1. The document outlines minimum standards for education in emergencies, protracted crises, and early recovery. It aims to ensure the right to education for all during humanitarian crises. 2. The Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE) developed the standards through a collaborative process, drawing on the expertise of over 20 organizations. 3. The standards cover key areas like community participation, assessment, education policy and coordination to help advocate for, support and implement education during humanitarian emergencies. INEE welcomes new members to help advance these goals.

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nflu cfO{PgO{O{sf] sfo{;d"x -;g @))%-@))*_ df cfktsfnLg cj:yf / l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu ljz]if1tf xfl;n
u/]sf @) j6f z}lIfs ;+:yfx? /x]sf 5g; ltgLx? z}lIfs ljsf; Ps]8]dL, a]kmf/L (BEFARe), s]o/ ef/t, s]o/
cd]l/sf, Sofyf]lns /fxt ;]jf, z/0ffyL{ lzIffsf nflu kmfp08]zg sf]if, kmG8s]lzog 8f]; d'G8f]; (Fundacion Dos
Mundos), lhl6h]8, cGt/f{li6«o /fxt ;ldlt, k|mfG;sf] lzIff dGqfno, gj]{lhog rr{ P8, gj]{lhog z/0ffyL{ kl/ifb, ;]e b
lrN8«]g cd]l/sf, o'g]:sf], o'=Pg=Pr=;L=cf/=, o'lg;]km, o'=P;=P=cfO=8L= / ljZj a}+s 5g .
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cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lzIffsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08 1
1= ;a} ju{sf nflu ;femf Go"gtd dfkb08x? 9
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf -;xeflutf / ;|f]tx?_ 12
ljZn]if0f -n]vfhf]vf, k|ltsfo{, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg_ 19
kl/lzi6 !M ljZn]if0f 9fFrf 29
kl/lzi6 @M cfktsfnLg cj:Yffsf nflu of]hgf th'{dfM 36gf ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;"rL 31
kl/lzi6 #M ;"rgf ;+sng / cfjZostfx? n]vfhf]vf k|ZgfjnL 35
2= kx'Fr / cWoogsf] jftfj/0f 41
kl/lzi6 !M dgf]a}1flgs ;"rL 52
kl/lzi6 @M ljBfno vfgf sfo{qmd ;"rL 54
3= cWoog / cWofkg 57
4= lzIfsx? / cGo lzIffsdL{x? 69
kl/lzi6 !M cfrf/ ;+lxtf 77
5= lzIff gLlt / ;dGjo 79
cg';"rLx? 88
cg';"rL !M zAbfjnL 88
cg';"rL @M ;Gbe{u|Gy / ;|f]t ;fdfu|L 92
cg';"rL #M cfef/ 101
k[i7kf]if0f kmf/fd 106
6= jN8{ lehg OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf cfktsfnLg dfgjLo p4f/ 107
7= ;kmntfsf syfx? 108
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5. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 1
kl/ro M
cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf
;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf
k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd
dfkb08
;a} JolQm, afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf jo:sx?sf] cfktsfnLg cj:Yffdf lzIffsf] clwsf/
/x]sf] tYonfO{ cfTd;ft u/L cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f
r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 Pp6f xft]k'l:tsfsf] ?kdf dfq ge} k|ltj4tfsf]
pb3f]if0f ;d]t xf] h;sf] ljsf; Jofks ;xsfo{sf] k|lqmof dfkm{t ePsf] 5 . o;n] :km]o/
cfof]hgfsf lgDg d"n ljZjfzx? k|ltWjlgt u/]sf] 5M s'g}klg ;+s6 jf åGåsf sf/0f ;[hgf
x'g] dfgjLo kL8fnfO{ cGt ug{ ;a} ;+efAo pkfox? ckgfpg] / ljkbaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf
nflu dof{bf;lxt hLjgsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
;f/f+z ljj/0f
;a} JolQmx?nfO{ lzIffsf] clwsf/ k|fKt 5 . of] clwsf/ w]/} k|s[ltsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw / lnvtx?df
pNn]lvt 5, h:t}M dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjAoflk 3f]if0ffkq, -;g !($*_ – z/0ffyL{x?sf] cj:yf;DaGwL
;lGw -;g !(%!_ – h]g]ef ;lGw -rf+}yf]_ sf] o'4sf] ;dodf lgxTyf JolQmsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL k|fjwfg
– cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw -;g !(^^_, afn clwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGw -;g !(*(_ – / ljZj lzIff kmf]/dsf] 8sf/ sfo{;+/rgf -;g @)))_ n] k|jl4{t ;a}sf
nflu lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff, cflb .
lzIff Ps clwsf/ dfq xf]Og ls o;n] cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fh:tf
;dodf ef}lts, dgf]a}1flgs / 1fgd"ns ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5 h'g hLjg arfpg] / hLjg bLuf]
agfpg] b'j} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . lzIffn] cWoogsf] ;'/lIft :yfg pknAw u/fO{ hLjg bLuf]

6. 2 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
agfpg'sf ;fy;fy} k|efljt JolQmx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ Ifdtf / ;xof]u ;d]t pknAw u/fpFb5
-ljz]if u/L afnaflnsf tyf ao:sx?sf]_ . ;+s6sf] ;dodf lzIffn] l:y/tf, hLjgsf] ;fdfGoj:yf,
;+u7g tyf eljiosf] cfzfd"vL efjgfx? phfu/ u/fO{ åGå tyf ljkbx?sf] dgf]j}1flgs k|efj
clNks/0f u/fpFb5 / eljiosf] cfly{s l:y/tfsf nflu ;+/rgfTds cfwf/ tof/ kfb{5 . lzIffn]
ljleGg zf]if0f tyf lj£gafwf lj?4 ljleGg dfWodåf/f ;+/If0f u/L hLjg klg arfpFb5, ;fy}
yk pbfx/0fdf ckx/0f, ;z:q ;d"xdf aRrfx?sf] elt{ tyf of}ghGo tyf ln+uhGo lx+;flj?4sf]
;+/If0f klg k|bfg ub{5 . cGtdf, lzIffn] ;+s6sf] ;dodf s;/L afFRg] egL ;'/lIft hLjg;DaGwL
h:t} ljikmf]6s kbf{yx?af6 ;'/Iff, PrcfO{eL P8;af6 arfj6, åGå lgjf/0f / zflGt lgdf{0f;DaGwL
hfgsf/Lx? k|bfg u/L 1fg tyf zLk k|bfg ub{5 .
cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf lzIff
xfn}sf jif{x?df cfktsfnLg ;dodf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] sfo{qmdx? cfjZos 5g
egL r]tgfx?sf] a9f]Q/L ePsf] 5 . nfvf}+ nfv afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf jo:sx? z}lIfs lgsfox?
tyf /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo ;+:yfx?sf k|of;x?af6 nfeflGjt eO{/x]sf 5g . lzIff If]qnfO{
ljz]if hf]8 lbP cg'?k, b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx? cuffl8 cfPsf 5gM
!= s;}n] klg cfktsfnLg ;dodf lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ xgg gug]{ dfGotf / To:tf] lzIff
dfgjLo ax;sf] d'n k|jfxeGbf aflx/ /xg g;Sg] t/ dfgjLo k|ltsfo{sf] Ps k|fyldstf
/xg], /
@= ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf lzIffsf] nflu Go"gtd :t/sf] kx'Fr, u'0f:t/ / pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt ug{
Ps Jofks cfwf/;lxtsf] O{R5f / k|ltj4tf .
o;}sf nflu cfktsfnLg ;dodf lzIffsf] nflu ljZjAofkL Go"gtd dfkb08 ljsf; ug{ ;xhLs/0f
x]t' ;g @))# df Pp6f sfo{;d"x :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] k|of; cfO{PgO{O{-INEE_ leq z'?cft
ul/Psf] lyof] h'g ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox?, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, bftfx?, Joj;fosdL{x?,
cg';Gwfgstf{x? tyf k|efljt ;d'bfosf JolQmx? ;dfj]z /x]sf] v'nf ;+hfn xf], h;n] ;+o'Qm
?kdf lqmofzLn eO{ cfktsfnLg tyf åGåf]Q/ k'gMlgdf{0fsf ;dodf lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt
ub{5 . o; ;+hfn c;n cEof;x?, k4lt tyf cg';Gwfgx?sf] ;+sng / k|rf/ ug{sf nflu
lhDd]jf/ 5, ;fy} cfktsfnLg cj:yfåf/f kLl8t ;d'bfosf] lzIffsf] clwsf/nfO{ jsfntsf] dfWodåf/f
k|j4{g ug{ / o;sf ;b:ox? / ;fem]bf/x?aLr lgoldt ?kdf ;"rgfx? cfbfgk|bfg ug{ lqmofzLn
5 . cfO{PgO{O{-INEE_ n] ;|f]t;fwgdf /x]sf sdLsdhf]/L klg klxrfg ub{5 / o:tf ;|f]t;fwgsf]
cfO{PgO{O{ ;b:o ;+:yfx?åf/f ul7t ljz]if ;d"xåf/f clej[l4 ug{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 .

7. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 3
o; xft]k'l:tsfdf k|:t't ljZjAofkL dfkb08x? cfktsfnLg ;dodf lzIffsf Go"gtd dfkb08x? ljsf;
ug{ Aofks tyf ;Nnfxsf/L k|lqmofaf6 cfPsf kl/0ffdx? x'g . Go"gtd dfkb08sf] nflu cfO{PgO{O{sf]
sfo{;d"xn] ;xhLs/0f u/L ;g @))# kZrft Aofks cfwf/;lxtsf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] sfo{af6 dfkb08,
;"rs tyf dfub{zg{x? ljsf; u/L cfktsfnLg ;dob]lv k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0fsf] r/0f;Dd k|Tofe"lt
u/fOg] lzIffsf] Go"gtd kx'Fr / ;Da4 Joj:yfx?nfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ljsf;sf d'Vo
k|lqmofut kIfx?df /fli6«o, pkIf]qLo tyf If]qLo k/fdz{x? cfO{PgO{O{sf] ln:6 ;e{ (List-Serve)
af6 k|fKt cgnfO{g ;Nnfx ;dsIfL k'g/fjnf]sg k|lqmofx? /x]sf lyP . k|To]s r/0fdf ;+slnt
hfgsf/Lx? csf]{ r/0fsf] k|lqmofsf] nflu ;"rgf lbg k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
%) /fi6«sf @,@%) hgf JolQmx?n] o; Go"gtd dfkb08 ljsf;sf nflu of]ubfg ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;g
@))$ sf] hgj/Lb]lv d] dlxgfsf] aLrdf Go"gtd dfkb08sf nflu cfO{PgO{O{ sfo{;d"xn] clk|msf,
Plzof, Nofl6g cd]l/sf / dWok"j{ tyf o"/f]k u/L rf/j6f If]qLo:t/df ;Nnfx lng] sfd u/of] .
o; If]qLo ;Dd]ngdf !#! k|ltlglwx? ;dfj]z lyP h;df k|efljt ;d'bfo, cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, ;/sf/L tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;+:yfsf %! b]zsf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] loof] .
If]qLo ;Dd]ng x'g'cl3 k|ltlglwx? tyf cfO{PgO{O{sf ;b:ox?af6 !!) j6feGbf a9L :yfgLo,
/fli6«o tyf pkIf]qLo k/fdz{ $& j6f b]zx?df ;DkGg ul/of], h;af6 ljleGg ;Nnfx ;'emfj /
;"rgfx? u}=;=;+=, ;/sf/L tyf o"=Pg=sf k|ltlglwx?, bftfx?, lzIffljbx? / k|efljt ;d'bfosf
!,()) k|ltlglwx? nufot ljwfyL{, lzIfs tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x? dfkm{t ;+sng ul/of] . If]qLo
k/fdz{sf k|ltlglwx?n] dfkb08, ;+s]tx? tyf dfu{bz{g ljsf; ug{ /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo:t/df
;Nnfx lng] sfd ug'{sf ;fy;fy} If]qLo Go"gtd dfkb08 ljsf;sf nflu !)) eGbf a9L cfO{PgO{O{sf]
ln:6 ;e{ (List-Serve) df k|fKt hfgsf/Lx? k|of]u ul/of] . ;dsIfL k'g/fjnf]sg k|lqmof ;g @))$
sf] u[idofddf ;DkGg ul/of] h;df $) hgf lj1x? ;dfj]z /x]sf lyP h;n] If]qLo dfkb08x?sf]
ljZn]if0f / kl/dfh{g u/L ljZjAofkL dfkb08sf] :j?k lbPsf x'g .
o;/L ljsl;t ePsf Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf] cfwf/ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, ;a}sf nflu
lzIff;DaGwL 8sf/ sfo{;+/rgf, o'=Pg= ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox? / :km]o/ cfof]hgfsf dfgjLo
a8fkq x'g . afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo / ;a}sf nflu lzIff cleofgn]
s'g} klg cfktsfnLg cj:yfaf6 k|efljtx?sf nflu ;d]t u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] clwsf/sf] pb3f]if0f
u/]sf] 5 . o; xft]k'l:tsf lzIffsf] kFx'r tyf lzIffsf] clwsf/sf] Go"gtd :t/df kl/k"lt{sf] nflu
ul/g] k|of;x?df Ps ;fwg x'g]5 .

