? tyf ljBfyL{x?sf]
lzIffsf] cj;/x?df /x]sf] / ljBfyL{x?sf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;
k|efljt ;d'bfosf
kx'r x'g5 .
F ] dfgl;s ljsf; ljsf; d}qLk"0f{
ljsl;t x'b} cfPsf
F
tyf ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostfx? /xG5 .
efjgf k|j4{g lgoldt ?kdf
ug]5 .
{ cg'udg ug]{ .

kl/lzi6 !
dgf];fdflhs ;"rL

kl/lzi6 @
ljBfno vfgf ;"rL

cg';rL @ M kx'r tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f v08
" F


kx'r tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f ! M ;dfg kx'r
“ “
;a} JolQmx?nfO{ ;Da4 / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/x?df kx'r x'g5
F ]

{ {
e]befjsf] sf/0fn] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ lzIffsf] kx'r / cWoogsf] cj;/af6 al~rt ul/g] 5|g
F }
-dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !-@ x]gxf]nf_
{'
egf{ x'gsf] nflu s'g} k|df0fkq jf cGo zt{x? afwssf] ?kdf /xg] 5|gg . -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL #
}
x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ cfkmgf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf] nflu cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf
>[vnfa4 cj;/x? a9f]Q/L x'g] u/L pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL $–% x]gxf]nf_ .
+ {'
tflnd tyf ;r]lts/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?sf] clwsf/ tyf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/
;'lglZrt ug{ ;d'bfox?sf] a9bf] ;xeflutf -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ^–& x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf ;a} r/0fx?df / klxnf] r/0fsf] k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu lzIffsf] lg/Gt/tf
/ u'0f:t/Lotf ;'lglZrt ug{ kof{Kt ;|ftx? ljleGg lgsfo, bftfx?, u}=;=;+=x?, ljsf;sf cGo
]
;fe]mbf/x? tyf ;d'bfox?n] pknAw u/fpg] -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL * x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf sf/0f cj?4 ePsf] cf}krfl/s lzIff k|0ffnLdf ljBfyL{x? hlt;Sbf] rfF8f]
;'/Iffsf ;fy ;xefuL x'g] jf k'gM;xefuL x'g] cj;/ ldnfpg] .
lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? k|efljt b]z /÷jf z'?cftstf{ b]zsf lzIffsf clwsf/Lx?åf/f dfGotf k|fKt
x'g] .

dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= lje]bn] ljleGg cj/f]wx? nflbPsf]nfO{ ;+st ub{5 t/ of] oltdf dfq ;Lldt ge} ul/aL,
]
n+l} us, pd]/, /fli6«otf, hfthftL, wd{, efiff, ;F:s[lt, /fhg}lts ;Da4tf, of}ghGo e'msfj,
;fdflhs–cfly{s k[i7e"ld, ef}uf]lns :yfg jf lzIffsf ljz]if cfjZostfx?sf sf/0f;Fu
;DalGwt 5 .
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwn] lgDg Joj:yf pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 M


wf/f @ n] h:t} hft, /+u, ln+u, efiff, If]q, /fhg}lts jf cGo cf:yf, /fli6«o jf ;fdflhs
pTklQ, ;DklQ, hGd jf cGo s'g} cfwf/ h:tf s'g} k|sf/sf e]befj ljgf lzIffsf]
clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
wf/f !# n] k|To]ssf] lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 h'g dfgjLo JolQmTj tyf
dof{bfsf] efjgfsf] k"0f{ ljsf;tkm{ lgb]l{ zt ug]5 / dfgj clwsf/ tyf cfwf/e"t
{
:jtGqtfx?sf] cfb/nfO{ ;'b9Ls/0f ub{5 . lzIffn] ;a} JolQmx?nfO{ v'nf ;dfhdf
[
k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;xefuL x'g ;an agfpF5 ;a} /fi6«x? aLrsf] ldqtf / hftLo
Pj+ wfld{s ;d"xx?sf aLr ;dembf/L, ;xli0f'tf clej[l4 ub{5 tyf zflGt sfod
ug{sf nflu ;+oQm /fi6«;3sf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ a9fjf lbG5 . ;fy} wf/f !# n] g} o;
' +
clwsf/sf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt xfl;n ug]{ b[li6sf]0faf6 b]xfosf] Joj:yf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5M
!_ k|fylds lzIff clgjfo{ x'g5 / ;a}sf nflu lgMz'Ns pknAw x'g,] @_ dfWolds lzIff
]
ljleGg :j?kdf /xg' kg]{ h;df k|fljlws, P]lR5s dfWolds lzIff x'g5 h'g ;fdfGotof
]
;a}sf nflu pko'Qm pkfoåf/f pknAw x'g] / kx'rof]Uo x'g,] / vf;u/L qmdzM lgMz'Ns
F
lzIffnfO{ nfu" u/fpg] k|sl[ tsf] x'g,] #_ k|fylds lzIff k"/f ug'kg]{ cjlwdf To:tf] lzIff
{
k|fKt gu/]sf] jf k'/f gu/]sf] JolQmx?nfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf nflu oyf;+ej k|fT;flxt
]
/ 3lge"t agfOg]5 .
@= cGt/f{li6«o pks/0f / dfu{bz{gx?n] cfktsfndf lzIffsf] clwsf/ k|Tofe"lt x'gkg]{ 3f]if0ff
'
u/]sf 5g . o:tf b:tfj]hx? b]xfosf 5g h'g oltdf dfq ;Lldt 5}ggM
ljZj lzIff kmf]/dsf] 8sf/ sfo{;/rgfn] æ;a}sf nflu lzIffÆ nfO{ k|j4{g
+
ul//x]sf] 3f]if0ff u/] cg'?k ;/sf/n] clgjfo{ ?kdf æåGå, k|fs[lts ljkb jf
cl:y/tfaf6 k|efljtx?sf] z}lIfs cfjZostfx? k"/f ug'kg]{ / cfk;L ;dembf/L, zflGt
{
tyf ;lxi0f'tf clej[l4 x'g] u/L lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug'kb{5 h;af6 lx+;f /
{
åGåsf] arfj6 ug{ d2t k'uf];Æ
o'4sf] ;dodf lgz:q gful/ssf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL h]gef sGe]G;g -rf}yf]_ sf] -wf/f %)_M
]
æ/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo clwsf/Lx?;Fu ;xof]usf ;fy, afnaflnsfsf] lzIff tyf x]/rfxsf
nflu k|ltj4 ;a} ;+:yfx?;Fu pko'Qm sfo{;rfngdf lgoGq0f ug]{ clwsf/n] ;xhtf
+
Nofpg' kg]5Æ
{
afn clwsf/;DaGwL ;+oQm /fi6«;3Lo dxf;lGwn] cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltdf lzIffsf]
' +
ef}lts, dgf]j1flgs tyf dfgl;s ;+/If0f ug{ cf}krfl/s 9fFrfx? pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .
}


#= k|jz tyf egf{ M k|df0fkqsf] cfjZostf nlrnf] x'gkg]5 / gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq, hGd
] ' {
jf pd]/sf] k|df0fkq, klxrfgof]Uo k|df0fkqx?, ljBfnosf] k|ltj]bg cflb cfjZos kg]{
5}gg lsgls cfktsfnaf6 k|efljt hgtf;Fu oL k|df0fkqx? gx'g klg ;Qm5g . pd]/sf]
aGb]h cfktsfnaf6 k|efljt afnaflnsf tyf o'jfsf nflu cfslif{t x'g ;Qm}g . ljBfno
5f]8sf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu bf];f| k6s egf{sf] df}sf k|bfg ug'kb{5 . Hofb} ;LdflGts[t /
] ]
;+s6f;Gg ljBfyL{x?nfO{ nlIft u/L ;+nUg u/fpg ljz]if k|of;x? ug}{ kb{5 . ;'/Iff rf;f]sf
ljifox? ;dfj]z ePsf] cj:yfdf k|df0fkqx? / egf{sf ;"rgfx? uf]Ko ?kdf /fVg' kg]5 .{
$= lzIffsf] cj;/x?sf] lj:tf/ M o:tf cj;/x?df ljBfnok"jsf] r/0f, k|fylds tyf dfWolds
{
lzIff, pRr lzIff, hLjg ;Lkx?, Joj;flos tflnd, cgf}krfl/s lzIff -;fIf/tf / ;f+lVos
lzIff ;d]t_ / ultsf/s cWoogsf cj;/x? pko'Qmtf cg'?k /xg' kb{5 . ljBfyLx?n]
cfktsfnsf] kl/0ffd:j?k s'g} dgf]qf;sf] cg'ej ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf lzIff dflysf] kx'r
F
;d]t cGt u/L cem h6Ln agfpg x'bg .
F}
nlrnf] ;dosf] sfo{qmd ;lxtsf] ljBfnosf] ljleGg ;do / laxfg÷lbpF;f]÷a]nsf ;+rfng,
'
afxo lzIffsf sfo{qmd, pd]/ gk'usf cfdfx?sf nflu afn x]/rfx ;]jf, sIffsf]7fdf
]
;dfj]z x'g cK7of/f] k/]sfnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf hf]8L ;xof]usf] Joj:yf / ;+oQm lzIffsf
'
sfo{qmd jf ljbfsf nflu cWoog sfo{qmdn] z}lIfs cj;/x? a9fO{ w]/} ljBfyL{x?nfO{ nfeflGjt
agfpg ;Qm5 . hah{l:t ?kdf kfsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ o'jf afnaflnsfx?sf dfem d'nk|jfxLs/0f
u/]df jf P]lR5s ?kdf lgoldt sIffx?df o'jf ljBfyL{x?s} sIffdf cg'dlt lbPdf To;n]
b'j} o'jf tyf kfsf ljBfyL{x?df gsf/fTds kl/0ffdx? pTkGg u/fpg ;Qm5, h;n] ;a}nfO{
ck|efjsf/L cWoogsf] kl/0ffd lbG5 . a}slNks pkfox? h:t} kfsf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu 5'66}
sIffsf]7fx? / zL3|ultsf/s kf7oqmdx?nfO{ pko'Qmtf x]/L pkof]u ug'{ kg]5 . lgoldt
{
ljBfnosf sfo{qmdx?sf cltl/Qm cGo a}slNks Joj:yf ubf{ o'jf k|ltlglwx?, dlxnfsf
;d"xx?, ;d'bfosf cGo ;b:ox? tyf ;d'bfosf g]tfx?;Fu k/fdz{ ug'kb{5 .{
cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf jf ;f] kZrft ljleGg 7fpFsf ;+efljt ljBfyL{x?sf] nfut k|efjsf/L
kx'rsf] of]hgf agfO{ cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{ ug{ lzIffsf lqmofsnfkx? k"0f{?kdf lj:tf/ ug{
F
ljleGg pkfox? h:t} ljBfno cjl:ylt gSzf+sg ckgfpg' kg]5 . {
%= ljleGg pd]/ ;d"x M lzIffsf cj;/x? pd]/ ;d"x -h:t}M afnaflnsf / o'jfju{_ tyf
ljifoj:t' -h:t}M cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf ;a}sf nflu hLjg arfpg] ;'rgf_
sf cfwf/df k|fyldsLs/0f ug'kg]5 . ha cfktsfnLg cj:yfaf6 l:y/ cj:yfdf k'luG5 ta
{ {
lzIffsf cj;/x? ;a} k|sf/sf hg;f+lVos ;d"xx?sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] ljleGg pkfox?
;lxt hLjg:t/ :t/ ;[b9 ug{ ;lsG5 .
[


^= æu'0f:t/LoÆ / æpko'Qm lzIffÆM cg';rL ! x]gxf]nfM cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf nflu lzIffsf]
" {'
Go"gtd dfkb08x?M zAbfjnLx? k[i7 ** o;sf kl/efiff / ljleGg zAbsf] cy{sf nflu .
&= ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf M lzIffsf k|lqmofx?df ;d'bfox?nfO{ ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL u/fpg'
kg]5 . o;n] ;+rf/sf sdhf]/L x6fpg, cltl/Qm ;fwg;|ft kl/rfng ug{, ;'/Iffsf
{ ]
rf;f]x? ;Daf]wg ug{ / ;LdflGts[t ;d"xx?sfaLr ;xeflutf a9fpg d2t ub{5 -cg';rL !
"
x]gxf]nfM cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf nflu lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08x?M zAbfjnLx? k[i7 ** df /
{'
;d'bfosf] ;xefuLtfsf dfkb08x? !–@ k[i7 **–*(_ .
*= ;|ftx? M bftfx? klxnf] r/0fsf cfktsfnLg cj:yfb]lv k'gMlgdf{0f;Ddsf z}lIfs k|of;x?sf]
]
lg/Gt/tfsf nflu nlrnf] x'gkg]{ / w]/} yl/sf /0fgLltx?df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . lzIff
'
;'lglZrt ug]{ clGtd bfloTj /fli6«o ;/sf/sf] x'G5 / ljleGg ;|ftx?af6 /sd k|fKt ug{
]
;Qm5g . cGo bftfx?df cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo -låkIfLo ty ax'kIfLo_, cGt/f{li6«o tyf
k/Dk/fut u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, :yfgLo clwsf/Lx?, cf:yfdf cfwfl/t ;+u7gx?, gful/s
;dfhsf ;d"xx? / cGo ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x? -ljZn]if0f dfkb08 @ tyf dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
$ k[i7 @$ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
;|ft of]hgfsf] Wofg bLuf] ?kdf tTsfnLg lzIffsf cj;/x? lj:tf/tkm{ s]lGb|t x'gkb{5
] '
tyf bL3{sfnLg of]hgf -cfktsfnLg cj:Yff nlDag ;Sg] ;+efjgf ljrf/ u/L_ / eflj
k'gMlgdf{0fnfO{ klg Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lx?;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;dGjon] l:y/tfsf]
;'l' glZrtfsf nflu d2t ug{ ;Qm5 - lzIff gLlt tyf ;dGjosf] dfkb08, k[i7 *$ df klg
x]gxf]nf_ . cfktsfndf b|t z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf nflu cfly{s ;|ftdf zL3| kx'r cfjZos x'G5,
{' ' ] F
h:t} cftsfnLg sf]if jf k|f/lDes cfly{s ;|ft . cfktsfnLg cj:yfkl5sf] r/0fdf ljBfno
]
sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 afnaflnsf tyf o'jfsf] ljsf;df d2t k'¥ofpg kof{Kt cfly{s ;|ft ]
x'g} kb{5 . k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo lzIff k|zf;g tyf of]hgfsf]
;'b9Ls/0fsf nflu hxfF cfjZostf 5 ToxfF cfly{s ;|ft k|bfg ug'kg]5 . bftfsf] ;|ftn] ;a}
[ ] { { ]
If]qdf c:yfoL cf>o :ynx?sf pkof]usf] dfWodaf6 / lzIf0f tyf cEof; ;fdfu|Lx?sf]
Joj:yf u/]/ lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;xh agfpg' kg]5 . {


kx'r tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 @ M ;+/If0f
“
tyf pGggzLn hLjg
l;sfOsf jftfj/0fx? ;'/lIft /x]sf] / ljBfyL{x?sf] dfgl;s ljsf; tyf ;+/If0fsf] efjgf k|j4{g ug]5 .
{

{ {
ljBfnox? tyf cGo cWoogsf Joj:yfx?sf] cjl:ylt nlIft jf ;]jfu|fxL hgtfsf] glhs}
x'gkb{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !–@ x]gxf]nf_
' {'
l;Sgsf nflu lgwf{l/t :yn;Dd k'Ug] kx'rsf af6f]x? ;a}sf nflu ;'/lIft /x]sf] -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL
F
# x]gxf]nf_
{'
cWoogsf jftfj/0fx? ljBfyL{x?nfO{ s'g} xfgL x'g;Sg] vt/faf6 d'Qm /x]sf] 5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL
$–% x]gxf]nf_
{'
lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf ;d'bfosf nflu ;+rflnt tflnd sfo{qmdx?df ;'/Iff, ;'Joj:yf / ;+/If0fsf]
efjgf k|j4g x'g] k|sl[ tsf] x'gkb{5 .
'
lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?nfO{ ljBfyL{sf] ;+jufTds ljsf;sf] nflu dgf];fdflhs ?kdf
]
d2t pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] ;Lkx? l;sfpg' kb{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ^ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
ljBfyL{x? ;'/lIft cj:yfdf k9g kfpg] jftfj/0fsf nflu :yfgx? lgwf{/0f ug]{ / k4lt jf gLlt
lgwf{/0fsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .
ljBfyL{x?sf] kf]if0f tyf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] ef]s d]6fpg cfjZostf kl/k"lt{nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L lzIf0f
:ynx?df k|efjsf/L ?kdf l;Sg k|fT;flxt ug'kb{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL & x]gxf]nf_ .
] { {

dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= glhskgfnfO{ :yfgLo÷/fli6«o dfkb08sf] cfwf/df JofVof ug'kg]5, o;/L JofVof ubf{ ;'/Iff
{ {
/ cGo ;'/lIft pkfosf rf;f]x?nfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . hxfF b"/L pNn]Vo dfqfdf /x]sf] 5, ToxfF
;xfos -pkzfvf_ sIffx? nfdf] b'/L ofqf ug{ g;Sg]x? h:t} slnnf afnaflnsf jf jo:s
aflnsfx?sf nflu 3/ glhs} sIff ;+rfng ug{ k|fT;fxg ug'kg]5 .
] { {
@= ;'/Iff M olb ;Fw} k9fO{ x'g] z}lIfs :ynx? pknAw gePdf jf c;'/lIft ePdf ;'/lIft a}slNks
:yfgx?sf] vf]hL ug'kg]5 . ljBfnox? ;'/Iff kmf}håf/f c:yfoL cf>o :ynsf] nflu pkof]u
{ {
ul/g] 5}g .


#= kx'rsf af6f]x? M ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj x'g5, / ;'/Iff k|of{Kt / hxfF pko'Qm
F ]
Pj+ cfjZos 5 ToxfF pRr:t/Lo k|x/L Joj:yf Pj+ ;'/IffsdL{sf] v6gk6g ldnfpg' kg]5 . {
;a} ljBfyL{x? tyf lzIffsdL{x? -n+l} us, pd]/, /fli6«otf, hfthflt jf zfl//L/s czQmtfh:tf
lje]b gu/L_ aLr o:tf] ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf k|j4{g ug{ / ;8s af6f]x? ;'/lIft /x]sf] k|Tofe"lt
lbg ;d'bfox?;Fu 5nkmn Pj+ /f]syfdd"ns pkfox?df ;xdlt ug'kg]5, h:t}M jo:sx?n]
{ {
ofqfqmddf ;xof]u ug]{ . of] ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltsf] sfo{;rLsf] Ps c+u x'g ;Qm5 .
"
$= ;+/If0f M ljBfyL{x?nfO{ vt/fx?af6 x'g] xfgLaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg' kg]5, h:t}M k|fs[lts
{
k|sf]k, xftxltof/, uf]nLu67f, ljikmf]6s kbfy{, ljikmf]6 x'g afFsL kbfy{x?, xltof/wf/L ;d"xx?,
bf]xf]/f] le8Gt x'g] If]q, /fhg}lts tyf ;fdl/s r'gf}ltx? / egf{ cflb s]xL sf/0fx? x'g
;Qm5g . ljBfyL{x? ljz]if u/L w]/h;f] cNk;+Vos tyf aflnsfx? ljBfno hfFbf jf cfpFbf
}
b'Jo{jxf/, lx+;f, u}/sfg"gL egf{ jf ckx/0fsf lzsf/ x'g] u/]sf 5g . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljBfyL{x?sf]
;'/Iff ;fd'bflos ;'/Iff cleofg / ;d'bfosf jo:sx?åf/f hfFbfcfpFbf ;xof]u u/]/ ;'wfg{
;lsG5 . To:tf] If]q hFxf ljBfyL{x? lxF8/} ljBfnoaf6 /ftL 3/ kms{bf af6f]df kof{Kt ljB't
]
gx'g] cj:yfsf] If]qdf ltgLx?sf] n'ufx?df / emf]nfx?df k|ltsfTds lrGx jf l:6s/x? /fVg'
kg]5 jf ;xfotf6f]nL;Fu 6r{nfO{6x? x'gkg]5 . hxfF / hlxn] ;Dej 5, dlxnf ljBfyL{x?nfO{
{ ' {
a9fjf lbg z}lIfs :ynx?df dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt u/fpg} kb{5 . cltl/Qm ?kdf, lzIffsf
sfo{qmdx?df aflnsf tyf dlxnfx?n] ef]usf] b'Jo{jxf/sf] tx cg'udg ug'kg]5 .
] { {
%= lx+;fd'Qm sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg M lx+;fTds lqmofsnfkdf cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm dfgl;s
bafa, lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ / e]befjx? kb{5g . lx+;fhGo Jojxf/ gb]lvof]; eg]/ lzIfsx?nfO{
;sf/fTds sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgsf k|lqmofx? ;DaGwL] tflnd lng'kg]5 . zf/Ll/s b08nfO{
{
k|of]u ug{ / k|j4{g ug{ klg x'bg .
F}
^= pGggzLn hLjg M efjgfTds tyf dfgl;s ?kdf pGggzLn hLjgnfO{ s'g} JolQmsf nflu s]
ubf{ /fd|f] x'g;Qm5 eGg] k"0f{ cy{df a'emg' kb{5M ;'/Iff, ;+/If0f, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, ;'v / lzIff
k|bfos / u|x0fstf{aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] ;befjnfO{ o;df /flvG5 . of] lqmofsnfk ljBfyL{x?sf]
pGggzLn hLjg ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu pkof]u ul/g]5 / :j:y dfgl;s ljsf;, 7f];
;fdflhs cGt{lqmof tyf ;':jf:Yo clej[l4 ug]tkm{ s]Gb|Lt x'g kg]5 . pGggzLn hLjgn]
{ {
ljwfyL{sf] cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s sfo{qmdx? ;kmntfk"js ;DkGg ug{ ;d]t of]ubfg
{
k'¥ofpFb5 . -kl/lzi6 ! sf] dgf];fdflhs ;"rL k[i7 @( df x]gxf]nf_ {'
&= kf]if0f M kf]if0f tyf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] ef]s d]6fpg cfjZostf kl/k"lt{nfO{ ljBfno vfgf sfo{qmd
dfkm{t jf cGo vfB ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx? ljBfnosf] jftfj/0feGbf aflx/ klg ;Daf]wg


ug'kg]5 . olb ljBfno vfgf sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{ xf] eg] cGo ;+:yfx?åf/f k|of]u u/]sf]
{ {
dfGotfk|fKt lgb]l{ zsfx? k|of]u ug'kg]5, h:t}M ljZj vfB sfo{qmd -ljBfno vfgf sfo{qmdsf]
{ {
;"rL kl/lzi6 @ k[i7 #! df x]gxf]nf_
{'

kx'r tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 # M
“
;]jf;'ljwfx?
lzIffsf ;]jf;'ljwfx? ljBfyL{x?sf] zf/Ll/s ljsf; d}qLk"0f{ /xG5 .

