The document discusses environmental pollution and disasters. It states that most disasters are increasing due to human-caused environmental degradation rather than purely natural causes. Environmental pollution and climate change from factors like industrialization, unsustainable land use, and waste mismanagement are exacerbating disasters and harming human life. The summary focuses on how human activities are degrading the environment and increasing disaster risks.

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xfjf, kfgL, kxf8–kj{t, t/fO{ tyf ;dy/ e"ld, b"g, pkTosf, vf]nf, gbL,
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r§fgL jf 9'ªu] df6f] o;sf ;fdfGo pbfx/0f x'g . dflg;n] vfg] cGg,
t/sf/L, kmnkm"n / kz'n] vfg] 3fF;, cf}iflwsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ h8La'6L
df6f]d} pld|G5g . xfdLn] b]lv/xg] ;dy/ tyf d}bfg, kxf8, pkTosf, lxdfndf
kfOg] df6f]sf :j¿k ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g .
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k|f0fjfo' g} elgG5 . To;}n] jo' k|f0fLsf] hLjgbftf xf] . jfo'ljgf s'g} hLj
If0fe/ klg afFRg ;Sb}gg .
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k|fKt ug{ / jftfj/0fnfO{ ;'Gb/–/d0fLo agfpg kfgL geO x'bg . kfgL
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;Gt'lnt tfkdf /fVg tftf]kg jf tfk rflxG5 . To;}u/L af]6 lj?jfnfO{
cfkmgf] vfgf agfpg] k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f k|lqmofsf nflu k|sfz / tfk b'jsf] }
cfjZostf k5{ . jfo'd08ndf x'g] /f;folgs k|ltlqmof, hLjd08ndf x'g]
h}ljs lqmofsnfksf nflu oL b'j} tTj geO x'bg . k|sfz tyf tfk pmhf{sf
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k|dv ;f]t x'g, h;sf] 7"nf] lx:;f ;"oaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . dflg;n] k/Dk/fut
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klg pmhf{ k|fKt ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . t} klg ;"oaf6 k|fKt x'g] tfkLo pmhf{ tyf
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k|sfzsf] t'ngfdf dflg;n] pTkfbg u/]sf] pmhf{ Hofb} guGo /x]sf] 5 .
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lghL{j tŒjx¿sf] pkl:yltn] dfq k[YjLsf] jftfj/0f ;Gt'lnt x'g ;Sb}g .
k|fs[lts jftfj/0f tyf kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ;Gt'ngsf nflu jftfj/0fsf
;hLj tŒjx¿sf] e"ldsf klg dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;hLj jftfj/0fLo tŒjnfO{
lgDg cg';f/ b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M
s= jg:klt
jftfj/0fdf nfvf}F k|hfltsf af]6–la?jf, kmnkm"n, 3fF; kft, h8La'6Lsf]
cl:tTj /x]sf] 5 . hLjgofkgdf jg:klts ;|ftsf] pkof]u ;a}eGbf a9L
]
x'G5 . cfFvfn] b]Vg g;lsg] ;–;fgfb]lv cUnf / 7"nf ¿vsf ¿kdf ;d]t
jg:klt kfOG5g . n]p, Rofp / ‰ofpb]lv lnP/ xfd|f cGgafnL, ¿v–la?jf
cflb o; ju{df k5{g .