8. 4 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
:km]o/ cfof]hgfsf] ljkb k|ltsfo{sf] nflu dfgjLo a8fkq / Go"gtd dfkb08, h'g ;g !((& df
dfgjLo u}=;=;+=x?, /]8qm;, /]8 lqm;s]G6 cfGbf]ngx?åf/f hf/L ul/Psf] xf], h;n] ljkbaf6 k|efljt
hgtfx?n] dfgjLo ;xfotfaf6 ck]Iff ug{;Sg] clwsf/nfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . :km]o/ xft]k'l:tsfdf
d'Vo If]qx? vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{, vfB ;'/Iff, kf]if0f tyf vfB ;xof]u, SofDk Joj:yfkg,
:jf:Yo ;]jf dfgjLo a8fkq tyf Go"gtd dfkb08df ;dflxt u/]sf] 5 . o;n] lzIff ;]jfsf] If]qnfO{
;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5}g .
of] dfgjLo a8fkq cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"g, cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ sfg"g, z/0ffyL{ sfg"g tyf
cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; / /]8lqm;s]G6 cleofgsf] cfrf/;+lxtf / ljkbsf] /fxtsfnflu u}=;=;+=x?sf l;4fGt
tyf Joj:yfx?df cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . a8fkqn] dfgjLo ;xfotf sfo{ ug{sf nflu cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?sf]
j0f{g ub{5 / ;s+6af6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;xfotf k|flKtsf] ljifonfO{ yk hf]8
lbPsf] 5 . ;fy} o;df ljkb k|efljt hgtfsf] dofbf{k"0f{ hLjgsf] clwsf/nfO{ klg b[9tfk"j{s
:jLsfl/Psf] 5 . of] a8fkqdf /fHo kIf tyf ljb|f]xL kIfn] ;xfotf tyf ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ k|Tofe"lt
ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL bfloTjx?nfO{ cf}NofOPsf] 5 . ha ;Da4 kIfx? bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ c;dy{ /÷jf c;Ifd x'g
k'Ub5g, ta ltgLx? dfgjLo ;+/If0f tyf ;xfotfsf nflu dfgjLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ cg'dlt lbg afWo x'G5g
(www.sphereproject.org).
cfO{PgO{O{ Go"gtd dfkb08 k|of]u ug]{ ;do
cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf]
Go"gtd dfkb08 cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{df k|of]u ug{ agfOPsf] xf], / of] cfktsfnLg k"j{tof/L /
dfgjLo jsfntsf nflu ;d]t pkof]uL x'g ;Qm5 . logLx? k|fs[lts ljkbx? / ;z:q åGåx? h:tf
a[xt k|s[ltsf cj:yfdf nfu" x'g ;Qm5g . o; xft]k'l:tsfdf k|o'Qm cfktsfnLg zAb b'O{ lj:t[t
cy{df lnOPsf] 5M k|fs[lts ljkbx? tyf h6Ln cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?, h;sf] AofVof tn lbOPsf]
5.
• k|fs[lts ljkbx? eGgfn] ;fd'lb|s cfFwL, 6fOkm'g, e"sDk, v8]/L / af9L nufotsf ljkbx?
a'lemG5 . s]xL k|fs[lts ljkbx? h:t} e"sDk s'g} r]tfjgLlagf cfpg] / 5]p5fpsf :yfgdf
a;f]af; ug]{nfO{ ulDe/ k|efj kfb{5 . cGodf h:t} v8]/L lj:tf/} ljsl;t x'g ;Qm5 t/
;dfg ?kdf ljgfzsf/L k|efj kfb{5g .
• h6Ln cfktsfnLg cj:yf eGgfn] dfgjl;lh{t x'G5g / w]/}h;f] åGå jf ;fdflhs czflGtaf6
l;lh{t x'G5g, h'g k|fs[lts ljkbaf6 3lge"t x'g ;Qm5g . To:tf] cj:yfdf hgtfsf] hLjg,

9. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 5
;'/Iff, ;d[l4 / dof{bfx? w]/} ;+s6k"0f{ sf/0fx? h:t} k|fs[lts jf dfgjl;lh{t ljkb / ;z:q
åGåaf6 vt/fdf kg{ ;b{5g .
o; xft]k'l:tsfdf /x]sf ljifoj:t'x? cf1fTds k|s[ltsf xf]Ogg . ljleGg txsf -kl/jf/ tx
/ ;d'bfo, :yfgLo clwsf/Lx?, dGqfnosf kbflwsf/Lx?, bftf ;+:yfx?, sfof{Gjogstf{x? cflb_
;fem]bf/x?åf/f of] Go"gtd dfkb08x? ljsf; ul/Psf] / ljZjdf b]lvPsf] cfktsfnLg / l56f]
k'gMlgdf{0fsf] jftfj/0fdf ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf s;/L /fli6«o ;/sf/, cGo
clwsf/L / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx? cfktsfnLg l:yltdf k|ltsfo{ (Response) ubf{ lzIffsf
sfo{qmdx? :yflkt ug]{ egL o; dfkb08n] dfu{bz{g pknAw u/fpFb5 . k|efljt hgtfåf/f lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf tTsfnLg lzIffsf] cfjZostf adf]lhd :yfgLo ;d'bfox?, ;/sf/x?, cGo clwsf/Lx? tyf
dfgjLo ;xfotfsdL{x?n] k|of]u ug{ ;s'g egL of] dfkb08 tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
;do;Ldf
o; Go"gtd dfkb08df pNn]lvt ;do;Ldfsf] k|of]u clwsf+ztM kl/l:yltdf e/kb{5 . logLx? a[xt
k|s[ltsf cfktsfnLg kl/l:yltdf nfu" x'g ;Qm5g h'g k"j{ k|ltsfo{b]lv l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fsf] r/0f;Dd
x'g ;Qm5g / j[xt nlIft ju{n] k|of]u ug{ ;Qm5g . o; xft]k'l:tsfdf k|o'Qm ;'rsx? ljZjJofkL ?kdf
x/]s cj:yfdf nfu" x'g ;Qm}gg g t x/]s ;+efJo k|of]ustf{n] k|of]u ug{ ;Qm5g . pNn]lvt dfkb08 jf
;"rsx?;DaGwL pknlAw xfl;n ug{ xKtf, dlxgf jf jiff}{ nfUg ;Qm5 . s]xL cj:yfdf Go"gtd dfkb08
/ ;+s]tx?sf] pknlAw afxo ;xfotflagf klg xfFl;n x'g ;S5g eg] s]xL cj:Yffx?df lzIff;Da4
kbflwsf/L jf lgsfox?;Fusf] ;+o'Qm k|of; cfjZos klg x'g ;S5 . ha lo dfkb08 jf ;"rsx? nfu"
ul/G5g To;a]nf ;a} ;Da4 ;fem]bf/x? sfof{Gjog ug{ / kl/0ffd xfFl;n ug{ ;do;Ldfdf ;xdt x'g' h?/L
5.
Go"gtd dfkb08 s;/L k|of]u ug]{ <
cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf tyf u}=;=;+= x?n] w]/} yl/sf lgb]{lzsfx? / ;|f]t;fwgx? tof/
kf/]sf5g h;n] lzIffsdL{x?nfO{ cfktsfnLg cj:yf tyf l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fsf k|of;df cWoog
tyf dgf];fdflhs lqmofsnfksf ljleGg ljljw kIfx?df Jojxfl/s dfu{bz{gx? pknAw
u/fO/x]sf 5g . log} ;+:yfx?sf ;fy;fy} lzIff dGqfno / lzIff If]qsf cGo kbflwsf/Lx?n] gLlt
tyf lgb]{zgx? ljsf; u/L u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? lgdf{0f u/L ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf 5g . of]
xft]k'l:tsfn] :yfgLo :t/df sfof{Gjog ul/g] /0fgLltx? tyf sfo{qmdx? tof/ ug{ / sfof{Gjog
ug{ lj:t[t ljj/0f pknAw u/fPsf] 5}g . oBlk, o;n] Go"gtd dfkb08sf ljifoj:t'x?, d'Vo

10. 6 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
;"rsx? tyf dfu{bz{gx? k|:t't u/]sf] 5 h;n] z}lIfs ;Gbe{df dfgjLo sfo{sf nflu ljsf; ul/g]
z}lIfs sfo{qmd, ltgsf] sfof{Gjog / lg/Gt/tfsf ;fy;fy} ;/sf/L / ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] af/]df
;d]t ;";'lrt ub{5 . Go"gtd dfkb08x? kfFr k|sf/df k|:t't ul/Psf 5g . ltlgx? lgDg 5gM
;a} ju{sf nflu Go"gtd ;femf dfkb08x? M of] kl/R5]bdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf] cfjZos
If]qx?df k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 / o; xft]k'l:tsfdf pNn]lvt dfkb08x? sfof{Gjog ubf{ :yfgLo
;|f]t;fwg k|of]u ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf ;fy;fy} cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf z}lIfs k|ltsfo{x? k|fylds
n]vfhf]vfdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ h'g pko'Qm / lg/Gt/ cg'udg Pj+ d"Nof+sg Joj:yf klg
pNn]lvt 5g Ù
cWoogsf] nflu kx'“r / pko'Qm jftfj/0f M o;df cWoogsf cj;/x? tyf cGt/If]qut
cGt/;DaGwsf nflu kx'Fr clejl4 u/L ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . h:t}M :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL
tyf ;/;kmfO{, vfB ;xof]u tyf kf]if0f / cfjf;sf dfWodaf6 ;'/Iff, ef}lts, af}l4s ljsf;
/ dgf]j}1flgs ;d[l4sf] clej[l4 ug]{Ù
cWoog / cWofkg M o;df k|efjsf/L cWoog / cWofkg clej[l4sf ;'Id tTjx?sf]
ljifodf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 M !_ kf7oqmd @_ tflnd #_ lgb]{zg / $_ n]vfhf]vf
lzIfs / cGo lzIffsdL{x? M lzIff If]qsf] k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgdfdf sfo{/t dfgj
;|f]tsf] kIfdf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 h;df egf{ tyf 5gf}6, ;]jf zt{x? / cg'udg / ;xof]usf]
ljifodf pNn]lvt 5 Ù
lzIff gLlt / ;dGjo M gLlt th'{df / kfl/t ug]{, of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjog, c'gudg /
;dGjosf ljifodf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .

11. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 7
if0f–;d'bfos
]
lj Zn
f] ;
–
sf] ;xeflutf
kx'Fr tyf cWoog tyf
xefl
cWoogsf] cWofkg
jftfj/0f
utf–ljZ
lzIfsx? tyf lzIff gLlt tyf
lzIffsdL{x? ;dGjo
fo
n]i
b
0f
f
'
;d –
dfkb08x? / ;"rsx?sf aLr km/s
Go"gtd dfkb08x? k|efljt hgtfsf] dof{bfk"0f{ hLjgsf] clwsf/sf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /x]sf]
5 . logL x?n] dfgjLo ;xfotfsf] ;dodf xfFl;n ug'{kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd kx'Fr / cGo Joj:yfsf
ljifodf JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ltgLx? u'0ffTds k|s[ltsf 5g / ljZjAoflk Pj+ s'g} klg jftfj/0fdf
sfof{Gjog of]Uo /x]sf 5g . x/]s dfkb08sf d'Vo ;"rsx?n] dfkb08x?sf] pknlAw xfl;n eP
gePsf] ;+s]t ub{5g . ltgLx?n] dfkg ug]{ pks/0fsf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{5g / sfo{qmdsf] k|efj -jf
kl/0ffd_ x?sf ;fy;fy} k|o'Qm k|lqmof -jf ljlw_ x? ;+k|]if0f ug]{5g . o;df ;+VofTds jf u'0ffTds b'j}
lsl;dsf] ljj/0f /xG5 . d'Vo ;"rsx? ljgfsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 c;n ljj/0f;lxtsf] 3f]if0ffafx]s
s]xL x'g g;Sg] x'G5 h;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ uf¥xf] x'G5 . x/]s kl/R5]bdf /x]sf] dfu{bz{gx? lglZrt
a'Fbfx?;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf]n] ljleGg ;dodf k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{5 . ltgLx?n] k|fyldstf k|fKt
d'2fx?df / Jojxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Nnfx k|:tfljt u/]sf 5g / ljleGg låljwf, ljjfb
tyf ljBdfg 1fgdf /x]sf sdLsdhf]/L klg j0f{g u/]sf 5g . lglZrt d'Vo ;"rsx?;Fu ;DalGwt
dfu{bz{gx? / To;;Fu ;Da4 ljifox? ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . d'Vo ;"rsx? ;Fw} ;Da4 dfubz{gx?;Fu
ldnfP/ dfq cWoog ug'{kg]{5 .

12. 8 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
cGt/;DalGwt d'2fx?
o; Go"gtd dfkb08 ljsf;sf] qmddf w]/} dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5 .
logLx? dfgj tyf afn clwsf/, n}+lus, hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/, PrcfO{eL P8;, ckf+utf
/ ;+s6f;Ggtf;Fu ;DalGwt 5g . oL ljifoj:t'x?nfO{ 5'66} cg'R5]bdf /fVg] xf]Og ls ;DalGwt
dfkb08x?df g} ;dflxt ul/Psf 5g .
sfo{If]q tyf ;Lldttf
ljleGg cg'R5]bx?sf dfkb08x? 5'§f5'§} ?kdf k|:t't geO{ Pscsf{df cGt/;DalGwt /x]sf
5g . oBlk ljZjJofkL dfkb08x? th'{df ubf{ / ltgLx?nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ Ifdtfsf ;DaGwdf
ckl/xfo{ ?kdf tgfjx? /x]sf 5g . x/]s kl/l:ylt km/s 5g . To;} sf/0fn] dfkb08 th'{dfsf]
ljZjJofkL ljsf; k|lqmofdf dfgjLo ;xfotfsdL{, lzIffljb, ;/sf/, z}lIfs kbflwsf/L, gful/s
;dfh, k|efljt ;d'bfo cfbLsf] If]qLo, /fli6«o / :yfgLo txdf a[xt / Jofks ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
ul/Psf] lyof] .
s]xL pbfx/0fx?df, :yfgLo tTjx?n] Go"gtd dfkb08x? cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'g;S5 t/ d'Vo ;"rsx?
xfFl;n ug{ g;lsg] x'G5 . hj o:tf] cj:yf b]vfkb{5, tj dfkb08 / ;"rssfaLr /x]sf] vf8nx?
xft]k'l:tsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf 5g / Jojxf/df k|of]u ubf{ b]vfk/]df cjZo JofVof ug'{kg]{5 /,
vf8nx? pTkGg x'gfsf sf/0f / dfkb08 nIfd'vL agfpgsf nflu s] kl/jt{g ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 eGg]
s'/f klg JofVof ug'{kg]{5 .
cfO{PgO{O{ Go"gtd dfkb08n] z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf ;a} ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ub}{g oBlk o;n] dfgjLo
;xfotf ;+:yfx?, ;/sf/x? / :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ z}lIfs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf / u'0f:t/ clej[l4
ug{ Pp6f pks/0fsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ ljkbaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf] hLjgdf ;f/e"t km/s
Nofpg ;lsof]; .

13. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 9
! ;a} ju{sf nflu ;femf
Go"gtd dfkb08x?
kl/ro
of] kl/R5]bdf 5 j6f d'Vo dfkb08sf k|lqmofx?sf] ljifodf JofVof ul/Psf] 5, h'g o;
xft]k'l:tsfsf cGo x/]s ju{x?sf cleGg c+usf ?kdf /x]sf 5g . oL dfkb08x?M !_
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf, @_ :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwg, #_ k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf, $_ k|ltsfo{ /0fgLlt,
%_ cg'udg / ^_ d"Nof+sg x'g . ltgLx? b'O{j6f pk–;d"xut zLif{sdf k|:t't ul/Psf 5g,
klxnf] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf -;xeflutf / ;|f]t;fwg_ / bf];|f] ljZn]if0f -n]vfhf]vf, k|ltsfo{,
cg'udg / d"Nof+sg_ xf] . oxfF pNn]lvt dfkb08x? sfof{Gjog u/L dfgjLo ;xfotfsdL{x?
/ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] kx'Fr / cWoogsf] jftfj/0f, cWoog / cWofkg, lzIfs / cGo
lzIffsdL{x?, lzIff gLlt / ;dGjosf If]qx?sf dfkb08x?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{5g .
cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL pks/0fx?;“usf] ;DaGw
k|To]snfO{ dof{bf;lxtsf] hLjgsf] clwsf/ x'g5 / ltgLx?sf] lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;lxtsf] dfgj
]
clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ul/g]5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/, dfgjLo tyf z/0ffyL{;DaGwL sfg"gdf pNn]v
ePadf]lhd dfgjLo ;xfotfsdL{x?n] dfgj clwsf/;Fu / ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/, e]befj gx'g]
clwsf/ / ;"rgfsf] clwsf/;Fu tfbfDotf sfod x'g] u/L ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L x'g5 . ]
:km]o/ cfof]hgfsf] dfgjLo a8fkq, cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm;sf] cfrf/;+lxtf, /]8lqm;s]G6 cfGbf]ng, dfgjLo
/fxtsf nflu u}=;=;+= / dfgjLo ;xfotfsf ;+:yfx?n] cfFkm} ;xfotf vf]Hg]nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] lhDdf
lng]5g . ;femf dfkb08x?n] ;+:yfx? tyf JolQmx?n] k|bfg ug]{ z}lIfs ;xfotfsf nflu lhDd]jf/Lx?sf]
/]vf+sg u/]sf] 5 .

14. 10 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
;a} ju{sf nflu ;femf Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf] dxTj
;DalGwt k|fljlws v08 k9g' cl3 ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf / ljZn]if0fsf] o; v08 k9g' h?/L / dxTjk"0f{
x'g5 . oL v08x?df ;a} Go"gtd dfkb08x?sf nflu d"ne"t kIfx?sf] ;dli6 vfsf sf]l/Psf] x'gfn]
]
of] k|f;+lus 5 . cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] ;a} r/0fx?sf nflu lzIff;DaGwL tYof+sx?sf] ;+sng /
ljZn]if0f dxTjk"0f{ 5 . of]hgfx? agfpg / k|ToIf ;|ft;fwgx? Jojl:yt ug{ ;+s6 z'?x'bfsf] ;dodf
] F
g} ;|ft;fwg, cfjZostf / ck"0f{ cfjZostfx? klxrfg ug}{ kb{5 .
]
cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ;+rfng ul/g] k|efjsf/L z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? kl/l:yltsf] :ki6tfsf cfwf/df
dfq lgwf{/0f u/L ljkb–k|efljt ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ vfnsf] x'gkb{5 . k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vfn]
'
cfkTsfnLg 36gfsf] k|sl[ t / o;n] hgtfnfO{ kf/]sf] k|efj ljZn]if0f ug'kb{5 . k|efljt ;d'bfosf]
{
Ifdtfx? / :yfgLo ;|ft;fwgsf] pknAwtf klxrfg ug'kg]5 / ;f]xL ;dodf ltgLx?sf] cfjZostf
] { {
/ ;+s6f;Ggtfsf] cfFsng u/L cTofjZos ;]jfdf /x]sf ck"0f{tf klg cfFsng ul/g]5 . sfo{qmdx?sf]
k|efjsfl/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+rfng ul/g] z}lIfs n]vfhf]vfsf nflu ;+s6af6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf] clgjfo{
;xeflutf dfq xf]Og ls :yfgLo ;/sf/ / lzIff tyf u}/–lzIffdf ;+nUg dfgjLo ;xfotfsdL{x?nfO{
;d]t ;xefuL u/fpg' kg]5 . n]vfhf]vfn] ljleGg k|sl[ tsf ;d'bfosf nflu cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s
{
b'j} lzIffsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg} kb{5 . lzIffnfO{ cGo If]qaf6 cnu /fv]/ x]g{ ;lsFbg cyf{t
}
cy{zf:q, wfld{s jf k/D/fut ljZjf;, ;fdflhs cEof;, /fhg}lts jf ;'/Iff;Da4 tTjx?, ;dfg
ug]{ ;+oGq jf eljiosf nflu ck]lIft ljsf;af6 cnUu} /fVg ;lsb}g . ;+s6sf sf/0f / k|efjx?sf]
ljZn]if0f sfo{ h6Ln 5 . obL ;d:of ;xL tj/n] klxrfg ePg / a'lemPg eg] pko'Qm tj/n] k|ltsfo{
ug{ sl7gfO{ x'G5 .
k|ltsfo{ w]/} tTjx?df lge{/ ub{5, h:t} ;xfotfsdL{x?s]f Ifdtf, ljz]if1ftfsf] If]q-x?_, cfly{s
;Lldttf, :yfg / cj:yfsf] 1fg, / sd{rf/L tyf l;sf?sf nflu ;'/Iff hf]lvd . s;n], slxn], s]
ug]{ egL :ki6 hfgsf/L lbg o; xft]kl' :tsfdf k|ltsfo{sf dfkb08x? lj:t[t ?kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
ha pko'Qm k|ltsfo{ ;+oGq lgwf{/0f ul/G5, nlIft ;+oGqx? :yflkt ul/G5 To;n] g} ;xfotfsdL{x?nfO{
cfjZostfg'?k lgikIf tyf ljgfe]befj ;xfotf ljt/0f ug{ ;xh x'G5 .
p2]Zog'?k lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|ult dfkg ug{ ;"rgfsf] ;+sng / ljZn]if0fsf nflu k|lqmofsf] z'?cftd}
cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug'kg]5 / h;af6 sfo{qmdsf] ;fGble{stfx? efjL kl/j]zdf lg/Gt/ hfFlrg]
{
5 . k|ltsfo{sf] ;dodf jf ;f]sf] ;dflKt kZrft d"Nof+sg sfo{ sfo{qmdsf] cjlw cg';f/ aLraLrdf
lg/Gt/ ?kdf ug'kg]5 / sfo{qmdsf] ;du| k|efjsfl/tf tyf l;lsPsf kf7x? klxrfg ug'kg]5 h;af6
{ { { {

15. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 11
eljiodf To:t} k|sl[ tsf sfo{qmdx?df ;'wf/ x'g;Sg]5 . ;DalGwt ;fem]bf/x? tyf l;Sg] JolQmx?nfO{
d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL u/fpg'kg]5 . d"Nof+sg tyf cg'udgsf k|lqmofx?, ljifoj:t'x?
{
/ kl/0ffdx? o;df ;+nUg ePsfsf] ;'/Iffdf ;+emf}tf gu/L kf/bzL{ x'g5g / nfeflGjt ;d'bfo tyf cGo
]
;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ Jofks?kdf ljt/0f ul/g]5 . s]xL cj:Yffx?df ;"rgfx? /fhgLlts jf ;fdflhs
;fF:s[lts sf/0fn] ;+jbgzLn x'G5g, t;y{ ;+ul| xt tYof+s jf hfgsf/Lx? thljhLk"0f{ tj/n] pkof]u
]
ug}kb{5 .
{
cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf k|efjsf/L z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? ;+s6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf] af/]df a[xt hfgsf/Ldf /
sfo{qmdsf] tof/L r/0fdf g} ltgLx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf zAbn]
k|lqmof / lqmofsnfkx? b'anfO{ hgfpFb5 h;n] k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;b:ox?sf] cfjfh ;'gfpg cg'dlt
}
lbG5, lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf cleGg c+usf] ?kdf ;+nUg u/fpg ;zQm kfb{5 / z}lIfs d'2fx?df k|ToIf
lg0f{o ug{ ;an kfb{5 . w]/} tx / dfqfdf ;xeflutf x'g;Qm5 -k|ltsfTds ;xeflutf, ;Nnfxsf/L /
k"0f{ ;xeflutf_ . o;df k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] k|flKt cfktsfnLg kl/l:ytdf w]/h;f] uf¥xf] x'G5 hxfF ;Nnfx
}
lbg' cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] lzIffsf nflu nlIft x'G5 / k"0f{ ;xeflutf g} p2]Zo /xG5 .
cg'ejx?n] b]vfPcg';f/ k|tLs ;xeflutf Pp6f lal;{Psf] cj;/ xf] / bLuf] Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo sfo{qmd
Joj:yfsf nflu of] ck|efjsf/L 5 . ;+s6f;Gg ;d"xsf ;b:o / ;+s6af6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf ;b:osf]
n]vfhf]vf, of]hgf th'df, sfof{Gjog, Joj:yfkg / k|ltsfo{sf] cg'udgdf ;xeflutfnfO{ clej[l4
{
ug'kb{5 h;n] ljkb k|ltsfo{sf] pko'Qmtf, k|efjsfl/tf / u'0f:t/Lotf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;sf]; . ;d'bfosf]
{
;lqmo ;xeflutfn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t lzIffsf d'2fx? / /0fgLltxx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Daf]wg
ug{ ;xh kfb{5 . cltl/Qm ?kdf ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfn] :yfgLo ;|ft;fwgsf] klxrfg u/L ;d'bfoleq
]
kl/rfng ug{ /0fgLlts p2]Zo k"lt{ ug'sf ;fy;y} z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf nflu ;xdlt / ;xof]usf] lgdf{0f
{
;d]t ub{5 . ;d'bflos ;xeflutfn] oyfy{ / bLuf] ;zlQms/0f Pj+ Ifdtf ljsf;nfO{ ;dfj]z ug}{ kb{5,
/ :yfgLo txsf k|of;x?nfO{ ;d]t dha't agfpg} kb{5 .
1fg tyf ;"rgfsf] k|ltsfo{df ;+nUg ;a}sfaLr Jojl:yt cfbfgk|bfg x'g' cTofjZos /x]sf] 5
h;n] ;d:ofsf] ;femf a'emfO{ / lgsfosfaLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo :yflkt ub{5 . tYof+s ;+sng Pj+
ljZn]if0f ug]{ ljlzli6s[t k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g ul/g]5 . o;af6 ;"rgfx? ;an ?kdf clen]vLs/0f,
cfbfgk|bfg / ljt/0f x'g5 .
]

16. 12 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
Go"gtd dfkb08x? M logLx?sf] u'0ffTds k|sl[ tsf] x'g5g / z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf Joj:yfx?sf]
]
Go"gtd pknlAwsf] :t/ lgwf{l/t x'g5g .
]
d'Vo ;"rsx? M logLx? ;+stx? x'g h;n] dfkb08x? k'/f eP jf gePsf] b]vfpFb5g .
]
logLx?n] sfo{qmd / o;df k|of]u ul/Psf k|lqmof jf ljlwx?n] kf/]sf k|efj jf kl/0ffdx?sf] dfkg
/ ;+rf/ ug]{ pkfo b]vfpF5 . oL ;'rsx? ;+VofTds jf u'0ffTds x'g ;Qm5g .
dfu{bz{g M o;df ljleGg cj:yfx?df slxn] dfkb08 / ;'rsx? k|of]u ug],{ Jojxfl/s ;d:of
;dfwgfy{ pkfox? / k|fyldstf k|fKt d'2fx?sf ljifodf ;Nnfxh:tf Wofg lbg'kg]{ vf; a'bfx?
F
;dfj]z /x]sf 5g . ltgLx?df h6Ln dfkb08 jf ;"rs ;Da4 h6Ln d'2fx? / låljwf, ljjfbx?
jf jt{dfg 1fgsf ck"0f{ kIfx?sf] JofVof ;dfj]z 5 . cg';rL @ df 5flgPsf ;Gbe{ u|Gyx?
"
pNn]lvt 5g, h;n] ;fdfGo ljifox? / vf; k|fljlws ljifosf ;"rgfsf ;|ftx? k|i6ofPsf 5g .
]
;d'bfosf]
;xeflutf
dfkb08 ! dfkb08 @
;xeflutf ;|ftx?
]
cfktsfnaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? / cGo
;b:ox? ;lqmotfk"js lzIffsf
{ cWoogsf lqmofsnfkx? sfof{Gjog
sfo{qmdx?sf] cfFsng, of]hgf
ug{ :yfgLo ;|ftx? klxrfg,
]
th'df, sfof{Gjog, c'gudg /
{
d"Nof+sgdf ;xefuL x'g] . kl/rfng / k|of]u ug]{ .
cg';rL @ M ;Gbe{ u|Gy / ;|ft ;xfotf ;fdfu|L
" ]
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf v08

17. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 13
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL dfkb08 !M ;xeflutf
cfktsfnaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf ;b:ox? ;lqmotfk"js lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?sf] cfFsng, of]hgf
{
th'df, sfof{Gjog, c'gudg / d"Nof+sgdf ;xefuL x'g] .
{
d'Vo ;"rsx? -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL;“u ;dGjo u/]/ cWoog ug'kg]_
{ {
lzIffsf lqmofsnfksf] k|fyldsLs/0f Pj+ of]hgf tof/ ug{ cfktsfnaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfoaf6
r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx? ;xefuL /x]sf / lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt
/x]sf] . -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !–% x]gxf]nf_
{'
afnaflnsf / o'jfx? klg z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? ljsf; / sfof{Gjogdf ;xefuL ePsf] . -dfu{bz{g
l6Kk0fL ^ x]gxf]nf_
{'
;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltn] z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? tyf ltgsf] ah]6sf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] nflu
;fj{hlgs a}7sx? u/]sf] -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL & x]gxf]nf_
{'
afnaflnsf tyf o'jfx?;lxt ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?sf] nflu z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? Joj:yfkg ug{
tflnd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sf cj;/x? pknAw /x]sf] -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL * x]gxf]nf_
{'
dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?df ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTjM ;a} Go"gtd dfkb08x?df pNn]lvt ;fd'bflos
lzIff ;ldltn] ;d'bfosf] lzIffsf] cfjZostf lgwf{/0f / ;Daf]wg ug{ :yflkt ;ldltnfO{
hgfpF5 h;df cleefjs /÷jf cleefjs lzIfssf] ;+3, :yfgLo lgsfox?, gful/s ;dfhsf]
;+:yfx?, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? / o'jf tyf dlxnfsf ;d"x, lzIfs / l;Sg] JolQmx? jf cGo
;Da4sf k|ltlglwx? -hxfF pko'Qm x'G5_ /xG5g . ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltsf pk;ldltx?
x'g ;Sg]5 h;sf ;b:ox? o;sf] ;+/rgfdf klg k|ltlglwTj ug]5g . s]xL pbfx/0fx?df
{
;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx? Pp6f lzIff sfo{qmdsf nflu lhDd]jf/ /xg]5g eg] s'g} If]qdf eg]
s]xL lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? /xg]5g .
cWoogsf] jftfj/0f ljsf; Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu kl/jf/, ;d'bfo tyf ljBfnosf]
;DaGwx? cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf dftflktf jf cleefjsx?sf dfWodaf6 ;an
agfOg]5 . kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfnosf] ;DaGwx?sf] ;+/rgfx? ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmofaf6 ljsf;
ul/g]5 . of] k|lqmof ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx?, cleefjs, lzIfs ;+3 cflbsf ;fy;fy}