{ {
zf/Ll/s czQmtf afx]ssf nflu cWoogsf] ;+/rgfx? ;a}sf nflu kx'r of]Uo /xg' kb{5 .
F
pko'Qmtfg';f/ l;Sg] :ynx? :ki6 lrGx tyf b]Vg ;lsg] kvf{nx?åf/f ;+st ug'kg]5 .
] { {
l;Sg] :ynx?sf] nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] ef}lts ;+/rgf kl/l:ylt cg'?k pko'Qm /x]sf] / o;df sIff
sf]7fx? / k|zf;g, dgf]/Ghg tyf ;/;kmfO{sf Pj+ zf}rfno ;]jfx? kof{Kt /fVg] -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL
! x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx? / ljBfyL{ s]Gb|Lt k4ltnfO{ clej[l4 ug{ sIffsf]7fsf] 7fpF / a:g] l;6sf]
Joj:yfk|lt ljBfyL{ / lzIfssf] cg'kft ldNg] u/L Joj:yf x'g5 .
]
cWoogsf] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f tyf cBfjlws ug{ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf u/fpg] -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL
@ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
cWoogsf] jftfj/0fdf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO{sf ljifonfO{ klg clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
pd]/, n+l} us / lzIffsf ljz]if cfjZostf tyf cGo rf;f]x?nfO{ dWogh/ /fvL ;/;kmfO{sf
;]jf;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug'kg]5 h;df c;xfo JolQmx?sf nflu kx'rsf] Joj:yf klg ;dfj]z x'gkb{5
{ { F '
-dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL # x]gxf]nf_
{'
z'4 vfg]kfgL tyf JolQmut ;/;kmfO{sf nflu ;d]t ko{fKt dfqfdf kfgL ljBfno If]qdf pknAw
x'G5 -dfub{zg l6Kk0fL $ x]gxf]nf_
{ {'


dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= ;+/rgfM ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] pko'Qmtfdf o;sf] bL3{sfnLg pkof]u -cfktsfnkZrftsf] r/0f_,
pknAw ah]6, ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf / pko'Qm /sddf :yfgLo clwsf/Lx? /÷jf :yfgLo
;d'bfon] dd{t;+ef/ ug{ ;Sg] jf g;Sg] h:tf kIfx?NffO{ Wofg lbg'kg]5 . ;+/rgf c:yfoL,
{
cw{–:yfoL, :yfoL, lj:tf/ / 3'DtL k|sl[ tsf] x'g ;Qm5 . h;df tnsf tTjx?nfO{ ljrf/
ug'kg]5M
{ {
ejg ;+/rgf agfpFbf olb pknAw 5 eg] :yfgLo:t/d} vl/b ul/Psf] ;fdfu|Lx? jf
>dzlQm pkof]u ug'kg]5 . ;+/rgfx? nfut k|efjsf/L / ef}lts kIfx? -5fgfx?,
{ {
e"Ox?_ bLuf] /x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos pkfox? ckgfpg' kb{5 .
F{
u'0f:t/Lo cWoog tyf cWofkgsf] jftfj/0f k|j4{g ug{ kof{Kt k|sfz, 58s] e]lG6n]zg
tyf tftf]kgf -hxfF cfjZos 5_ sf] Joj:yf pknAw u/fpg' kg]5 .
{
ljBfyL{sf] clwstd ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug{ :yfgLo:t/df oyfy{k/s x'g] dfkb08x? lgwf{/0f
ug'kg]5 / olb egf{ ;+Vof a9]df w]/} l;km6df k9fpg'kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ Go"g ug{ sIffsf]7fsf]
{ {
nflu cltl/Qm ?kdf kof{Kt 7fpFsf] Joj:yf ug'kg]5 .
{ {
dfly pNn]lvt ;a} k"jf{wf/x? / kof{Kt :yfg k|fKt geO{ ;s]sf] egL lzIffsf sfo{qmdsf
]
nflu kv]/ a:g] cfjZos 5}g . oBlk oL kIfx? hlt;Sbf] l56f] k"lt{ ug]{ jf Joj:yf
{
ug'kb{5 . -PdP;O{O{ l;l8/f]ddf :km]o/sf ;DalGwt c:yfoL cf>o:yn;DaGwL dfkb08x?
{
cg';rLdf x]gxf]nf_ .
" {'
@= cWoogsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ cBfjlws ul//fVg ;]jf;'ljwfx? -h:t}M zf}rfno, xft]kDk cflb_ /
kmlg{r/ -6]an, a]Gr, s';L{, sfnf]kf6L, b/fh, cflb_ sf] Joj:yf ug'kg]5 .
' { {
#= ;/;kmfO{sf ;]jf;'ljwfx?df kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg -sG6]g/, kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] efF8f]_, 9n lgsf;
]
jf gnL Joj:yf -kfgL ;f]Rg], gfnfsf] lgsf;x?_ / JolQmut :jf:Yosf Pj+ zf}rfnox?sf
nflu kof{Kt kfgL Joj:yf ug'kg]5 . lzIf0f :yfgx?df dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf nflu 5'66f 5'66}
{ {
zf}rfno tyf To;df kof{Kt uf]klgotf sfod x'gkg]5 . dlxnfx?sf nflu ;/;kmfO{sf
' {
ljz]if ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw u/fpg' kg]5 -PdP;O{O{ l;l8/f]ddf :km]o/sf ;Da4 ;/;kmfO{
{
;DaGwL dfkb08x? cg';rLdf x]gxf]nf_ .
" {'
$= kfgLM cWoog :ynx?sf] 5]pdf jf glhs} :yfgLo jf cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'?k kfgLsf]
Joj:yf ug'kg]5 -PdP;O{O{ l;l8/f]ddf :km]o/sf ;Da4 kfgL;DaGwL dfkb08x? cg';rLdf
{ { "
x]gxf]nf_ .
{'


kx'r tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f M kl/lzi6x?
F
kl/lzi6–! M dgf];fdflhs ;"rL
lglb{i6 ;j]If0f k4lt :yfgLo kl/l:ylt / ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t /xG5 . b]xfosf ljifoj:t'n] dgf];fdflhs
{
hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ / k'gMnfesf d'2fx? ;Daf]wg ug{ pkof]uL ljleGg ;"rgfsf] k|sf/nfO{ k|ltlglwTj
ub{5 .
;fdfGo cj:yfx? M
s] dgf]qf;sf] ;dodf afn clwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gfx? 36]sf lyP <
b'Jo{jxf/sf 36gfx? aGb eO;s]sf] jf afnaflnsf / ltgsf kl/jf/x?sf nflu To:tf 36gfn]
c;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf 5g <
kl/jf/x?;Fu} al;/x]sf 5g <
s] ltgLx?nfO{ kof{Kt uf]kgLotf pknAw 5 <
kl/jf/x?nfO{ dof{bfk"0f{ hLjg afFRgsf nflu / afnaflnsfsf] :ofxf/ tyf ;+/If0fsf nflu s] k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 < cem w]/} s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
;d:ofx?df k/]sf afnaflnsfx?sf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;d'bfosf s] s:tf ;fdfGo lqmofsnfkx?
;+rflnt 5g <
;d'bfo;Fu dgf];fdflhs tgfj;Fu h'Wg / k|ltsfo{sf nflu s] s:tf ;+oGqx? pknAw 5g <
ltgLx?sf] ;'b9Ls/0f jf lgdf{0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
[
k|efljt hgtfsf] ;fdfGo hghLjgsf] Joj:yf / ;fdflhs ;+u7gx?n] afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+/If0f /
:ofxf/df s;/L k|efj kf/]sf] 5 <
afnaflnsf tyf ltgsf] kl/jf/x?sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{ s] s:tf pkfox? ckgfpg ;lsG5 <
s] ;d'bfodf afnaflnsfx?sf nflu lgoldt lqmofsnfk -h:t}M cgf}krfl/s lzIff, v]ns'b tyf
dgf]/Ghg_ ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] JolQmx? pknAw 5g <
cfdfa'af M
cfdfa'afx?n] s:tf] k|sl[ tsf] s7LgfO{ tyf tgfjx? em]ln/x]sf] 5g h;n] ltgLx?sf] hLjg:t/sf
;fy;fy} afnaflnsfx?sf] :ofxf/;+ef/df k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 <
of] sl7gfO{ 36fpg s:tf] pkfox? ckgfpg ;lsG5 <
;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fdf ;fdfGotof cg'dlt lbOPsf] eGbf a9L x'g] u/L s] cfdfa'afn] afnaflnsfx?nfO{
lk6]sf] b]lvG5 <


s] cfdfa'afx?nfO{ tgfjk"0f{ sl7gfO{x?sf ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ / ;xof]u vf]hL ug]{ cj;/x?
pknAw 5g h;sf] ltgLx? / ltgsf afnaflnsfn] ;dfwg vf]Hg} kb{5 <
afnaflnsf M
s] afnaflnsfnfO{ ckof{Kt :ofxf/ ;+ef/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <
afnaflnsfn] k|fKt ug]{ To:tf] :ofxf/ ;+ef/df ;'wf/ ug{ s] s:tf] pkfox? ckgfpg ;lsG5 <
PSn} /x]sf] afnaflnsfx? 5g <
pR5[vn jf lx+;fTds z}nLdf Jojxf/ ul//x]sf afnaflnsfx? 5g <
+
s] afnaflnsfnfO{ ltgsf] rf;f]x?, ljrf/x? / k|Zgx? s'/fsfgL ug{ ;fF:s[lts ?kn] pko'Qm
cj;/x? pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 <
s] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ v]Ng] cj;/ pknAw 5 <
s] Psn afnaflnsf, nfdf] ;do;Dd cf>o:yndf /x]sf / ;Lldt 3]/fdf /x]sf afnaflnsfx?sf]
ljz]if cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ePsf] 5 <
;]jfx? M
s] lzIff tyf cGo lqmofsnfkx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 h;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt ljsf;df
;xefuL x'g / lqmofsnfkx? b}lgs ?kdf x'g] s'/fsf] cg'el" t lbnfpg ;Ifd agfPsf] 5 <
s] z/0ffyL{ jo:sx? tyf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ sl7gfO{x? ;Daf]wg ug{ ;fdflhs ;]jfx?df kx'r F
/x]sf 5 <
s] dgf];fdflhs bjfjx?sf] cg'ej ul//x]sf afnaflnsfx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ k|0ffnL / ;xfotf
ug]{ Joj:yf 5 <
s] lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd tyf ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 < s] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ /fd|f] ;xfotf
pknAw u/fpg k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf cGo ;]jfsdL{x? pknAw 5g <
s] ljlzli6s[t dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;]jfx? clt bafadf /x]sf elg l;kmfl/; ul/g ;Sg] afnaflnsfx?sf
nflu :yflkt 5 <


kl/lzi6 @M ljBfno vfgf sfo{qmd ;"rL
olb z}lIfs x:tIf]ksf nflu vfBfGg Ps ;|ftsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] b]xfosf k|Zgx? ;f]Wg dxTjk"0f{
]
x'g5g M
]

sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zox? M
olb vfBfGg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 eg] o;sf] s;/L pkof]u ul/G5 < ljBfno vfgf, 3/df nlug] /f;g,
sfdsf nflu vfBfGg, tflndsf nflu vfBfGg jf lzIfssf nflu vfBfGg <
ljBdfg kl/l:yltdf ljBfno vfgf sfo{qmd -jf cGo_ lsg pko'Qm /x]sf] 5 <
sfo{qmdsf p2]Zox? s] s] 5g < s] vfBfGg pkof]usf] k|:tfljt Joj:yfn] lzIffsf klxrfg
ePsf cfjZostfx? k"/f ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 < s] vfBfGgn] pNn]v dfqfdf w]/} afnaflnsfx?nfO{
ljBfnodf hfg cfslif{t ug{ ;S5 <
pNn]lvt p2]Zox?dWo] cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltdf s'g rfFxL ljlzi6 5 <
tL p2]Zox? ;Daf]wg ug]{ cfjZostfsf ;DaGwdf s] tkfO{;u cfjZos tYof+sx? -kf]if0f l:ylt,
F
egf{b/ / pkl:ylt tYof+s_ 5g <
nlIft hg;+Vof M
sfo{qmdsf] nlIft ;]jfu|fxLx? sf] x'g <
ljBfnox? jf clt k|efljt If]q jf ;xfotf -vfB ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf, ;fIf/tf tYof+s / egf{ cflb_
sf] clt cfjZos ePsfx?sf] lgwf{/0f ug{ cfjZos ;"rgfx? tkfO{;u pknAw 5g <
F
3/ n}hfg] /f;gaf6 s:tf ;d"xx? nfeflGjt x'G5g -h:t}M aflnsfx?, cNk;+Vosx?, cflb_ <
Ifdtf ljsf;, lbuf]kgf / ;dGjo M
sfo{qmd z'? ug'eGbf cufl8 Ifdtf ljsf;sf] s:tf] lqmofsnfkx? cfjZos 5 <
{
s] ljBfnodf ljBfno vfgf sfo{qmdsf nflu pko'Qm k"jf{wf/ -h:t}M kfgLsf] Joj:yf, vfgf ksfpg]
;'ljwf, efF8fs'8fx? cflb_ 5 <
F
;d'bfox?, cfdfa'afx? tyf afnaflnsfx?sf nflu lzIffsf] jt{dfg dfu s] 5 < vfBfGgn] o;nfO{
s;/L kl/jt{g Nofpg ;S5 <
vfBfGg nfu" x'gnfO{ ;d'bfox?, cfdfa'afx?, lzIfsx?, ljBfyL{x? tyf lzIffsf kbflwsf/Ln] s;/L
'
x]/sf 5g < s] vfBfGgsf] pkof]un] ;d'bfox?sf aLrdf åGå jf tgfj a9fpg] ;+efJotf 5 ls <
]
vfBfGg cfk"lt{ z'? ug'eGbf cl3 s:tf] k"jf{wf/x? tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 < s:tf] s/f/ jf vl/b ;]jfsf]
{
Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos 5 <


ljBfyL{x?sf nflu vfgf tof/ kfg{ jf v'jfpg eGbf cl3 s] s:tf] k"jf{wf/x? :yflkt ug{' kb{5 <
sfof{nox?sf] :yfkgf, e08f/ u[x Pj+ oftfoft s]Gb|sf nflu s] s:tf] Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos 5 <
;+rf/ < ;jf/L ;fwg tyf ;8s dfu{ <
s] kof{Kt ;+Vofdf lzIfsx? tyf ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw 5g / s] ToxfF cltl/Qm ljBfyL{x?
;dfj]z ug{ kof{Kt k"jf{wf/ 5 < vfgf nfu" ubf{ klxn] g} sfo{af]em ePsf] z}lIfs k|0ffnLdf s:tf] k|efj
kg]{ ;+efjgf x'G5 <
s] vfBfGg lbuf] xf]nf < olb x'G5 eg] s;/L < vfBfGg ;xfotfsf] cGt ug{sf nflu s] s:tf] r/0fa4
/0fgLlt ckgfpg ;lsG5 < o;n] lzIffdf s:tf] k|efj kfb{5 <
lzIff If]qdf sfd ug]{ cGo dfgjLo ;+:yfx? ToFxL jf glhs}sf :yfgfdf sfo{/t 5g < s]
ltgLx?n] vfBfGgnfO{ lzIff sfo{qmdsf] ;|ftsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ of]hgf 5 < olb 5 eg] s'g
]
tl/sfaf6 < s] ltlgx? ;dGjo ug{ OR5's 5g < s] vfBfGg cfnf]kfnf] ldnfO{ Ps?ktf x'g] u/L
ljleGg ;+:yfx? afF8g ;S5g < cfnf]kfnf] Joj:yfn] ljBfyL{x? Pj+ lzIfsx?nfO{ Ps ljBfno÷
If]qaf6 csf]{ ljBfno÷If]qdf s;/L cfslif{t ug{ ;Qm5 <
sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfn] xfdLx?nfO{ jf xfd|f ;fem]bf/x?nfO{ s:tf] k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 < ljBdfg
sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof jt{dfg lhDd]jf/Lx?df c;/ gkg]{ u/L vfBfGgsf cfwf/df lzIff sfo{qmdx?sf]
Joj:yfkg ug{ kof{Kt 5g < s] pNn]Vo dfqfdf j[l4 cfjZos 5 <
vfB ;fdfu|L 5gf}6 tyf kf]ifs tTj M
s'g vfgf k|bfg ub}{ x'gxG5 <
''
sfo{qmdn] 3/ n}hfg] /f;g ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 < sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg s;/L x'G5 <
s:tf vfg]s/fx? pknAw 5g <
'
ljBfnosf afnaflnsfx?df s'g} vf; /f]u, s'kf]if0f jf cGo ;d:ofx? 5g < olb 5 eg] vf; ;'Id
kf]if0fo'Qm sdhf]/L pko'Qm vfg]s/f jf ;anLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 <
'
k/Dk/f cg';f/ ljBfnosf afnaflnsfx?sf] s'g vfgfsf] rfxgf ub{5g / :Jffb s:tf] 5 <
vfB ;'/Iff, :jf:y tyf ;/;kmfO{nfO{ ;Daf]wg
s] ljBfnox?df ;/;kmfO{sf ;'ljwfx? tyf vfg]kfgL pknAw 5 <
vfB ;+rfnsx?sf nflu ;zQm Pj+ k|lzlIft agfpg sfo{qmd tof/ kfbf{ tflnddf s;/L pNn]v
ug{ ;lsG5 <
k|bl' ift x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ s;/L clNks/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <
ljBfnosf afnaflnsfx?df h'sf kg]{ h:tf k]6hGo /f]usf ;d:ofx? 5g < olb 5 eg] ljBfno
vfgf sfo{qmd cGtu{t lgoldt ?kdf h'sf x6fpg] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf cfjZos 5 <


ljBfnosf afnaflnsfsf nflu PrcfO{eL÷P8; arfj6 sfo{qmd clxn] pknAw 5 <
sfo{qmd tof/ kfbf{ PrcfO{eL÷P8; lg/f]wfTds lzIffnfO{ s;/L ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 <
obL lzIfs PrcfO{eL P8;af6 u|l;t ePdf s] s:tf] cfsl:ds of]hgf /x]sf] 5 <
;do;Ldf M
;xfotf sfo{qmdsf] ;Defljt cjlw slt ;dosf] x'g5 < ]
k|To]s r/0f -k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf, cfwf/e"t cWoog, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg_ sf sfo{qmdsf nflu
s'g tYof+sx? pknAw 5g <
vfBfGg slxn] pknAw x'g5 <]
sfo{qmd z'? x'geGbf cl3 s:tf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] lqmofsnfkx? x'g' cfjZos 5 / z'?cft
'
ug]{ ;Defljt ;do s'g xf] <
s;/L /fxt -/ kl5 k'gnf{e_ ;xfotf cGt x'g5 < / hxfF cfjZos 5 ToxfF tbg'?k ljsf;sf]
]
r/0fsf] nflu pko'Qm ;+qmd0f s;/L x'g ;S5 <
bftfx? M
;+efljt bftfx? sf] x'g < bftfx?sf] ;|ft slxn]af6 pknAw x'g5 <
] ]
bftfx?sf] nflu lj:t[t / k"0f{ sfo{qmdsf] k|:tfjaf/] cfbz{ sfo{qmdsf] k|f?k d:of}bf ul/Psf] 5 <
bftfx?af6 slt ;do;Dd vfBfGg k|fKt x'G5 < s]xL dlxgf !–@ jif{;Dd, %–!) jif{;Dd < -olb
s]xL dlxgfsf] cjlw;Ddsf] nflu dfq bftfx?af6 vfBfGg pknAw x'G5 eg] ljBfno vfgf sfo{qmd
eGbf o;sf] pkof]u lzIfssf] k|fT;fxgsf] nflu ug'{ /fd|f] x'g5, h;sf nflu sDtLdf s]xL ;do
] ]
nfUg ;S5_
;|ft u|x0f M ljZj vfB sfo{qmd, cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ljBfno vfgfsf] of]hgf–cj:Yff ljZn]if0f,
]
of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, ;g @))$, http://www.wfp.org, ;"rLM vfBfGgnfO{ ;|ftsf] ?kdf
]
pkof]u ug]{ jf gug]{ egL lgwf{/0f, www.crs.org


# cWoog tyf
cWofkg

kl/ro
s] k9fpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 egL lg0f{o ug'{ ;a} lzIffljbsf nflu s7Lg 5 . cfktsfnLg ;dodf
s:tf] k|s[ltsf] z}lIfs ;]jfx? pknAw u/fpg] egL dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox? ug'{kg]{ x'G5, rfx]
cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s x'g, kf7oqmdnfO{ nfu" ug'{kb{5 rfx] Tof] pTklQ ePsf] /fHosf] xf];
jf k|fKt ug]{ b]zsf], / lzIf0fsf k|fyldstfx? rfx] hLljsf]kfh{gdf s]Gb|Lt jf Joj;flos ;Lk
jf k|fl1s cWoog . hxfF kf7oqmd ;dLIff jf ljsf;sf] klg cfjZostf x'g ;S5 .

l;Sg] dflg;x?sf nflu lzIff dxTjk"0f{ /xg' ;fGble{s 5 . o;sf nflu ltgLx?sf] z}lIfs cfjZostf
lgwf{/0f ug{ ;d'bfo;Fu glhs a;]/ sfd ug]{ / lgb]zgx? k|fKt ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf] cy{
{
;fdfGotof olb ;Dej 5 eg] rfn" z}lIfs k|0ffnL;Fu} a;]/ sfd ug'{ xf], 5'66} ;+/rgf :yflkt u/]/

xf]Og . o;n] ;a} z}lIfs k|of;df / l;Sg] ljifoj:t'sf lg0f{osf ljifodf ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfnfO{
hgfpFb5 . nfu" ul/Psf] kf7oqmd ljBfyL{x?sf] jt{dfg / ck]lIft eljiosf] dfu;Fu ;DalGwt x'g
kb{5 . h;n] ;+s6af6 kl/jt{g ePsf ;d'bfosf cfjZostfx? h:t} hLjg ;Lkx?, zflGt lzIff, gful/s
lzIff, hgr]tgf, :Jff:Yo, kf]if0f, PrcfO{eL÷P8;, dfgj clwsf/ / jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfx?;Fu
cGt/;DalGwt x'gkb{5 . afnaflnsf, ltgsf cfdfa'af, a'9fkfsfx? / ;LdflGts[t ;d"xx?sf nflu
'
cltl/Qm hLjg ;Lkx? ;DaGwL lzIff pknAw x'gkg]5 . ' {


cfktsfnLg lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? dgf];fdflhs x:tIf]ksf] Pp6f k|sf/ xf] h;n] kl/lrt lzIf0fsf]
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f, lgoldt sfo{qmd tyf eljiosf nflu cfzfsf] efjgf ;+rf/ u/fpFb5 . lzIff pknAw
u/fpg ;+nUg ePsf x/]s ljz]if u/L lzIfsx? tyf ljBfno k|zf;sx?n] cfkmgf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{
dgf];fdflhs tyf ;dflhs k|efj clNks/0f ug]{ cled'vLs/0f lng} kb{5 .
lzIffsf ;]jfx?n] of] s'/f a'emg} kb{5 ls dflg;n] ljleGg tl/sfaf6 l;S5, ljleGg /kmtf/df l;S5
/ lzIf0f k|lqmofdf ;lqmotfk"js ;xefuL u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 eg]/ . k|efjsf/L ?kn] dflg;n]
{
l;Sgsf nflu ;xeflutfd"ns cWoog ljlw / cWofkgsf tl/sfx?, ljBfyL{ s]Gb|Lt ljlwx? ckl/xfo{
5g . afnss]lGb|t k4ltn] k"0f{ JolQmsf] cfjZostfx? ;Daf]wg ug}kb{5, lzIf0f ;Lkx? afFRg, JolQmTj
{
ljsf; ug{, ;fdflhs cGt/lqmof / k|fl1s cWoogsf nflu cfjZos 5 . jo:sx?sf nflu cWoog
hLjg e/sf] nflu / k|of]ufTds x'G5 . ltlgx?sf cWoog clej[l4 Tof] a]nf x'G5 ha ltgLx?nfO{
p2]Zo, d"No / l;ls/x]sf] ljifosf] ;Da4tf a'emfOG5 Pj+ cfFkm} cWoogsf] k|lqmofdf ;lqmo ;xefuL x'g]
cj;/ pknAw u/fOG5 .
ha lzIf0f lqmofsnfkx? ck|lzlIft x'G5g, To:tf] a]nfdf cfwf/e"t ljifodf dfq xf]Og ls cfktsfnLg
{
;do;Fu ;Da4 ljifodf;d]t pko'Qm tflnd lbg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . nlIft hgtfsf dgf];fdflhs
cfjZostfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ yk tflnd klg h?/L x'G5 . ;d'bfox?n] hfGg rfxG5g ls ;/
sf/x?n] ltgLx?sf] afnaflnsfx?sf] lzIffnfO{ dfGoTff b]cf]; . ;fy} pRr lzIffsf] kx'r / /f]huf/Lsf
F
nflu ltgLx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] lzIffnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;Ifd xf]pg eGg] ;d]t rfxG5g . d'Vo rf;f] eg]sf]
;/sf/x?n] z}lIfs ;+:yfx?n] / sd{rf/Lx?n] kf7oqmdnfO{ dfGotf lbP ls lbPgg jf k|df0fkqsf]
pknAwtf g} xf] . ;kmntfsf] k|df0fkqn] ljwfyL{sf] sfo{;Dkfbg k/LIf0fsf] a}wtfsf cltl/Qm ljwfyL{sf]
pknlAwx? tyf ljBfno cfpg pTk|/0ff lbG5 . z/0ffyL{x?sf] cj:Yffdf, k|df0fkqsf nflu z/0ffyL{ /
]
dft[el" d b'asfaLr 7f]; jftf{sf] ;+nUgtf cfjZostf /xG5 . cfb{z ?kn] eGbf nfdf] cjlwsf] z/0ffyL{
}
cj:yfdf kf7oqmdn] b'j} k|sf/sf] ;fdgf ug'kg]{ cfjZostf / :jLsf/ ug'kg]{ x'G5 – pTklQ ePsf]
{ {
/fi6«sf] / z/0ffyL{ :jLsfg]{ /fi6«sf] . o;sf nflu z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? PsLs[t ug{ / ljleGg b]zdf
z/0ffyL{sf] ;+Vofsf nflu kof{Kt If]qLo tyf cGt/lgsfo ;dGjosf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
pkof]u ;a} ju{sf nflu ;femf Go"gtd dfkb08x?;Fu tfbfTdotf x'g] u/L ug'kg]5, h;n] ;d'bfosf]
{ {
]


Go"gtd dfkb08x? M logLx? u'0ffTds k|sl[ tsf] x'g5g / z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf Joj:yfx?sf] Go"gtd
]
pknlAwsf] :t/ lgwf{l/t x'g5g .
]
d'Vo ;"rsx? M logLx? ;+stx? x'g h;n] dfkb08x? k"/f eP jf gePsf] b]vfpFb5g . logLx?n]
]
ug]{ pkfo b]vfpF5 . lo ;"rsx? ;+VofTds jf u'0ffTds x'g ;Qm5g .
dfu{bz{g M o;df ljleGg cj:yfx?df dfkb08 / ;"rsx? k|of]u ug]{ ljlw, Jojxfl/s ;d:of
vf; a'bfx? ;dfj]z /x]sf 5g . ltgLx?df h6Ln dfkb08 jf ;'rs ;Da4 h6Ln k|Zgx? /
F
"
k|i6ofOPsf 5g .

cWoog tyf cWofkg


kf7oqmd tflnd k|lzIf0f d"Nof+sg
vf; cfktsfnLg cfjZostf tyf k|lzIf0f cWoogsf
kl/l:yltdf kl/l:ylt cg'?k ljBfyL{–s]Gb|Lt, pknlAwx? d"Nof+sg
cf}krfl/s tyf lzIfsx? tyf ;xeflutfd"ns ug{ / k/LIf0f ug{
cgf}krfl/s lzIff cGo lzIffsdL{x?n] / ;dfj]zL x'G5 . pko'Qm k4ltx?
k|bfg ug{sf nflu cfjlws, ;Da4 tyf pkof]u ul/g]5 .
;fF:s[lts, ;fdflhs
Jojl:yt tflnd
tyf eflifs ?kn]
;Da4 kf7oqmd k|fKt ug]5g .
{
k|of]udf NofOg]5 .

cg';rL @M ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L tyf ;|ft ;fdfu|L
" ]
cWoog Pj+ cWofkg v08


cWoog tyf cWofkg;DaGwL dfkb08 ! M kf7oqmd
vf; cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltdf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;fF:s[lts, ;fdflhs
tyf eflifs ?kn] ;Da4 kf7oqmd k|of]udf NofOg]5 .