jg:klt :ynLo / hnLo b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g . h'g jg:kltsf] cl:tTjdf dfq
;Lldt x'G5 ltgnfO{ hnLo jg:klt elgG5 / kfgLaflx/ x'sg jg:kltnfO{
{
:ynLo jg:klt elgG5 . k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] /Iff tyf ;Gt'ngsf nflu oL
b'j} k|sf/sf jg:kltsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
v= k|f0fL
jftfj/0fsf] csf]{ ;hLj tŒj k|f0fL xf] . o;leq hnLo / :ynLo b'j} k|sf/sf
k|f0fL k5{g . kfgLdf a:g] df5f, Xj]n, 8lNkmgnufotsf hnLo hgfj/ /
hdLgdf a:g] xfQL, u}8f, af3h:tf 7"nf hgfj/b]lv lnP/ cfFvfn] b]Vg
F
g;lsg] ;'Id hLjf0f' klg o; ju{df k5{g . r/fr'?ªuL, sL6ktªu, hLj0f'x¿
jftfj/0fsf ;hLj tŒj x'g .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷10

11. jftfj/0f k|bif0f
"
kl/ro
jftfj/0fsf s'g} klg tŒjaLr /x]sf] k|fs[lts ;Gt'ngdf ljleGg sf/0fn]
kl/jt{g cfpF5 . hg;ªVof j[l4 / cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf sf/0f k|fs[lts
;|ftdfly bafa, vBfGg pTkfbg a9fpg pkof]u x'g] /f;folgs dn, sL6gfzs
]
ljiffbL, kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] cTolws pT;h{gn] e"ld, hn / jfo'd08n Ps};fy
k|bl" ift eO/x]sf] 5 .
jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf] k|efj o;sf] s'g} Ps tŒjdf dfq kb}g . jfo' k|bif0f x'bf
" { " F
jfo'df ldl;Psf] k|bifs jiff{sf dfWodaf6 df6f]df ldl;G5 / To;sf] k|jfx
"
;txL / e"ldut kfgLdf x'G5 . v]taf/Ldf k|of]u x'g] sL6gfzs jf /f;folgs
kbfy{ df6f] / e"ldut kfgLsf] ;|ft x'b} km}lnG5 . k|bl" ift kfgL jfikLs/0f x'bf
] F F
To;df /x]sf] k|bifs cfsfzdf k'U5 / jiff{sf dfWodaf6 k'gM k[YjLdf cfpF5 .
"
df6f], hn / jfo' pkef]Uo j:t'sf d"n cfwf/ ePsfn] To:tf] j:t'sf] pkef]u
ubf{ k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k5{ h;n] dxfdf/Lsf]
¿kd wf/0f ug{ ;S5 . o;k|sf/ jftfj/0f k|bif0f ljZjsf] To:tf] h6Ln
"
;d:of xf] h;sf] ;dfwfg k"0f{ ¿kdf ug{ ;lsFbg / o;sf] z[ªvnfa4
}
k|efjsf] ;fdgf ;a}eGbf a9L dflg;n] g} ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
kl/efiff
jftfj/0fsf] s'g} Ps tŒjdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjnfO{ jftfj/0f k|bif0f elgG5 .
"
gbLdf 9n ldl;P/ gbLsf] kfgL k|bl" ift x'g,' 3/ jf pBf]uaf6 pT;lh{t kmf]xf]/
;8s jf rf]sdf y'lk|bf b'uGw pTkGg x'g,' t/sf/L afnLdf sL6gfzs cf}iflw 5bf{
F {
To;sf] c;/ df6f] tyf e"ldut kfgLdf kg'{ jf t/sf/L vfFbf hg:jf:Yodf
k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ l:ylt k}bf x'g,' pBf]uaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ / /;fog ldl;Psf]
9n v'nf 7fpF jf vf]nfgfnfdf ldl;g', pBf]u tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgaf6 lg:sg]
k|bl" ift Uof;n] jfo'kbif0f a9g' jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g .
|" "
jftfj/0fsf] s'g} Ps tŒjdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ csf]{ tŒj ldl;Pdf d"n
tŒjsf] ef}lts, /f;folgs, h}ljs tyf df}lns u'0fdf cfpg] c:jefljs
kl/jt{g g} k|bif0f xf] . To:tf] k|bl" ift tŒj pkef]usf nflu cg'ko'Qm jf
"
xflgsf/s x'G5 . jftfj/0fsf 36snfO{ b"lift ug]{ tŒjnfO{ k|bifs elgG5 .