18. 14 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
:yfgLo kl/l:ylt / ;d:ofx? -aRrfsf] g]tTjdf /x]sf] 3/_ ;Fu ;fdgf ug{ ljz]if pkfox?df
[
klg ckgfOg]5 . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|lqmofn] ;+/rgfx? -olb klxn] g} :yflkt ePsf 5}gg
eg]_ lgdf{0f ug{ d2t ug]5g / :yfgLo ;+:s[lt tyf z}lIfs dfGotfx?nfO{ kfngf ug]{ jt{dfg
{
;+/rgfx? ;an agfpg]5 / :yfgLo h'Wg] ;+oGq -;+s6;Fu_ klg kl/is[t x'gkg]5 .
' ' ]{
@= ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx?M o;sf] k|ltlglwTj ;dfj]zL x'gkb{5, ;xeflutf x'gkg]{ ;d"x /
' '
;+:yfx?df :yfgLo u}=;=;+=x?, wfld{s ;+:yfx?, k/Dk/fut g]tfx?, ljz]if z}lIfs cfjZostf
ePsf ;d"xx?, ;LdflGts[t ;d"xx?, dlxnf tyf aflnsfx?, hftLo ;d"x Pj+ ljleGg
pd]/;d"xx? / cGo kb{5g . k|ltlglwx? k|hftflGqs k4ltaf6 r'lgg' kb{5 . k'gMlgdf{0fsf]
r/0fdf ;fd'bflos lzIff ;d"x a}wflgs ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt x'gkb{5 / cf}krfl/s ;+:yfsf]
'
?kdf sfo{ ug{ sfg"gL ?kdf btf{ ug'kb{5 . hxfF pxL sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf;fy klxn] g} :yflkt
{
;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx? lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g, To:tf] ;ldltx?nfO{ ckgfO{ ;dfgfGt/
;+:yfx? agfpg' x'bg .
F}
;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx? ;dfj]zL / ;Gt'lnt x'gkb{5 Pj+ k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ljljlwtf
'
emlNsg] u/L n}l+ us, pd]/, hftLo, wfld{s / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx?sf cnfjf cGo kIf;d]t
;dfj]z u/fpg' kb{5 . dlxnf tyf aflnsfx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ dxTjk"0f{ eP cg'?k ;fd'bflos
lzIff ;ldltx?df ltgLx?nfO{ ljsf;sf] ;dfg ;fem]bf/ agfO{ ;dtf ;'lglZrt / clej[l4
ul/g' kb{5 .
#= e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx?M ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx?
:ki6 kl/eflift x'gkb{5 / ;d'bfonfO{ x/avt pknAw u/fpg' kg]5 . o;df cGo s'/fsf
' {
cltl/Qm b]xfo s'/fx? ;dfj]z x'g;Qm5g M
ljleGg rf;f]x?sf d'2f;DaGwdf lgoldt a}7s / lg0f{ox? ug],{
a}7ssf] lg0f{ox?, ;d'bfosf] cfly{s / lhlG; ;xof]u ljj/0f k'l:tsfdf pNn]v ug],{
;fF:s[lts ?kn] pko'Qm k4ltx? pknAw u/fpg] -h:t}M nrsk"0f{ ljBfno ;fl/0fL, ;dbfosf]
;Gbe{ emNsfpg] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf kf7oqmd / ;db'fosf ;b:ox?sf] ;xeflutf, cflb_,
/
;d'bfo;Fu ;+rf/ ug],{ lzIffsf sfo{qmd /÷jf /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo clwsf/Lx? dfkm{t
;d'bfosf ;b:ox?sfaLr c;n ;DaGw ljsf;
$= z}lIfs k|ltsfo{x? tof/ ubf{ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfM ;a} ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox?
lzIffsf k|ltsfo{x? tof/ kfbf{ ;xdt x'gkg]5 / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{
' {

19. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 15
sfo{ljlwx? lgdf{0f ug'kg]5 . oL sfo{ljlwx? k|yd lbgb]lv g} tTsfnLg k|ltsfo{sf] Ps cleGg
{ {
c+u x'g5 / o;df ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwx?sf] pkof]u b]xfosf] s'/f l56f] :yfkgf ug]{ s'/f
]
;dflxt x'gkg]5M
' {
ljleGg pk–;d"xx? -afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf k|f9x?_ sf] tTsfnLg z}lIfs cfjZostfx?,
}
pknAw dfgjLo Ifdtf / ;do, ;fy} cfly{s tf ef}lts ;|ft;fwgx?,
]
ljleGg pk–;d"xx?sf ;fy} eflifs ;d"xx?aLrsf] zlQmsf] ultzLntf,
;'/Iffsf] ;Lldttf,
lzIffsf Joj:yfx?sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgx?, /
hLjg arfpg] ;Da4 z}lIfs ;"rgfx? cfktsfnLg /fxtsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?df PsLs[t
ug]{ /0fgLltx? .
-ljZn]if0f dfkb08 @, dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL % k[i7 @$ tyf lzIff;DaGwL gLlt tyf ;dGjo;DaGwL
dfkb08 @ k[i7 @$ klg x]gxf]nf _ .
{'
%= :yfgLo lzIff sfo{of]hgfM ;d'bfo / ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltn] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Qm5 /
z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? tNnf]txsf] ;fwf/0f dflg;sf] ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmofåf/f of]hgf lgdf{0f
k|lqmofsf] lgwf{/0f u/L ljz]if u/L ;+s6f;Gg ;d"x / ;+s6af6 k|efljt hgtfsf] cfjZostfx?,
rf;f] / d"Nox?nfO{ of]hgfdf k|ltljlDjt ul/g'kb{5 . o; of]hgf k|lqmofsf] kl/0ffd ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/s lzIff sfo{of]hgf xf] . o; of]hgfn] cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;]jf tyf
sfo{qmdx?sf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg Pp6f vfsf k|bfg ub{5 . lzIff sfo{of]hgfn] w]/} p2]Zox?
af]ssf] x'G5, h'g lgDgadf]lhd 5g t/ o;df dfq ;Lldt 5}ggM
]
ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?, ;"rs tyf nIfx?sf] dfWodaf6 cWoogsf] ;+efljt jftfj/0f o:tf]
k|sf/sf] x'gkb{5 egL ;xsdL{x?sfaLr Ps ;femf b[li6sf]0f ljsf; ug]{ .
'
;xsdL{x?sfaLr cWoogsf] jftfj/0fsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;'ljwfx?sf] ;'wf/sf nflu
k|fyldstfx? lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xdlt / ;femf k|ltj4tf lgdf{0f ug]{ .
of]hgfdf lgwf{l/t nIox? xfFl;n ug{ sfo{of]hgfdf :ki6 ?kdf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf
sfo{ / lhDd]jf/Lx? tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq k"/f x'g] u/L pNn]v ug]{ .
:yfgLo lzIff sfo{of]hgfx?df ;a} ;fe]mbf/x? nufot ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfox?, ;fd'bflos
lzIff ;ldltx? tyf cGo lzIff sfo{qmd ;+rfnsx?sf aLr ;xlqmofTds e"ldsfx? lgwf{/0f
x'gkb{5 . ;d'bfosf] Jofks ;xeflutfnfO{ bLuf] agfpg ;+nUgtfsf] ;F:s[lt lgdf{0f u/L
'

20. 16 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
d2t ug{ / ;d'bfon] lg/Gt/ cg'udg tyf n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfo{ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu
sfo{of]hgfx?df cfrf/;+lxtf ;dfj]z x'gkb{5 . o;df cGo ljleGg If]qx? h:t}M of]hgf
'
lgdf{0f, afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f, aflnsf, dlxnf tyf ;+s6f;Gg ;d"xsf JolQmx?sf] ;xeflutf,
k|j4{g cWoog tyf cWofkgsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, ;|ft kl/rfng, sd{rf/L
]
egf{ tyf tflnd, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / dd{t;+ef/, ;Da4 afxo;+:yfaLr ;dGjo tyf :jf:Yo,
;/;kmfO{, vfg]kfgL Pj+ kf]if0fsf pko'Qm :yfgdf PsLs[t ug]{ pko'Qm Joj:yf kb{5g . ;a}
;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ ;"rgfsf] kxFr /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'g5 h;n] ltgLx?nfO{
' ]
;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltnfO{ z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? s;/L k|efjsf/L tj/n] Joj:yfkg ug]{ egL
;Nnfx lbg ;Qm5g -lzIfs tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?;DaGwL dfkb08 @ k[i7 &# / lzIff gLlt
/ ;dGjo;DaGwL dfkb08 @ k[i7 *$ klg x]gxf]nf_ {'
^= z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx?df afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfM afnclwsf/;DaGwL ;+oQm /fi6«;3Lo
' +
dxf;GwLsf] wf/f !@ n] o'jfj:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L lgldQ tof/L x'g afnaflnsfnfO{ ltgLx?sf]
cfkmg} hLjgnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ ljifodf egfO{ /fVg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . of] wf/f
cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf ;fy} hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0fsfndf klg nfu" x'G5 .
ljBfyL{x?÷lzsf?x?, ljz]if u/L o'jf / jo:sx?nfO{ ltgLx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] lzIffsf] k|0ffnLut
Joj:yfsf] ljsf; / Joj:yfkgdf ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 . afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ljleGg cEof;x?df
clgjfo{ ?kdf k|lzlIft ug}kb{5 h;n] ltgLx? cfkm}nfO{ / cGo afnaflnsfnfO{ ;d'bfoleq
{
;'/lIft /fVg ;Qm5g . tflndn] ltgLx? /rgfTds ?kdf ;xeflu x'g ;s'g / ;sf/fTds
'
kl/jt{gsf] z'?cft ug{ ;s'g egL hf]8 lbg'kb{5, h:t}M ljBfnosf lqmofsnfkx? ;'wfg{ ;Nnfx
lbg] jf cWoogsf] jftfj/0fleq /x]sf zf]if0fx?sf] ljifodf hfgsf/L lbg] jf arfj6 ug]{ -kx'rF
tyf l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f dfkb08 @ k[i7 $* / lzIfs tyf cGo lzIffsdL{sf;DaGwL dfkb08
# k[i7 &% klg x]gxf]nf_ . cfktsfndf cfOkg]{ sfo{x? -h:t}M afnaflnsf tyf o'jfx?sf nflu
{'
dgf]/GhgfTds lqmofsnfk_ ug{ o'jf ;d'bfo ljz]if u/L ljBfno ghfg]nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg
;lsG5 h'g ;d'bfosf nflu dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf x'G5g . o;n] gsf/fTds k|efjx? h:t} ck/fw,
;z:q ;d"x cflbsf] lj?4df ltgLx?nfO{ ;sf/fTds ljsNkx? k|bfg ub{5 .
&= ;fdflhs k/LIf0fx? z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t d"Nof+sg x'g . tL k/LIf0fx?
dfgjLo, cfly{s tyf ef}lts ;|ftx?sf] cfk"lt{, cem} s] cfjZos 5 egL klxrfg ug{
]
/ oyfy{df s] pknAw 5 egL cfFsng ug{ ;+rfng ul/G5 / o;n] cGo kIfx?sf ;fy}
sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] klg cg'udg ub{5 .

21. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 17
;fdflhs k/LIf0fx? ;+s6sf] z'?d} jf dWo r/0fd} ;+rfng ug{ ;Fw} ;+ej gx'g ;Qm5 . oBlk
ha ;+s6 :yL/ cj:yfdf /xG5 -h:t} nfdf] ;dosf hsl8Psf ;+s6 jf l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fsf]
r/0f_ To:tf] ;dodf ;fdflhs k/LIf0fn] ;d'bfox?sf nflu cfkmg} lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? cem
k|efjsf/L ?kn] cg'udg ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ pknAw u/fpFb5 -ljZn]if0f dfkb08
$ k[i7 @^ klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
*= Ifdtf ljsf;M k|of{ Kt / pko'Qm tflnd jf ;Nnfx lagf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx?
cfkmgf] k|fljlws Ifdtfaf6 Joj:yfkg u5{g jf :jfldTj u|x0f u5{g egL ck]Iff ug'{ ;xL
x'bg . tflnd sfo{qmdx?n] ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf Pj+ tflndsf cfjZostfx? klxrfg ug]{ /
F}
ltgLx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ tl/sf klg cfFsng ug'kb{5 . ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltsf] Ifdtf
{
ljsf;sf] cltl/Qm, pknAw x'g] ;xof]usf] u'0f:t/ tyf bLuf]kgfsf nflu lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?n]
;dbfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf sfo{df ;xefuL u/fpg] / tflnd lbg' kb{5 .
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL dfkb08 @M ;|ft
]
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf ;|ftx? klxrfg, kl/rfng / k|of]u u/L lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? / cGo cWoogsf
]
cj;/x? sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
d'Vo ;"rsx? -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL;“u ;dGjo u/]/ cWoog ug'kg]_
{ {
;d'bfox?, lzIffsdL{x? / l;sf?x?n] ;d'bfoleq /x]sf lzIffsf ;|ftx? klxrfg ug]{ -dfu{bz{g
]
l6Kk0fL ! x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
;dbfodf /x]sf ;|ftx? lzIffsf] kx'r, ;+/If0f / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf sfo{qmdx? lgldQ kl/rfng
] F
ug]{ -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL @–# x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
;fe]mbf/x?n] ;d'bfox?sf] IfdtfnfO{ dfGotf lbg] / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg]5g, ;fy} lzIffsf
sfo{qmdx? tof/L ubf{ :yfgLo ;Lkx? / Ifdtfsf] cej[l4d"ns pkof]u ug]{ -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL
$–% x]gxf]nf_ .
{'