{ {
cfktsfnLg cj:yfaf6 k|elfjt ljBfyL{x?sf] pd]/, ljsf;sf] :t/, efiff, ;F:s[lt, Ifdtf tyf
cfjZostfx?sf] pko'Qmtf cg'?k jt{dfg kf7oqmdsf] ;dLIff ul/g]5 . kf7oqmdsf] cfjZostf
cg'?k pkof]u, cg'sng jf kl/dfhg{ ul/g]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx? !–# x]gxf]nf_ .
" '{
hxFf kf7oqmd ljsf; jf cg'sng cfjZos kb{5 ToxfF ;fem]bf/x?sf] cy{k0f{ ;xeflutf u/fOg]5
" "
/ ljBfyL{x?sf] c;n rfxgfx? / cfjZostfx?nfO{ ljrf/ k'¥ofOg]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx? !–#
x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
kf7oqmdn] cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltsf r/0f ;Da4 hLjg ;Lkx?, ;fIf/tf, ul0ftLo / cfwf/e"t
lzIffsf d'Vo bIftfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx? $–% x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
cfktsfnLg ;dodf / ;f] kZrftsf] kl/l:ylt;Fu h'Wgsf] nflu kf7oqmdn] lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x?sf
dgf];fdflhs hLjg:t/sf cfjZostfx? ;Daf]wg ub{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ^ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
cWoogsf ljifoj:t'x?, ;fdfu|Lx? tyf k|lzIf0f ljwfyL{x? tyf lzIfsx?sf] efiffdf g} pknAw
u/fOg]5, ljz]if u/L z'?sf jif{x?sf] cWoogx?df -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL & x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
kf7oqmd tyf k|lzIf0fsf ljlwx?n] ljBfyL{x?sf] jt{dfg cfjZostfnfO{ x]g5 / eljiosf l;Sg]
{]
cj;/x?nfO{ clej[l4 ub{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL * x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
kf7oqmd / k|lzIf0f ;fdfu|Lx? n+l} us d}qL, ljljwtf cfTd;ft ug]{ / ljBfyL{x?sf] cfb/nfO{ k|j4{g
ug]{ x'g5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ( x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
kof{Kt cWoog tyf cWofkgsf ;fdfu|Lx? ;DalGwt z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg
cfjZostf cg';f/ / ;dod} pknAw u/fOg]5 . bLuf]kgfsf nflu :yfgLo:t/df pknAw x'g;Sg]
;fdfu|Lx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !) x]gxf]nf_ .
{'


dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= kf7oqmdnfO{ ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ltgsf] 1fg tyf ;Lksf] cfwf/ km/flsnf] agfpg d2t ug]{ Ps
sfo{of]hgfsf] ?kdf kl/efiff ug{ ;lsG5 . Go"gtd dfkb08sf] p2]Zox?sf] nflu, kf7oqmdnfO{
5ftf zAbsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 h;nfO{ b'j} cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?df
k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df cWoogsf p2]Zox?, cWoogsf ljifoj:t'x?, lzIf0f ljlwx? tyf
tl/sfx?, k|lzIf0fsf ;fdfu|Lx? tyf d"Nof+sgsf k4ltx? ;dflji6 /xG5g . b'j} cf}krfl/s
/ cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? kf7oqmdaf6 lgb]l{ zt x'g5 h;n] ljBfyL{x?sf] 1fg /
]
cg'ej a9fpg] / tTsfnLg jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt /xG5 . Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf nflu b]xfosf
kl/efiffx? k|of]u ul/Psf 5gM
cWoogsf] p2]Zon] 1fg, ;Lkx?, d"Nox? tyf k|jl[ tx?nfO{ klxrfg ub{5 h'g z}lIfs
lqmofsnfkx?åf/f ljsl;t x'G5
cWoogsf ljifoj:t'x? k9gkg]{ jf l;Sg'kg]{ ;fdfu|L -1fg, ;Lkx?, d'Nox? tyf k|jl[ Qx?_
'
x'g
lzIf0f ljlwx?n] cWoogsf ljifoj:t'x?sf] k|:t'lts/0f ug{ pkof]u ul/Psf] k4lt jf
tl/sfx?nfO{ hgfpFb5
cWofkg tl/sf / k4lt ljlwsf] Ps c+u xf] / o;n] ;du| ljlw pkof]u ug]{ k|lqmofx?sf]
lgdf{0f ub{5 /
k|lzIf0f ;fdfu|L eGgfn] k':tsx?, kf]i6/x? tyf cGo cWoog tyf cWofkgsf
;fdfu|Lx?nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
;DalGwt cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7oqmddf u'0f:t/Lo cWoogsf ljifoj:t'
;dfj]z x'gkg]5 h'g n}l+ us d}qL, cWoogsf] :t/cg'?k pko'Qm / ljBfyL{x? tyf lzIfsx?n]
' {
a'emg] efiffdf x'gkb{5 . ljBfyL{n] l;Sg] qmddf ltgsf] ;lqmo e"ldsfnfO{ k|fT;fxg ug{
' ]
;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx? klg kf7oqmdsf] c+u x'g5 -cg';rL !M zAbfjnL k[i7 (),
] "
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff / ;DalGwt lzIffsf kl/efiffx? x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
@= pd]/ cg'?k / ljsf;sf] txM kf7oqmdsf] k/LIf0f ljBfyL{sf] pd]/ cg'?k dfq xf]Og ls
ljsf;sf] tx;Fu ;d]t tfbfDotf sfod /fVg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ug'kg]5 . pd]/ /
{ {
ljsf;sf] tx Jofks ?kdf cfktsfnLg ;dosf b'j} cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf
sfo{qmdx?df km/s x'g;Qm5 h;sf nflu kf7oqmd / k4ltx?sf] cg'sng cfjZos kb{5 .
"
æpd]/ cg'?kÆ eGgfn] l;nl;n]jf/ pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ hgfpFb5 eg] æljsf;sf] pko'QmtfÆ eGgfn]
ljBfyL{x?sf] oyfy{ cfjZostfx? tyf dfgl;s ljsf;nfO{ a'emfpFb5 .


#= kf7oqmd ljsf; Ps nfdf] tyf sl7g k|lqmof x'g;S5, t/ cfktsfnLg ;dodf w]/h;f] }
kf7oqmd pTklQ ePsf] /fHo jf, lng] /fHo jf cGo cfktsfnLg :yfgaf6 NofP/ k|of]u ul/G5 .
b'j} cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s b|t z'?cflt kf7oqmdn] ;a} ljBfyL{x?sf ljz]if cfjZostfx?
'
h:t} n8fs' ;d"x;Fu ;Da4 afnaflnsfx?, txeGbf pd]/ gfl3;s]sf ljBfyL{x?, ljBfno
5f]8sf / jo:s ljBfyL{x?sf cfjZostfx? ;'lglZrt ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'g5 . ;fy} of]
] ]
klg dxTjk"0f{ x'g5 ls ;/f]sfnjfnfx? ;lqmo ?kdf kf7oqmd tof/Ldf ;+nUg /xg'sf
]
cltl/Qm lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?sf] cfjlws ;dLIffdf klg ;+nUg /xg]5g . w]/} ;+Vofdf
;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu k/fdz{ lnOg]5 h;df ljBfyL{x?, ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?, lzIfsx?,
;xhstf{x?, lzIffsf clwsf/Lx? tyf sfo{qmd lgb]zsx? kb{5g .
{
hxfF cf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltsf] ;do / tTkZrft ;+rfng
ubf{ dfGotfk|fKt k|fylds tyf dfWolds ljBfnosf kf7oqmdx? k|of]u ug{ k|fyldstf
lbOg]5 / cfjZostfg';f/ To;nfO{ kl/dflh{t ul/g]5 . z/0ffyL{sf nflu cf}krfl/s lzIffsf
sfo{qmdx?sf nflu pTklQ ePsf] /fi6«sf] kf7oqmd nfu" ug{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 h;af6
:j]lR5s 3/kmLlt{nfO{ ;xh agfpg]5, oBlk of] ;Fw} pko'Qm / ;Dej gx'g ;Qm5 . o:tf]
lg0f{odf z/0ffyL{ / o;sf] :jfutfyL{ /fi6«sf efjgfx?nfO{ k"0f{tM ljrf/ ug'kg]5 .
{ {
cfbz{ ?kdf, nfdf] cjlwsf] z/0ffyL{sf] kl/l:yltdf kf7oqmdn] b'j} tl/sfsf kf7oqmdx?sf]
;fdgf ug'kg]{ cfjZostf x'g ;Qm5 / pTklQsf] /fi6« / :jfutfyL{ /fi6«sf nflu :jLsfo{
{
x'gkb{5 . o;sf nflu z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx?df Ps?ktf Nofpg / z/0ffyL{sf] ljleGg /fi6«df
'
/x]sf] ;+Vofsf cfwf/df ;f/e"t If]qLo tyf cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjosf] h?/t kb{5 . vf; d'2fx?
h:t} eflifs bIftfx? tyf k/LIffsf kl/0ffdx?sf] k|dfl0fs/0fsf] dfGotfsf nflu lg0f{ox?
ug'kb{5 .
{
$= pko'Qm k|lzIf0f ljlwx? ljsf; ul/g]5 / ljBfyL{sf] ;Gbe{, cfjZostfx?, pd]/ / Ifdtf
cg'?k ljz]if tof/L ul/g]5 . cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltsf] k|f/lDes r/0fx?df gofF ljlwx?
nfu" ubf{ lzIfsx? nufot ljBfyL{, cfdfa'af, ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] tgfjk"0f{ cg'ej ug{
;Qm5g h;n] o;nfO{ Hofb} kl/jt{g ePsf] jf w]/} l56f] ePsf] eG7fGg ;Qm5g . cfktsfnLg
kl/l:yltdf lzIff jf k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf0fn] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] jftfj/0fdf lzIfsx?sf nflu
kl/jt{gsf] cj;/ k|:tfj ug'kb{5, t/ cem w]/} ;xeflutfd"ns jf ljBfyL{ d}qL k|lzIf0f
{
Wofgk"js tyf ;+jbgzLn eO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf Nofpg} kb{5 . cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?df
{ ]
:j+o;]jsx?nfO{ tflnd, ;+hLjs/x? (Animators) jf ;xhstf{x? dfkm{t ljBfyL{ s]Gb|Lt
k4ltx? l56f] nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 .


%= d'Vo bIftfx? cWoogsf ljifoj:t'x? jf lzIfssf] tflnd ;fdfu|L ljsf; jf cg'sng ug'{
"
cl3 g} klxrfg ug'kg]5 . sfof{Tds ;fIf/tf tyf ul0ftLo ljifoeGbf cem cufl8 cfwf/e"t
{ {
lzIffsf] d'Vo bIftfx? eGGffn] ljBfyL{x?sf nflu cfktsfnLg k|efljt hgtfn] ;d'bfo jf
/fHosf] ;lqmo ;b:osf] x}lotn] ;lqmotfk"js / ;f/e"t ?kn] ;xefuL x'g cfjZos kg]{ 1fg,
{
;Lkx?, k|jl[ Qx? / cEof;nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
^= ljBfyL{sf] ;fy;fy} lzIffsdL{x?sf] dgf];fdflhs cfjZostf tyf ljsf;nfO{ cfktsfnsf
;a} r/0fx?df / ;+s6 tyf k'gnf{esf nflu ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug'kg]{ / ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' clgjfo{
{
x'g5 . cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf ;a} lzIffsdL{x?nfO{ ljBfyL{x?sf] tgfjsf
]
;+stx? a'emg ;Sg] u/L k|lzlIft ug'kg]5 / lzIf0f jftfj/0fdf o:tf] Jojxf/nfO{ x6fpg
] { {
cfjZos k|of;x? ug}{ kb{5 . s'g} ljBfyL{af6 tgfjsf] ulDe/ l:ylt b]vfOPdf ltgLx?nfO{
cltl/Qm ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg lzIffsdL{x?nfO{ :ki6 x'g] u/L l;kmfl/; ;+oGqx? ls6fg
x'gkg]5 . dgf]qf;df k/]sf aRrf jf o'jf ju{sf nflu lzIf0f ljlwx? cg'dfg of]Uo ;+/rgf,
' {
5f]6f] cjlwsf cWoogsf sIffx? h;n] Wofg PsLs[t ug{ d2t k'¥ofcf];, ;sf/fTds cg'zf;g
ljlwx?, cWoogsf lqmofsnfkx?df ;a} ljBfyL{x?sf] ;xeflutf / ;dGjofTds v]nx?
;d]t ;dfj]z ug'kg]5 . lzIffsdL{x?sf dgf]j1flgs cfjZostfx?nfO{ klg ljrf/
{ { }
k'¥ofpg' kg]5 lsgls sd{rf/Lx? klg k|efljt hgtfx?af6 lnOPsf] x'G5 / ltgLx?n] ;d]t
{
ljBfyL{sf] h:t} k|sl[ tsf] tgfj jf dgf]qf;sf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf x'G5g . tflnd, cg'udg tyf
;'kl/j]If0f ;xof]un] oL kIfx?nfO{ :ki6?kdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 -dgf];fdflhs ;Gbe{
;"rLsf nflu kx'r tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f kl/lzi6 ! k[i7 %@ x]gxf]nf, kx'r tyf cWoogsf]
F {' F
jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 @ / lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{sf] dfkb08 tLg klg x]gxf]nf, {'
k[i7 $*–%) df _
&= efiff M z/0ffyL{ k|fKt u/]sf /fHosf nflu of] c;fdfGo xf]Og ls ltgLx?n] z/0ffyL{sf
z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? ltgLx?sf] dfkb08x? nfu" ug{sf ;fy;fy} cfkmgf] efiff / kf7oqmd
'
klg k|of]u ug{ vf]H5g . oBlk, ljBfyL{x?sf] eljiodfly ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'g5, ]
ljz]if u/L h;n] cfktsfnLg cjlw kZRfft klg cfkmgf] cWoognfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
rfxG5g . dfgjLo ;xfostfsdL{n] z/0ffyL{x?sf] dft[efiff jf /fli6«o efiffdf k9gsf nflu
cg'dlt lbg 7f]; ?kdf :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ clek|l] /t ug'kg]5 . olb of] cg'dlt lbOof] eg] ;a}
{ {
d'Vo cWoogsf ljifoj:t', lzIfs dfu{bz{g, ljBfyL{sf k':ts / cGo df}lvs tyf >Job[Zo
;fdfu|Lx? dft[efiffdf geP k|lzIf0fsf ;fdfu|Lx? pNyf ug'kg]5 . olb o;/L cg'jfb ug{
{ {
cg'dlt gkfPdf, ljBfyL{x?sf] efiffdf k"/s sIffx? ;+rfng tyf lqmofsnfkx? ljsf;
ug'kg]5 .
{ {


*= cWoogsf ljifoj:t' tyf d'Vo cjwf/0ffx?M ha cWoogsf ljifoj:t' lgwf{/0f ul/G5 ta
ljwfyL{x?sf x/]s r/0fsf cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf nflu pkof]uL 1fg, ;Lkx? tyf efiff-x?_
df Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 / h'g ;Lkx?n] ltgLx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L cfktsfnLg kl/l:ylt
jf tTkZrft cfTdlge{/, pTkfbgzLn hLjg afFRg ;s'g / cWoogsf cj;/x?df lg/Gt/
kx'r sfod /fVg ;Ifd agfpmg .
F
cWoogsf pko'Qm ljifoj:t' tyf d'Vo cjwf/0ffx?df lgDglnlvt tTjx?df cfwfl/t
/xG5 M
;Lkdf cfwfl/t :jf:Yo lzIff -pd]/ tyf cj:yfsf] pko'Qmtfg';f/M k|fylds pkrf/,
k|hgg :jf:Yo, of}ghGo ;?jf /f]ux?, PrcfO{eL÷ P8;
dfgj clwsf/ tyf dfgjLo d"No, ;lqmo gful/s, zflGt lzIff÷zflGt lgdf{0f, clx+;f,
åGå /f]syfd÷Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfg, afn ;+/If0f, ;'/Iff / ;'/lIft pkfo
;fF:s[lts lqmofsnfkx? h:t} ;+uLt, g[To, gf6s, v]ns'b
gofF jftfj/0fdf afFRgsf nflu cfjZos ;"rgfM af?bL tyf gk8lsPsf ljikmf]6s
kbfy{x?;DaGwL ;r]tgf, b|t :yfgfGt/0f / ;]jfx?df kx'r
' F
afn tyf jo:s ljsf; /
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;Lkx? tyf Joj;flos tflnd .
(= ljljwtfnfO{ cfktsfnsf ;a} r/0fx?sf z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? tof/ kfbf{ Pj+ sfof{Gjog
ubf{ Wofg lbg'kb{5, ljz]if u/L ljljwtfo'Qm ljBfyL{x?sf] ;dfj]zL, ljleGg k[i7e"ldsf
lzIfsx?÷;xhstf{sf] ;dfj]zL / ;lxi0f'tf / cfb/sf] efjgf ljsf; kb{5g . ljljwtfnfO{
k|fT;fxg ug]{ kIfx?df cGo s'/fx?sf cltl/Qm n}l+ us, ;F:s[lt, /fli6«otf, hftLotf, wd{, l;Sg]
]
Ifdtf, ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyL{x? / ax'–txut Pj+ ax'–pd]/ut k|lzIf0fx? kb{5g .
!)= ljBfyL{x?sf nflu :yfgLo :t/df pknAw x'g;Sg] ;fdfu|Lx? cfktsfnLg l:ylt b]vf
kgf{;fy vf]hL ug'kg]5 . z/0ffyL{x?sf nflu pgLx? cfPsf] If]q jf /fHodf k|fKt x'g;Sg]
{ {
;fdfu|Lx? x'g . ;fdfu|Lx? vl/b, ljsf; jf cg'sng u/L kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw u/fpg'
"
kg]5 . ;fdfu|Lx?sf] e08f/, ljt/0f tyf k|of]usf] d"Nof+sg ug'{ cfjZos x'g5 . ljBfyL{x?n]
{ ]
cWoogsf ljifoj:t'x?nfO{ cfFsng ug{;Sg] x'gkb{5 / ;fdfu|Lx?n] ljBfyL{sf] ;F:s[ltnfO{
'
cfb/ u/]sf] k|ltljlDjt x'gkb{5 .
'


cWoog tyf cWofkg;DaGwL dfkb08 @ M tflnd
cfjZostf tyf kl/l:ylt cg'?k lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?n] cfjlws, ;Da4 tyf Jojl:yt tflnd
k|fKt ug]5g .
{

{ {
tflnd;Fu k|fyldsLs/0f ul/Psf cfjZostf, lzIff lqmofsnfkx?sf] p2]Zox? / cWoogsf
ljifoj:t'x? ;DalGwt 5g -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !–@ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
pko'Qm cg';f/ ;DalGwt lzIffsf clwsf/Lx?n] tflndsf] lg0f{o / dfGotf k|bfg ug]5g -dfu{bz{g
{
l6Kk0fLx? #–$ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
of]Uo k|lzIfsx?n] tflnd sfo{qmd ;+rfng u5{g / lg/Gt/ ;xof]u tyf dfu{bz{g, :yfgLo :t/df
pko'Qm cg'udg, d"Nof+sg / lg/LIf0f tyf k'gtf{huL tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL
$ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
tflnddf lg/Gt/ cg'udg / lzIfsx?nfO{ lzIf0f jftfj/0fdf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsfsf] nflu
k|fT;fxg ug],{ ;xeflutfd"ns lzIf0f ljlwx?nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ / lzIf0f ;xfotf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k|bz{g
]
;dfj]z /xG5 .
tflndsf ljifoj:t'x?n] lzIfsx?sf], ljBfyL{x?sf] / ;d'bfox?sf] cfjZostf k"/f u/] jf gu/]sf]
ljifodf lg/Gt/ d"Nof+sg ul/g]5 / cfjZostf ePdf kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 .
tflndn] lzIfsx?nfO{ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ cfjZos ePsf ;dodf g]tTjbfoL e"ldsfx?sf
[
nflu ;Ifd agfpg pko'Qm ;Lkx? k|bfg ub{5 .

dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= ælzIfsÆ eGgfn] b'j} cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf k|lzIfsx? / ;xhstf{x?
jf ;+hLjsx?nfO{ hgfpFb5 -lgo'lQm, 5gf}6 tyf sfo{zt{ / ;xof]u tyf cg'udg;DaGwL
;"rgfsf nflu lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?sf] dfkb08 !–# k[i7 &# x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
@= tflndsf] kf7oqmd / ljifo;"rL ljsf;sf] cfwf/ kl/l:yltsf] ;Gbe{ cg';f/ lzIffsdL{x?sf]
vf; cfjZostf / ah]6 tyf ;do;Ldfdf cfwfl/t x'gkb{5 . tflnd sfo{qmdx?n] cfksfnLg
'
;dodf d"Nodf cfwfl/t lzIffsf r'gf}ltx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'kg]5 / cfjZostf cg';f/ hLjg
{ {
;Lkx? tyf zflGt lzIff klg ;dfj]z ug'kg]5 .
{ {


tflnd kf7oqmddf cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm d'Vo ljifosf] 1fg, z}lIfs tyf lzIf0f ljlwx?, afn
ljsf;, kfsf JolQmx?nfO{ k|lzIf0f, ljljwtfsf] cfb/, ljz]if cfjZostfsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{
lzIf0f k|lqmof, dgf];fdflhs cfjZostfx?, åGb /f]syfd÷;dfwfg / zflGt lzIff, dfgj
clwsf/, afn clwsf/, cfrf/ ;+lxtf, lzIfssf nflu hLjg ;Lkx? -PrcfO{eL÷P8; ;lxt_,
ljBfno / ;db'fosf] ;DaGw, ;d'bfosf ;|ftx?sf] pkof]u, ;qmd0fdf /x]sf kmls{g of]Uo
]
hgtf h:t} lj:yflkt ;d'bfo tyf z/0ffyL{x?sf] cfjZostfx? klxrfg / k"/f ug]{ s'/fx?
kb{5g .
#= tflnd ;xof]u tyf ;dGjo M ha cfktsfnLg cj:yfn] l:y/tf kfpF5 ta /fli6«o tyf
:yfgLo lzIff clwsf/Lx? / ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx? cfjZostfg';f/ cf}krfl/s tyf
cgf}krfl/s lzIfs tflnd lqmofsnfksf] tof/L tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg /xg'kg]5 . ;]jfdf
{
sfo{/t /x]sf lzIfs tflndsf] kf7oqmd ljsf; / k|fKt u/]sf] tflndnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ug{
cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{sf] z'?cftd} ;+jfb z'? ug{ ;Nnfx lbOG5 . oBlk, w]/} z/0ffyL{x?sf]
cj:yfdf ;bfh;f] z/0ffyL{sf] ;d'bfo / lzIff sfo{qmdx? Pj+ :yfgLo lzIff k|0ffnLsf aLr
s'g} ;DaGw x'bg .
F}
;Defjgf cg';f/ pko'Qm k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ug{ :yfgLo k|lzIfsx? klxrfg
ug'kg]5 h;n] ltgLx?sf] ;xhLs/0f Pj+ tflnd ;Lkx?sf] cfjZostfg'?k Ifdtf ljsf;
{ {
ug{ ;s'g . hxfF ;Lldt ;+Vofdf k|lzIfsx? pknAw /x]sf5g jf ckof{Kt tj/df k|lzlIft
/x]sf5g eg] afxo ;+:yfx? -h:t}M ;+oQm /fi6«;3, cGt/f{li6«o u}=;=;+=_ / :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf
' +
If]qLo ;+:yfx?;Fu ;dGjofTds k|of;x? u/L jt{dfg jf ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;+/rgf / ;+:yfx?
dfkm{t ;]jfsfnLg jf k"j;jfsfnLg lzIfs tflnd ;'b9Ls/0f ug'kg]5 .
{ ] [ { {
$= dfGotf tyf ;Da4tf M /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo lzIffsf clwsf/Lx?af6 tTsfnLg cj:yfdf
u'0f:t/ / dfGotfsf nflu :jLs[lt tyf ;Da4tf vf]Hg'kg]5 / o;df cfktsfnLg
{
l:ylt kZrftsf] cj:yfnfO{ klg dWogh/ /fVg'kg]5 . z/0ffyL{ lzIfssf] xsdf, lzIffsf
{
clwsf/Lx?n] :yfgLo b]z jf u[x /fHo÷If]q jf ltdWo] s'g} Psn] tflndnfO{ dfGotf
lbg'kg]5 . o; p2]Zo k"lt{sf] nflu k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f kf7oqmdx? /fd|/L Jojl:yt /
{
k':tssf/df /xg' kb{5 / lzIffsf clwsf/Lx?åf/f tf]lsPsf lzIfssf nflu cfjZos of]Uotf
k"/f ug'sf ;fy;fy} cfktsfn ;Da4 cGo cltl/Qm cfjZostfx? k"/f ug'{ cfjZos x'g5 .
{ ]


cWoog tyf cWofkg;DaGwL dfkb08x? # M k|lzIf0f
k|lzIf0f ljBfyL{–s]Gb|Lt, ;xeflutfd"ns / ;dfj]zL x'G5

d'Vo ;"rsx? -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL;“u ;dGjo u/]/ cWoog ug'kg]_ { {
ljwfyL{x?nfO{ ltlgx? cfFkm}n] ;lqmotfk"js ;xefuL eO{ l;Sg] k|of]hgsf] nflu cj;/x? pknAw
{
/xG5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL Ps x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
lzIf0f jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ug{ / ljBfyL{x? cfFkm} ;+nUg eO{ l;Sg] s'/fdf ;xhtf k|bfg ug{
;xeflutfd"ns k4ltsf] pkof]u ul/G5 .
ljBfyL{x?;Fusf] cEof; tyf cGt/lqmofsf dfWodaf6 lzIfsx?n] kf7sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ a'emfpg
/ k|lzIf0fsf qmddf k|fKt ;Lkx? k|bz{g ug]5g .
{
k|lzIf0fdf ;a} ljBfyL{x?sf cfjZostfx? vf;u/L ljz]if cfjZostf ePsfx?sf] dfunfO{
cWoogsf cj/f]wx?nfO{ x6fO{ / ;dfj]zLkgnfO{ a9fO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL @
x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
cfdfa'af tyf ;'dbfosf cu'jfx?n] cWoogsf ljifoj:t'x? / k|of]u ul/Psf] cWofkg ljlwx?
a'em5g / :jLsf/ ub{5g -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL @ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= ;lqmo ;xeflutf M cWofkg cGt/lqmofTds / ;xeflutfd"ns x'gkg]5 . o;n] cWoog tyf
' {
cWofkgsf ljlwx? ljsf;fTds b[li6n] klg pko'Qm /xg'kg]5 . o;df cGo ljlwx?sf cltl/Qm
{
;d"x sfo{, cfof]hgf sfo{, hf]8L lzIff, e"ldsf lgjf{x, j0f{gx?, v]ns'b, rnlrq tyf syfx?
;dfj]z x'g ;Qm5g . ;lqmo cWoogn] lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{aLr / ljBfyL{ laBfyL{aLrsf] cfk;L
;DaGw ljsf; ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 / dgf];fdflhs pRr hLjg:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ klg d2t
k'¥ofpF5 -kx'r tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 @, dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ^, k[i7 $(
F
x]gxf]nf_
{'
@= cWoogsf Jojwfgx? M cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltsf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf
lqmofsnfk ;DaGwdf lzIfsx? cfdfa'af, ;d'bfosf ;b:ox? tyf z}lIfs g]tTj;Fu s'/fsfgL
[
ug{ k|lzlIft x'gkb{5, ;fy;fy} ljljwtf, ;dfj]zL / afxo lj:tf/sf d'2fx? klg 5nkmn
}
ug{;Sg] x'gkb{5 . z}lIfs g]tTj, cfdfa'af tyf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?;Fu jftf{ pgLx?sf] a'emfO{
' [
/ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] nflu ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ Pj+ pko'Qm ;|ft ;fdfu|Lsf nflu cfjZos 5 .
]
#= k|lzIf0fsf ljlwx?sf] 5gf}6 / k|of]u lzIff, cg'ej, tflnd tyf lzIfsx?sf] cfjZostf;Fu
tfnd]n x'g] k|sl[ tsf] x'gkb{5 . lzIfsx? kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{sf kl/lrt /xg'kg]5, ;fy;fy}
' {
lzIfsx?sf] r]tgf tyf Jojxf/df vf]lhPsf] kl/jt{gk|lt klg ;r]t x'gkb{5 . cfdfa'af,
'
;d'bfo tyf k/Dk/fut / wfld{s g]tfx?sf] ;xeflutf / :jLsfo{tf k|lzIf0f ljlwx? Pj+
lqmofsnfkx?sf] :t/j[l4 ug{sf nflu ;xof]uL x'G5g h;af6 ;d'bfosf] rf;f]x? k"lt{
x'G5g .