"
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷11

12. jftfj/0f k|bif0faf6 pTkGg ;d:ofnfO{ ljleGg kIfaf6 cnu cnu tl/sfåf/f
"
x]g{] k|rng a9b} cfPsf] 5 . e"uf]nljbx¿ o;nfO{{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf x]5g, {
jftfj/0fLo e"uf]nljb jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofs} ¿kdf x]b5g, ;dfhzf:qLx¿
{
;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lnG5g, cy{zf:qLx¿ cfly{s ;d:ofsf ¿kdf
lnG5g, kl/l:yltsLljbx¿ kl/l:yltsLo ;d:ofsf ¿kdf x]5g eg] :jf:Yo
{
ljz]if1x¿ hg:jf:Yosf b[lisf]0faf6 k|bif0fsf] lrgf/L lbG5g .
"
k|sl[ tn] wfGg ;Sg]eGbf a9L k|bifssf] pT;h{g / lj;h{gn] jftfj/0fLo
"
k|0ffnLdf k|lts"n kl/jt{g NofpF5 . o:tf] k|lts"n kl/jt{gn] hg:jf:Yodf
;d:of pTkGg u5{ . kl/0ffd:j¿k ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts
tyf /fhg}lts If]qdf k|lts"n k|efj k5{, h;nfO{ jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf ¿kdf
"
lng ;lsG5 .
cd]l/sfsf] …Dof;fRo';6 OlG:6Ro'6 ckm 6]Sgf]nf]hLÚ n] jftfj/0f k|bif0fnfO{
] "
kl/eflift ub}{ eg]sf] 5 æj:t'sf] pTkfbg tyf pkef]usf k|To]s r/0fdf sfd
gnfUg] jf kmf]xf]/ kbfy{sf] lj;h{g eO/xG5 . o:tf kmf]xf]/ kbfy{ To; ;dodf
k|bifs of jftfj/0fLo ;d:of aG5g, ha To;n] jfo'd08nLo, dxf;fu/Lo
"
/ kfly{j jftf/j/0fdfly xflgsf/s k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .Æ
ef/tLo jftfj/0fljb s]= ;L= cu|jfnn] eg]sf 5g …xfjf, kfgL tyf hldgsf]
k|fs[lts jf df}lns cj:yfdf c:jfefljs ¿kn] cfpg] To:tf] ef}lts,
/f;folgs cyjf h}ljs kl/jt{gnfO{ jftfj/0f k|bif0f elgG5, h;n] k|f0fLsf]
"
:jf:Yo, ;'/Iff tyf sNof0fdf xflg k'¥ofP/ vt/f pTkGg u5{ .
o;k|sf/ ækl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL jf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fn] ;xg ug{ g;Sg]u/L
dflg;sf OlR5t tyf clglR5t lqmofsnfkåf/f kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf kg]{
k|lts"n k|efj tyf To;sf] u'0f:t/ v:sg uO{ jftfj/0fsf k|To]s 36sdf
z[ªvnfa4 k|efj k/]/ dfgj ;d'bfosf nflu cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg
¿kdf xflg k'Ug] ;Defjgfsf] j[l4 g} jftfj/0fsf] k|bif0f xf] .Æ
"
o; JofVofcg';f/ jftfj/0fLo k|bif0fsf tLgj6f cfwf/ b]lvG5g M
"
dflg;åf/f kmf]xf]/ jf cjlzi6 kbfy{sf] pTkflbt / lj;h{g,
kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] lj;h{gaf6 pTkGg x'g] xflg tyf Iflt, /
To; Ifltaf6 dflg;df kg]{ k|lts"n k|efj .