22. 18 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= ;fd'bflos ;|ftx? eGgfn] ;dfhdf /x]sf dfgjLo, af}l4s, cfly{s jf ef}lts ;|ftx?nfO{
] ]
hgfpFb5 . ;|ft kl/rfngnfO{ cWoogsf] jftfj/0f ;'b9Ls/0f ug{ cfa4 ug'kg]5 . o;df
] [ { {
ef}lts jftfj/0f -h:t}M ljBfnosf] lgdf{0f, dd{t;Def/df ef}lts / >dsf] of]ubfg_ /
af}l4s Pj+ efjgfTds jftfj/0f -h:t} lzIfs jf ;xhstf{sf nflu dgf];fdflhs ;xof]u jf
;+/If0fsf d'2fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg_ kg{ ;Qm5g . kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 lgldQ clen]vx?
/flvg]5 -kxFr tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 @–# k[i7 $*–%) klg x]gxf]nf_ .
' {'
@= k'xr / ;'/Iffsf] clej[l4 M ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ ;+s6f;Gg ;d'xleqsf afnaflnsfnfO{
F
d2t ug{ ;do / ;|ft k|bfg ug{ kl/rfng ul/g]5, h;af6 ljBfnodf egf{ eO{ lgoldt
]
k7gkf7g x'g5, h:t} dlxnf jf o'jf ;d"xsf] k|of;åf/f u/Lj kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfsf nflu
]
pko'Qm n'ufx? lbg] jf aRrfn] g]tTj u/]sf] kl/jf/nfO{ vfBfGg lbg] . dlxnfn] aflnsfx?sf]
[
ljBfnodf pkl:yltsf] nflu sIff ;xof]uL, lg?T;flxt ultljlwsf lj?4 ;'/Iff k|bfg u/]/
Pj+ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] cfjZos kg]{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno;Dd k'¥ofpg] / 3/ kmsf{pg]
sfo{ u/]/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Qm5g -kx'r tyf cWoogsf] jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 @–# k[i7
F
$*–%) klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
#= bLuf]kgf lgdf{0f M ;d'bfox?nfO{ nfdf] ;dosf nflu cWoogsf] jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg ug{,
;|ft kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{ tyf bLuf]kgf -;]jfx?sf] dd{t;+ef/, ;+s6f;Gg ljBfyL{x?sf]
]
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if pkfox? ckgfpg_ sf nflu tflnd ;lxt e"ldsf /
lhDd]jf/Lx? lbg'kg]5 .
{
$= ;d'bfosf] of]ubfgnfO{ dfGotf M bftfx?nfO{ lbOg] k|ltj]bgdf ;d'bfosf of]ubfgx?sf]
;+VofTds / u'0ffTds ;"rgfx? ;dflji6 /x]sf] x'gkb{5 . ;zQm ;d'bfosf] of]ubfgx?
'
;"rsd"ns k|ltj4tfsf] ?kdf phfu/ x'g ;Sg]5g / sfo{qmdx?sf] bLuf]kgf k|flKt x'gkb{5 .
'
%= :yfgLo Ifdtf M ;+s6sf] ;dodf x:tIf]k jf sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;xeflutfn] hgtfsf] dof{bf /
cfzfsf] efjnfO{ ;'b9 agfpg' kb{5 . sfo{qmdx? tof/ kfbf{ :yfgLo Ifdtfsf] cfwf/ bl/nf]
[
x'g] / hgtfsf] cfFkmg} h'Wg;Sg] /0fgLltx?nfO{ gh/cGbfh gug]{ x'gkb{5 .
'

23. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 19
ljZn]if0f
dfkb08 ! dfkb08 @ dfkb08 # dfkb08 $
k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf k|ltsfo{ /0fgLlt cg'udg d"Nof+sg
PsLs[t / z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf ;a} ;fe]mbf/x?n] cEof;x? kl/dfh{g
;xeflutfd"ns nflu ;d:ofsf] z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf ug{sf nflu z}lIfs
k|lqmofåf/f :ki6 ljj/0f lqmofsnfkx? tyf k|ltsfo{sf] Jojl:yt
cfktsfnLg ;lxtsf] sfo{ut k|efljt ;d'bfosf Pj+ lgikIf d"Nof+sg
ljsl;t x'b} cfPsf
F
cj:yfsf] z}lIfs /0fgLltx? pNn]lvt ug]{ / pQ/bfloTj
cfjZostfx?
n]vfhf]vf ug]{ Ps 9fFrf ljsf; lgoldt ?kdf clej[l4 ug]{
ug]{ . cg'udg ug]{ .
kl/lzi6 !
n]vfhf]vf 9fFrf
kl/lzi6 @
cfktsfndf of]hgf M cj:yf ljZn]if0f ;"rL
kl/lzi6 #
;"rgf ;+sng Pj+ cfjZostf klxrfg kmf/fd
cg';rL @ M
"
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L tyf ;|ft ;fdfu|L ljZn]if0f v08
]

24. 20 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
ljZn]if0f;DaGwL dfkb08 !M k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vf
PsLs[t / ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmofåf/f cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] z}lIfs n]vfhf]vf ug]{ .
d'Vo ;"rsx? -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL;“u ;dGjo u/]/ cWoog ug'kg]_
{ {
zflGt ;'/Iff / ;'/lIft cj:yfsf] ljrf/ u/]/ Ps k|f/lDes b|t z}lIfs n]vfhfvf hlt;Sbf] rfF8f]
'
;DkGg ug]{ -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !–# klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
tYof+ssf] cfjZostfx? klxrfg u/L ;+sng ug{ Pj+ ;"rsx?sf] ljsf;, JofVof / kl/dfh{g ug{
tyf ;"rgf Joj:yfkg / k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ d'Vo ;fe]mbf/x? ;xefuL x'g5g . -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL $–%
]
klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
cfktsfnLg k|efljt If]qx?sf] nflu ljleGg tx / k|sf/sf lzIffsf s] s:tf cfjZostfx? 5g
tyf ;|ftx? ;DaGwL Ps k"0f{ n]vfhf]vf sfo{ d'Vo ;/f]sf/afnfx?sf] ;xeflutf ;DkGg ug'kb{5
] {
/ lgoldt ?kdf cBfjlws ug'kb{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL $ klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{ {'
lzIff cGt/ ljifout n]vfhf]vfsf] Ps c+u xf] h;n] k|efljt hgtfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{
;]jf;'ljwfx? lgwf{/0f ug{ /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f hg;f+lVos ljt/0f
tyf pknAw ;|ft ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;+sng ub{5 . -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ^ klg x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
n]vfhf]vfn] ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+/If0fdf b]lvPsf jt{dfg jf ;+efljt r'gf}ltx?sf] ljZn]if0f ub{5 . o:tf]
ljZn]if0f ubf{ r'gf}ltx?, ;+s6f;Ggtf / Ifdtfx?;DaGwL r'gf}ltx?sf] Jojl:yt hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf
dfWodsf] k|of]u ug'kb{5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL & klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{ {'
cfktsfnLg cj:yf cfpg'eGbf cufl8 / cfktsfnLg ;dodf cWoog tyf lzIffsf :yfgLo
Ifdtfx?, ;|ftx? tyf /0fgLltx? klxrfg ul/g]5 .
]
n]vfhf]vfaf6 lzIffsf] p2]Zox? / pko'Qmtf;DaGwL :yfgLo dgf]efjx? / k|fyldstf k|fKt z}lIfs
cfjZostf tyf lqmofsnfkx? klxrfg x'g5 . ]
n]vfhf]vfsf] kl/0ffdx? tyf lzIffsf tYof+sx? e08f/0f ug]{ k4lt ljsf; u/L cfbfgk|bfgsf]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL * klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'

25. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 21
dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= n]vfhf]vf ug]{ ;dodf n]vfhf]vf ug]{ 6f]nL / k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff / ;'/lIft cj:yfnfO{
Wofg lbg'kb{5 . hxfF kx'rsf] ;d:of 5, To:tf] ;dodf j}slNks /0fgLltx? vf]hL u/L låtLo
F
;|ftx? h:t} :yfgLo g]tTj / ;d'bfosf] ;+hfn k|of]u ug'kb{5 . hFxf v'nf kx'rsf] ;+efjgf
] [ { F
5, ToxfF k|f/lDes :t/d} n]vfhf]vf ug{ lj:t[t tYof+s / ;"rgf ;+sng Joj:yfsf] pkNnf]
:t/sf] k|of; x'gkb{5 . n]vfhf]vf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg tYof+s, sfo{qmdsf] pknlAw tyf
'
;Lldttfsf] cWoog tyf ;"rgf / ck'0f{ cfjZostfx?sf cfwf/df lgoldt -sDtLdf q}dfl;s
?kdf_ cBfjlws x'gkb{5 .
'
@= tYof+s ;+sng tyf n]vfhf]vf of]hgfa4 ?kdf x'gkb{5 / of] sfo{ z}lIfs cfjZostf, Ifdtf,
'
;|ft / ck"0f{tfx? olsg ug{ ;+rfng ul/g]5 . ;a} k|sl[ tsf lzIff / :yfgx? ;d]6g] u/L
]
;du| n]vfhf]vf sfo{ oyf;+ej l56f]eGbf l56f] ;DkGg ul/g' kb{5 t/ o;n] tTsfn} ug'kg]{{
sfo{sf nflu cf+lzs n]vfhf]vf ug{ zL3| tof/Ldf 9LnfO{ ug'xbg . ljleGg lzIff k|bfosx?sf]
{ F' }
:ynut e|d0fnfO{ ;dGjo ug'kg]5 / oyf;+ej cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?n]
{ {
k'¥ofO/x]sf] ;]jfsf] Wofg e+u gx'g] u/L ug'kg]5 .
{ {
u'0ffTds tyf ;+VofTds n]vfhf]vfsf pks/0fx? cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x?;Fu, ;a}sf nflu lzIff
/ clwsf/df clwsf/ dfu{bz{gdf tfbfDotf sfod ug]{ vfnsf] x'gkb{5 . o;n] ljZjAofkL
'
k|of;x?nfO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfo;Fu hf]8g d2t ub{5 / :yfgLo :t/ b]lv ljZjAofkL 9fFrfx? /
;'rsx?sf s8Lx?sf] k|j4{g ub{5 . cGt/lgsfo txdf kl/of]hgfx?sf] ;dGjodf ;xhLs/0f
ug{ / ;"rgf ljt/0fstf{sf] dfu 36fpg /fHout ?kdf tYof+s ;+sng kmf/fdx? :t/Los/0f
ug'kg]5 . oL kmf/fdx?df :yfgLo pQ/bftf jf ;d'bfon] dxTjk"0f{ 7fg]sf cltl/Qm ;"rgfx?
{ {
yk ug{sf] nflu;d]t vfnL 7fpF pknAw x'gkg]5 .
' {
dfgjLo k|ltsfo{df s'g} klg k|sf/sf] tYof+s ;+sng ug{ g}lts dfGotfx? ckl/xfo{ 5g . s'g}
klg p2]Zosf nflu ;+slnt ul/g] ;'rgf jf cg'udg, n]vfhf]vf jf ;e]If0fx?n] hgtfnfO{
{
hf]lvddf kfg{ ;Qm5 lsgls ;+slnt ;"rgfsf] ;+jbgzLn k|sl[ t dfq xf]Og ls k|lqmofdf
]
;+nUg ePsf] cfwf/df ;d]t hgtf nlIft x'g ;SQ5 jf hf]lvddf kg{ ;Qm5g . dof{bfsf
cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?, s'g} xfgL gug]{ / e]befj/lxt h:tf dfGotfx? ;Fw} x[bodf /fVg'
clgjfo{ 5 / ;"rgfbftfx?sf] clwsf/sf] ljifodf ltgLx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] / ;+/If0f ug]{
lhDd]jf/L klg ;+snsx?sf] /x]sf] 5 . ;+/If0f Ps k|fyldstfM dfgjLo ;xfotfsf nflu tYof+s
;+sngdf ;+/If0fnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ dfu{bz{g k'l:tsf;Fu cfj4 cg';rL @ k[i7 (@ df lbOPsf
"
ljZn]if0fsf ;|ft;fdfu|Lx? x]gxf]nf .
] {'