cWoog tyf cWofkg;DaGwL dfkb08 $ M n]vfhf]vf
cWoogsf pknlAwx? d"Nof+sg ug{ / k/LIf0f ug{ pko'Qm ljlwx? pkof]u ul/g]5 .
{ {
cfjlws ?kdf / pko'Qm ?kn] cWoogsf] k/LIf0f ug{ ljljwtfo'Qm lg/Gt/ n]vfhf]vf / d"Nof+sg k4ltx?
:yflkt ug]{ . oL ;"rgfx? pkof]u ug{ sfo{ljlwx? :yflkt u/L k|lzIf0fsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ -dfu{bz{g
l6Kk0fL ! x]gxf]nf_
{'
ljBfyL{sf pknlAwx?nfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] / c+s jf kf7 ;dfKt ePsf] ljj/0f k7fOPsf] ;'lglZrt
ug]{ -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL @ x]gxf]nf_
{'
n]vfhf]vf tyf d"Nof+sgsf ljlwx? ljBfyL{x?sf nflu lgikIf, ljZj;gLo / r'gf}ltk"0f{ g/xg] -dfu{bz{g
l6Kk0fL # x]gxf]nf_
{'

dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= k|efjsf/L n]vfhf]vf tyf d"Nof+sg k4ltx? Pj+ k|of;x? ul/g]5 h;n] b]xfosf tTjx?nfO{ k|ltlglwTj
ug]5M {
;Da4tf -h:t} k/LIffx? tyf ;xfos kl/Iffx? lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{;u ;DalGwt / pko'Qm
F
/x]sf]_M
Ps?ktf -h:t}M d"Nof+sg k4ltx? ;a}sf nflu kl/lrt x'g5 / ;a} 7fpF tyf lzIfsx?sf nflu
]
;dfg ?kdf nfu" x'g5g_
]
cj;/ -5'6sf ljwfyL{x?sf nflu csf]{ n]vfhf]vfsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fOg]5_
]
;do -lzIf0fsf] qmddf / cGtdf n]vfhf]vf ul/g]5_
k6s -h;nfO{ cfktsfnn] k|efj kfg{ ;Qm5_
pko'Qm cj:yf -pko'Qm cj:yf jf ;'ljwfx? cf}krfl/s n]vfhf]vfsf] ;dodf pknAw u/fpg]
/ pko'Qm lzIffsdL{x?åf/f u/fpg]_ /
;/f]sf/jfnfx? / kf/blz{tf -d"Nof+sgsf] kl/0ffdx? ljBfyL{x? / ;DalGwt afnaflnsf tyf
ltgLx?sf] cfdfa'afx?sf aLr cfbfgk|bfg ul/g]5 .
@= n]vfhf]vfsf] kl/0ffdx? M cf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?sf] xsdf d"Nof+sg ubf{ ljBfyL{x?sf] pknlAw
/ k/LIffsf kl/0ffdx? :yfgLo ;/sf/ /÷jf u[x /fHosf lzIffsf clwsf/Lx?åf/f dfGotf k|fKt
x'g5g . z/0ffyL{sf] ;DaGwdf :yfgLo clwsf/Laf6 jf pTklQ ePsf /fHoaf6 dfGotf k|fKt ug{ k|of;
]
ug'kg]5 . kf7oqmd ;lsPsf] k|df0fkqsf] ?kdf cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm l8Knf]df, :gfts k|df0fkqx?
{ {
cflb x'g5g .
]
#= n]vfhf]vfsf nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf M d"Nof+sg tyf n]vfhf]vfx? ljsf; ubf{ jf nfu" ubf{ cfrf/
;+lxtfsf cfwf/df ug'kg]5 . n]vfhf]vf / d"Nof+sgx? lgikIf tyf ljZj;gLo tj/n] ;DkGg ug'kg]5
{ { { {
h;n] 8/ / dgf]qf; ga9fPsf] xf]; . ljBfno jf s'g} sfo{qmddf /fd|f] c+s jf sIff j[l4df ljBfyL{x?
s'g} lsl;dn] b'Jo{jxf/ gxf]; eg]/ Wofg lbg'kg]5 .
{


$ lzIfsx? tyf cGo
lzIffsdL{x?

kl/ro
dfgjLo ;xfotfsf ;a} kIfx? s7Lg tyf slxn]sfFxL c;'/lIftf cj:yfdf vl6Psf sd{rf/L
tyf :jo+;]jsx?sf] 1fg, ;Lk tyf k|ltj4tfdf lge{/ /xG5 . ltlgx?sf cufl8 k|:t't
ul/Psf dfux? pNn]vgLo x'g]5g / olb ltgLx?n] Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f ug'{kb{5 eg] ltgLx?
pko'Qm tj/n] k|lzlIft, Jojl:yt / cg'udg Joj:yf ePsf] x'g'kb{5 tyf cfjZos pko'Qm
;fdfu|L, ;xof]u pknAw u/fO{ ;f] sf] lg/LIf0f klg cfjZostf kg]{5 .

cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltdf, lzIfsx? tyf lzIffsdL{x?sf] egf{ tyf 5gf}6sf k|lqmofx? ;xeflutfd"ns
/ kf/bzL{ x'gkg]5 / lglZrt dfkb08df cfwfl/t x'gkb{5 . ;Dej eP;Dd lzIffsf sd{rf/Lx?
' { }
k|efljt ;d'bfo leq}af6 egf{ ug{kg]5 . h;n] lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?df ;fF:s[lts k/Dk/f, l/ltl/jfh tyf
' {
cg'ejx? PsLs[t ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 h'g k|efljt ;d'bfosf d"No dfGotf, cfjZostf tyf ;sf/fTds
cEof;x?nfO{ cfb/ ug]{ k|sl[ tsf] x'G5 . egf{ eO;s]kl5 lzIfs tyf lzIffsdL{x?n] ;d'bfo;Fu ;xsfo{
u/L ;]jfzt{x? lgwf{/0f ug{ Ps cfrf/;+lxtfsf] ljsf; ug'kg]5 . lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?
{ {
s/f/ Joj:yf cGtu{t :ki6 ?kdf clgjfo{ ?kdf egf{ ug'kb{5, h;df ltgLx?sf] ;'ljwfx? -tna jf
{
eQf, sfd ug]{ lbg / 306f, ;]jfsf zt{x?, cflb_ / ltgsf lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTjx? ;dfj]z /xG5g .
cfrf/;+lxtfn] lzIfs tyf lzIffsdL{x?sf] Jojxf/sf nflu :ki6 ?kdf dfkb08x? lgwf{/0f ug'kg]5 /{ {
To;df s'g} JolQmn] dfkb08 k'/f gu/]df ef]Ug'kg]{ kl/0ffdx? klg :ki6 pNn]v ug'kb{5 . lzIffsf nflu
{
k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yfn] egf{ k|lqmof Pj+ lzIfs tyf lzIffsdL{x?nfO{ oyfjt
/flv/fVg / cfdfa'afn] ltgsf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg OR5's x'g] b'jnfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
}


;+s6sf] If]qdf, lzIff tyf lzIffsdL{x? ;d'bfosf cGo JolQmn] cfkmgf] hLjgsf] k'gMlgdf{0f ug{
ef]usf cg'ejx?df ;dflxt x'gkb{5 . cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s b'j} lzIff sfo{qmdsf
] '
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfktsfnLg cj:yf;Fu h'Wg / ljkb jf åGåsf] sf/0faf6 l;lh{t dgf]qf; Pj+ tgfjnfO{ 36fpg
;xof]u cfjZos kb{5 . ;xfotf ;+oGqn] Pscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug'sf ;fy;fy} ljleGg cf}hf/x?åf/f
{
;';lHht agfpg] / ljBfyL{x?sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos ;Lk l;sfpg' kb{5 .
cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ;+rflnt lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?sf] ;kmntfsf nflu lzIfs tyf lzIffsdL{x?nfO{
pko'Qm tflnd k|bfg ug'{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . tflndsf dfkb08x? cWoog tyf cWofkgsf v08x?df
pNn]lvt 5g .
lzIfs tyf lzIffsdL{x?nfO{ cg'udgsf] klg csf]{ ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;d'bfosf] txdf
cfkmgf If]qdf s;/L lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? s;/L cg'udg u/L ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf
cfdfj'jf, ufpFsf g]tfx?, ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx? / :yfgLo ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd lbg'
cfjZos x'G5 . ha k|efljt ;d'bfox? cfkmgf] lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? lgoGq0f ug{ ;zQm x'G5g, ltgLx?n]
cfTdlge{/sf ;fy cfkmgf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg cfFkm} vf]Hg ;Qm5g . lzIf0f jftfj/0fdf lzIffsdL{x?nfO{
;xof]u / cg'udg ug{ ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfn] lzIfsx? / ;d'bfosfaLr pTkfbgzLn ;DaGwsf] k|j4{g
ub{5 . ljBfno Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{Ifdtf, lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x? k|efljt ;d'bfosf] lg/Gt/
;xof]uaf6 u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lg/Gt/ ?kn] cg'udg, d"Nof+sg ug'kg]5 . d"Nof+sg / cg'udg
{ {
lgoGq0fsf] ?kdf dfq geO{ dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf ;d]t x'g' dxTjk"0f{ x'g5 . lzIfssf] sfo{;Dkfbg tyf
]
cEof;x? ;'wf/ ug{ cg'udg tyf ;xeflutfd"ns d"Nof+sg cleGg c+u x'g5 . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg
]
dfkg lzIfssf nflu hlt;Sbf] w]/} ;sf/fTds cWoogsf] cg'ej x'g5 . ]
z}lIfs k|ltsfo{ ljsf; jf sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmof o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu d'Vo zt{ xf] . of]
v08sf] pkof]u ;a}sf nflu ;femf Go"gtd dfkb08x?;Fu tfbfTdotf x'gu/L ug'kg]5, h;n] ;d'bfosf]
] { {
]

]
]
d'Vo ;"rsx? M logLx? ;"rsx? x'g h;n] dfkb08x? k"/f eP jf gePsf] b]vfpFb5g . logLx?n]
ug]{ pkfo b]vfpF5 . oL ;"rsx? ;+VofTds jf u'0ffTds x'g ;Qm5g .


dfu{bz{g M o;df ljleGg cj:yfx?df dfkb08 / ;"rsx? k|of]u ug]{ ljlw, Jojxfl/s ;d:of
vf; a'bfx? ;dfj]z /x]sf 5g . ltgLx?df h6Ln dfkb08 jf ;"rs ;Da4 h6Ln k|Zgx? /
F
"
;Gbe{ u|Gyx? pNn]lvt 5g, h;df ;fdfGo ljifox? / vf; k|fljlws ljifosf ;"rgfsf ;|ftx?
]
k|i6ofOPsf 5g .

cWoog tyf cWofkg

dfkb08 ! dfkb08 @ dfkb08 #

egf{ tyf 5gf}6 sfo{zt{ ;xof]u tyf
cg'udg
ljljwtf / ;dtf lzIfsx? tyf
emNsg] u/L lzIffsdL{x?n] lzIfs tyf
;xeflutfd"ns / sfo{zt{x? :ki6
kf/bzL{ k|lqmofsf lzIffsdL{x?sf
?kdf lgwf{l/t nflu ;xof]u tyf
dfWodaf6 kof{Kt
/ of]Uo lzIfsx? ug]5g / cfrf/
{ cg'udg ;+oGqx?
tyf lzIffsdL{x?sf] ;+lxtfsf] :yflkt x'g5 /
]
5gf}6 dfkb08sf kl/kfngf u/L
lgoldt ?kdf
cfwf/df egf{ tyf pko'Qm kfl/>lds
5gf}6 ug]{ . pkof]u ul/g]5 .
kfpg]5g .

kl/lzi6 !
cfrf/;+lxtf
cg';rL @ M ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L tyf ;|ft ;fdfu|L
" ]
lzIfs tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x? v08


lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?;DaGwL dfkb08 ! M
egf{ tyf 5gf}6
ljljwtf / ;dtf emNsg] u/L ;xeflutfd"ns / kf/bzL k|lqmofsf dfWodaf6 kof{Kt / of]Uo lzIfsx? tyf
lzIffsdL{x?sf] 5gf}6 dfkb08sf cfwf/df egf{ tyf 5gf}6 ug]{ .

{ {
egf{ k|lqmofeGbf cufl8 g} :ki6 / pko'Qm sfo{ ljj/0fx? ljsf; ul/g]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !
x]gxf]nf_
{'
egf{ k|lqmofdf :ki6 lgb]l{ zsfx? agfOg]5 .
;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj ;lxtsf] Ps 5gf}6 ;ldlt x'g5 h;n] lzIfssf] 5gf}6 pDd]bjf/x?sf]
]
bIftfsf] kf/bzL{ d"Nof+sgdf cfwfl/t /xL / n}l+ us, ljljwtf / ;d'bfosf] :jLsfo{tf -dfu{bz{g
l6Kk0fL @–% x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
IfdtfeGbf a9L ef/ ePsf sIffsf]7fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos ;+Vofdf lzIfsx? egf{ u/L kof{Kt
dfqfdf v6fOg]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ^ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'

dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= sfo{ ljj/0fdf cGo bIftfx?sf cltl/Qm, e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx? / :ki6 k|ltj]bgsf]
>[vnfsf ;fy;fy} cfrf/;+lxtf klg pNn]v ug'kg]5 .
+ { {
@= cg'ej tyf of]Uotfx? M cfktsfnLg l:yltdf of]Uo lzIfsx? dfGotfk|fKt z}lIfs of]Uotf
;lxt egf{ ug]{ p2]Zo x'gkb{5 t/ s]xL cj:yfx?df s'g} cg'ej gePsf] jf yf]/} cg'ej
'
ePsf]nfO{ ljrf/ ug'kg]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf tflndx? cfjZos kb{5 . olb of]Uo lzIfsx?;Fu
{ {
s'g} k|df0fkq jf cGo sfuhkq 5}g eg] cGo a}slNks dfWodaf6 k/LIf0f ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'g5]
h:t} pDd]bjf/sf] k/LIff . lzIfssf] nflu Gog"td pd]/ !* jif{sf] x'gkb{5 / o'jf lzIfsx?
'
egf{ ug'{ cfjZos x'g ;S5 . ;lqmotfk"js dlxnf lzIfssf] lgo'lQm ug{ cfjZos x'G5 /
{
cfjZostf / pko'Qmtf cg'?k egf{ dfkb08 jf k|lqmofx?df n}lu+s cg'kft k|j4{g ug{ s]xL
;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 .
cNk;+Vos ljwfyL{x?sf] dft[efiff af]Ng;Sg] lzIfsx? egf{ ug'{ cfjZos x'g5 h;nfO{ cfkmgf]
]
efiffdf gk9fO{ /fli6«o efiffdf k9fOG5 . ;Defjgf / cfjZostf cg';f/ /fli6«o /÷jf :yfgLo
/fi6«sf] efiffdf ;3g kf7oqmdx? k|bfg ug'kg]5 -cWoog tyf cWofkg;DaGwL dfkb08 !,
{ {
dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL & x]gxf]nf_ .
{'


#= dfkb08x? b]xfoadf]lhd x'g ;Qm5g M
Joj;flos of]Uotfx? M z}lIfs, lzIf0f tyf dgf];fdflhs cg'ej, cGo ;Lk tyf
cg'ej, ;DalGwt efiffsf] bIftfM
JolQmut of]Uotfx? M pd]/, n}l+ us -egf{stf{n] n}l+ us ;Gt'ng ;Dej eP;Dd ldnfpg'
kb{5_, hftLo tyf wfld{s k[i7e"ld, ljljwtf -;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{_M
+
cGo of]Uotfx? M ;d'bfo;Fusf] cGt/lqmof / :jLsf/f]lQm, k|efljt ;d'bfo;Fu
;DalGwt .
$= 5gf}6 M lzIfs tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x? k|fylds ?kn] k|efljt hgtfdWo]af6} 5gf}6 ug'kg]5,
{ {
t/ olb cfjZos ePdf aflx/af6 klg 5gf}6 ug{ ;lsg]5 . olb z/0ffyL{ jf cfGtl/s ?kn]
lj:yflkt hg;+Vofsf nflu cf>o:yn lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 eg] :yfgLo of]Uo pDd]bjf/sf]
cfj]bg klg :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsG5, olb o;n] c;n ;DaGwsf] ljsf; x'g ;Qm5 eg] . 5gf}6
sfo{ ;d'bfo, :yfgLo afl;Gbf tyf :yfgLo clwsf/Lx?sf] k/fdz{df ug'kg]5 .
{ {
%= l;kmfl/;x? M ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf lzIfs tyf lzIffsdL{x?sf] egf{ubf{ l;kmfl/;stf{sf dfWodaf6
ljBfyL{x?df k|lts"n k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] /÷jf ltlgx?sf] clwsf/k|lt cfb/efj /fVg] g/fVg] hfFr
ug'kg]5 .
{ {
^= :yfgLo :t/df oyfy{jfbL dfkb08x? lgwf{/0f ug'kg]5 h;df sIffsf] clwstd cfsf/ /
{ {
o; dfkb08sf] ;f/ ljkl/t gx'g] u/L kof{Kt lzIfsx? egf{ ug{ kof{Kt k|of; ul/g] ljifox?
kb{5g . cg'udg k|ltj]bgdf ljBfnosf ljleGg txsf clws Ifdtfsf sIffx?sf] ;+Vof
pNn]v ug'kg]5 .
{ {

lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?;DaGwL dfkb08 @ M
sfo{zt{
lzIfs tyf lzIffsdL{x?n] sfo{zt{x? :ki6 ?kdf lgwf{l/t ug]5g / cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kl/kfngf u/L pko'Qm
{
kfl/>lds kfpg]5g .

{ {
kfl/>lds tyf sfo{zt{x? gf]s/Lsf] ;+emf}tfdf pNn]lvt x'g5g / kfl/>lds lgoldt ?kdf /
]
Joj;fosf] tx tyf sfo{ bIftfsf] cfwf/df k|bfg ul/g]5 -dfub{zg l6Kk0fL !–@ x]gxf]nf_ .
{ {'
cGt/f{li6«o ;fem]bf/n] z}lIfs kbflwsf/Lx?, ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx? tyf u}=;=;+=x?;Fu ;dGjo
u/]/ pko'Qm /0fgLltx? ljsf; ug{ / ljleGg k|sf/ / txsf lzIfs tyf lzIffsdL{x?sf nflu
lgikIf tyf :jLsfo{ Pj+ bLuf] kfl/>ldssf] b//]6df ;xdt x'g ;Qm5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL @
x]gxf]nf_ .
{'


cfrf/;+lxtf / lgwf{l/t sfo{zt{x? lzIffsdL{x? / ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?;lxt ;xeflutfd"ns
tj/df ljsf; ul/g]5 / :ki6 sfof{Gjog lgb]l{ zsfx? klg pknAw /xg]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ! / #
x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
cfrf/;+lxtfdf lzIffsdL{x?af6 x:tfIf/ x'g5 tyf kl/kfngf ug]5g, / olb cfrf/;+lxtfsf]
] {
ljkl/t jf pNn+3g ePdf x'g] ;hfox?;d]t lnlkj4 x'g5g tyf ;f] nfu" x'g5 .
] ]

dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= sfo{zt{df sfo{ljj/0f, kfl/>lds, xflh/L, sfd ug'kg]{ lbg jf 306f, s/f/sf] cjlw, ;xof]u
{
tyf cg'udg ;+oGqx? / ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ;+oGqx? lgwf{l/t x'gkg]5 -dflysf] dfkb08 !,
' {
dfub{zg l6Kk0fL ! klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{ {'
@= kfl/>lds cfly{s / u}/ cfly{s x'g ;Qm5g / pko'Qm -;xdlt ePadf]lhd_ / lgoldt ?kdf
e'QmfgL ug'kg]5 . ;+nUg ePsf ;fem]bf/x?;Fusf] ;dGjodfkm{t ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmofaf6
{ {
kfl/>ldssf] pko'Qm tx lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . of] Joj;flostf ;'lglZrt ug]{ / ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tf
Pj+ bLuf] x'g] xb;Dd kl/nlIft x'gkb{5 . vf;u/L, lzIfsx?n] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{
'
ug{ cGo cfo;|ftsf] vf]hL ug'{ gkg]{ u/L ltgLx?sf] Joj;flos sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ kof{Kt
]
x'g] u/L pknAw u/fpg' kg]5 . sfo{zt{ tyf cfrf/;+lxtf adf]lhd kfl/>lds Joj:yfkg
{
x'gkg]5 .
' {
ljleGg k[i7e"ld -h:t}M gful/s jf z/0ffyL{_ sf lzIfsx?n] ljleGg txsf] tna kfpg]
cj:yfdf Wofg k'/ofpg' kg]5 . d'Vo lqmofzLn stf{x? bLuf] kfl/>lds Joj:yfsf] bL3sfnLg
{
/0fgLlt ljsf; ug{ ;nUg x'gkg]5 . ;+oQm /fi6«;3Lo lgsfox?, u}=;=;+=x? tyf lzIffsf
' ' { ' +
clwsf/Lx? / cGo ;+:yfx?sfaLr ;femf kfl/>ldssf] b/sf nflu ;dGjo x'gkg]5 .
' {
#= cfrf/;+lxtfdf lzIffsdL{x?sf Jojxf/sf] :t/x? :ki6 ?kdf kl/eflift x'gkb{5 / h;n]
'
tL :t/Ls[t dfkb08x?sf] kl/kfngf ub}g p;nfO{ x'g] afWosf/L kl/0ffdx? klg pNn]lvt
{
x'gkb{5 . cfrf/;+lxtf lzIf0f jftfj/0fdf tyf lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? jf lqmofsnfk jf cGo
'
;fgf sfo{qmddf ;d]t nfu" x'g5 -kl/lzi6 !, k[i7 && gd'gf cfrf/;+lxtf x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
cfrf/;+lxtfn] lzIfsx? tyf lzIffsdL{x?n] ;sf/fTds lzIffsf] jftfj/0f tyf ljwfyL{x?sf]
hLjg:t/ k|j4{g ug{ ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]5 . cfrf/;+lxtfdf lzIffsdL{n] ug]{ cGo s'/fsf
{
cltl/Qm b]xfo Joj:yf ug'kg]5M
{ {
pRr :t/sf] cfr/0f4f/f Joj;flos Jojxf/sf] k|bz{g, cfTdlgoGq0f / g}lts Jojxf/M
;a} ljwfyL{x? ;xefuL x'gsf nflu :jLsfo{ jftfj/0fsf] >[hgf ug]M{
;'/lIft / :j:y jftfj/0f sfod /fV]g, b'Jo{jxf/ -of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ ;lxt_, hzh{l:tkgf,


lx+;f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ / lje]b d'QmM
lgoldt pkl:ylt / ;dosf] kl/kfngfM
sfd ubf{ Joj;flostf / bIftf k|bz{gM /
;d'bfo tyf lzIffsf ;fem]bf/x?åf/f ck]Iff ul/Psf cGo pko'Qm Jojxf/x? k|bz{g
ug]{ .
$= cfrf/;+lxtf sfof{Gjog lgb]l{ zsfM lzIf0f jftfj/0fdf ;+nUg /x]sf] z}lIfs tyf
u}/z}lIfs ;Dk"0f{ JolQmx?sf nflu cfrf/;+lxtfsf ljifodf tflnd lbg'kg]5 . ;fd'bflos lzIff
{
;ldltsf ;b:ox?nfO{ tflnd tyf ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg'kg]5 / lzIff cg'udgstf{x?
{
tyf Joj:yfksx?nfO{ cfrf/;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udgsf] lgldQ ltgLx?sf] e"ldsf
tyf lhDd]jf/Lx?sf ljifodf ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]5 . ljBfno tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff
{
sfo{qmdsf] sfo{of]hgfdf cfrf/;+lxtfsf d'Vo Joj:yfx? klxrfg u/L pNn]v ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg'kg]5 . cg'udg ;+oGqn] kf/bzL{ k|ltj]bg tyf cg'udg sfo{ljlwx? :yflkt ug'kg]5
{ { {
h;n] ;+nUg ;fem]bf/x?sf] uf]klgotfsf] ;+/If0f ub{5 -tnsf] dfkb08 # klg x]gxf]nf_
{'

lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?;DaGwL dfkb08 # M
;xof]u tyf lg/LIf0f
lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?sf nflu lg/LIf0f tyf ;xof]u ;+oGqx? :yflkt ePsf] / lg/Gt/ ?kdf
pkof]u ul/g]5g .