jftfj/0fsf k|b"ifs
k|fs[lts jftfj/0f tyf kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf c;Gt'ng k}bf ug]{ tyf
k|bif0f pTkGg ug]{ kbfy{, pmhf{ jf /;fogsf s'g} klg ¿knfO{ jftfj/0fsf
"
k|bifs elgG5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0fdf k|bifs tŒjsf] e"ldsf ltgLx¿sf] :j¿k,
" " "
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷12

13. sfo{k0ffnL jf k|ltlqmofTds Ifdtfsf cfwf/df leGg leGg x'G5 . To;}u/L
|
jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf If]q klg km/s x'G5g . To;}sf cfwf/df jftfj/0f k|bifssf]
" "
juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
!= k|fs[lts k|bifs
"
k|fs[lts ¿kdf x'g] clwsf+z k|bif0f jftfj/0fsf tŒjn] ;xg ug{ ;Sg]
"
:t/df /x]sf] x'G5 . cyjf k|sl[ tdf :jo+ pTkGg x'g] k|bifs tŒjnfO{ lgd{nLs/0f
"
ug]{ Ifdtf k|sl[ tleq} /x]sf] x'G5 . ¿vaf6 em/]/ s'lxPsf kftsf] b'uGw {
jgleqs} cGtlqm{ofaf6 lgd{nLs/0f x'g' o;sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] .
@= dfgjl;lh{t k|bifs
"
dflg;åf/f jftfj/0f k|bifsx¿sf] pTkfbg / lj;h{g b'j} x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
"
jftfj/0f ljgfz tyf k|bif0fsf ljleGg kIfsf] cWoogsf cfwf/df jftfj/0f
"
k|bifssf ¿kdf dflg; g} cufl8 /x]sf] 5 . dflg;åf/f pTkflbt / pT;lh{t
"
xflgsf/s kbfy{n] k|fs[lts ;Gt'ngdf Jojwfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . o;af6
jftfj/0fsf] k|dv k|bifs dflg; g} /x]sf] tYo :ki6 x'G5 .
' "
jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf ljleGg k|sl[ t cyjf :j¿k 5g . xfjf, kfgL, df6f], Wjlg
"
cflb k|bif0fsf k|sl[ t x'g . o; >]0fLsf k|bifs lgDgcg';f/ 5g M
" "
s= s0fLo k|bifs M hnjfikdf ldl;P/ jfo'd08ndf km}lng] w"nf], pBf]uaf6
"
pTkGg x'g] l;;f / wft'sf] w"nf] s0fLo k|bifs x'g . s0fLo k|bif0fn] vf;u/L
" "
jfo'd08ndf w"nf]sf] pkl:yltnfO{ hgfpF5 tfklg o;sf] k|efj hnd08n /
:ynd08ndf ;d]t k5{ . jfo'd08ndf k'usf w"nf]sf s0f ljleGg jiff{,
]
x'/Latf; jf cGo dfWodaf6 k'gM k[YjLdf cfpFbf To;sf] k|efj ;Dk"0f{
hLjd08ndf k5{ .
v= Uof;Lo k|bif0f M dflg;åf/f 3/fo;L sfo{ ubf{, snsf/vfgf tyf pBf]u
"
rnfpFbf pTkGg x'g] Uof; klg jftfj/0fsf] k|dv k|bifs xf] . Snf]/f]ˆn'/f]
' "
sfa{g, gfO6«fhg / sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, ;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8h:tf cS;fO8x¿
]
/ ldy]g cflb Uof;n] jfo'd08nnfO{ k|bl" ift u5{g .
u= t/n k|bifs M vlgh t]n pTkfbg s]Gb|, sRrf kbfy{ k|zf]wg ug]{ pBf]u,
"
vlgh t]n cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ kfgLhxfhaf6 pT;h{g x'g] jf r'lxg] t]n / t]ndf
ldl>t cj:yfdf /x]sf vlgh kbfy{, cdf]lgof, o'l/of, Snf]/fO8, ˆnf]/fO8,
sfaf]g6;, sL6gfzs tyf /f]ulg/f]ws /;fog cflb t/n k|bifs x'g . o:tf
{ ] "
tŒjn] kfgLdf 3f]lnP/ jf hldgdf 5l/P/ jftfj/0fsf h}ljs tyf ch}ljs
tŒjdf k|lts"n k|efj kfb{5g .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷13

14. jftfj/0f cksif{0f
kl/ro
s'g} klg b]z, If]q jf k|bzsf] ef}lts jftfj/0fsf] s'g} klg PSnf] jf ;fd"lxs
]
36sdf pTkGg jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf] cj:yfnfO{ jftfj/0f cksif{0f tyf
ljgfz elgG5 .