26. 22 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
#= ljZn]if0fsf] ljlwx?M k"jf{ux 36fpgsf nflu ax'kIfLo ;|ftx?af6 k|fKt ;"rgfx? ljZn]if0f u/L
| ]
lgrf]8 lgsfNg' cl3 lqkIfLo sf]0faf6 x]gkb{5 . lqmkIfLo sf]0f tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0fdf
{'
/x]sf låcyL{ jf vlK6Psf ;"rgfx? dfkgug]{ Ps ldl>t ljlwsf ;fy;fy} u'0f:t/Lo ;"rgfsf]
ljsf; Pj+ ;'lglZrttf xfFl;n ug{sf] nflu ljleGg wf/0ffut kf6fx? ;dflji6 kIf klg xf] .
afxo dgf]efj jf k|fyldstfx?df dfq cfwfl/t x'g] k|stlsf] dfgjLo k|ltsfo{nfO{ kl/Tofu
[
ug{ :yfgLo dgf]efjx? ;d]t ljZn]if0fdf ;dfj]z x'G5g .
$= ;/f]sf/jfnfx?df k|efljt ;d'bfosf ;d"x-x?_ dWo]af6 hlt;Sbf] w]/} JolQmx? ;dfj]z
ug'kb{5 . tYof+s Pj+ ;"rgf ;+sng, ljZn]if0f, ;"rgf Joj:yfkg tyf ljt/0fdf ;/f]sf/
{
afnfx?sf] ;xeflutf k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vfsf] ;dodf kl/l:yltut sf/0faf6 ;Lldt x'g;Qm5,
t/ kl5Nnf ;dodf n]vfhf]vf, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgdf clej[l4 ug'kb{5 .
{
%= n]vfhf]vfsf] kl/0ffdx? hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 tfls lqmofsnfkx? of]hgfa4
x'g ;S5g . ;+s6 k"jsf] tYof+s / ;+s6 kZrftsf] n]vfhf]vfx? h;n] z}lIfs cfjZostfx?
{
/ ;|ftx? -h:t}M clwsf/Lx?, u}=;=;+=x?, dfgjLo ;d'bfo leqsf ljlzli6s[t ;+:yfx? /
]
:yfgLo ;d'bfoaf6_ tof/L xfntdf ;a} lqmofzLn ;fem]bf/x?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]5 . of]
{
ljz]if u/L cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf :ynut kx'r gePsf lqmofzLn ;fe]mbf/x?s]f nflu
F
pkof]uL x'G5 .
^= ;fdfGo cfktsfnLg n]vfhf]vfx? ubf{ cfktsfnLg ;d"xdf z}lIfs tyf afn ;+/If0fsf
cfjZostf tyf ;|ftx?;DaGwL tYof+s ;+sng Ps lzIffljb jf afn ;+/If0f lj1 ;dfj]z
]
u/fpg'kb{5 . ljleGg lgsfox?n] lo lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng ubf{ ;fwg;|ftx?, sd{rf/L Joj:yf
]
/ ;f+u7lgs Ifdtfsf] k|ltj4tf hgfpg' kb{5 .
&= hf]lvd ljZn]if0fM ljleGg kl/l:ytn] afnaflnsf tyf o'jfsf] :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf kfg{;Sg]
k|efjx?sf] ;a} kIfx?df ljrf/ k'/ofpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'g5, hxfF lzIffn] ;+/If0ffTds /÷jf
]
hf]lvdd"ns k|efjx? l;h{gf ug{;Qm5 . n]vfhf]vfdf hf]lvdsf] ;"rL jf hf]lvdsf] vfsf klg
;dfj]z ug'kb{5, h;df lgDg ljj/0fx? ;dfj]z ug'kb{5M ljleGg pd]/ ;d"x / ;+sf6;Gg
{ {
;d'xsf jftfj/0fLo tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]kx?;Fu hf]l8Psf hf]lvdk"0f{ tTjx?, hldgdf
/x]sf ljikmf]6s tyf gkl8Psf ljikmf]6s kbfy{x?, ejg / k"jf{wf/x?sf] ;'/Iff, afn ;+/If0f
/ ;'/Iff, zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yosf r'gf}ltx?, lzIfsx?sf] of]Uotf;DaGwL ;d:ofx?,
ljBfyL{ egf{;Vof tyf kf7oqmd, / cGo ;Da4 ;"rgfx? -gd'gfsf nflu hf]lvd vfsfsf]
+
PdP;O{O{ l;l8/f]d (MSEE CD-ROM) x]gxf]nf_ .
{'

27. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 23
n]vfhf]vf sfo{n] k|fs[lts jf cGo k|sl[ tsf] k|lts"n k|efjx? /f]syfd, clNks/0f Pj+ cfktsfnLg
;dosf sfo{x? -k"jtof/L, k|ltsfo{, k'gMlgdf{0f / k'gM:yfkgf_ sf nflu cfjZos kg]{
{
hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /0fgLltx? pNn]v ug'kb{5 . o;sf nflu s]xL kl/l:yltx?df cfktsfnLg
{
cj:yfaf6 hf]lug jf k|ltsfo{ ug{ x/]s z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df ljBfno / lzIffno e}k/L tyf
;'/Iff of]hgf x'g' cfjZos 5 . cfjZos k/]df k|To]s z}lIfs s]Gb|n] ;DefAo hf]lvd :ki6
b]lvg] / ;+s6f;GgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjx? k|sfz kfl/Psf] Ps hf]lvd gS;f tof/ ug'kg]5 . { {
*= n]vfhf]vfsf] kl/0ffdx? cfbfgk|bfgM o;nfO{ :yfgLo / /fli6«o txdf ;Da4 lgsfox? åf/f
;dGjo x'gkg]5 . obL ;dGjo ug{sf nflu bIf kbflwsf/Lx? jf lgsfox? pknAw 5}gg
' {
eg] ;+oQm /fi6«;3Lo dfgjLo dfldnfsf] sfof{no (UNOCHA) nfO{ ;dGjo Pj+ ;"rgfx?
' +
cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ;+oGqsf] nflu g]tTj k|:tfj ug'kg]5 . n]vfhf]vfsf] kl/0ffdx?sf] cfbfgk|bfg
[ { {
ubf{ tYof+sLo 9fFrfsf] ;6Ls kl/ro / ;a} ;/f]sf/afnfx?n] tYof+ssf] kl/0ffd pkof]u ug{
;Sg] k|sl[ tsf] x'gkb{5 -lzIff gLlt / ;dGjo;DaGwL dfkb08 # k[i7 *^ klg x]gxf]nf_ .
' {'
ljZn]if0f dfkb08 @M k|ltsfo{ /0fgLlt
z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf nflu ;d:ofsf] :ki6 ljj/0f ;lxtsf] sfo{ut /0fgLltx? pNn]lvt Ps 9fFrf
ljsf; ug]{ .
d'Vo ;"rsx? -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL;“u ;dGjo u/]/ cWoog ug'kg]_
{ {
cfwf/e"t tYof+sx? sfo{qmdsf] z'?cftd} Jojl:yt ?kdf ;+slnt ul/g]5 .
cfktsfnLg z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf /0fgLltx?n] ;du| tYof+sx?sf] :ki6 ljj/0f k|ltljlDat ug]5
{
-dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !–@ x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
z}lIfs k|ltsfo{n] afnaflnsf, o'jf tyf ;du| ;d'bfodf kfg]{ k|efjx?sf] cg'udg ug{ j}wflgs
a]~rdfs{ (Benchmark) tyf ;"rsx? klxrfg ul/g]5 .
k|f/lDes n]vfhf]vfsf qmddf ;+slnt ;"rgfx? gofF tYof+sx?åf/f cBfjlws ul/g]5 h;n] rfn"
sfo{qmdsf] ljsf;;DaGwdf ;"lrt ub{5 . -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL # x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
z}lIfs k|ltsfo{ /0fgLltx?n] ;+s6f;Gg /x]sf JolQm jf ljz]if z}lIfs cfjZostfx? ePsf,
afnaflnsf / o'jfx?sf] ;'/Iff / ;d[l4nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]5 .
;dfj]zL / u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu z}lIfs k|ltsfo{ /0fgLltx?n] ;+s6 k|efljt hgtfsf
cfjZostfx? pGgt tj/n] k"lt{ ug]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL $–^ x]gxf]nf_ .
{ {'

28. 24 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= k|ltsfo{sf k|:tfjx?n] o;df pNn]lvt Go"gtd dfkb08x? k'/f ug{ cTofjZos lqmofsnfksf
nflu /sd cg'dfg / k|of{Kt cfly{s ;|ftsf] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug'kg]5 . k|:tfjx?df s:tf]
] { {
z}lIfs lqmofsnfk s'g :yfgdf ;+rfng x'g nfu]sf] xf], klxrfg ePsf cfjZostfx?sf nflu
ljleGg tx / k|sf/sf lzIffx?n] slt xb;Dd ;d]6g] xf] ;f]sf] cfFsng / afFsL cfjZostfx?
k"/f ug{sf nflu cGo ;+u7gx? k|lta4 /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t O{lu+t ug'kg]5 olb lzIffsf] jf:tljs
{ {
dfu klxn] b]lvPsf] eGbf w]/} dfqfdf ePdf ;f] k"/f ug{sf] nflu nrstfsf] oyf;+ej hlt;Sbf]
w]/} x'gkb{5 . ljleGg tx / k|sl[ tsf cfktsfnLg z}lIfs vr{x? lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;+:yfx?sf aLr
}
bLuf]kgf / Ps?ktf clej[l4 x'g] k|of;x? ul/g]5 . -h:t} tnj ;'ljwf, ;fwgx?df, cflb_
@= tYof+s ;+nsg tyf ljZn]if0fsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;M cfwf/e"t tYof+s ;+sng, ljZn]if0f /
cg'udg Pj+ d"Nof+sg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ k|:tfjx?df vf;df /fli6«o sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;
kIf ;dfj]z x'gkb{5 . of] ljifonfO{ k|:tfj k|lqmofdf w]/h;f] k"0f{?kn] Wofg lbO+bg .
} } {}
#= /0fgLltx? cBfjlws ug]M{ cfktsfnLg / l56f] k'gMlgdf{0fsf] ;dodf k|ltsfo{sf k|:tfjx?
sDtLdf q}dfl;s ?kdf k'g/fjnf]sg / cBfjlws ul/g]5 . To;df xfn;Dd k|fKt ePsf
pknlAwx?, cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gx? / k'/f gePsf cfjZostfx?sf] tfhf
cfFsngx? k|:t't ug'kg]5 . cfjZostfg';f/ o;sf] nIf eg] u'0f:t/ / cf]u6g] If]qsf]
{ {
pGgtzLn ;'wf/sf ;fy;fy} bL3{sfnLg bLuf]kgf;Fu ;DalGwt x'gkb{5 .
'
$= bftfx?sf] k|ltsfo{M bftfx?n] lgoldt ?kdf cfktsfnLg k|ltsfo{n] cf]u6]sf] If]q / u'0f:t/
b'jsf] lgoldt ;dLIff ug'kg]5 h;df ;s+6f;Gg ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{ jf k|lzIffyL{x?sf]
} { {
egf{ tyf lgoldttf ;d]t kb{5g . ltlgx?n] ljleGg cfktsfn k|efljt If]qx?df z}lIfs
cj;/x?sf] kx'rsf] k|Tofe'lt ;'lglZrt ug'kg]5 . z/0ffyL{ jf cfGtl/s ?kdf lj:yflkt
F { {
hg;+Vofn] Go"gtd dfkb08 adf]lhd lzIff kfpg ;s'g egL sf]if -/sd_ x? k|bfg ug'kg]5 { {
-kx'r tyf cWoogs] jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08 !, dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL * klg x]gxf]nf_ .
F {'
%= /fli6«o sfo{qmdx?sf] ;'b9Ls/0fM ljz]if u/L lj:yflkt gePsf hgtfsf nflu k'gMlgdf{0f
[
r/0fdf cfktsfnLg z}lIfs k|ltsfo{ ubf{ Ps?ktf x'g] u/L / /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo lzIffsf
of]hgf, k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg tyf lzIfssf] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd tyf ;xof]usf If]qsf /fli6«o
z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? ;'b9 x'gu/L of]hgf agfpg' kg]5 .
[ ] {
^= ;+:yfut sfof{bzsf ;Lldttfx?af6 d'lQmM ;Lldt sfof{bz ePsf -h:t} afnaflnsfsf
] ]
nflu dfq sfof{bz ePsf, jf z/0ffyL{ / ltgLx?sf] ;kmn kmLlt{sf nflu dfq_ ;xfotfd"ns
]

29. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 25
;+:yffx?n] ;/sf/L jf a[xt sfof{bz ePsf ;+:yfx?;Fu cleGg c+usf] ?kdf ;+oQm ?kn]
] '
z}lIfs k|ltsfo{ ug'kg]5 h;af6 ;a} z}lIfs cfjZostfx? k"/f x'g ;s'g . k|To]s k|efljt
{ {
If]qsf z}lIfs /0fgLltx?n] aRrfx?sf] z}zjsfnLg ljsf;sf cfjZostfx?sf ;fy;fy}
o'jfx?sf] dfWolds, pRr Pj+ k|fljlws lzIffsf] cfjZostf, lzIfsx?sf] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd /
pko'Qm j}slNks lzIffsf] klg Joj:yf ug'kg]5 . z}lIfs ljsf;sf /0fgLltx?n] h'g If]qsf
{ {
z/0ffyL{x?n] ;]jf k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g, ltgLx?n] nfdf] ;dofjlwsf] ;xfotf sfo{qmdx? ljsf;
ug'kg]5, h;df dfgjLo ;+:yfx?n] ug]{ ;xof]u tf]lsPsf] ;do ;lxtsf] x'g;Qm5 -h:t}M
{ {
z/0ffyL{x?sf] k|f/lDes k'gMPsLs/0f / :jb]z kmLlt{df ;xof]u_ .
ljZn]if0f dfkb08 #M cg'udg
;Da4 ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf lqmofsnfkx? tyf k|efljt ;d'bfosf ljsl;t x'b}
F
cfPsf cfjZostfx? lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg ug]{ .
d'Vo ;"rsx? -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL;“u ;dGjo u/]/ cWoog ug'kg]_
{ {
cfktsfnLg cj:yfx?sf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ k4lt / k|lqmofut x:tIf]kx? :yflkt 5g /
sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf] x'g5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL !–@ x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
;a} k|efljt ;d'bfox?sf] dlxnf, k'?if, afnaflnsf tyf o'jf;Fu lgoldt k/fdz{ lnOPsf] /
cg'udg lqmofsnfkx?df ;xefuL u/fOPsf] x'g5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL @ x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
lzIffsf tYof+sx? Jojl:yt / lgoldt ?kdf ;+sng, cfwf/e"t txsf] ;"rgfaf6 z'? ul/Psf] /
tTkZrft x'g] kl/jt{g tyf k|jl[ Qx? cg'udg eO/x]sf] x'g5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL #–$ x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
tYof+sx? e/kbf]{ / ljZn]if0fx? k|dfl0ftof]Uo Pj+ ljZj;gLo 5g egL ;'lglZrt ug{
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tYof+s ;+sngsf] ljlwx? af/]df k|lzlIft ug]{ -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL % x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
k"jl{ gwf{l/t lgoldt cGt/fndf lzIffsf ;"rgfx? ljZn]if0f ePsf] / ;fem]bf/x?aLr cfbfgk|bfg
ePsf] x'g5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL # x]gxf]nf_ .
] {'
gofF k|jl[ Qx? k|ltlalDat ug{ / ;";l" rt lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ cg'ldt lbg k[i7kf]if0fsf
cfwf/df cg'udgsf k4lt tyf tYofs e08f/0fx? lgoldt ?kdf cBfjlws ug]{ .
kl/jt{gx?, gofF k|jl[ Qx?, cfjZostfx? tyf ;|ftx? klxrfg ug]{ ;"rgfx? lzIff sfo{qmdsf
]
Joj:yfksx?nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf pknAw u/fpg] .
cfjZos ePdf cg'udgsf glthf adf]lhd sfo{qmdx?df ;dfof]hg ug]{ .