{ {
lg/LIf0f ;+oGqn] lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?nfO{ lgoldt n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf ;xof]u
pknAw u/fpFb5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx? !–@ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtf n]vfhf]vfx? u/L lnlvt ?kdf /fvL / ;DalGwt JolQm -x?_ ;Fu lgoldt
?kdf 5nkmn ug{kb{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL # x]gxf]nf_ .
' {'
pko'Qm / kx'rof]Uo dgf];fdflhs ;xof]u / k/fdz{x? lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?sf nflu
F
cfjZostfg';f/ pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL $ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'


dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= lg/LIf0f ;+oGqx? M x/]s /fHo jf k|efljt If]qn] lzIfs tyf lzIffsdL{x?sf nflu dfkb08x?
lgwf{/0f ug'kg]5 / lg/LIf0f tyf ;xof]u ;+oGqsf] ljsf; Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug'kg]5 . o:tf]
{ { { {
;+oGqdf ;d'bfo -k/Dk/fut / wfld{s g]tfx? ;lxt_ sf, ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ;+u7gx?
h:t} cleefjs lzIfs ;+3x?, :yfgLo clwsf/Lx?, k|wfgfWofksx? jf lzIfs ;+u7gx?sf
k|ltlglwx? ;dfj]z x'g ;Qm5g . lg/LIf0f ;+oGq ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldlt;Fu lgs6?kdf
cfj4 x'gkg]5 . o; ;ldltn] lzIffsdL{x?sf] sfo{zt{df cfrf/;+lxtf, Joj;flostfdf
' {
s]lGb|t /xg], sfo{ bIftf tyf pko'Qm Jojxf/sf] cg'udg ug]{ s'/f ;dfj]z ug'kg]5 -;d'bfosf]
{ {
;xeflutf;DaGwL dfkb08 ! k[i7=== klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
@= tflnd M lzIffsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tflnd;DaGwL ;"rgfsf nflu cWoog tyf cWofkg;DaGwL
dfkb08 @ k[i7=== x]gxf]nf .
{'
#= sd{rf/Lsf Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vf sfo{df ubf{ lzIfs tyf lzIffsdL{x?sf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf
bIftfsf] n]vfhf]vf ;dfj]z x'gkb{5 / lzIfsx?, k|wfgfWofks jf cGo ;Da4 JolQmx?;Fuaf6
'
;Nnfx lng] cj;/x? pknAw u/fpg'kg]5 h;af6 ;+oQm ?kdf ;xdt ePadf]lhd
{ '
r'gf}ltx?sf] klxrfg tyf cfufdL lqmofsnfkx? ljsf; ug{kb{5 . pko'Qm ePdf lzIffsdL{x?sf]
'
pTk|l] /t agfpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu n]vfhf]vfx?nfO{ dfGotf lbg'kg]5 / pknlAwsf] nflu Ps
{
;df/f]x klg ug'kg]5 . cg'udg tyf ;xeflutfTds d"Nof+sgn] lzIfsx?nfO{ pTk|l] /t kfg{
{ {
;Sg] / ltgLx?sf] bIftf j[l4 ug{ ;Qm5 .
$= ;+s6df ;xof]u M tflnd lnPsf tyf cg'elj lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x? klg s'g}
36gfaf6 cfkm"nfO{ ;Gqf;df k/]sf 7fGg ;S5g jf goFf r'gf}ltx? tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy;fy}
ljBfyL{x?sf] ;Dd'v kbf{ jf ltgsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] / sfo{ ug{;Sg] Ifdtfx? ;d]t pgLx?nfO{
pknAw u/fOPsf] ;xof]udf lge{/ ub{5 . lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?nfO{ ;+s6sf]
cj:yfx?;Fu ;fdgf ug{sf] nflu ;d'bfoleq g} Ps ;xof]u ;+oGq :yflkt ug'kg]5 .
{ {


cWoog tyf cWofkg M kl/lzi6
kl/lzi6 ! M lzIfssf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf
;a} ;dodf lzIfsn] M
Joj;fosf] dof{bf / cfb/ sfod x'g] u/L sfd ug]5, {
ljBfyL{n] uf]Ko ?kdf eg]sf] s'g} klg ljifonfO{ uf]klgotfsf ;fy ;+/If0f ub{5,
ljBfyL{sf] lzIffnfO{ x:tIf]k x'g] s'g} klg cj:yfx?af6 / ljBfyL{sf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffdf xflg x'g]
s'/fx?af6 ;d]t ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5,
p;sf] kbaf6 s'gklg k|sf/af6 x'g] kmfO{bfx? lng] 5}g
}
s'g} klg ljBfyL{kl| t of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ 5}g jf s'g} klg tl/sfaf6 ljBfyL{;u of}ghGo ;DaGw
F
/fVg] 5}g
Pp6f c;n / OdfGbf/ cfbz{ JolQmTj :yflkt ub{5 .
sIff sf]7fleq lzIfsn] M
;sf/fTds / ;'/lIft lzIf0fsf] jftfj/0f k|j4{g ub{5
ljBfyL{sf] clwsf/ / dof{bfnfO{ cfb/ u/L k9fpFb5
ljBfyL{sf] cfTd;Ddfg, ljZjf; / cfTdd"NonfO{ k|j4{g ub{5
ljBfyL{sf] pRr clenfiffnfO{ clej[l4 ub{5 / k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtfdf k'Ug d2t ub{5
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;lqmo, lhDd]jf/ / k|efjsf/L l;Sg] JolQmsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ k|fT;fxg ub{5
]
ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f >[hgf ub{5 .
Joj;flos hLjgdf lzIfs M
z}lIfs ljlwx?sf ;DaGwdf tyf p;sf] jf pgLsf] cfkmgf] ljifodf cfwf/e"t bIftfx? k|bz{g
ub{5 .
afnaflnsfn] s;/L l;S5g egL p;n] jf pgLn] a'emfpg] Ifdtf k|bz{g ub{5 .
;Fw} ;dod} sIffsf]7fdf cfpg] / k9fpg tDtof/ /xG5 .
p;sf] / pgsf] k9fpg] u'0f:t/df k|lts"n x'g] lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'bg .
F}
;a} Joj;flos ljsf;sf cj;/x?af6 nfe p7fpFb5 / cfw'lgs tyf :jLsfo{ lzIf0f ljlwx?sf]
k|of]u ub{5 .
c;n gful/s, zflGt tyf ;fdflhs bfloTjsf l;4fGtx?sf ljifodf l;sfpF5 .
OdfGbf/Lk"js k|To]s ljwfyL{sf] sfo{Ifdtf / k/LIffsf] kl/0ffd pknAw u/fpF5 .
{


;d'bfosf] ;Gbe{df lzIfsn] M
cfkmgf afnaflnsfsf] cWoogsf nflu cfdfa'afsf] ;xof]u tyf ;xeflutfnfO{ a9fpF5
ljBfnodf kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtfsf] dxTjnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ub{5
ljBfnosf] ;sf/fTds 5ljnfO{ k|j4{g / ;xof]u ub{5

oxfF pNn]lvt Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm ;du| jftfj/0f -cf>o:yn cflb_ sf] cGo ;a} gLlt tyf lgodx?af6
;d]t lzIfs lglb{i6 x'gkg]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
'

;|ft M of] cfrf/;+lxtf o"PgPr;Lcf/ Ol/6«Lofdf k|of]u ul/Psf] Ps gd'gf xf], h'g ljBfnon] cfkmg}
]
nflu agfPsf lyP .


% lzIff gLlt tyf
;dGjo

kl/ro
cGt/f{li6«o 3f]if0ffx? tyf pks/0fx?n] ;a} JolQmx?sf] lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ 3f]if0ff
u/]sf5g h;n] dfgj clwsf/sf] k|j4{g ug{ cfwf/ tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . :jtGqtfk"j{s
ljrf/sf] clwsf/, ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf :j/ k'¥ofpg] clwsf/x? ;fdflhs tyf
z}lIfs gLltx?sf cleGg c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g .

cfktsfnLg l:yltdf o:tf clwsf/x? ;+/If0f ug'{ cTofjZos x'g5 . cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{sf] Ps
efusf] ?kdf lzIffsf clwsf/Lx? / d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] Ps lzIff gLlt ljsf; ug'kg]5 h;n] { {
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o z}lIfs gLltx? cg'?k lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 / k|efljt hgtfsf]
cWoogsf] cfjZostfk|lt lhDd]jf/ /xG5 . o; vfsf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{ / ljBfnosf]
kx'rsf nflu nlIft /x]sf] 5 / :ki6 ?kdf cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{sf] r/0faf6 ljsf;df ;+qmd0f x'g]
F
tYonfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . s'gklg cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{sf] ;kmntfsf] nflu ;d'bfosf] of]hgf th'df,
} {
sfo{qmd, gLltx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUgtf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltdf, w]/h;f] ;dGjosf] cefj /xG5, h:t} ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] Psn} lzIffsf
}
sfo{qmdx?sf ;+rfng ub{5g . cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjosf] ;+oGqx? a:tL tyf ;d'bfox?df, lhNnf,


/fli6«o tyf If]qLo txdf x'g cfjZos 5 / ltgLx? ;dfj]zL tyf kf/bzL{ x'gkb{5 . To:tf] ;+oGqx?
}
cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf ug{, :t/Lo ljlwx?sf] ljsf; ug{ / ;a} lqmofzLn ;/f]sf/fjfnfx?sfaLr
;"rgf tyf ;|ftx?sf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{ cTofjZos 5 . lzIffnfO{ Jofks dfgjLo k|ltsfo{sf vfBfGg,
]
cf>o:yn, :jf:Yo, kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{sf x:tIf]kx?;Fu ;dGjofTds ?kdf n}hfg h?/L /x]sf] 5 .
c;n cEof;x?df cfwfl/t z}lIfs k|ltsfo{x? cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltsf] ljlzi6 ;Gbe{ x]// ;d'bfosf]
]
cfjZostfx?nfO{ kl/nlIft ug'kg]5 . afFRg] ;Lkx? h:t}M af?bL ljikmf]6s kbfy{, ;/;kmfO{, PrcfO{eL
{ {
P8; ;r]tgf cleofgsf sfo{qmdx? ;a} pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ k|bfg ug'kg]5 .
{ {
pkof]u ;a}sf nflu ;femf ju{sf Go"gtd dfkb08x?;Fu tfbfTdotf x'gu/L ug'kg]5, h;n] ;d'bfosf]
] { {
]
5 . vf;?kdf eGbf ljkbdf k|efljt hgtfsf] ;+s6f;Gg ;d"xx? ;lxtsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ a9f]Q/L u/L

]
]
d'Vo ;"rsx? M logLx? ;"rsx? x'g h;n] dfkb08x? k"/f eP jf gePsf] b]vfpFb5g . logLx?n]
ug]{ pkfo b]vfpF5 . oL ;"rsx? ;+VofTds jf u'0ffTds x'g ;Qm5g .
dfu{bz{g M o;df ljleGg cj:yfx?df dfkb08 / ;'rsx? k|of]u ug]{ ljlw, Jojxfl/s ;d:of
vf; a'bfx? ;dfj]z /x]sf 5g . ltgLx?df h6Ln dfkb08 jf ;"rs ;Da4 h6Ln k|Zgx? /
F
"
k|i6ofOPsf 5g .


lzIff gLlt tyf ;dGjo

dfkb08 ! dfkb08 @ dfkb08 #
gLlt th{df /
" of]hgf tyf ;dGjo
hf/L ug]{ sfof{Gjog cfktsfnLg
cfktsfnLg cfktsfnLg lzIff lzIffsf
;Gbe{df ;dfj]zL lqmofsnfkx?n] sfo{qmdx?df
/ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff
k|j4{g ug{ lzIffsf /fli6«o tyf kf/bzL{ ;dGjo
clwsf/Lx?n] cGt/f{li6«o lzIff ;+oGq x'gsf
'
;a}sf nflu gLltx?, dfkb08x? ;fy;fy}
ljBfnodf v'nfkx'r F tyf k|efljt
;d'bfosf] cWoogsf] ;fem]bf/x?sf aLr
lbg k|fyldsLs/0f
/ nlrnf] gLltx? cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg k|efjsf/L ;"rgf
agfpg]5g . lbg]5 . cfbfg k|bfg x'g5 .
]

cg';rL @ M ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L tyf ;|ft ;fdfu|L
" ]
lzIff gLlt tyf ;dGjo v08


lzIff gLlt tyf ;dGjo;DaGwL dfkb08 ! M gLlt th"df /
{
nfu"
cfktsfnLg ;Gbe{df ;dfj]zL / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|j4{g ug{ lzIffsf clwsf/Lx?n] ;a}sf nflu ljBfnodf
v'nf kx'r lbg k|fyldsLs/0f / nlrnf] gLltx? agfpg]5g .
F

cfktsfnLg cj:yf / tTkZrftsf] b'j} cj:yfdf lzIff sfg"gx? tyf gLltx?n] cGt/f{li6«o dfgj
clwsf/sf lnvtx? tyf 3f]if0ffkqx? adf]lhd lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft ub{5g -dfu{bz{g
l6Kk0fLx? !–@ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
sfg"g, lgod tyf gLltx?n] ;+s6f;Gg tyf ;LdflGts[t ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt e]befj lj?4 ;+/If0f
k|bfg ug{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL # x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
sfg"g, lgod tyf gLltx?df ljBfyL{x?sf] ;Lldt ;|ft jf kl/jf/sf] sf/0fn] lzIffaf6 al~rt
]
u/]sf] c:jLsf/ ug]{ k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z /xG5g -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL $ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
sfg"g, lgod tyf gLltx?n] z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ pgLx?sf] u[x /fHo jf /fli6«o kf7oqmd k|of]u ug{af6
/f]Sg' x'bg .
F}
sfg"g, lgod tyf gLltx?n] cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffsf ;]jfx? :yfkgf ug{ cfZostf cg';f/
u}/ ;/sf/L ;/f]sf/afnfx?nfO{ cg'dlt lbg]5 t/ lzIff clwsf/Lx?sf] dfu{bz{g / lg/LIf0f x'g]
u/L .
sfg"g, lgod tyf gLltx? ;a}n] a'emg] tl/sfaf6 ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ pknAw u/fOg]5 .
gLltx?n] z}lIfs kx'r / pknlAwsf] ljZn]if0f tyf kl/jt{glt/ kbfk{0f ug{ Ps pks/0fsf] ?kdf
F
lzIff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL -O{PdcfO{P;_ sf] ljsf; / k|of]unfO{ k|j4{g ub{5 -dfu{bz{g
l6Kk0fL % x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
/fli6«o lzIff gLltx?n] sfg"gL tyf ah]6sf cfwf/x?af6 ;dly{t x'g5g h;n] cfktsfnLg
]
kl/l:yltdf b|t k|ltsfo{ ug{ cg'dlt lbG5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ^ x]gxf]nf_ .
' {'

dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o lnvt tyf 3f]if0ffx?sf] ;xfotf lng'kg]5 h;df cGo
{
lnvtsf cltl/Qm b]xfosf lnvtx? kb{5gM ;+oQm /fi6«;3Lo afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;GwL
' +
-;g !(*(_, dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJoflk 3f]if0ffkq -;g !($*_ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf
;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw -;g !(^^_, dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng
ug]{ dxf;lGw -;g !(&(_, / ljZj lzIff kmf]/dsf] 8sf/ sfo{;/rgf -;g @)))_ .
+


lnvtx? tyf sfg"gL cfwf/x?df hgtfsf] :ofxf/ / afnaflnsf tyf o'jfx?sf] :jf:Yo,
kf]if0f, dgf]/Ghg, ;F:s[lt, b'Jo{jxf/sf] /f]syfd tyf ^ jif{dl' gsf afnaflnsfsf nflu
k|f/lDes lzIff / cGosf ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o lgodx? ;d]t ;dflxt /x]sf 5g . -kx'r tyf
F
cWoogsf] jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 !, dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL @, k[i7 $% df klg x]gxf]nf_ .
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elg jsfnt ug{ ;a} ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'kg]5 . o;df z/0ffyL{x?sf]
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cj:yf;DaGWL ;g !(%! sf] dxf;lGw sf] wf/f @@ -;fj{hlgs lzIff_ kb{5, h;n] u/]sf]
3f]if0ffcg';f/ z/0ffyL{x?nfO{ gful/s ;/xsf] cfwf/e"t lzIff dflysf] clwsf/ k|fKt 5 / pRr
txdf klg k9gsf] nflu kx'r x'gkg]5, k|df0fkqx?M :gftsf]Q/, l8u|L, tyf k|df0fkqx?sf]
F ' {
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'
If]q / o'4af6 k|efljt b]zdf ;d]t jsfnt ug]5g .
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;LdflGts[t ;d"xx? ;dfh jf ;d'bfo leqsf To:tf ;d"xx? x'g h;sf] xsxLtx? ;dfhsf]
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dfgl;s cj:yf . z/0ffyL{sf] x}l;ot dfu ug]{ afnaflnsfn] lzIffsf] clwsf/ pkof]u
ug{ kfpg' kb{5, h'g afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwadf]lhd /fHosf] e'efuleq pkl:yt
/x]sf ;a} afnaflnsf tyf !* jif{dl' gsf jo:sx?sf nflu nfu" x'G5 -kx'r tyf cWoogsf]
F
jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 !, dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !, k[i7 $$ klg x]gxf]nf_
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lzIffsf] nflu /sdM s'gklg ljwfyL{nfO{ lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?af6 jl~rt ug{' x'bg h;n] s'g}
} F}
sf/0fn] xflh/ ePafktsf] /sd lt{g g;sf]; jf dfl;s z'Ns jf ;Da4 cGo z'Ns, jf
lzIff ;fdfu|Lx? jf kf]zfsx? vl/bsf nflu k};f geP/ xf]; . ljBfnosf] ck|ToIf nufgLx?
h:t} oftfoft / cGo cfo;|ft h:tf kIfx? 36fpg ;a} k|of;x? ug'kg]5 h;n] ubf{ ;a}
] { {
afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf k|f9x? ;xeflu x'g ;Ifd xf]pmg .
}
lzIff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL (Education Management Information System - EMIS)
O{PdcfOP; tYof+sx?nfO{ vf; k|sl[ tsf] cfktsfn;Fu pGd'v /x]sf ;DalGwt If]q jf
;d'bfosf ;d"x?;Fusf] ;"rgf;Fu cfj4 ug'kg]5 . of] Ps k"jtof/L /0fgLlt xf] h;n]
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/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo lzIff of]hgfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]5 . hxfF ;Dej 5 ToxfF z}lIfs tYof+sx?


;d'bfon] ;+sng ug]5g / /fli6«o O{PdcfO{; k|0ffnLdf pknAw u/fpg]5g . ;xof]u ug]{
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;+:yfx?n] ;d'bfonfO{ ljBfyL{sf] egf{, lg/Gt/tf / k9fO{ k'/f ug]{ b/ s;/L a9fpg ;lsG5 egL
klxrfg ug]{ pkfox?sf nflu d2t ug]5g -ljZn]if0f dfkb08 ! / # k[i7=========/ ======== klg
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x]gxf]nf_ .
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cfktsfnLg 9fFrfx?M lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o ljkb k"jtof/Lsf] of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'kg]5 / k|efjsf/L
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/ ;dod} z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf nflu ;|ftx? ;'/lIft ug'kg]5 . /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo lzIff ljsf;
] { {
sfo{qmddf ;xof]u k'/ofO{/x]sf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]uLx?n] o:tf sfo{qmdx?sf] Ps c+usf] ?kdf

cfktsfnLg z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf] k"jtof/Lsf] k|j4{g ug'kg]5
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lzIff gLlt tyf ;dGjo;DaGwL dfkb08 @ M of]hgf tyf
sfof{Gjog
cfktsfnLg lzIff lqmofsnfkx?n] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o lzIff gLltx?, dfkb08x? tyf k|efljt ;d'bfosf]
cWoogsf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbg]5 .

/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL Joj:yfx? tyf gLltx? /fxt tyf ljsf; ;+:yfx?sf lzIffsf]
sfo{qmdx?df k|ltljlDjt ePsf] x'gkb{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ! x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
lzIff If]qsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;df PsLs[t x'gu/L cfktsfnLg lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?sf] of]hgf
]
agfOg] / sfof{Gjog ug'kb{5 .
{
lzIffsf clwsf/Lx? tyf cGo d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] jt{dfg tyf eljiosf] cfktsfnLg
cj:yfnfO{ nlIft u/L /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo lzIffsf] of]hgf agfpF5g / ltgsf] lgoldt kl/dfh{g
x'g] k|0ffnL klg :yflkt ug'kb{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL @ x]gxf]nf_
{ {'
cfktsfnLg cj:yf / tTkZrft ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx? z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf] of]hgf cg'?k sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;+oQm?kdf lqmofzLn x'G5g h'g cBfjlws ul/Psf] cfjZostfsf] n]vfhf]vf;Fu cfj4
'
/x]sf] x'G5 / ljutdf lzIffsf cg'ejx?, gLltx? ty k|efljt ;d'bfo-x?_sf] cEof;x?;Fu
hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
k|efjsf/L of]hgf th'df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udgsf nflu z}lIfs k|ltsfo{x?df cfly{s, k|fljlws,
{
dfgjLo ;|ftx? lglb{i6 ul/sf x'G5g . ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] cfjZos ;fwg;|ftx? pknAw u/fpg]
] ]
s'/fsf] ;'lglZrtf ub{5g -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL # x]gxf]nf_
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z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf] of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjog kIf cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{sf cGo If]q;Fu PsLs[t?kdf
;+rflnt x'g5g -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL $ x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'


dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= z}lIfs clwsf/ tyf nIox?sf] k|flKtM lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?n] cGt/f{li6«o 9fFrfsf
cfwf/df ;dfj]zL z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? agfpg'kg]5 h:t} dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjAofkL
{
3f]if0ffkq, -;g !($*_ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw -;g !(*(_ ljZj lzIff kmf]/dsf]
8sf/ sfo{;/rgf -;g @)))_ / ;x;|flAb ljsf; nIox? -;g @)))_, o;sf
+
cltl/Qm ;Da4 lzIffsf clwsf/Lx?n] nfu" u/]sf gLlt tyf lgb]zgx? klg x]gkg]5 .
{ {' {
@= /fli6«o lzIff of]hgfn] jt{dfg tyf eljiosf] cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf rflng] sfo{qmdx?,
;/f]sf/jfnfx?, stf{x?, lg0f{o k|lqmof tyf ;dGjo;DaGwL sbdx? pNn]v u/]sf] x'gkb{5, '
;fy;fy} ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0fsf kIfx? Pj+ cGt/ If]qut ;dGjosf ;+oGqx? klg . of]hgfx?
pko'Qm lzIff gLlt Pj+ 9fFrfx?af6 ;dly{t x'gkg]5 . ;+efljt k|fs[lts ljkbx? -h:t} af9L,
' {
e"sDk, cfFlwa]/L_ ;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf lzIff If]qsf] nflu e}k/L of]hgf tof/ ePsf] x'gkb{5,
'
/ hxfF ;+efjgf 5 ToxfF ;+efljt z/0ffyL{ jf kms{gx?sf] cf]xf]/bf]xf]/sf] sf/0fn] :yfgLo jf
]
/fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnLdf k|efj kfg{ ;Qm5g -;d'bfosf] ;xeflut;DaGwL dfkb08 !, dfu{bz{g
l6Kk0fL %, k[i7 !# / dfkb08 # klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
#= ;fwg;|ftx? M ;a} clwsf/Lx?, bftfx?, u}=;=;+=x? tyf cGo ;fe]mbf/x? kof{Kt cfktsfnLg
]
cj:yfdf lzIffsf sfo{qmdsf nflu cfly{s ;|ft ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+oQm ?kdf sfd ug]5g
] ' {
h'g cWoog, dgf]/Ghg, tyf ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx? tof/ u/L dgf];fdlfhs cfjZostfx?
k"lt{ ug{ s]Gb|Lt x'g5 . ha cfktsfnLg l:ylt l:y/ x'G5, lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?sf
]
cj;/x?df lj:tf/ eO{ k"j{ afNoj:yf ljsf;, cf}krfl/s k|fylds tyf dfWolds lzIff, k|f9 }
;fIf/tf, Joj;flos sfo{qmd / cGo sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng x'g ;Qm5g . ;|ft ljlgof]hg ubf{
]
ef}lts kIfsf] lj:tf/ -h:t} cltl/Qm sIffsf]7fx?, kf7ok':tsx? tyf cWoog tyf cWofkgsf
;fdfu|Lx?_ tyf u'0f:t/Lo kIfx? -h:t} lzIff tyf tflnd sfo{qmdx?_ .
$= :km]o/ Go"gtd dfkb08x? M lzIffsf sfo{of]hgf / o;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ljz]if k|of;x?nfO{
:km]o/sf] Go"gtd dfkb08sf b]xfosf If]qx?df cfj4 ug'kg]5M
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kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ tyf :jf:Yo k|j4{g
vfB ;'/Iff, kf]if0f tyf vfB ;xfotf
cf>o:yn, a;f]af; tyf u}/vfB ;fdfu|L /
:jf:Yo ;]jf -:km]o/ dfkb08sf] cg';rL PdP;O{Osf] l;l8/f]ddf x]gxf]nf_
" { {'


lzIff gLlt tyf ;dGjo;DaGwL dfkb08 # M ;dGjo
cfktsfnLg lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?df kf/bzL{ ;dGjo ;+oGq x'gsf ;fy;fy} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sfaLr k|efjsf/L
'
;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg x'g5 .
]