kxf8sf] s'g} efudf uPsf] klx/f]n] ToxfFsf] h}ljs / ch}ljs b'j} j:t'sf]
ljgfz u5{ . xl/of] jg If]qdf cfunfuL ePdf ToxfF /x]sf hLjx¿ hn]/ gi6
x'G5g . xl/of] jg g} ;dfKt ePkl5 Tof] If]q phf8 x'G5 . e'Orfnf] cfPdf
F
k[YjLsf ljleGg efux¿ rL/f k/]/, klx/f] uP/, kxf8–kj{tx¿ n8]/ tyf
dfgjLo ;+/rgfx¿ elTsP/ k|fs[lts tyf dfgjåf/f lgld{t jftfj/0f g}
gi6 x'G5 . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfaf6 ePsf] jftfj/0fLo
IfltnfO{ k|sl[ tn] lglZrt cjlwdf cfk}mF k'gM:yfkg u5{ eGg] ljz]if1x¿sf]
dt /x]sf] kfOG5 . dflg;sf lqmofsnfkaf6 x'g] k|bif0f k|sl[ tn] ;xg ug]{
"
IfdtfeGbf aflx/ ePdf jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf cgk]lIft kl/jt{g b]vf k5{ /
h}ljs tyf ch}ljs tŒjaLrsf] ;Gt'ngdf vnn k}bf x'G5 .
hLjd08nsf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ;Gt'ng ef}lts tyf h}ljs tŒjaLrsf]
cGtlqm{ofåf/f sfod /x]sf] x'G5 . oL s'g} klg 36s jf cªudf s'g} vf;
;dodf kl/jt{g x'G5 eg] To;sf] k|efj cGo 36sdf klg :jtM kg{ hfG5 .
kl/0ffd:j¿k jftfj/0fdf s'g} kl/jt{g eOxfn]df To;af6 kg]{ xflgsf]
Ifltk"lt{ cGo k|fs[lts 36gfaf6 x'g] u5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
jftfj/0fdf x'g] k|fs[lts k|ltlqmofn] hLjnfO{ plrt af;:yfgsf] lgdf{0f
ub{5 . k[YjLdf hLjgsf] pTklQsfnb]lv g} x/]s hLjn] ef}lts jftfj/0fsf]
ljleGg tŒjdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xg ub}{ cfPsf 5g . ;g !*^) sf]
bzsdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] dflg;nfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwdf k"0f{tf lbg]
sfo{ u¥of] / jftfj/0fsf] of] 36s k|sl[ tsf] ;j{zlQmdfg k|f0fLsf ¿kdf
:yflkt eof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k dflg;df ef}lts jftfj/0fdf kl/jt{g ug{
;Sg] Ifdtfdf b]vf k¥of] .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷14

15. cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf sf/0f dflg; jftfj/0fsf] ef}lts 36saf6 aflx/ cfP/
cfly{s tyf k|fljlws dfgj alg;s]sf] 5 . dflg;åf/f ;~rflnt lqmofsnfksf
sf/0f jftfj/0fdf x'g] Ifltk"lt{sf] :jkf]lift Ifdtfdf ;d]t x|f; ePsf] 5 .
kl/0ffd:j¿k jftfj/0fdf lg/Gt/ x'g] kl/jt{gdf tLj|tf cfP/ hLjd08ndf
k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] 5 . ef}lts jftfj/0fdf o;/L cfpg] k|lts"n kl/jt{gnfO{
jftfj/0f cksif{0f (environment degradation) elgG5 .