30. 26 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= cg'udg M hgtfsf kl/jlt{t z}lIfs cfjZostfx?sf ;fy;fy} hjfkmb]xLd"ns / ;d:of;Fu
;DalGwt hf/L sfo{qmdx?n] s'g s'g xb;Dd tL cfjZostfx? k'/f ul//x]sf 5g /
;'wf/sf ;+efjgfx?sf] hfgsf/L lng] ljifodf cg'udgn] JoQm ug'kg]5 . ;a} tYof+sx? Ps}
{ {
/kmtf/df ;+sng ug'{ cfjZos x'g] 5}g . t;y{ tYof+s ;+sng of]hgfdf cfjZostfdf
cfwfl/t eO{ slt k6s;Dd s'g k|sl[ tsf tYof+sx? ;+sng ug]{ egL lg0f{ox? ;dfj]z x'G5,
/ tYof+s ;+sng / k|zf]wgsf nflu vkt x'g] ;|ft;fwgsf] dfqf ;d]t pNn]v x'G5 . dfu
]
tyf ;d:ofx? ;'rsx? -h:t}M egf{ ;+Vof, ljBfno 5f]8g]sf] ;+Vof, ljBfno cfpg' cl3 vfgf
vfP gvfPsf], lstfjx?sf] ;+Vof, lzIf0f ;fdfu|L tyf kf7o;fdfu|Ls]f pknAwtf cflb_ sf
dfWodaf6 tTsfn hfgsf/L lbO{ w]/} k|sl[ tsf ;"rgfx? gd'gfsf] ?kdf ljBfnox? / lzIffsf
cGo sfo{qmdx?af6 ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfno 5f]8g] afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof / k'gM egf{ x'g
grfxg'sf] sf/0f jf ?h' xflh/ gx'gsf] sf/0fx? klg ;fgf] gd'gfsf] ?kdf 5flgPsf] :yfgsf]
'
3/kl/jf/;Fuaf6 lng'sf ;fy;fy} ;d'bfosf ;d"x;Fu a}7s u/L cg'udg ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= cg'udgdf hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf M k|efljt hgtfsf ;a} ;d"xx?af6 ;fF:s[lts ?kn] :jLsfo{
tj/df ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ ;Sg] AolQmnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg' kb{5, ljz]if u/L n}lu+s / eflifs
bIftf /fVg]nfO{ . :yfgLo ;fF:s[lts cEof; cg'?k dlxnf jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf] ;d"x;Fu
5'66} k/fdz{ ug'kg]{ klg x'g ;S5 h;sf nflu ;dfhaf6 :jLsfo{ JolQm 5fGg'kb{5 .
{
#= lzIff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL M cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf klg cj?4 ePsf] x'g;Qm5 .
cfwf/e"t tYof+s ;+sng / ;fdGo k|zf]wg Joj:yfnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy k'gM;+rfng Joj:yf
;/sf/L lgsfox?nfO{ cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo / ;xof]u dfkm{t ldnfpg' kb{5 . pknAw
;"rgfx?sf] ;+sng, Joj:yfkg, JofVof, sfof{Gjog, ljsf; jf cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf nflu
:yflkt /fli6«o lzIff Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] k'gM:yfkgf jf ljsf; ug{ Ifdtf ljsf; /
/fli6«o, If]qLo / :yfgLo txdf ;|ftx? cfjZos x'g;Qm5 . cfktsfndf of] sfo{ rfF8f]eGbf
]
rfF8f] z'?cft ul/xfNg' kb{5, h;sf] nIo l56f] k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf cg'udg k4lt sfdofj
/xg' x'g5 . z}lIfs ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] Ps h6Lntd kIf eg]sf] o;;Fu ldNbf] ;km6j]o/sf]
]
pknAwtf xf] . /fli6«o / lhNnftxsf lzIffsf sfof{no jf lzIffsf cGo ;x–If]qx? -h:t}
/fli6«o tflnd ;+:yfx?_ df k'/s ;km6j]o/ (Software) pknAw x'g ;Qm5 h;n] ldNbf]hNbf]
'
tYof+s k|0ffnLsf] h8fg u/L ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;xh t'Nofpg ;Qm5 .
$= ljBfyL{x?sf] cg'udg ;+efjgf cg';f/ k9fO{ 5f]8L;s]kl5 jf k9fO{ ;lsPkl5
ug'kg]5 . cg'udgn] ;fIf/tf / ;f+VosLo bIftf Pj+ ;fIf/tf kZrft kf7o;fdfu|Lsf] kx'rnfO{
{ { F

31. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 27
;dfj]z ug'kb{5 . k|fljlws lzIffsf nflu ul/g] cg'udgdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/x?sf] pknAwtf
{
/ k"j{ tflnd lnPsfx?n] u/]sf] k|fljlws zLksf] pkof]ux? ;DaGwL cfFs8f cWoog jf s'g}
sd{rf/Låf/f vf]hL ug]{ ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'kg]5 . sfo{qmd ;dflKt kZrftsf] cg'udgn] gofF
{ {
sfo{qmd tof/ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub{5 . -cWoog tyf cWofkgsf dfkb08x? $
k[i7 ^* klg x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
%= tYof+ssf] j}wflgstfM ;a} ljZn]if0fx?n] b]xfosf] JofVof lnlkj4 u/]sf] x'gkb{5M !_ ;"rssf]
'
kl/efiff @_ tYof+ssf] ;|ft #_ ;+sng ljlw $_ ;"rgf ;+sns / %_ tYof+s ljZn]if0f
]
sfo{ljlw . tYof+ssf] k|zf;g, ;+sng jf ljZn]if0f sfo{df s'g} clgoldttf ;[hgf ePsf] eP Tof]
klg pNn]v x'gkb{5 . ;"rgfbftfx?n] ;|ft clej[l4 -h:t} egf{;Vof jf pkl:yltsf] cfFs8fdf
' ]
a9f]Q/L_ lgldQ jf s'g} cf/f]kaf6 aRg tYof+sx? a+ufPsf] x'g ;S5 . tYof+ssf] j}wflgstfnfO{
a9fpg sd{rf/Lsf] tflnddf c3f]lift cg'udg e|d0f x'g] gLlt klg hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]5 . {
ljZn]if0f;DaGwL dfkb08 $M d"Nof+sg
pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 / cEof;x? kl/dfh{g ug{sf nflu z}lIfs k|ltsfo{sf] Jojl:yt / lgikIf
d"Nof+sg ug]{ .
d'Vo ;"rsx? -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL;“u ;dGjo u/]/ cWoog ug'kg]_
{ {
;du| k|ltsfo{sf /0fgLltx?, ljlzi6 z}lIfs Pj+ afn ;+/If0fsf p2]Zox? tyf Go"gtdg dfkb08x?sf]
cfwf/df sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf gLlt, sfo{qmd / kl/0ffdx?sf] d"Nof+sg pko'Qm cGt/fndf ;DkGg
ug]{ -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL ! x]gxf]nf_ .
{'
nfu" ul/Psf sfo{qmdaf6 k/]sf] cgk]lIft k|efjsf ljifodf ;"rgf vf]Hg] .
;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx? Pj+ k|efljtf hgtf tyf ;a} If]qut ;xsdL{x?af6 ;"rgf ;+sng kf/bzL{ /
lgikIf tl/sfaf6 ul/g]5 .
d"Nof+sg lqmofsnfkdf ;a} ;fem]bf/x?M ;LdflGts[t ;d"xx?, ;fd'bflos lzIff ;ldltx?, lzIffsf
/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo kbflwsf/Lx?, lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;dflxt ul/g]5 .
c;n cEof;x? tyf l;lsPsf kf7x? /fli6«o, :yfgLo tyf dfgjLo ;d'bfosf aLr Aofks ?kdf
cfbfg k|bfg ul/g]5 / cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf /fli6«o tyf ljZjAofkL lzIffsf
nIox?df of]Ubfg k'¥ofpg jsfnt, sfo{qmd tyf gLltx?df pkof]u ul/g]5 -dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fL #
x]gxf]nf_ .
{'

32. 28 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
dfu{bz{g l6Kk0fLx?
!= d"Nof+sgx?n] u'0ffTds tyf ;+VofTds b'j} k|sl[ tsf tYof+sx? ;+sng u/L PsLs[t :j?k
k|bfg ug'kg]5 . . ;+VofTds tYof+sn] ;Gbe{ cg';f/sf] ;"rgf lbg / ;+slnt tYof+sLo
{ {
;"rgfsf] JofVof ug{ d2t ub{5 . u'0ffTds tYof+sx? cGtjftf{, cjnf]sg e|d0f / lnvtx?sf
dfWodaf6 ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5; u'0ffTds tYof+s ;e]If0f tyf k|ZgfjnLsf dfWodaf6
{
;+sng ug{ ;lsG5, d"Nof+sgn] dfgjLo, ef}lts tyf cfly{s nufgL, ljBfyL{sf] kx'r, F
lg/Gt/tf, ;dfj]zL tyf ;+/If0f, cWoog / cWofkg k|lqmofx?, cWoogsf] dfGotf / k|dfl0fs/0f,
efjL lzIff / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? / ;d'bfodf kg]{ k|efjx?;DaGwL k"0f{ n]vfhf]vf k|:t't
ug'kg]5 .
{ {
@= d"NofÍgåf/f Ifdtf ljsf; M d"NofÍg cjwf/0ffx? nfu" u/fpg, d"NofÍg 9fFrf /
k|lqmofx?sf] ;xeflutfTds cfwf/df ljsf; ug{ / gtLhfsf] ;+oQm ?kdf ;dLIff Pj+
'
JofVof ug{ d"NofÍg ah]6n] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu sfo{zfnf -uf]i7L_ ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ;dfj]z
ug'kg]5 . o;n] ltlgx?nfO{ eljiodf æ:jfldTjÆ sfnflu ;}4flGts cfwf/ ljsf; ug{
{ {
Pj+ ;'emfjx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u ug{;Qm5 . cfof]hgfaf6 nfeflGjt x'gx?n] h:t}
]
lzIfsx? tyf cGo lzIffsdL{x?n] cfkm"n] ef]usf Jojxfl/s sl7gfOx? / lglZrt ;'emfjx?sf]
]
kl/0ffd:j?k ;fdgf ug'kg]{ sl7gfOx? ;d]t pNn]v ug{ ;Qm5g .
{
#= glthfx? Pj+ l;lsPsf kf7x?sf] cfbfgk|bfg M ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg] k|sl[ tsf
;"rgfx? k|ltj]bgsf] k|yd v08df ;dfj]z ug{ d"NofÍgstf{x?nfO{ cg'/f]w ug'kg]5 / uf]Ko jf
{ {
cfGtl/s k|sl[ tsf glthfx? Aofks ?kdf ljt/0f gx'g] u/L bf];f| ] v08df k|:t't ug'kg]5 .
{ {

33. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 29
;a} cfwf/x?sf nflu Go"gtd ;femf dfkb08x? M
kl/lzi6x?
kl/lzi6–!
;+/If0f -zfl//Ls, sfg"gL / ef}lts_/dfgj clwsf//sfg"sf] zf;g
;db'fosf] hg;+Vof, lj:yflkt, a]kQf / pd]/ / ln+usf] ljt/0f cflb_
hg;f+lVos -hDdf hg;+Vof, vf; ;+s6f;Gg ;d"x, cf>o lbg]
d[To'b/
-h:t}M ln+u / pd]/sf] ljljwtf;lxtsf] n}+lus_ ;xeflutf
?U0ftf (Morbidity) kf]if0f l:ylt
k|fylds :jf:Yo, cf>o
Ifdtf tyf ;+s6f;Ggtfx?sf] ljZn]if0fdf
ef8fFdf
kf]if0f tyf vfOg] :ynsf] :j:y ;/;kmfO{sf]
kfgL cf];fg]{
dgf];fdflhs ;]jfdf vfgf pknAwtf Jojxf/x? tx
7fpF;Dd kx'Fr
kx'Fr kof{Kttf
vfB ;'/Iff :jf:Yo, kf]if0f tyf dgf];fdflhs
;]jfdf kx'Frsf] sfo{;Dkfbg
3/kl/jf/x?sf] cfly{s lzIff ;fdflhs tyf c;dfgtfx?
l:ylt tyf ahf/sf] ;fF:s[lts cj:yf
;Gbe{
/fli6«o ;Gbe{ /fli6«o ahf/x?
/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, P]ltxfl;s, o;sf] ;+rfng -/ To;af6 afxo
;/sf/sf] Ifdtf, k"jf{wf/, k|0ffnLx?, ;xfotfsf nflu dfu 36fpg]_ jf
e"uf]n, df};d, k|fs[lts k|sf]kx?, cGt/f{li6«o csfof{Tds
;+:yfx?, cflb .
s'g} lglZrt hg;+Vofsf] ;femf cfjZostfx? a'emg] p2]Zosf] nflu 5nkmn / ljZn]if0fsf]
cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng n]vfhf]vfsf] 9fFrf k|of]u ul/G5 . o; ljZn]if0fn] k|df0f / lg0f{onfO{ hf]8b5 . of]
n]vfhf]vfsf] 9fFrfn] ljleGg ljljwtfx?nfO{ ;d]6b5 h'g cfFkm}df cfjZostfsf] ?kdf geO{ rf;f];Da4
egfO{sf d'4fx? x'g . ljleGg cfwf/x?aLrsf] sf/0f–sfo{;DaGwdf ;Nnfx lbFbf o; 9fFrfn] :ki6;Fu
o;df ;Nnfx lbFbg / n]vfhf]vf ;d"xsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ yk cf}hf/x? j[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . To:tf]
}
cf}hf/x? ljsf; gx'Gh]n;Dd ;d"xn] sf/0f–sfo{;DaGw AofVof s;/L ug]{ egL cfFkm} 5fGg ;Qm5 . o;
9fFrfn] ;+s6df k|fyldsLs/0f u/L dfgjLo k|ltsfo{ of]hgf agfpg] nIfsf] nflu ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{
Ps ;dfg / kf/bzL{ rf}tf/L k|bfg ub{5 . hals 9fFrfsf] k|To]s txdf rf;f]x?sf >[vnfx? k|ltljlDat
+

34. 30 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
ePsf 5g, h;sf] cy{ qmdzM k|fyldstfk|fKt k|ltsfo{ eGg] x'bg . 9fFrfn] ljleGg cj:yfx? cGt/cfl>t
F}
/x]sf] s'/f k|sfz kfb{5 / To;nfO{ ToxL ?kdf dfq a'emg' kb{5 . 9fFrfleqsf k|To]s cfwf/x? 5'§f5'§}
d"NofÍg ug'kg]5 -h:t}M lzIff_ / PsLs[t n]vfhf]vfsf] Ps efusf] ?kdf -h:t}M lzIffdf kl/l:yltn]
{ {
kf/]sf] k|efjn] 9fFrfsf cGo cfwf/x?df kf/]sf] k|efj_ . ;+/If0f÷dfgj clwsf/÷sfg"gsf] zf;gx?
d'ne"t d'2fx? x'g h'g 5'§} / d"nk|jfxLs/0fsf b[li6n] ;Daf]wg x'g' cfjZos 5 . n]vfhf]vfsf] z'?cft
ljGb" ef}uf]lns jf hg;f+lVos ;d"x x'gk5{ .
'
;|ft M n]vfhf]vfsf] 9fFrf cGt/lgsfo :yfoL ;ldltn]sf] Sofk ;x–sfo{;d"xn] ljsf; u/]sf] xf] / ;g
]
@))$ hgj/L @% df bftfx?, ;+oQm /fi6«;3Lo lgsfox?, /]8qm; / u}=;=;+=x?sf] sfo{zfnfn] kl/dfh{g
' +
u/]sf] xf] .

35. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 31
kl/lzi6–@ cfktsfnLg cj:Yffsf nflu of]hgf th'dfM 36gf
{
ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;"rL
xfdLn] sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf agfpFbf / sfof{Gjog ug{ ljleGg sf/0fx?, d'2fx? / hgtf Pj+ ;+:yfx?sf]
ljifodf hfgsf/Lx? xfl;n u/]sf] x'gkb{5 . h;sf ljj/0fx? b]xfo adf]lhd 5gM
'
!= cfwf/e"t n]vfhf]vf M
cfwf/e"t cWoogsf nflu s'g tYof+sx? cfjZos 5g <
tkfO{nfO{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ s'g tYof+sx? cfjZos 5g / s] pknAw 5g, h:t}M ljBfnox?
/x]sf] 7fpF -;+Vof, :yfg_, ck]lIft ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof, lzIfsx?sf] ;+Vof cflb <
sfo{qmd z'? ug'eGbf cl3 g} tkfO{n] cfwf/e"t tYof+sx? ;+sng ug]{ cj;/ pknAw 5 <
{
@= 36gfsf] k|sl[ t M
36gfsf] k|sl[ t s:tf] 5 -lj:tf/} cfPsf] jf cs:dft_ <
cfktsfnLg cj:yfaf6 k|efljt ePsf ;d"xx? -;fF:s[lts, pd]/, n}lu+s cflb_ jf s'g} vf;
;+s6f;Gg ;d"xx? 5g <
#= 36gfsf] l:y/tf M
s] 36gf l:y/ 5 -5f]6f] cjlw÷dWod cjlw_ jf cem} al9/x]sf] 5 <
s] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] cGo ;+s6x? cufl8 b]lvG5g -gofF cfktsfnLg jf xfnsf] 36gfdf
dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g_ <
s'g} tTjx? klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 h;n] cs:dft jf ;f/e"t kl/jt{gsf] :j?kdf kl/0ft x'g
;Qm5g <
$= jt{dfg lzIff k|0ffnL M
lzIff k|0ffnL Joj:yf;DaGwL M
jtdf{g lzIff k|0ffnL ;+rflnt 5 <
nlIft hg;+Vofdf PseGbf a9L ;+rflnt k|0ffnL 5 <
jt{dfg cfktsfnLg cj:yfn] pknAw lzIff Joj:yf -x?_ nfO{ s;/L k|efljt kf/of] <
s] ejgx? tyf k"jf{wf/x? Ifltu|:t ePsf] jf sdL ePsf] cj:yf -efG;f3/, ;/;kmfO{sf
;'ljwfx?, e08f/ clfb_ 5 <
jt{dfg cWoogsf] jftfj/0f s:tf] /x]sf] 5 -:yfg, ;fdfu|Lx?, sIff sf]7fx?, sd{rf/L cflb_ <

36. 32 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
ljleGg If]qLo÷hftLo÷cGo k[i7e"ldsf afnaflnsf jf s]6f jf s]6Lsf] cj:yf ;dfg 5 <
s] afnaflnsfx? egf{ ePsf 5g / lg/Gt/ ljBfno cfO{/x]sf 5g < obL 5}g eg] lsg <
s] afnaflnsfx? ljBfno cfpFbf ef]s} x'G5g -h:t}M vfhf gx'g,' ljBfno;Dd k'Ug nfdf] b'/L,
cfd ?kdf s'kf]if0f_<
s] afnaflnsfx? s'g} vf; ;'Id s'kf]if0fsf] sdLaf6 u|l;t 5g < 5g eg] Tof] s'g xf] <
kf7oqmd / lzIf0f;DaGwL M
s] ;a}sf nflu ;dfg k|sl[ tsf kf7oqmd 5g <
k9fpg] efiff -jf efiffx?_ Pp6} 5g <
lzIfsx?, lzIf0f ;fdfu|Lx? /÷jf cWoogsf nflu cfjZos ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw 5g <
lzIfssf nflu tflnd / k'gM tflnd cfjZos 5 <
cgf}krfl/s jf ;Lkd"ns tflnd sfo{qmdx? -k'/fgf -afn_ n8fs'x?, ljBfnoaf6 efu]sf
afnaflnsf /÷jf cGo vf; lk5l8Psf ;d"xx?sf nflu_ cfjZos 5g <
%= d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? M
d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? klxrfg ug]{
s;n] s] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 <
s] sfdsf] nflu sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 <
s;n] s] of]hgf agfO{/x]sf] 5 <
s] s:tf] ;fwg;|ftsf nflu sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 <
]
s'g lg0f{ox?sf nflu sf] lhDd]jf/ 5 <
cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gx?
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? -/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo_
;/sf/L lgsfox? M
/fli6«o tyf :YffgLo ;/sf/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf s:tf] -j}wflgs, cGtl/d_ /x]sf] 5 <
lzIffsf] k|zf;g s;n] ub{5 <
ljBfnox? -lzIfsx?, k|wfgfWofksx?, cleefjs lzIfs ;+u7gx?_
;d'bfo -g]tfx?, kfsfx?, wfld{s, dlxnf ;+u7gx?, :Jff:YosdL{x?, jf cGo ;fd'bflos ;d"xx?_
kl/jf/ M
;d'bfosf] k"jsfnb]lvsf] k|dv ;+/rgf s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
{ '
s] cfktsfnLg cj:yfn] kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgfnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 <
afnsflnsfsf] lzIffdf ;xeflutf -ljz]if u/L aflnsfsf] xsdf_ s;n] lg0f{o ub{5 <

37. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 33
^= pknAw ;|ftx?
]
lzIffsf] nflu -dfly pNn]lvt jt{dfg lzIff k|0ffnL klg x]gxf]nf_
' {'
cWoogsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgx? pknAw 5g <
ljBfnodf /x]sf ;'ljwfx? k"0f{ ?kdf ;+rfngsf nflu pknAw 5g <
b}lgs ?kdf ljBfno ;+rfng ug{sf nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf lzIfsx? tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx?
5g <
vfB ;xfotsf nflu M
vfB ljt/0f z'? ug{ slQsf] h?/L 5 <
vfgf tof/ kfg{ slt hgf JolQm pknAw 5g <
vfgf tof/ ug{sf nflu s]s:tf] ;'ljwfx? /x]sf 5g -ljBfnodf efG;fx?, e08f/0f u[x, ksfpg]
/ vfg] efF8fx?, 8f8'kGo", O{Gwg, kfgL cflb_ <
oL ;'ljwfx? sfod ug{ ;+ej 5 <
oftfoftf÷cfk"lt÷e08f/0fsf] k"jf{wf/ /x]sf] 5 <
s'g vfgfsf ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] cj:yfdf 5 < sxfF / slt l56f] tL vfgfx? k|fKt
ug{ ;lsg] / vfgf ljt/0f ug]{ s]Gb|;Dd k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 <
s'g} ljBfno :jf:Yo sfo{qmdx? ;rfng x'g nfu]sf] jf klxn] g} pknAw 5g ls <
s'g} bftfn] tTsfn s'g} k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 ls <
sfof{Gjogsf nflu s'g} ;+efAo ;fe]mbf/ pknAw 5 ls <
&= jt{dfg / ;+efljt afwfx?
;'/Iff
cWoogsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgx? pknAw 5g <
lzIf0f :yfgx? afnaflnsf, lzIfsx? tyf ;xfotfsdL{x?sf nflu ;'/lIft kx'r pknAw 5 <
F
vfgf tof/ ug{ jf ljt/0f ug{sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgx? pknAw 5g <
vfBfGg cf];f/k;f/ ug{ / ljt/0f ug{ ;'/lIft 5 <
vfB e08f/0f ;'/lIft tj/n] /x]sf] 5 <
n}l+ us÷hftLo afwfx?
s'g} klg n}lu+s ;d"xsf vf; afwfx?÷d'2fx? /x]sf 5g ls <
ljleGg ;d"xx? -hftLo, If]qLo_ sf vf; jfwfx?÷d'2fx? /x]sf 5g ls <
j}wflgstf
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L ;fem]bf/ :ki6 ?kdf pknAw 5 <

38. 34 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx? tof/ kfg{ / ;xof]u ug{ /fhg}lts÷:yfgLo g]tTjaf6 clwsf/ k|fKt 5 <
[
obL 5}g eg] lsg <
lo ;xof]u ljgf cufl8 a9g hf]lvd 5 ls 5}g <
lo ;xof]u ljgf cufl8 a9bf Gofok"0f{ x'G5 <
;fem]fbfl/tf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 <
sfo{qmdx? ;xof]u cfsif{0f ug{ /÷jf ljsf; ug{sf nflu tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 <
;|ft u|x0f M ljZj vfB sfo{qmd, cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ljBfno vfgfsf] of]hgf–cj:Yff ljZn]if0f,
]
of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, ;g @))$, http://www.wfp.org

39. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 35
kl/lzi6 #M ;"rgf ;+sng / cfjZostfx? n]vfhf]vf k|ZgfjnL
:yfg -x?_M================================================================================================================================
cfktsfnsf] k|s[ltM=====================================================================================================================
d'Vo ;d:of -x?_M=======================================================================================================================
s]xL ljBfnox? cem} ;+rfngdf 5g <
5g/5}gg < :yfg -x?_ k|efljt afnaflnsfx?sf] pkl:ylt
s]6L s]6f
!= ;d:of //jf lj:tf/Ls/0fsf] d'Vo sf/0f -x?_ M
ljBfno ejgx? Ifltu|:t ePsf % olb kfl/>lds glbPdf lzIfsn] gk9fpg]
ljBfno kl/;/df kfgL c;'/lIft jf pknAw ofqf vt/fo'Qm x'Fb} uPsf] %
%
gePsf]
afnaflnsfx? gc6]sf÷ljBfnoaflx/ /x]sf % lzIfsx? ;]gfdf egf{ ePsf %
OSo'kd]06÷;fwgx? cg'knAw % s]xL ljBfyL{x? ulDe/ dgf]qf;df /x]sf %
z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lx? vl/b ug{ kl/jf/x? c;dy{ % s]xL ljBfyL{x? czQm ePsf %
lzIfsx?n] 5f]8]sf jf 8/fPsf % afnaflnsfx? ;]gfdf egf{ ePsf %
lzIfssf] ;§fdf /fVg lzlIft JolQmx?sf] cefj %
@= afnaflnsfsf] hg;+Vof klxrfg hDdf s]6L s]6f
afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof =================== ================== ===============
)–% jif{ pd]/sf ===================% ==================% ===============%
^–!# jif{ pd]/sf ===================% ==================% ===============%
!$–!* jif{ pd]/sf ===================% ==================% ===============%
afl;Gbfx? ===================% ==================% ===============%
aflx/af6 cfPsfx? ===================% ==================% ===============%

40. 36 cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08
#= cfktsfneGbf cl3sf] cj:yf;Fu t'ngf
hDdf s]6L s]6f
afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}
)–% jif{ pd]/sf sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}
^–!# jif{ pd]/sf sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}
!$–!* jif{ pd]/sf sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}
afl;Gbfx? sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}
aflx/af6 cfPsfx? sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/} sd pxL w]/}
n}lu+s cj:yfdf b]lvPsf] d'Vo km/sx? JofVof ug]{M
cGo s'g} ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ k|s[ltsf b]lvPsf d'2fx? h:t} hftLo ;d"xx?sf] pkl:yt 5g ls < JofVof
ug'{xf];
$= afnaflnsfx?sf] lzIffsf] :t/ s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
afnr/0fsf] k"j{ lzIff k|fylds lzIff dfWolds txsf
lzIff -k"j{ jo:s
cj:yfdf_
k"/f ul/;s]sf] ljleGg
pd]/ ;d"xsf] k|ltzt ______________ __________ _____________
%= afnaflnsfsf] af]Ng] efiff -x?_ s'g x'g <
dft[ efiff af]Ng ;Sg] n]Vg ;Sg]
:yfgLo efiffx? -gfd n]Vg]_ _________________
_________________
_________________
cGo -gfd n]Vg]_ _________________
_________________
_________________
^s= tkfO{;Fu ;d'bflos ejgx? -h:t}M ljBfnox?, :jf:Yo s]Gb|, dlGb/, rr{x?_ b]lvg] If]qut gS;f
pknAw 5 <
^v= olb ^s=adf]lhdsf] gS;f gePdf, s] tkfO{n] s'g} ;|f]taf6 k|fKt ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 <
^u= olb ^v= adf]lhdsf] 5}g eg] s;/L To:tf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 pNn]v ug'{xf]; .

41. cfktsfnLg cj:yf, hsl8Psf ;+s6 / k|f/lDes k'gMlgdf{0f r/0fdf k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ lzIffsf] Go"gtd dfkb08 37
&= sIffsf nflu s'g 7fpF pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
;f] :yfgdf k9fpg ;lsg] afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+Vof
ljBfno÷sIff sf]7fx?
k'gM:yfkgf s]Gb|
cf>o :yn
aflx/L vfnL 7fFp -?vd'lg cflb_
3/
wfld{s 3/x?
lSnlgs
cGo -pNn]v ug]{_
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!))) ld6/eGbf a9L -dfOndf_
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! dfOneGbf a9L
!)= s] 3/kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx? 3/sf] sfd jf cGo sfddf ;+nUg 5g <
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kf7ok':tsx?
ljifo !