lzIffsf clwsf/Lx?n] cfktsfnLg z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx?sf nflu of]hgf tyf ;dGjofTds
sfo{df d"Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo ;ldlt :yflkt u/L jt{dfg tyf eljiosf]
cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]5g -dfubz{g gf]6 ! x]gxf]nf_
{'
lzIffsf clwsf/L pkl:yt gePsf] jf ;dGjo ug{ ;Ifd gePsf] cj:yfdf cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo
;ldltn] lzIffsf lqmofsnfk tyf sfo{qmdx?sf nflu dfu{bz{g tyf ;dGjo ug]5 -dfu{bz{g {
l6Kk0fL ! x]gxf]nf_
{'
clwsf/Lx?, bftfx? tyf cGo ;+:yfx?n] cfly{s ;+/rgf :yflkt u5{g h'g lzIffsf ;fem]bf/x?sf
aLrsf lqmofsnfkdf ;xof]u / ;dGjofTds ?kdf /xg]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL @ x]gxf]nf_ . {'
;femf 3f]if0ff ;lxtsf] ;dGjon] nlIft u/]sf] s'/fx?df ;"rsx? tyf cg'udgsf sfo{ljlwx?
:yflkt /x]sf], ;a} lzIffsf ;/f]sf/afnfx? ;femf 9fFrf cg';f/ sfd ug{ k|ltj4 /x]sf] / d'Vo
;"rgf tyf tYof+sx? ;fj{hlgs ?kdf pknAw u/fpg] kb{5g -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL # x]gxf]nf_ . {'
k|efljt ;d'bfox? clwsf/;DkGg /x]sf] / cfFkm}nfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g
;Ifd 5g ljz]if u/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf .
{
;"rgfx?sf] ljleGg If]qx?sfaLr / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;fe]mbf/x?sf aLr cfbfg k|bfg ug{
Ps kf/bzL{ / ;lqmo ;+oGq :yflkt x'G5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL $ x]gxf]nf_{'

dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
cGt/lgsfo ;dGjo ;ldltM Jofks If]qsf ;/f]sf/afnfx?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg k|ltlglwx?
;dfj]z u/fpg' kg]5 / ;+efjgf cg';f/ lzIff clwsf/Lsf] g]tTjdf /xg'kg]5 . ;dGjo
{ [ {
;ldltx? cfktsfnLg l:yltsf] k|sl[ t cg';f/ :yfgLo, lhNnf, If]qLo jf /fli6«o txdf
cfjZos kg{ ;Qm5g . hxfF lzIffsf clwsf/Lx?df sd Ifdtf jf j}wtf gePdf ljleGg
;+:yfx?sf] ;xdltdf g]tTj 5fGg ;lsG5 t/ ;b:osf] ?kdf :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] ;ldltdf
[
k|ltlglwTj x'gkb{5 . hj kl/l:yltn] cg'dlt lbG5, tj ;dGjo lhDd]jf/L pko'Qm clwsf/Lx?df
}
;fg'kg]5 .
{ {
cfly{s ;|ftM cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf nflu lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? ;kmntfk"js / ;dod}
] {
;DkGg ug{ kof{Kt cfly{s ;|ft cfjZos kb{5 . kf/bzL{ / ;dGjofTds k|lqmofsf
]


cfwf/df cfly{s ;|ft ;'lglZrt ug{ x/;+ej k|of;x? ug'kg]5, ljz]if u/L lzIfsx?sf] tnj e'QmfgL
] { {
ckof{Kt / csfof{Tds gxf]; . cfktsfnLg cfly{s Joj:yfn] :yfgLo >d ahf/sf] cj:yf /
k/Dk/fx?nfO{ ljrf/ ug'kg]5 / bLuf] gx'g] vfnsf ghL/x?nfO{ x6fpg' kg]5 .
{ { {
d'Vo ;dGjosf r'gf}ltx? klxrfg ug'kg]5 / eljiosf] lzIffsf] nflu bLuf] tyf ;dGjofTds
{ {
;]jfx? k|bfg ug]{ nfut k|efjsf/L k|lqmofx? ckgfpg To:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{ cfktsfnLg
r/0fsf] k|f/lDes cj:yfd} ;Daf]wg ug'kg]5 . r'gf}ltx?df h:t} lzIfssf] tflnd, k|df0fkq
{ {
tyf e'QmfgL, kf7oqmd tyf o;sf ljifoj:t' -kf7ok':ts tyf cWoog tyf cWofkgsf
;fdfu|Lx?_ / ljBfno tyf k/LIffsf] ;+/rgf tyf dfGotfx? kb{5g .
;+oQm gLlt ljsf; tyf tflnd uf]i7Lx?M lzIffsf clwsf/Lx? tyf afxo ;xfotfsdL{x?n]
'
;+oQm ?kdf ljsf; u/L /fd|f] ;+rf/, ;xsfo{sf] clej[l4 tyf ;femf b[li6sf]0fsf nflu
'
k|lta4tf / ;du| lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ;d]t ;'lglZrt ug]5g .
{


cg';rLx?
"
cg';rL ! M zAbfjnL
"
• kx'FrM cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmddf egf{ x'g, ;xefuL x'g / k'/f ug{ ck|ltalGwt
cj;/ g} kx'Fr xf] . 'ck|ltjlGwt cj;/' eGgfn] Jojxfl/s, cfly{s, zf/Ll/s, ;+/rgfut, ;+:yfut,
;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts jf ;'/Iff;DaGwL afwfx? gx'g' xf] h;n] afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf k|f}9x?nfO{ ;xefuL
x'g /÷jf lzIff k'/f ug{ cj/f]w k'/ofpF5 .
• cfwf/e"t lzIffM cfwf/e"t lzIff eg]sf] hLjgko{Gt cWoog tyf dfgj ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/zLnf xf]
/ o; leq b'j} cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? kb{5g . k|To]s JolQm - afns, o'jf
tyf k|f}9 - n] ltgLx?sf] cfwf/e"t cWoogsf cfjZostfx? k'/f ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf lzIffsf cj;/
x?af6 nfeflGjt x'g'kg]{5 . o:tf cfjZostfx?df dfgjsf nflu b'j} cTofjZs cWoogsf pks/0fx?
-h:t}M ;fIf/tf, df}lvs cleJolQm, ul0ft tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg_ tyf cfwf/e"t cWoogsf ljifoj:t'
-h:t}M 1fg, ;Lkx?, d"No tyf k|j[lQx?_ kb{5g . h;n] afFRg, hLjgsf nflu k"0f{ Ifdtfx? ljsf;
ug{, lg0f{osf af/]df ;';"lrt /xg tyf lg/Gt/ cWoogsf nflu ;d]t ;Ifd agfpF5 . cfwf/e"t
cWoogsf] cfjZostfx?, ltgLx? s;/L s'g} /fi6«x? tyf ;+:s[ltx? cg'?k ;+rfng ug]{ h:tf ljifox?
;dfofGt/df kl/jt{g eO/xG5g .1
• n8fs' ;d'x;Fu ;Da4 afnaflnsfM cfktsfn tyf ;+s6x?sf] ;dodf afnaflnsfx? w]/}h;f] n8fs'
;d"xx?;Fu ;Da4 x'G5g - b'j} /fHo kIf tyf u}//fHo kIf;Fu, rfx] ltgLx? ckx/0f, egf{, hah{l:t
egf{ jf :j]lR5s sfo{åf/f ;DalGwt /xG5g . oL afnaflnsfx?n] ;Fw} xftxltof/ lnFb}gg t/ el/of,
;'/fsL, efG;] jf ulDe/ of}g zf]if0fsf] ?kdf kLl8t eg] x'g;Qm5g . o:tf ;a} aflnaflnsfx?n]
n8fs' ;d"xx?df sfdubf{sf] cg'ejx? jf lzIffsf] cj;/af6 al~rt x'Fbfsf] efjgfx? JoQm ub{5g .
ckl/rfng jf k'gMPsLs/0fsf] k|lqmofx?df To:tf afnaflnsfx?s]f ljlzi6 z}lIfs cfjZostfx?k|lt
ljz]if Wofg lbg' clgjfo{ x'g]5 h;df cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff, b|'t cWoog, hLjg ;Lkx?
tyf Joj;flos lzIff kb{5g . vf; Wofg aflnsfx? hf] lg/Gt/ ?kn] Wofg glbOPsf jf k'gM:yfkgfsf
sfo{qmdx?af6 x6fOPsf x'g;Qm5g k|lt lbg' cfjZos x'g]5 .
• ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltM ;d'bfosf] z}lIfs cfjZostfx? klxrfg / ltgnfO{ ;Daf]w ug{ :yflkt ePsf]
Ps ;ldlt xf] h;df cleefjsx? /÷jf cleefljs lzIfs ;+3x?, :yfgLo lgsfox?, gful/s ;dfhsf
;+:yfx?, ;fd'bflos ;+u7gx? tyf o'jf Pj+ dlxnfsf ;d"xx?sf ;fy;fy} pko'Qmtfg';f/ lzIfsx? tyf
ljBfyL{x? ;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj /xG5 . o;sf] pk;ldltx? klg x'g ;Qm5 h;sf ;b:ox? o;sf] ;+/rgf
cg'?k k|ltlglwTj x'g]5g . s]xL cj:yfx?df ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx? Pp6f lzIffsf] sfo{qmdsf nflu
lhDd]jf/ x'g ;Qm5g eg] cGodf vf; If]qsf s]xL lzIffsf sfo{qmdsf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'g ;Qm5g .
1
ljZj lzIff kmf]/d -@^-@* clk|n @)))_ . lzIffsf] 8sf/ sfo{;+/rgfM ;a}sf nflu lzIff -;g @)!% leq_ .


• ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfM ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfn] b'j} k|lqmofx? / lqmofsnfkx? hgfpFb5 h;n] k|efljt
hgtfsf] cfjfhnfO{ ;'gfpg], ltlgx?nfO{ lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|lqmofx?sf] c+usf] ?kdf ;zQm agfpg] / z}lIfs
d'2fx?df k|ToIf sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;an agfpg]5 . ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfn] ;d'bfosf] ljlzi6
z}lIfs d'4fx? tyf /0fgLltx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;xhLs/0f ub{5 . cltl/Qm ?kdf,
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfn] ;d'bfoleqsf] :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgx? klxrfg / kl/rfng ug]{ /0fgLltsf] ?kdf
;]jf ug'{sf ;fy;fy} ;xdlt lgdf{0f u/L z}lIfs sfo{qmdx?df ;xof]u ub{5 . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf
oyfy{ / lbuf] ;zlQms/0f Pj+ Ifdtf ljsf; ;dfj]z ug}{ kb{5 / klxn] g} sfo{:t/df rfn" /x]sf sfo{sf
nflu k|of;x? ug}{ kb{5 .
• h6Ln cfktsfnM Pp6f cj:yf hxfF dflg;x?sf] hLjg, ;d[l4 / dof{bfsf kf6fx? ljleGg ;+s6k"0f{
tTjx?åf/f vt/fdf k/]sf x'G5g, h:t}M k|fs[lts tyf dfgj–l;lh{t ljkbx?, u[xo'4 jf ;z:q åGå .
• kf7oqmdM Pp6f sfo{of]hgf xf] h;n] ljBfyL{x?sf] 1fg tyf ;Lkx?sf] cfwf/ km/flsnf] agfpg d2t
ub{5 . Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf] p2]Zox?sf] nflu 'kf7oqmd' Pp6f 5ftf zAbsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf]
5 h'g cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s sfo{qmdx?df nfu" x'G5 . o;df cWoogsf p2]Zox?, cWoogsf
ljifoj:t', cWofkg ljlw tyf k|lqmofx?, lzIf0f ;fdfu|Lx? Pj+ n]vfhf]vfsf] ljlwx? ;dfj]z /xG5g .
b'j} cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? kf7oqmdaf6 lgb]{lzt /xG5g h;n] ljBfyL{x?sf]
1fg tyf cg'ej a9fpFb5 / tTsfnLg jftfj/0f;Fu ;Da4 /xG5 . Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf nflu b]xfosf
kl/efiffx? k|of]u ul/Psf 5gM
• cWoogsf p2]Zox?M 1fg, ;Lkx?, d'Nox? tyf k|j[lQx? klxrfg ug]{ h'g lzIffsf lqmofsnfkx?sf
dfWodaf6 ljsf; ul/G5 .
• cWoogsf ljifoj:t' eGgfn] cWoog ug'{kg]{ jf l;Sg' kg]{ ;fdfu|L -1fg, ;Lkx?, d"Nox? tyf k|j[lQx?_
xf] .
• cWofkg ljlwn] cWoogsf ljifoj:t' pkof]u ug]{ jf k|:t't ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
• lzIf0f ;fdfu|Ln] lstfax?, kf]i6/x? tyf cGo cWoog tyf cWofkgsf ;fdfu|Lx?nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
• ljkb M ljkb Pp6f k|sf]khGo 36gf xf] h;sf] kl/0ffdx? d[To', Jofks ?kdf dfgjLo kL8f / tgfj /
7"nf] dfqfdf ;+/rgfTds Iflt x'G5g .2
• z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx?M z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s cWoog sfo{qmdx? x'g h;sf]
nIo b]Vg;lsg] cWoogsf kl/0ffdx? k|:t't ug'{ xf] . ;fy} afnaflnsf tyf o'jfsf nflu lg/Gt/
cWoogsf] Joj:yf jf k|f}9x?sf nflu pko'Qm cWoogsf] cj;/x? pknAw u/fpg' klg nIo xf] .

• cf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdx?M cf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd eGgfn] lglZrt txsf] z}lIfs pkflwsf] nflu
ljsf; ul/Psf] Ps lgwf{l/t sfo{of]hgf xf] h;af6 dfGotfk|fKt k|df0fkq ;d]t hf/L x'G5 . o;n]
;fdfGotof lzIff dGqfnoåf/f ljsf; ul/Psf] /fHo jf /fli6«o lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ hgfpF5, h'g
/fli6«o kf7oqmd jf :jLs[t kf7oqmdsf dfWodaf6 /fHosf] ;+:yfut k|0ffnL jf btf{jfn lghL ljBfnox?df
;+rfng x'G5 / /fli6«o k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx? -jf /fHoåf/f dfGotf k|fKt lghL ;+:yfx?_ df tflnd
2
kl/efiff :km]o/ cfof]hgfM dfgjLo a8fkq tyf ljkb k|ltsfo{sf nflu Go"gtd dfb08af6 lnOPsf] .


k|fKt lzIfsx?af6 k9fOG5 / ltgLx? dGqfnosf ;Nnfxsf/x? jf lg/LIfsx?sf] ;Nnfxaf6 nfeflGjt
x'G5g . oBlk w]/} cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltx?df cf}krfl/s lzIff h:t} z/0ffyL{ jf cfGtl/s ?kn] lj:yflkt
hgtfsf nflu z/0ffyL{ lzlj/x?df ;+rfng x'G5 / sfof{Gjog ;fem]bf/x?n] lzlj/ ;ldltx?af6 ;+rflnt
x'G5 jf ;d'bfo leq jf wfld{s ljBfnox?df x'g ;Qm5 h;nfO{ dfgjLo ;d'bfon] z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lx?,
lzIfs tflnd, ljBfno lgdf{0f jf k'gMlgdf{0faf6 ;xof]u pknAw u/fpF5g .
• ;dfj]zLM ';dfj]zL' eGgfn] lzIffsf] sfo{qmddf ;a} ljBfyL{x?nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ tyf ltLgx?sf] lzIffdf
;dfg clwsf/ /x]sf]nfO{ dfGotf lbg' eGg] a'lemG5 .
• cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdM cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] sfo{qmd cfbz{ ?kn] cf}krfl/stf tyf ;+:yfut
ljBfno k|0ffnLeGbf aflx/ ;+rflnt x'G5 h;nfO{ s'g} ;Da4tf jf k|df0fkqsf] cfjZostf kb}{g .
oBlk, ltgLx?dWo] s'g} ljBfnox?;Fu ;Da4 ePsf jf lzIff dGqfnosf] cg'udgdf ;dfj]z ePsf]
x'g ;Qm5 / s'g} ljBfyL{n] cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIffsf ;dfj]z x'g] Ps pko'Qm
ynf]sf] ?kdf pkof]u ug{ ;Qm5 . To:tf sfo{qmdx?df Ps sfo{of]hgf /xG5 h;df cWoogsf
p2]Zox?sf] lgwf{/0f, cWoogsf] ljifoj:t' tyf k|lzIf0f ;fdfu|Lx? / ltgLx?sf] ljljlwtf cg'?ksf
ljz]iftfx?, nrstf, ljlzi6 ;d"xsf] ljwfyL{x?sf] cfjZostf;Fu ;Da4 / afnaflnsf tyf k|f}9x?sf]
gofF z}lIfs cfjZostfx? cg'?k tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfx? ;dfj]z /xG5 . ltgLx?sf]
kf7oqmd dGqfnosf] kf7oqmdaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] x'G5, slxn]sfFxL eg] ljz'4 gofF kf7oqmd jf cWoogsf
gofF ljlwx? cg'?k b|'t tl/sfaf6 ;+rfng ul/G5 .
• u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? -u}=;=;=x?_M 'u}=;=;=x?' eGgfn] b'j} /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?nfO{ hgfpF5
h;sf] :yfkgf /fHosf] ;/sf/åf/f 5'66} cfwf/df ePsf] x'G5 .3
• cGo lzIffsdL{x?M o;n] lzIfs afx]ssf JolQmx? hf] lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?df ;+nUg ePsf] x'G5 jf
h;n] ;xof]u ub{5 . To:tf JolQmx?df ljBfnosf lg/LIfsx?, lzIffsf] k|lzIfsx?, lzIff clwsf/Lx?,
kf7oqmd ljsf;stf{, ljBfno k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lx? tyf sf]iffWoIf, ;'/IffsdL{x?, efG;], ;/;kmfO{sdL{,
dd{t ug]{ sd{rf/L / cGonfO{ hgfpFb5 .
• u'0f:t/Lo lzIffM u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf ax'k|s[ltsf tTjx? ;dfj]z /xG5g . o;df b]xfosf kIfx? 5g t/
o;df g} ;Lldt x'g eg] ldNb}gM !_ ;'/lIft cWoogsf] jftfj/0f @_ ljifoj:t'df bvn /fVg] ;Ifd tyf
k|lzlIft lzIfsx? #_ cWoog tyf cWofkgsf nflu kof{Kt ;fdfu|Lx? $_ ;xeflutfd"n k|lzIf0f ljlwx?
%_ sIffsf] pko'Qm cfsf/x? . h6Ln cfktsfnx?df u'0f:t/Lo lzIffn] cWoogsf] jftfj/0f ;xh
agfpg cfjZos /0fgLltx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . dgf]/Ghg, v]ns'b tyf ;[hgfTds lqmofsnfkx?sf]
ljsf;sf ;fy;fy} k9g], n]Vg], ul0ftLo tyf hLjg zLkx?sf ljifodf hf]8 lbOG5 h;n] ljBfyL{x?n]
cfkmgf] dfgl;s ;Lkx? j[l4 ug{ dfq xf]Og ls ;fdflhs tyf k':tfut txsf dfgjLo ljWj+;fTdstf
jf 3[0ffsf] rqmaf6 arfpg ;d]t d2t ub{5 .
• ;Da4 lzIffM ';Da4 lzIff' eGgfn] s] l;Sg], s;/L l;Sg] / cWoogsf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf u'0f:t/sf]
dfqfnfO{ a'emfpFb5 . lzIffnfO{ ;Da4 agfpg :yfgLo k/Dk/fx? tyf ;+:yfx?, ;sf/fTds ;f:Fs[lts
cEof;x?, d"No dfGotfx? tyf ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfx? lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?df PsLs[t ug'{sf ;fy;fy}
3
pxL .


;dfhdf eljiodf x'g;Sg] afnaflnsfx?sf] bL3{sfnLg cfjZostfx? h;df k|efljt ;d'bfoeGbf
aflx/sf klg ;+efJotf x'g ;Qm5g .
• ljz]if z}lIfs cfjZostfx?M o; zAbn] ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts a]kmfO{bfx?sf] -;fdflhs, wfld{s
tyf cfly{s lje]bx? ;lxt_ sf ;fy;fy} vf; czQmtf ePsfx? -dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s tyf dgf]j}1flgs
c;Ifdtfx? ;lxt_ sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;+s]t ub{5 .4
• ;fe]bf/x?M ;fem]bf/x? vf; sfo{df ;fd"lxs lxtx? tyf o;sf kl/0ffdx? / o;af6 k|efljt x'g]
JolQmx? tyf ;d"xx? x'g .5
• lzIfsM cf}krfl/s tflnd lnPsf] jf glnPsf] cf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf] k|lzIfs jf lzIffljb jf
cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmdsf] ;xhstf{ jf Plgd]6/ x'g;Qm5 .

$
lzIff gLlt cWoog OlG:6Ro'6M lzIff tyf dfgj ljsf;sf] u|fh'P6 ljBfno, ;xeflut clej[l4, kx'Fr lj:tf/M bLuf] z}lIfs ljsf;sf]
bf]xf]/f] cIf, http://wwww/edpolicy.gwu.edu/resources/enhancing/part_b.html
%
j]N; l6= / Dofslug, Pg=Pkm= -!((*_, ;/f]sf/jafnfx?sf] ljZn]if0fsf] ljlwtkm{, sf]l:6g Pr= -;+_ leq – /0fgLlt / /0fg}lts of]hgf ;+u|x,
8«fO{8]g k|];, cf]/NofG8f], kmnf]l/8f .


cg';"rL @M ;Gbe{ u|Gy / ;|f]t ;fdfu|L
olb oxfF pNn]lvt ;"rLx?n] sfd gu/]df s[kof cfO{PgO{O{ sf] d'Vo ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L tyf jsfnt ;fdfu|Lsf]
k[i7 hxfF ;"rgfx? cBfjlws ul/Psf] x'G5 ;f] x]g'{xf]nfM http://ineesite.org/core/default.asp

;fwf/0f ;|f]tx? M
cfu'O{lno/, lkn/ / uf]Ghfnf] /]6fdn -!((*_, h6Ln cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?df b|'t z}lIfs k|ltsfo{, h]g]efM
cGt/f{li6«o lzIff Jo'/f], http://ineesite.org/core/default.asp
a]ys], lngL / :s6 a|fpg:jfO{u -@))$_, cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?df lzIffsf] ljZjJofkL ;j]{If0f, z/0ffyL{
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfnflu dlxnf cfof]u, http://www.womenscommission.org/pdf/ed_emerg.pdf
af]ofbfg, hf] kn /fO{8/ ;lxt -!((^_, ;z:q åGåsf If]qx?df lzIffsf] clwsf/ sfof{Gjog, cS;kmf]8{,
http:meltingpot.fortunecity.com/lebanon/254/boyden.htm

a|'ls+u OlG:6Ro';g -!(((_, cfGtl/s lj:yfkgsf nflu dfub{zs l;4fGtx? nfu"ug]{ ;DaGwL xft]k'l:tsf,
http://www.brook.edu/fp/projects/id/articles/guiding.htm lqmik, h]km, ls|i6f]km/ 6fNaf]6 / 8fogf
lskf]nfg] -;+=_ -@))!_, eljiosf nflu cWoogM ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«df z/0ffyL{ lzIff, h]g]efM
o"=Pg=Pr=;L=cf/= .
http:www.unhcr.ch/pubs/epau/learningfuture/learningtoc.htm

cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?df lzIff - dfuf{/]6 l;gSnfo/
ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/ / :t/ - h]D; Pr= ljlnoD;
z/0ffyL{ ljBfnox?df u'0f:t/ / :t/ ;'wf/M g]kfndf /x]sf e'6fgL z/0ffyL{{x?sf] gd'gf - l6df]yL a|fpg
zflGt lzIff tyf z/0ffyL{ o'jf - dfs{ ;f]d{;
z/0ffyL{x?sf nflu Joj;flos lzIffM tfGhflgofsf] Ps cWoog - Pl/s lnla
cfO{PgO{O{ cfktsfnLg lzIffsf k|fljlws ;|f]t;fdfu|L, http://ineesite.org/about/team_LMR.asp
-l8lh6nk|ltsf nflu cfO{PgO{O{sf] j]a;fO{6 dfkm{t lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 / cfO{PgO{O{sf] k|fljlws ;|f]
t;fdu|Lsf] l;l8/f]ddf pknAw 5 _ .
cGt/ lgsfo :yfoL ;ldlt -@))@_, lzlj/x?sf] ;+hfn j[l4M dfgjLo sfo{sf dfWoaf6 clwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0f,
Go'of]s{M o'lg;]km, http://www.icva.ch/ﬁles/shelteringtree.pdf
lgsf]nfO{, ;';g -@))#_, cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffM cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?df lzIff z'? / Joj:yfkg ug]{
Ps pks/0f, ;]e b lrN8«]g o'=s]=, http://www.ineesite.org/core/default.asp