jftfj/0fljb ;laGb| l;+xsf cg';f/ æjftfj/0fsf ef}lts 36sdf jftfj/0fsf]
:jkf]lift ¿kn] k"lt{ x'g g;Sg] dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f jf h}ljs
k|lqmofåf/f cfpg] x|f; cyjf cltqmldt cj:yf g} jftfj/0f cksif{0f xf] .Æ
o;k|sf/ k|fs[lts 36gfqmd / dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f jftfj/0fsf
ljleGg tŒjx¿df kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjsf sf/0f jftfj/0fLo u'0f:t/df tTsfn
jf nfdf] ;dokl5 b]lvg] x|f;nfO{ jftfj/0f cksif{0f eGg ;lsG5 . jftfj/0f
cksif{0fsf ljz]iftfsf] hfgsf/Ln] o;nfO{ cem :ki6 kf5{ M
jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] k|sl[ tn] ;xg ug{ jf
k'gM:yfkg ug{ g;Sg]u/L x|f;f]Gd'v agfpF5 .
jftfj/0fsf s'g} Ps ef}lts tŒjdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjsf] c;/ cGo
tŒjdf k5{ .
k|bif0faf6 jftfj/0fsf] k|fs[lts u'0fdf k|lts"n kl/jt{g cfPsf] x'G5 .
"
jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/df cfPsf] x|f;n] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf c;Gt'ng
k}bf u5{ .
kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf cfk"mnfO{ ;dflxt ug{ g;Sg] hLj ;ªs6fkGg
aG5g / sltkosf] cl:tTj g} ;dfKt x'g ;S5 .
k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 ;d]t jftfj/0f cksif{0f x'g] eP klg o;df
dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] g]tTj lnPsf] x'G5 .
[
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0faLr leGgtf
"
;fdfGotof jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0f b'j} cj:yfn] jftfj/0fsf] ljgfznfO{
"
g} hgfpF5 . oL b'O{ ljifodf s] leGgtf 5 eg]/ ;lhn} 7Dofpg sl7g x'G5 .
cksif{0f / k|bif0f b'j} ljifosf] k|sl[ t / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] tfTsflns tyf
"
bL3{sfnLg kl/0ffdsf] cWoogaf6 oL b'O{ cj:yfaLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ s]nfpg
;slG5 .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷15

16. leGgtf M
jftfj/0f k|bif0f dfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 x'G5 t/ cksif{0f k|fs[lts
"
sf/0faf6 klg x'G5 .
jftfj/0fLo k|bif0fn] jftfj/0fsf] :yfgLo :t/df x|f; NofpF5 t/
" F
cksif{0fsf] kl/0ffd ljZjJofkL ¿kdf km}lnG5 .
jftfj/0f k|bif0fn] jftfj/0fsf ef}lts tŒjx¿sf] u'0f:t/df :yfgLo
"
:t/df tTsfn} k|efj kf5{ t/ jftfj/0f cksif{0fn] bL3{sfnLg kl/0ffd
b]vf kf5{ . cyf{t cksif{0fsf] k|efj :yfgLo :t/af6 cufl8 a9]/
kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] k|fb]lzs tyf ljZjJofkL aG5 .
jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf] ;jf{lws k|efj :yfgLo jftfj/0f / dfgj ;d'bfodf
"
g} k5{ eg] jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf] c;/ dflg;sf cltl/Qm jftfj/0fsf
;d:t ef}lts 36sdf km}lnG5 .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f dfgjLo q'6Lsf] pkh xf] . o;n] cksif{0fsf] :t/nfO{
"
a9fpF5 . t/ jftfj/0f cksif{0f To:tf] Jofks zAb xf], hf] dfgjLo
lqmofsnfksf cltl/Qm k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 pTkGg eP/ ;fj{ef}lds
jftfj/0fdf c;Gt'ng k}bf u5{ .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f :yfgLo txaf6 lj:tf/ x'g ;do nfU5 / o;n]
"
lglZrt If]qleq dfq a9L c;/ kfb{5 eg] jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf] ult
dGb x'G5 / o;sf] s'g} ;Ldf x'bg . To;}n] jftfj/0f cksif{0f
F }
k|bif0fsf] clGtd kl/0ffd jf ;Ldf xf] .