lgsf]nfO{, ;';g / sfn{ l6«knxf]g{ -@))#_, åGåsfndf afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fdf lzIffsf] e"ldsf, dfgjLo
cEof; ;+hfn sfo{kq g+= $@, http://www.odihpn.org/pdfbin/networkpaper042.pdf
lkuf]hL, d]/L h]g -!(((_, cfktsfndf lzIff / k'gMlgdf{0fM Ps ljsf;fTds k4lt, sfo{kq >[+vnf, Go'of]s{M
o'lg;]km, http://unicef.org/girleducation/educEmerg.pdf
l;Gsnfos, dfuf{/]6 -@))@_, cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf tyf tTkZrft lzIffsf] of]hgfM z}lIfs of]hgfsf] cfwf/
e"t ljifox?, c+s &#, k]l/;M o'g]:sf] cfO{cfO{O{lk, www.unesco.org/iieep/eng/publications/pubs.htm
l;Gsnfo/, dfuf{/]6 / sfn{ l6«knxf]g{ -@))!_, vfsf lqmofsnfk tyf cfktsfnLg lzIff sfo{qmdx?sf
sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;xfotf, http://www.ineesite.org/core/matrix.asp
l:dy, Pnfg / 6f]gL eS; -@))@_, lzIff / åGå, n08gM cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ljefu, http://ineesite.org/core/
default.asp
;f]d;{ dfs{, o'jfM cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?df afnaflnsfx?sf] :ofxf/;+ef/ tyf ;+/If0fM Ps sfo{:t/
lgb]{lzsf, ;]e b lrN8«]g o'P;P, http://ineesite.org/core/default.asp
;f]d;{ dfs{ -@))@_, afnaflnsf, lzIff tyf o'4M o'4af6 k|efljt b]zx?df ;a}sf nflu lzIff -O{PkmP_ sf]
nIfx?df kx'Fr, ljZj a}+s, åGå /f]syfd tyf k'gMlgdf{0f OsfO{, www.eldis.org/static/doc15001.htm
;f]d;{, dfs{ -@))#_, lzIffsf lgb]{zgx?, z/0ffyL{ afnaflnsfx?nfO{ lzIff, z}lIfs ljsf;sf nflu Ps]8]dL
tyf z/0ffyL{ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf nflu dlxnf cfof]u, http://www.aed.org/toolsandpublications/
upload/educationImperative.pdf
:km]o/ cfof]hgf -@))$_, dfgjLo j8fkq tyf ljkb k|ltsfo{sf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08x?, h]g]efM :km]o/
cfof]hgf, http://www.sphereproject.org
l6«knxf]g{, sfn{ -@))!_, o'jfM cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?df afnaflnsfx?sf] :ofxf/;+ef/ tyf ;+/If0fM Ps
sfo{:t/ lgb]{lzsf, ;]e b lrN8«]g o'P;P, http://ineesite.org/core/default.asp
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 -!(*(_, afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, Go'of]s{, o'Pg=, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/
menu3/b/k2crc.htm
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 -!(*(_, cfGtl/s lj:yfkgsf nflu dfu{bz{s l;4fGtx?, o'Pgsf lnvtx?, E/CN.4/199*/53/
Add.2, !! km|]a'c/L !((*,http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/7/b/principles.htm#*
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 -@)))_, ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox?, Go'of]s{, o"=Pg=, http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
o'g]:sf] -@)))_, 8sf/ sfo{;+/rgfM ;a}sf nflu lzIffM xfd|f] ;fd"lxs k|ltj4tfsf] k|flKt, ljZj lzIff
kmf]/dsf] sfo{qmdaf6 lnOPsf], 8sf/, k]l/;M o'g]:sf], http://www/unesco.org/education/efa/ed_for_all/
dakfram_eng.shtml

o'g]:sf] -@))@_, ;a}sf nflu lzIffM ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] 8sf/ sfo{;+/rgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o
/0fgLlt, k]l/;M o'g]:sf], http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001266/126631eo.pdf


o'g]:sf] -@))#_, cfktsfnLg tyf ;+s6sf cj:yfx?df lzIffsf nflu dfu{bz{gM ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf]
/0fgLlts of]hgf, k]l/;M o'g]:sf] cfktsfnLg lzIff ;xfotf OsfO{, www.unesco.org
o'PgPr;Lcf/ -!(($_, z/0ffyL{ afnaflnsfM :ofxf/;+ef/ tyf ;+/If0fsf nflu dfu{bz{g, o'PgPr;Lcf/,
http://www.unhcr.ch
o"PgPr;Lcf/ -@))#_, sfo{:t/df lzIffsf] nflu ;+zf]lwt dfu{bz{g, h]g]efM o'PgPrl;cf/, http://www.
ineesite.org/core/default.asp
o'PgPr;Lcf/ -!((%_, z/0ffyL{sfx?sf nflu lzIff ;xfotf;DaGwL ;+zf]lwt dfu{bz{g, h]g]efM o"PgPr;Lcf/,
http://www.unhcr.ch/
o"PgPr;Lcf/ / ;]e b lrN8«]g -@)))_, afn clwsf/x?sf nflu sfo{of]hgfM lzIff, d'Vo d'2fx?, h]g]ef,
http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PROTECTION&id=3bb821334&p
age=PROTECT
o'lg;]km -!(((_, dfgjLo l;4fGtx?sf] tflndM h6Ln cfktsfnx?df afnclwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] k4lt, o'lg;]km,
http://coe-dmha.org/unicef/unicef2fs.htm
;z:q åGå tyf lj:yfkgaf6 k|efljt ePsf afnaflnsfx?sf] nflu sfo{bn, ;z:q åGå tyf lj:yfkgaf6
k|efljt ePsf afnaflnsfx?sf dfgl;s ;d[l4sf] k|j4{gM l;4fGtx? tyf k4ltx?, h]g]efM ;]e b lrN8«]gsf]
cGt/f{li6«o ;+hfn, http://savethechildren.org/publications/psychsocwellbeing2.pdf

;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof;;DaGwL dfu{bz{g - n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg, http://www.ineesite.org/
assess/default.asp
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof;;DaGwL dfu{bz{g - n]vfhf]vf tyf lzIff sfo{qmd ljsf;df ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf,
http://www.ineesite.org/assess/com_part.asp
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof;;DaGwL dfu{bz{g - lzIffsf] ;+/rgfx? tyf Joj:yfkgM lzIff k|0ffnLx?sf] Joj:yfkg,
http://www.ineesite.org/edstruc/manage.asp
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof;;DaGwL dfu{bz{g - tflnd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;M ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx?,
http://www.ineesite.org/training/committe.asp
h}g, P;=lk / kf]ndfg, ljd -@))#_, ;xeflutfd"ns :yfgLo ljsf;;DaGwL k|lzIfssf] xft]k'l:tsf, blIf0f
PzLof tyf Kofl;lkms If]qsf nflu PkmPcf]sf] If]qLo sfof{no, Aofs++s, yfO{Nof08, http://www.fao.org/
documents/show_cdr.asp?url_ﬁle=/DOCREP/006/AD346E00.HTM
;]O{km/, ;]N8g -!(($_, z}lIfs kl/jt{gsf nflu ;xeflutfM cg'ejx?sf] Ps ;+Zn]if0f, cfO{O{O{lk, o'g]:sf],
http://unesco.org/education/pdf/11_197.pdf
o'Pd'/f, ldT;' -!(((_, lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfM xfdLnfO{ s] yfxf 5 < Prl8PgO{l8, ljZj a}+s, http://
poverty.worldbank.org/libraray/view/14064/


ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g -!(((_, ;fd'bflos cfktsfnLg k"j{tof/LM Joj:yfksx? tyf gLlt lgdf{tf{x?sf nflu
Ps Dofg'cn, 8An'Prcf], http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/9241545194.pdf

ljZn]if0f
jf]ob]g, hf] / kn l/8/ -!((^_, ;z:q åGåsf If]qdf lzIffsf] clwsf/ sfof{Gjog, cS;kmf]8{, http://
meltingpot.fortunecity.com/lebanon/254/boyden.htm
uf]l:n+u, n'l;of dfOsn P8jf8{ ;lxt -!((%_, cf}hf/x?sf] ;fdfu|LM n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg, ;dLIff tyf
d"Nof+sgsf nflu Jojxfl/s dfu{bz{g, n08g, ;]e b lrN8«]g .
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof;x?;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf-n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg, http://www.ineesite.org/
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• k|f/lDes cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf tyf Ifdtfx?sf] n]vf]hf]vfM http://www.
ineeesite.org/assess/needs.asp
• ljBfno hfg] pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx?sf] n]vfhf]vfM http://www.ineesite.org/assess/
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• ljBfnoeGbf aflx/ /x]sf o'jf tyf o'jf g]t[Tjx?sf] n]vfhf]vfM http://www.ineesite.org/
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org/assess/com_needs.asp
• ;fem]bf/ n]vfhf]vf tyf 5gf}6M http://www.ineesite.org/assess/partner.asp
• cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffsf nflu cg'udg k|0ffnLM http://www.ineesite.org/assess/
monitor.asp
• ljBfnosf] tYof+s tyf ;"rgf k|0ffnLx?M http://www.ineesite.org/assess/data.asp

cGt/lgsfo ;+/If0f sfo{bn -@))$_, ;+/If0fnfO{ Ps k|fyldstf lgwf{/0fM ;+/If0fnfO{ dfgjLo ;xfotfsf]
tYof+s ;+sngdf ;dflxt ug]{ lgb]{lzsf, OG6/ofS;g, http://www.interaction.org/protection/index.
html
Ozfs, Plg6L -@))@_, lzIff, åGå tyf zflGt lgdf{0fM Ps lg?k0f cf}hf/, l;8f, http://www.acdi-cida.
gc.ca/cida_ind.nsf/0/92e83504b7a1b1c085256bb900800f8b?opendocument
hf]xfg];g, Pef Dofl/og -@))!_, cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?df lzIff cfof]hgfx?sf] d"Nof+sgsf nflu
dfulgb]{zg, cf:nf], gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb .
lgsf]nfO{, ;';g -@))#_, cfktsfndf lzIffdf 'of]hgfsf r/0fx?'M cfktsfndf lzIffsf] z'?cft tyf
Joj:yfkg lgldQ Ps cf}hf/ ;fdfu|Lx?, ;]e b lrN8«]g o's]=, http://www.ineesite.org/core/steps.pdf
lgsf]nfO{, ;';g / sfn{ l6«knxf]g{ -@))#_, k|ltsfo{sf] tTsfn, rfF8f] / kl5Nnf] Dofl6«S;, cg';"rL ! åGåsf
;dodf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+/If0fdf lzIffsf] e"ldsf, ;+hfn sfo{kq $@, n08gM PrlkPg, http://www.
odihpn.org/publist.asp.


cf]O{l;l8 -@))@_, d"Nof+sgsf nflu d'Vo zAbx?sf] zAbfjnL tyf pknlAwd"ns Joj:yfkg, d"Nof+sg /
;xfotf k|efjsfl/tf g+= ^, k]l/;M cf]O{l;8L .
?ljg, Pkm= -!((%_ ljsf; sfostf{x?sf nflu d"Nof+sgsf nflu cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g, cS;kmf]8{M
cS;kmfd .
;]e b lrN8«]g -@))@_, lzIffdf kl/jt{gsf] dfkg, P;l; o's] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] dfu{bz{g, n08g, ;]e
b lrN8«]g .
;]e b lrN8«]g -@)))_, cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{ of]hgfsf nflu dfu{bz{g, n08g, ;]e b lrN8«]g .

kx'Fr tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f
ju]{u]/g, lh / h]=8]n /f];f] -@))!_, lzIffsf nflu vfBfGgsf] ;"rs dfub{z{g, vfB tyf kf]if0f k|fljlws
;xfotf cfof]hgf, jfl;+u6g 8L=;L=, lzIff ljsf;sf nflu Ps]8]dL, www.pronutrition.org/files/
flood%29Education%20Indicators%20Measurement%20Guide.pdf
a|fs]g, lk= / l;= k]6L -;+=_ -!((*_, o'4sf] qf;x? k'gMljrf/, ;]e b lrN8«]g .
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof; dfu{bz{gM n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg,
• ljBfno If]q/jftfj/0fLo n]vfhf]vf, http://www.ineesite.org/assess/site.asp
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof; dfu{bz{gM lzIffsf ;+/rgfx? tyf Joj:yfkg,
• sk8f tyf :jf:Yo, http://www.ineesite.org/assess/site.asp
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof; dfu{bz{gM ;dfj]zL lzIff
• k"0f{ ;xeflutf tkm{M http://www.ineesite.org/inclusion/participation.asp
• n}+lus ;dfgtf/aflnsf tyf dlxnfx?sf] lzIffM http://www.ineesite.org/inclusion/gender.
asp
• k"j{ n8fs' tyf afn ;}lgsx?M http://www.ineesite.org/inclusion/soldiers.asp
• ljz]if s7Lg cj:yfx?sf afnaflnsfM http://www.ineesite.org/inclusion/difficult.asp
• czQmtf ePsf JolQmx?M http://www.ineesite.org/inclusion/disabled.asp
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof; dfu{bz{gM ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f tyf cfk"lt{x?
• ljBfyL{sf nflu cWoogsf ;fdfuL|x?M http://www.ineesite.org/school/materials.asp
• ljBfnodf a:g] 7fpF tyf kmlg{r/M http://www.ineesite.org/school/seating.asp
• ljBfno tyf z}lIfs pks/0f : //www.ineesite.org/school/equip.asp
• cf>o:yn tyf ljBfno lgdf{0fM http://www.ineesite.org/school/shelter.asp
• afnd}qL :yfgx?M http://www.ineesite.org/school/friendly.asp
• ;'/Iff tyf ;'/lIft pkfox?M http://www.ineesite.org/school/safety.asp


• kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{M http://www.ineesite.org/school/water.asp
• ljBfnodf vfgfM http://www.ineesite.org/school/feeding.asp

cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof; dfu{bz{gM tflnd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;
• /fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf e"ldsfx?M http://www.ineesite.org/training/ngo.asp
nf}/L, d]/LPgL / P=Pu/ -@))!_, z/0ffyL{sf] cg'ejM dgf];fdflhs tflnd df]8'n, cS;kmf]8{, z/0ffyL{ cWoog
s]Gb|, ;+zf]lwt k|sfzg, http://www.earlybird.qeh.ox.acl.uk.rfges/
lgsf]nfO{ ;';g -@))#_, cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf lzIffx?df 'cfof]hgf k4ltx?'M cfktsfndf lzIffsf] z'?cft
/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu cf}hf/;fdfu|Lx?, ;]e b lrN8«]g o's], http://www.ineesite.org/core/approaches.
pdf

6f]nlk|m, 8]le8 -!((^_, v]nk'0f{ cj:yfsf] k'gM;+rfngM o'4 jf lj:yfkgsf sf/0faf6 dgf]j}1flgs ?kdf
k|efljt ePsf afnaflnsf ;xfotfsf nflu ljleGg k4ltx?, /fc88f afg{gg, :jL8]g .
ljZj vfB sfo{qmd -@))!_, aflnsfsf] lzIffsf nflu ljBfno vfgf sfo{qmd, /f]dM 8An'PkmkL, www.wfp.
org

ljZj vfB sfo{qmd, cfktsfnLg l:yltdf ljBfno vfgf sfo{qmdsf] nflu of]hgf -kl/l:ylt ljZn]if0f,
sfo{qmdsf] tof/L / sfof{Gjog, 8An'PkmkL, www.wfp.org
ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g -@))#_, cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?df dfgl;s :jf:Yo, h]g]efM 8An'Prcf], http://www.
who.int/disasters/repo/8656.pdf

cWoog tyf cWofkg
afS;6/, kfg]{nf -@))!_, cfO{PgO{O{ zflGt lzIff ;fdfu|L, cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf nflu k|fljlws ;|f]t leq,
cfO{PgO{O{, http://www.iineesite.org/about/team_LMR.asp -lgMz'Ns ljB'tLok|ltsf nflu cfO{PgO{O{sf]
j]a;fO6df uP/ cg'/f]w ug{ ;lsG5 / cfO{PgO{O{sf] l;l8/f]d k|fljlws ;fdfu|Ldf klg ;dfj]z 5_
af]obfg, hf] / kn l/8/ ;lxt -!((^_, ;z:q åGåsf If]qdf lzIffsf] clwsf/ sfof{Gjog, cS;kmf]8{,
http:meltingpot.fortunecity.com/lebanon/254/boyden.htm
a|f]rdfg, x]Nu / cGo -@))!_, dfgj clwsf/M lzIfs dfu{bz{g, cf]:nf], gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb, http:ineesite.
org/core/default.asp
a'z, s]g]y 8L= / 8fogf ;fN6/]nL -;+=_ -@)))_, hftLo åGåsfndf lzIffsf b'O{ cg'xf/x?M afnaflnsfx?sf
nflu zflGt-lgdf{0fsf] lzIfftkm{, o'lg;]km Ogf];]lG6 Og;fO{6, http://www.unicef-icdc.org/publications/
pdf/insight4.pdf
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof; dfu{bz{gM z}lIfs ljifoj:t' tyf ljlw


• dgf];fdflhs cfjZostfx? kl/k"lt{ lgldQ lzIfs tflnd M http://www.ineesite.org/edcon/
psy_soc.asp
• kf7oqmd tyf k/LIf0f M http://www.ineesite.org/edcon/curriculum.asp
• kf7oqmd ;'wf/ tyf ;+emf}tf M http://www.ineesite.org/edcon/revise_curr.asp
• hLjg ;Lkx? tyf k'/s lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? -:jf:Yo lzIff, ljikmf]6s kbfy{;DaGwL lzIff,
zflGt lzIff_M http://www.ineesite.org/edcon/life_skills.asp
• k|f/lDes afn ljsf; M http://www.ineesite.org/edcon/early.asp
• dfWolds ljBfno lzIff M http://www.ineesite.org/edcon/second.asp
• pRr lzIff - ljZjljBfno, sn]hx? tyf Joj;flos ljBfnox? M http://www.ineesite.org/
edcon/tertiary.asp
• ;d'bfodf ;"rgfsf] cleofgx? M http://www.ineesite.org/edcon/com_info.asp
• k|f}9 lzIffM http://www.ineesite.org/edcon/adult.asp
• ljBfno eGbf aflx/sf sfo{qmd, http://www.ineesite.org/edcon/out_school.asp
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof; dfu{bz{gM lzIffsf ;+/rgfx? tyf Joj:yfkg
• ljBfno k|zf;gM http://www.ineesite.org/edstruc/admin.asp
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof; dfu{bz{gM ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f tyf cfk"lt{x?
• ljBfnosf ;fdfu|Lx?sf] cfk"lt{ tyf lzIfs ;fdfu|Lx?M http://www.ineesite.org/school/
supplies.asp
cfO{PgO{O{ l;sfO ;fdfu|L sfo{bn -@))!_, lzIf0f- cfktsfnLg tyf ;+s6sf cj:yfdf lzIffsf nflu
cWoogsf ;fdfu|Lx?M Ps ;dLIff, cfO{PgO{O{, www.ineesite.org
cGt/ lgsfo :yfoL ;ldlt -@))#_, cfktsfnLg l:yltx?sf nflu PrcfO{eL÷P8; x:tIf]ksf nflu
;'wfl/Psf] dfu{bz{g, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/IASC%20products/
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nf]/], dfs{ -@))!_, afn ;}lgsx?M cftsfngL cj:yfx?df afnaflnsfx?sf] :ofxf/;+ef/ tyf ;+/If0fM Ps
sfo{:t/ dfu{bz{g, ;]e b lrN8«]g, o'P;P, http://ineesite.org/core/default.asp
nf]ljls, h]g -@)))_, pkof]u gul/Psf ;+efAotfx?M ;z:q åGåaf6 k|efljt k|f}9x?, sfo{qmd tyf gLltx?sf]
Ps ;dLIff, z/0ffyL{ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf nflu dlxnf cfof]u, http://www.womenscommission.
org/pdf/cap_youth.pdf
nf]ljls, h]g -@))$_, ;z:q åGåaf6 k|efljt o'jf hgtfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;xeflutfsf ;DaGwdf o'jfn] af]n]sf
gofF cfjfhx?, z/0ffyL{ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf nflu dlxnf cfof]u, http://www.womenscommission.
org/pdf/cap_youth.pdf


nf]ljls, h]g -@))$_, k|f}9 tyf o'jf lzIffsf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L, z/0ffyL{ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf nflu
dlxnf cfof]u, http://www.womenscommission.org/pdf/cap_ones.pdf
Dofssf]gf, O;f]j]n / P;= pkb{ -@))!_, afnaflnsf hf] ;}lgs xf]OggM n8fs' ;d"xx? ;Da4 l;kfxLx?
tyf afnaflnsfsf nflu dfu{bz{gx?, n08gM ;]e b lrN8«]g, http://www.reliefweb.int/library/
documents/2002/sc-children-dec01.htm
lgsf]nfO{, ;';g -@))#_, cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffsf nflu 'cWoogsf] nflu 9fFrfx?'M cfktsfndf lzIff
;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu Ps cf}hf/ ;dfu|L, ;]e b lrN8«]g o's], http://www.ineesite.org/core/
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gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb -o'g]:sf] lko/ ;lxt_ -@)))_, lzIfssf nflu cfktsfnLg Kofs]hM lzIfs dfu{bz{gM
cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf, ul0ft tyf b}lgs hLjgsf nflu l;4fGtx?, gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb, cf]:nf], http://
ineesite.org/about/TTLMBKLT.pdf
gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb -@)))_, lzIfssf nflu cfktsfnLg Kofs]hM tflnd ;xof]u Dofg'cn, gj]{lhog
z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb, cf]:nf], http://ineesite.org/about/TTLMBKLT.pdf
gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb -@))!_, /0fgLltx?M åGåsf r/0fx?df g]t[Tj lng] d'Vo lqmofsnfkx?, Ps ;+:yfsf]
cfktsfnLg 36gfx?sf] kl/efiff / sfo{qmd cj;/x?, http://ineesite.org/core/core_act1.asp
;e] b lrN8«]g -!(((_, af?b - ;ts{! afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'/lIft Jojxf/ l;sfpg z'?cft, /fc88f afgg{,
:jL8]g .
tfljn, ;f]eL / cn]Sh]08«f xfn]{ -@))@_, kf7oqmd kl/jt{g tyf åGå k|efljt ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs ;befj,
k|fljlws a}7ssf] k|ltj]bg, o'g]:sf] cfO{ljO{, http://www.see-educoop.net/education_in/pdf/curric_
change_social_cohesion_bih_enl_t05.pdf
tfljn, ;f]eL / cn]Sh]08|f xfn]{ -;+=_ -@))@_, lzIff, åGå tyf ;fdflhs ;befj -t'ngfTds cWoog >+vnf_,
h]g]efM o'g]:sf] cfO{ljO{ .
o'g]:sf], lzIfssf nflu cfktsfnLg Kofs]h -6]k_ c+uf]nfsf] 6]ksf] ;Gbe{;lxt / o'lg;]km Pj+ o'g]:sf]
?jf08fsf nflu 6]k sfo{qmd, http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php.URL_ID=1344&URL_
DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
o'PgPr;Lcf/ -@))!_, z/0ffyL{ o'jfsf nflu PrcfOeL÷P8; lzIffM cfzfsf] ls/0f, h]g]efM o'PgPr;Lcf/
.
o'lg;]km, af?bL z'?+u tyf ljikmf]6 gePsf kbfy{x?;DaGwL ;r]tgf lzIffsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o dfu{bz{g,
Go'of]s{, o'lg;]km, http://members.iinet.net.au/~pictim/mines/unicef/mineawar.pdf
o'lg;]km, o'g]:sf], 8An'Prcf] / ljZj a}+s -@)))_, k|efjsf/L ljBfno :jf:Yodf ;|f]tx? s]Gb|Ls[tM
lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;dtfsf nflu gofF z'?cft, Go'of]s{M o'lg;]km, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/
images/0012/001240/124086mo.pdf
j]naf}d, Pln; -!((%_, 9'+ufsf kfOnfx?M PrcfO{eL÷P8;sf nflu tflnd Kofs]h, ;+rf/ tyf ;DaGw ;Lkx?,
n08gM PS;g P8, http://www.steppingstonesfeedback.org/index.htm


lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof; dfu{bz{gM n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg,
• lzIfs/;xhstf{sf] pknAwtf / Ifdtfsf ;fy} 5gf}6sf] n]vfhf]vf, http://www.ineesite.org/assess/
teacher.asp
• ljBfno k|zf;g, http://www.ineesite.org/edstruc/admin.asp
• lzIffsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ kfl/>lds tyf e'QmfgL, http://www.ineesite.org/edstruc/payment.asp
• lkmtf{ / k'gMPsLs/0f, http://www.ineesite.org/edstruc/repatriate.asp
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof; dfu{bz{gM tflnd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;,
• k|dfl0fs/0f tyf dfGotf, http://www.ineesite.org/training/certiﬁcate.asp
cGt/ lgsfo :yfoL ;ldlt -@))@_, sfo{of]hgf / dfgjLo ;+s6sf ;dox?df of}g b'Jo{jxf/ / zf]if0faf6
;+/If0fsf nflu d'Vo l;4fGtx? tyf cfrf/ ;+lxtfx?, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/
iasc/poasexualexploitation.doc

gLlt tyf ;dGjo
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• lkmtf{ / k'gMPsLs/0f, http://www.ineesite.org/edstruc/repatriate.asp
cfO{PgO{O{ c;n cEof; dfu{bz{gM tflnd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;,
• k|dfl0fs/0f tyf dfGotf, http://www.ineesite.org/training/certiﬁcate.asp
• ljBfnodf k"j{ ;]jf / ;]jfsfnLg, http://www.ineesite.org/training/service.asp
• sfo{:t/df lzIfs tflnd / ;xof]u - 3'lDt k|lzIfsx? tyf lzIfsx?, http://www.ineesite.org/
training/on_site.asp
• /fli6«o ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf, http://www.ineesite.org/training/government.asp
• cGt/f{li6«o u};;x?sf] e"ldsf, http://www.ineesite.org/training/int_ngo.asp
• ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfosf e"ldsfx?, http://www.ineesite.org/training/un.asp
;f]d;{, dfs{ -@))$_, cfktsfn tyf k'gMlgdf{0fdf lzIffsf nflu ;dGjoM r'gf}ltx? tyf lhDd]jf/Lx?,
cfktsfnLg cj:yfx? tyf k'gMlgdf{0fdf lzIffM ;}4flGts gLlt >+[vnf, k]l/;, o'g]:sf], cfOO{{O{kL .


cg';"rL #M cfef/

cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08sf nflu cfO{PgO{O{sf] sfo{;d"xM
s]o/ Sofgf8f -GofG;L 8|f]:t_ * s]o/ o'P;P -x;g df]xDdb_* Sofyf]lns /fxt ;]jfx? -dfOs kf]hlgofs
tyf ls|li6g sf/lgon_ * cGt/f{li6«o p4f/ ;ldlt -/]j]sf ljgy|f]k tyf j]G8L l:dy_ * gj]{lhog rr{ P8
-lj|lu6 len'd:6f8_* gj]{ o'Pg Pzf]l;P;g/gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb -x]Nu a|f]vDofg_* z/0ffyL{ lzIff 6«i6
-6Ld a|fpg_ * ;]e b lrN8«]g o's] -;';g lgsf]nfO{_ * ;]e b lrN8«]g o'P;P -lqmli6g Sg'8;g_ * o'g]:sf]
-lqmi6f]km/ 6fNaf]6_ * o'PgPrl;cf/ -g]ldof 6]Dkf]/n_* o'lg;]km -lkn/ cfu'O{n/_ * ljZj lzIff/sG;f]{l6od
-k|m]8 lnuf]g_
cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08sf nflu cfO{PgO{O{sf] sfo{;d"xsf] tby{ ;d"x
s]o/ o'P;P -h]g a]Gjf]_ * Sofyf]lns /fxt ;]jfx? -dfOs kf]hlgofs_ * cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?sf nflu
cGt/lgsfo ;+hfn -GofG;L 8«f]:6_ * cGt/f{li6«o /fxt ;]jf -j]G8L l:dy_ * gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb -PlN8«8
ld86'g_ * ;]e b lrN8«]g PnfPG; -;';g lgsf]nfO{_ * ;]e b lrN8«]g o'P;P -lqmli6g Sg'8;]g_
Go'gtd dfkb08sf] k|lqmofdf ;xefuL bftfx?
Sofg]l8og cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;+:yf -l;8f_ * :jLl8; cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;xof]u ;+:yf -l;8f_
* cGt/f{li6«o p4f/ ;ldlt * cGt/f{li6«o ;]e b lrN8«]g PnfPG; * ;]e b lrN8«]g gj]{ * o'g]:sf] * o'PgPr;Lcf/
* o'lg;]km * ljZj a}+s
cfOPgO{O{ sfo{sfl/0fL ;d"xsf ;b:ox?
s]o/ cGt/f{li6«o * cGt/f{li6«o p4f/ ;ldlt * cGt/f{li6«o ;]e b lrN8«]g PnfPg * gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb
* o'g]:sf] * o'PgPr;Lcf/ * o'lg;]km * ljZj a}+s
cfOPgO{O{ ;lrjfno
Plnzg P08/;g * Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf nflu ;Dks{ ljGb' -cGt/f{li6«o p4f/ ;ldltaf6 sfd ul/Psf]_ *
a]e{nL /f]a6{;, ;+hfn ;+of]hs -o'g]:sf]åf/f sfd ul/Psf]_ * uf]ol/n 6f]d/]g ;xfos ;+hfn ;+of]hs -o'g]:sf]
åf/f sfd ul/Psf]_
cfOPgO{O{ bftfx?
s]o/ o'P;P * cGt/f{li6«o ;]e b lrN8«]g PnfPG; * b ldnf]g kmfp08]zg * gj]{lhog ljsf; ;+:yf -gf]/f8_
* gj]{lhog k//fi6« dGqfno * o'g]:sf] * o'PgPr;Lcf/ * o'lg;]km * ljZj a}+s
If]qLo ;Nnfxsf/L k|ltlglwx?
* = ;Nnfx sfo{
-cf];L_ = If]qLo ;Nnfxsf/L Joj:Yfkg ;ldlt ;b:o


clk|msf ;fd"lxs k/fdz{ -g}/f]aL, s]Gof, @!-@# hgj/L, @))$, s]o/ Sofgf8f / gj]{lhog rr{ P8sf]
;f}hGodf_M Sofyl/g cfg]{;]g, gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb, nfOa]l/of; lhg–d]/L d'sf]sf a]t'sfd];f], ;le{;
;]G6«fn P8's]zg cf nf le/o'PgPkmlkP, l8cf/l;; d'l8cfkf;fdL b]jfbf];, lk=Pr=l8, o'g]:sf] lko/, s]Gof; dfOs
kmf]nLof], h]l;o6 z/0ffyL{ ;le{;]h, ;'8fg; dfyf{ x]ljhg, ljG8n 6«i6 OG6/g]zgn/xu lkns+u6g Rofl/6]jn
6«i6, o'uf08f; les lzj/GhL Osf]jf, o'PgPr;Lcf/ s]Gof; hf]o;L O;]Guf]df, s]o/ tfGhflgof; 8]le8;g
cf]jf]ofx hf]gfx, lqmli6og lrN8«]g km08 l;of/lncf]g; s]ln;l6g sfdf]/L a+uf, gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb
l8cf;L; Pd=cf/= af/]o' sfl/o'ls -cf];L_, ;]e b lrN8|]g o's], s]Gof; yf]d; gf]Unf] s6f, o'jf lqmofsnfksf
nflu ;dGjo s]Gb|, l;o/flncf]g; n]eL vfld;, gj]{lhog rr{ P8; of]jf]o' Pg8f sf}jfl;, lzIff dGqfno,
sf]6 l8 cfO{ef]/L; lg8«]lsof] Plnhfa]y lnuf6], blIf0f clk|msf lj:tf/ OsfO{, tfGhflgof; Olngf nf]sf6]nL,
PleP;cfO{ -Pzf]l;oflrof]g ef]nf]G6f/L ;le{lhcf] OG6/g]hgfnL_ pQ/L o'uf08f; luna6{ ;fGof n'vf]jf, ljG8n
6«i6 s]Gof; rfFu' dfgfyf]sf] -cf]l;_, o'lg;]km, blIf0fL tyf k"jL{ clk|msf -clk|msf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:o_;
afN6/ df6f]sL, ;Nnfxsf/; lqmli6og lrN8]«g; km08 c+uf]nf; lgdf gfboL;Lld, /fli6«o lzIff dGqfno,
a'?l08; df/f+u' Pghf]u', s]o/ s]Gof; lddf k]l/l;s, o'lg;]km ;'8fg; hfnL ?jfluhf, lsufnL lzIff OlG:6Ro'6;
Oj|flxd df]xDdb ;Ob, lzIff dGqfno, ;f]dfnLNof08; ;]GoL l;Nof, lzIff dGqfno, lulgof; lqmli6ofgf
yf]k{c, clkm|sg dlxnf lzIffljbx?sf] kmf]/d, l;o/flncf]g; 8]le8 afNs/ -cf]l;_, cGt/f{li6«o p4f/ ;ldlt,
l;o/flncf]g; hf]of; jflgsg, cGt/f{li6«o p4f/ ;ldlt, o'uf08f, hf]g o'u' ltn]oL, Sofyf]lns /fxt ;le{;]h
;'8fg; sf;]oL lod/, s]o/ Oyf]lkof .
cfPgO{O{ sfo{;d"x tyf sfo{sfl/l0f ;d"x k|ltlglwx?M Pln;g P08/;g, clgz};; kfd]nf afS;6/,
o'PgPrl;cf/; x]Nu] a|f]vdfg, gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb; l6d a|fpg, z/0ffyL{ lzIff 6«i6; lqmli6og sflg{on,
Sofyf]lns /fxt ;le{;]h;; GofG;L b|f]:t*, s]o/ Sofgf8f; a]enL{ /f]a6{;, clgz};; lj/lu6 Pr= len'd:6f8,
gj]{lhog rr{ P8 .
Plzof Kofl;kms ;fd"lxs k/fdz{ -sf7df8f}+, g]kfn, @!-@# clk|n @))$, cGt/f{li6«o ;]e
b lrN8«]g PnfPG;åf/f ;+rflnt_M Odfg'Pn cflj/f]o'S; -cf];L_*, ;]e b lrN8«]g, g]kfn; km]lg l8 nf] PGuLn];-
afl6:6f, ljBfyL{x?sf] ;fd'bflos kmfp08]zg / lkmlnlkg afnaflnsfsf] 6]lnlehg kmfp08]zg; l:6e cfl:jg,
o'lg;]km O08f]g]lzof, /flGhlg rlGb|sf hojb{g], sdgj]Ny lzIff km08, >Ln+sf; x]lngf Plnof bf]:t, cGt/f{li6«o
p4f/ ;ldlt, kfls:tfg; o'cfO{kf]g{ bfcf]b"Ocf5fO{; sG;f]l6{od yfONof08 -ljZj lzIff tyf ljZj cWoog_;
;Ldf ufOsjf8, :km]o/ ef/t; cAb'n ukmkmf/, ;]e b lrN8|]g o'P;P, kfls:yfg; 8f= cAb'n ;fdb
ufkmf]/L, o'lg;]km ckmuflg:tfg; /f]hf u'n, cf];s]Gbg OG6/g]zgn,kfls:tfg; ld/ cAb'n dflnsf xf;]ld,
lhl6h]8 a]kmf/L -ckmufg z/0ffyL{x?sf nflu cfwf/e"t lzIff_, kfls:tfg; pGu Guf] xf]s, lzIff, o'jf tyf
v]ns'b dGqfno, sDaf]l8of; P=h]8=Pd= zfvjt x'}g, a|fs lzIff sfo{qmd, a+ufnb]z ;/sf/sf] ;fem]bf/Ltf
OsfO{; P=h]8=Pd= zfvjt x';}g, lzIff ljefu, lkmlnlkG; ;/sf/; zfls/ Ozfs, a]kmf/L kfls:tfg; OlGu|8
Oe/;g, lzIff of]hgfsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o OlG:6Ro'6 -cfO{cfO{O{lk_ o'g]:sf]; pd]zs'df/ s66]n, ljZj :jf:Yo
;+u7g, g]kfn; nId0f vgfn, lzIff ljefu, g]kfn ;/sf/; lrxf? sf]G8', o'lg;]km g]kfn; ;fDk|m] nfn'+ufkf,
o'lg;]km g]kfn; pbo dfgGw/, ;]e b lrN8«]g o'P;P, g]kfn; /fr]n DofslsGg] -cf]l;_, cGt/f{li6«o p4f/
;ldt ckmuflg:yfg; Pg=ljgf]b rGb| ldgf]g -cf]l;_, o'lg;]km ef/t; lutf P;= d]gg, s]o/ ef/t; cAb'n


cflh; d'l:nd, clx+;f OG6/g]zgn / cfr] zflGt lzIff sfo{qmd; hgfb{g g]kfn, lzIff ljefu, g]kfn
;/sf/; Kofl6«l;of cf]ldlbofg, Sj]s/ ;]jf, ckmuflg:tfg; 8An'= :6ln{u k]/]/f, lzIff ;Nnfxsf/, >Ln+sf; cGgf
lkG6f], sf]/ -;+u7g cg';Gwfg tyf lzIff s]Gb|_, ef/t; n]vgfy kf]v/]n, sfl/tf; g]kfn; Pg=Pd= k|'li6, :km]o/
ef/t / s]o/ ef/t; cn]Sh]08«f k'/f, cD;kmfd u|]6 lj|6]g, lkmlnlkG; clkm;; s:t'/L ;]gu'Kt, Sofyf]lns /fxt
;le{;]h, ef/t; x]n]g z]kf{, ljZj lzIff, g]kfn; clgn zdf{, lzIff ljefu, g]kfn ;/sf/; ;Gho l;+x,
Sofyf]lns /fxt ;le{;]h, ef/t; lbk]z l;Gxf, ljkb clNks/0f OlG:6Ro'6, u'h/ft, ef/t, ;/fx l:dy, sG;g{
a+unfbz]; dfs{ efg 8]/ :6f]ojL, h]8cf]P z/0ffyL{ x]/rfx, yfO{Nof08; 8f= ;'lbgf], lzIff dGqfno, O08f]g]lzof;
PgL yf]d;, lzIff tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;Nnfxsf/, sDaf]l8of; lnnf/fh pkfWofo, ljZj vfB sfo{qmd,
g]kfn .
cfPgO{O{ sfo{;d"x tyf sfo{sfl/0fL ;d"x k|ltlglwx?M Plnzg P08/zg, cfPgO{O{; x]Nu a|f]vdfg,
gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb, lqmli6og Sg'8;g, ;]e b lrN8|]g o'P;; k|]m8 lnuf]g, sG;f]l6{od yfONof08 -ljZj
lzIff tyf ljZj cWoog_; ;';fg lgsf]nfO{*, ;]e b lrN8|]g o's]; ld;fon kf]hlgofs, Sofyf]lns /fxt
;le{;]h; sfn{ l6«knxf]g{, ;]e b lrN8|]g o'P;* .
Nofl6g cd]l/sf tyf Sof/]ljog ;fd"lxs k/fdz{ -kgfdf l;6L, kgfdf %-& @))$, o'lg;]kmaf6
;+rflnt_M kmgf{g08f] lhcf]eflg cfl/of; df]/fn];, km'08fl;of]g bf]; d'08f];, sf]nlDaof; n'O{; o]lh8
a]N6«fg afpl6:6f, cfof]hgf k/fdz{ ;]jf, sf]nlDaof; sf/d]g lnlncfgf laO{a]/fv, km'08fl;of]g Kof/f nf
Ou'n8f8 l8 ck/r'lgf8f8];, kgfdf; /jfo jf]o]g, o'lg;]km a]lnh; h'cfg kfAnf] a':6fdfG6], o'lg;]km OSj]8/;
Snfpl8of ljol6«h sf8]{gf; a];]/f, P;lkPd nfl6gf]cd]l/sf sG;'n6f]/]; P;=P= O:6«ft]lhof OG6/Goflsof]gfn;
Snfpl8of P/g]li6gf Sofl/nf] /fd/]h, sldl6 l8 km]ldnf/]; de lel;l6df; 8]n "sf/fsfhf]" km]a|]/]/f] l8 !(*(,
e]g]h'cn; ldN6g h]leo/ sf:6]nfgf]; dl:sP/f, cfO{l;cf/l;, kgfdf; hf];]km df{s ;];f/, lzIff tyf
;+:s[lt dGqfno, x}6L; /]g] s'Ohk;{, o"PgPr;Lcf/ kgfdf; Ol/; O;flnof s'l/nf] 8] /]O{;, lzIff dGqfno,
Pn ;fNef8f]/; leS6f]l/f luGhf, ljZj vfB sfo{qmd, kgfdf; l8o]uf] le8fn u'l6/]h ;fGtf];, lzIff dGqfno, kgfdf
;/sf/; lge]{o lhg-Hofs; -cf]l;_, x}l6og lghL lzIff kmfp08]zg -Pkcf]PgPrOkL_, x}6L; k|mflGs; hf];]km,
lqmli6og afnaflnsf sf]if, 8f]ldlgsf / ;]G6 leG;]G6; u':tfe hf];]km, lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno, x}6L; /]o];
lhd]g]h, l;gfk|f]s, kgfdf; dfyf{ lnofgf];, lk=Pr=8L=; lzIff tyf dfgj ljsf; lj1, uf/]g n'Dklsg -cf]l;_*,
o'lg;]km 6fqmf], kgfdf; Un]l8h dfl/of ldgfof o'/]gf, lzIff dGqfno, 8f]ldlgsg u0ftGq; d]l/gf /f]l;of]
df]lhsf sfef{hfn, ;]e b lrN8«]g o's], sf]nlDaof; dfl/of kfh a/d]hf, o'PgPr;Lcf/ ;h{, kgfdf; l/rf8{
k]nhf/, o'g]:sf]; u]/f8f] k]/]h xf]NhLo'g -cf]l;_, l;O{l8O{L8cfO{P; - ;fd'bflos ljsf; tyf ;fdflhs PsLs/0f
skf]{/]zg, sf]nlDaof; lg8of lSj/f]h -cf]l;_*, o'lg;]km-6fqmf] sG;'lnof /fld/]h, ;]qm]6]l/of l8 P8's]zg
klAnsf, d]lS;sf]; kmnf]/ cNaf /f]d]/f] d]l8gf, o'lge{l;8f8 Gofl;lgof]n l8 sf]nlDaof; /O;f ?Oh, o'lg;]km
kgfdf; pgfO{ ;fsf]gf] a]g]uf;, o'lg;]km 8f]ldlgsg u0ftGq, Pgcf]nL ;gafl/of nf]k]h, o'lg;]km lgsf/fu'cf;
hf];] cn]hfG8|f] ;fG6fG8f/ g/efo]h, cu]{gfO{hfl;of]g kgfd]l/sfgf l8 nf ;fn'b, OSj]8/; of;'lx/f] 6fgLu'lr,
o'Pgcf]rf, kgfdf; 8]le8 dfl6g{ lenf/f]on ufl;{of -cf]l;_, ;]e b lrN8«]g PnfPG;, af]lnleof; ldnf]l8 kmfOg
leG;]G6, lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno, x}6L; ;f]lkmof j]:6ju{, o'lg;]km k]? .


cfPgO{O{ sfo{;d"x tyf sfo{sfl/0fL ;d"x k|ltlglwx?M Pln;g P08/;g, cfPgO{O{; d]l/gf nf]k]h PGh]lNd,
z/0ffyL{ lzIff 6«i6; /]j]sf ljgy|f]k, cfOcf/l; .
dWok"j{, pQ/ clk|msf tyf o'/f]k ;fd"lxs k/fdz{ -cDdfg, hf]8{g, !(–@! d] @))$, o'g]:sf] /
o'PgPr;Lcf/åf/f ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;+rflnt_ M gfb]/ cfG6f]g cfj' cfDzf, k"jL{ h]?;]nd jfO{Pdl;P k'gM:yfkgf
sfo{qmd / jfO{Pdl;P a]Ot-;fxf}/; lhofb cfj' n]afg, /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldlt -cfO{l;cf/l;_,
h]?;]nd; k'ik cfrfo{, ljZj vfB sfo{qmd, dWok"j{, dWo Plzof tyf k"jL{ o'/f]k, OlhK6; Ogf lsdfO{egf
P]/fk]6ofg, s]o/ pQ/L spsf;;, r]r]Gof; kmfoh cxDdb cn kmf;kmf]p;, k|f/lDes afNosfn ;|f]t
s]Gb|, klZrd t6; :6]e]g P08/;g, cfO{l;cf/l;, h]?;nd; :6fg]nf Pd= a]SnL -cf]l;_, o'lg;]km dWok"j{
tyf pQ/ clk|msf If]q, hf]8{g; vf]pbhf a]NbhLnfnL, lzIff dGqfno cNh]l/of; lnnf afpd3/, lzIff
dGqfno, cNh]l/of; of;]/ df]xDdb bfpg, gAaf n]jgfg; e]/f]lgs Pxng, o'gPgPrl;cf/ hf]8{g; dlnsf
Onfl6lkm, ;]e b lrN8|]g, df]/Ssf], xf]nL xu;g, Soflnkmf]lg{of ljZjljBfno, js{n]; z}v slj/f]l8g, ;'b'/ k"j{df
Kofn]li6lgog z/0ffyL{x?sf nflu o'Pg /fxt tyf ;]jf Ph]lG; -o'Pgcf/8An'P_; 8f]l/; Sgf]O{;]n -cf]l;_,
jN8{ lehg OG6/g]zgn; hfx/f ld/3fgL -cf]l;_*, o'PgPrl;cf/, n]jgfg; 8f= cxdb ldhf{ ldhf{,
;nfbfxcl4g ljZjljBfno, O/fs; /f]j6{ ldhL{ -cf]l;_, sf]zf]ef] lzIffljb ljsf; cfof]hgf; Ozf gfzf/, lzIff
dGqfno, hf]8g{ ;/sf/; /f]j6{ kf?cf -cf]l;_*, o'g]:sf] hf]8{g; Hofslng lk6;{, o'lg;]km hf8{g; cd]nf lkl/s,
o'/f]lkog ;'/Iff tyf ;xof]u ;+u7g, ;/fo]ef; zfcf] kf]t'+u, o'lg;]km sAhf ul/Psf] Kofn]li6lgog e"dfu; af;|L
P=P;= ;fnd'lb, lzIff / pRr lzIff dGqfno, Kofn]li6lgog cyf]l/6L; slj/ :kmfOo', o'Pgcf/8An'P, hf]8g{;
clbgf ;fO{lk/f], dWok"j{ afnaflnsf ;+u7g, Oh/fon; ckm/lbtf :kmfO{o', o'lg;]km sf];f]ef]; dfl6{lg :6f]6L{,
lzIff dGqfno, k|mfG;; df]xDdb tf/fsxfg, o'Pgcf/8An'P, hf]8g{; lutf adf{, o'lg;]km hf]8{g; h]ld ljlnoD;
-cf]l;_, ;]e b lrN8|]g o's], OlhK6, O;'km h]g]nL, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, sf];f]ef] .
cfPgO{O{ sfo{;d"x tyf sfo{sfl/0fL ;d"x k|ltlglwx?M Plnzg P08/zg, clgz};; PlN8|8 ld86'g, Pgcf/l;,
;';g lgsf]nfO{, ;]e b lrN8«]g o's]; a]eln{ /f]j6{;, cfO{PgO{O{, lqmi6f]km/ 6fNaf]6*, o'g]:sf] cfO{O{lk; g]ldof
6]Dkf]/fn*, o'PgPr;Lcf/ .
;+o'Qm ;dLIff ;xhstf{M hf]cfg ;'lnefg-cf]of]df]o]nf
;+o'Qm ;dLIff ljZn]if0f ;Nnfxsf/M dfuf{/]6 l;Gsnfo/
Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf ;xof]uLM lqmli6g kfu]g
cfPgO{O{ z}lIfs ljsf; Ps]8]dL tyf ljZjJofkL cWoog kf]6{naf6 ;+o'Qm ;dLIff k|lqmofdf k|fKt ;xof]usf
nflu xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 .
;+o'Qm ;dLIfsx?M lqmz a]/L, ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;+:yf -l8PkmcfO{l8_; lng] a]ys], OG6/
js{;; d]l/lng An]lho/, s]o/; a]e{nL a|';, ;fdflhs lj1fg cg';Gwfg kl/ifb; lk6/ a'sNof08, ljZj
j}+s; bfgf a'b{c, sf]nlDaof ljZjljBfno; lhd l8k|mflG;isf, xfef{8 ljZjljBfno; Pl/s Pe;{dfg,
;Nnfxsf/; hfg lkmN8, o'PgPrl;cf/; ;/fx l8«8]g lk6/;g, xfef{8 ljZjljBfno/dfs/]/L ljZjljBfno;
hf;g xf6{, cS;kmf]8{; dfyf{ x]lj;g, ljG8n 6«i6; 8f]/f]yL hf]jf]ln+uf], cGt/f{li6«o p4f/ ;ldlt o'uf08f,
Plnzg Hjfog/, :km]o/; Pn]g efg sfNdxf]p6, o'lg;]km; Hofls lss{, Dofslun ljZjljBfno, h]g nf]ljls,


cGt/f{li6«o p4f/ ;ldlt; luNa6f]{ d]08]h, lqmli6og afnaflnsf km08 -l;l;Pkm_; PlN8|8 ld86'g, Pgcf/l;;
ld;fon dG6uf]d]/L, l;cfO{l8P; Snfp; g]Nzg, /]8 afg]{y6, hf]g /f]8; kfOu], ;]G6 P8jf8{; 8]lnof /f/]nf-
afl;{nf]gf, o'PgPkmkLP; dfuf{/]6 l;Gsnfo/, ;Nnfxsf/; dfs{ ;f]d;{, ;Nnfxsf/; dfl6{lg :6f]6L{, lzIff
dGqfno, k|mfG;; sfn{ l6«knxf]g{, ;]e b lrN8«]g o'P;; h'lnog af6;g, ;Nnfxsf/; ld;fon a];]N;, l;l;Pkm
/ /fG8f]Nkm Dofsg; lhd ljlnoD;, hh{ afl;+u6g ljZjljBfno; :of/f]g l/6, s]o/ ;'8fg cfwf/e"t lzIff
sfo{qmd/df;fr';]6; ljZjljBfno / ;a} 8An'lhPdP;O{O{ ;b:ox? .
cfPgO{O{ 8An'lhPdP;O{O{ :km]o/ cfof]hgfsf sd{rf/Laf6 k|fKt k/fdz{sf nflu ;d]t cfef/L 5, ;fy}
gfg a'hf8{ / Plnzg hf]ogf/k|lt ljz]if wGojfb 5 .
xft]k'l:tsf ;DkfbsM 8]le8 ljN;g
:yfgLo k/fdz{ k|lqmof, cfPgO{O{ ln:6-;e{ k/fdz{ tyf PdP;O{O{sf] k[i7kf]if0f -h;df @) eGbf a9L
k[i7x?df JolQmut gfdx? ;df]jz 5g / :yfgsf] sf/0fn] of] ;a} gfd /fVg ;Dej gePsf]_ df efu lnPsf
;a}hgf / of]ubfg lbPsf ;a}nfO{ cfPgO{O{ xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 . oBlk ;a} of]ubfgstf{x?sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f
cfPgO{Osf] lgDg j]a;fO{6df k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5M http://www.ineesite.org/standards/msee.asp tyf PdP;O{O{
{
l;l8/f]ddf klg pknAw 5 h'g oxL j]a;fO{6 dfkm{t pknAw 5 .


cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffsf nflu cfOPgO{O{sf] Go"gtd dfkb08 k[i7kf]if0f kmf/fd
;a} Kf|fKt l6Kkl0fx? cfO{PgO{O{sf] Go"gtd dfkb08sf] ;Dks{ s]Gb|sf] kmfOndf /flvg]5 / eljiodf j]adf
cfwfl/t ;+zf]wgsf nflu tyf eljiodf d'lb|t k|ltsf] ;+:s/0fdf yk ;+zf]wg cfjZos ePdf ;dLIffsf
ul/g]5 .
gfdM
kb tyf ;+:yfM
7]ufgfM
kmf]g/Od]nM
ldltM

b]xfosf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbFbf s[kof j:t'ut ?kdf lbg'xf]nf / ;+efjgf cg';f/ ;Nnfx lbFbf k|df0fdf cfwfl/t
k[i7e"ld jf ;Gbe{;fdfu|L klg lbg'xf]nf .
!_ tkfO{sf] cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffsf nflu cfOPgO{O{ Go"gtd dfkb08sf] xft]k'l:tsfsf] s'g} efudf
;fdfGo l6Kk0fL jf k[i7kf]if0f s]xL 5 ls <
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@_ s'g} dfkb08sf ;"rsx?df ;dfof]hgf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 <
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#_ dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLdf gofF ;"rgfx? k|ltlalDjt u/fpg' k5{ ls <
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$_ kl/lzi6x?df ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ jf ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?df / ;Gbe{;fdfu|Lsf] cg';"rLdf yk
ug'{kg]{ pks/0fx? s]xL 5g <
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s[kof o; kmf/fdnfO{ cfPgO{O{sf] cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffsf] nflu Go"gtd dfkb08sf] ;Dks{ s]Gb|df
k7fpg' xf]nfM Plnzg P08/;g
;f}hGoM OG6/g]zgn /]:So' sldl6/!@@ Oi6 $@ cf} l:6«6/Go'of]s{, PgjfO{ !)!^*-!@*(
kmf]gM -+! @!@_ %%! #!)& / kmofS; -+! @!@_ %%! #!*% / allison@theirc.org
cfPgO{O{ //jf Go"gtd dfkb08 k|lqmofsf af/]df yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu s[kof j]a;fO6
http://www.ineesite.org x]g'{xf]nf .

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