"
jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / cksif{0fsf sf/0f
jftfj/0f k|bif0f tyf cksif{0f k|fs[lts / dfgjLo b'j} sf/0faf6 x'G5 . xfd|f]
"
;Gbe{df b]lvPsf k|dv sf/0fnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M
'
!= k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 pTkGg k|sf]k
k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 pTkGg lgDg k|sf]kn] jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0fdf
"
of]ubfg lbG5 M
s= ef}uf]lns tyf ef}ule{s k|sf]k
k[YjLsf] ef}ule{s tyf ef}uf]lns agf]6 cg';f/ w]/} k|sf/sf k|sf]khGo 36gf
x'g] u5{g . Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6, e'Orfnf] tyf ;'gfdL ef}ule{s k|sf]k x'g eg]
F
e"Ifo / klx/f] ef}uf]lns k|sf]ksf pbfx/0f x'g .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷16

17. Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6g x'bf lg:sg] nfef, tfkLo pmhf{, w"nf] / w"jfFn] jftfj/0fdf
F
k|bif0f tyf cksif{0f u/fpF5 . To;}u/L e'Orfnf]n] k[YjLsf] afXo ;txdf Iflt
" F
k'¥ofpg] x'bf dflg;nufot ;Dk"0f{ hLjd08n k|efljt x'G5 . e'Orfnf] /
F F
Hjfnfd'vLsf sf/0f cfunfuL x'g,] klx/f] hfg], af9L cfpg] tyf cGo k|sf]k
klg ylkP/ hgwgsf] Iflt dfq x'bg, oL b'j} 36gfsf sf/0f jfo'd08ndf
F }
w"nf], w"jfF, ljiffQm Uof; lj;h{g x'G5 / jfo'd08n k|bl" ift x'G5 .
v= hnpTkGg k|sf]k
kfgLsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{ hnpTkGg k|sf]k elgG5 .
cltj[li6, af9L, klx/f], lxdtfn ljikmf]6g, v08j[li6, cgfj[li6 tyf v8]/L,
emf8fkvfnf / dxfdf/Lh:tf 36gfnfO{ o; >]0fLdf /fVg ;lsG5 . cltj[li6sf
sf/0f x'g] af9L / klx/f]n] :yfgLo jftfj/0fdf Jofks kl/jt{g NofpF5 .
kxf8LIf]qdf klx/f]n] jg, v]tLof]Uo e"ld dfgj cfjf;If]q k'// ToxfFsf] jftfj/0fLo
]
u'0f:t/df x|f; NofpF5 eg] af9Ln] gbLlsgf/ / ljz]ifu/L t/fO{nfO{ tx;gx;
kf5{ . af9Lklx/f]kl5 dxfdf/Lsf] cj:yf klg pTkGg x'G5 . af9Lklx/f]af6
lj:yflkt ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] a;f]af; / hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cGo k|fs[lts
;|ftdfly cfl>t /xg' kg]{ cj:yf eP/ jftfj/0f ljgfz tLj| x'G5 .
]
u= jfojLo k|sf]k
jfo'd08ndf ljleGg of}lusaLr rNg] cGtlq{mofaf6 hLjd08n k|efljt
eO/x]sf] x'G5 . jfo' hLjgsf] k|dv cfwf/ ePsf]n] o;df ;fdfGo pynk'yn
'
eP/ pTkGg x'g] c;xh kl/l:yltn] k|sf]khGo hf]lvd a9fpF5 . n", zLtnx/,
x'/Latf;, cfFwL, t'kmfg, r6ofª, cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, v08j[li6sf] cj:yf
jfo'd08nLo ;+/rgfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf pbfx/0f x'g . ljZjJofkL tfkqmd
j[l4sf sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{g eP/ o:tf 36gfdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .
3= cGo k|fs[lts sf/0f
jftfj/0fdf k|bif0f a9fP/ cksif{0fnfO{ cem tLj| agfpg ljleGg k|fs[lts
"
sf/0f ;lqmo /x]sf x'G5g . pNsflk08 k[YjLdf v;]/ ljgfz x'g,' u|x¿aLrsf]
u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] k|efjaf6 ;d'bdf Hjf/ef6f pTkGg x'g,' k[YjLsf] pi0fLs/0fsf
|
sf/0f hnjfikLs/0f a9gh:tf k|fs[lts sf/0f o;sf ;fdfGo pbfx/0f x'g .
'
@= dfgjLo sf/0f
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0f a9fpg dflg;sf] k|dv xft /x]sf] 5 h;nfO{
" '
lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷17

18. s= dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]k
a]nfotdf !& cf}F ztfAbLdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtkl5 tLj| ePsf] k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/sf sf/0f k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly clgolGqt ¿kdf cltqmd0f
]
eO/Xof] . jfo'kbifs Uof;sf] pT;h{gdf s'g} ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ePg . dflg;n]
| "
cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|dv nIo agfPsf sf/0f k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf kg{;Sg]
'
k|lts"n k|efjk|lt p;sf] Wofg k'Ug g} ;s]g . kl/0ffd:j¿k jftfj/0f
ljgfzn] tLj|tf kfO/Xof] / k|sf]khGo 36gfdf j[l4 x'b} uof] . jftfj/0fsf
F
ljleGg 36sdf xflgsf/s k|efj k/]sf] tYo phfu/ x'g nfUof] . jgljgfzsf
sf/0f af9L, klx/f], cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, ;'Vvf v8]/L, v08j[li6, ef]sd/L /
s'kf]if0fh:tf k|sf]khGo 36gfdf j[l4 ePsf 5g / hgwgsf] Ifltn] lj:tfl/t
x'g] cj;/ kfPsf] 5 .
v= /f;folgs tyf cf0fljs ljikmf]6
/f;folgs sf/vfgfaf6 pTkfbg x'g] ljiffn' Uof;sf] r'xfj6, cf0fljs e§Laf6
lg:sg] ljsL/0f tyf To:tf e§Lsf] ljikmf]6g jf o'4df /;fogsf] k|of]uaf6
pTkGg x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfaf6 pT;lh{t k|bifsn] jftfj/0f k|bif0f /
" "
cksif{0f a9fO/x]sf] x'G5 .
u= k|bif0f
"
jftfj/0f k|foM dfgjLo sf/0faf6 g} k|bl" ift x'G5 . dfgjLo sf/0faf6 x'g]
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0fnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M
"
jfo'kbif0f M cfly{s / k|fljlws ljsf;sf sf/0f pTkGg ljleGg k|bifs Uof;
|" "
tyf /;fogaf6 jfo'd08n lg/Gt/ k|bl" ift eO/x]sf] 5 . sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8,
sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8, xf]nf] sfa{g, ldy]g, hnjfik, Snf]/f]ˆn'/f] sfa{g cflb
Uof; jfo'kbifssf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g . o;k|sf/sf] k|bif0fn] cf]hf]g txsf]
| " "
Iflt, xl/tu[x k|efj / To;af6 rqmLo ¿kdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjsf sf/0f
jftfj/0f cksif{0f x'G5 .
hnk|bif0f M hnk|bif0f ljZjsf] ;jf{lws ljgfzsf/L jftfj/0fLo ;d:of
" "
ag]sf] 5 . :jR5 lkpg] kfgL / ;kmfOsf] cefjsf sf/0f *) k|ltzt /f]u
kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] tYofªs ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmdn]
'
;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 .
kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkgsf] cefj / cf}Bf]lus tyf 3/fo;L 9n k|zf]wgljgf
gbLdf ld;fpg] k|jl[ Q, v]taf/Ldf /f;folgs dn tyf sL6gfzssf] k|of]uh:tf
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷18

19. sf/0fn] ;txL tyf e"ldut kfgL k|bl" ift x'b} uPsf] 5 . hnk|bif0fsf] k|efj
F "
jftfj/0fsf h}ljs tyf ch}ljs ;a} tŒjdf kg]{ ePsfn] jftfj/0f cksif{0f
tLj| ag]sf] 5 .
e"–k|bif0f M jgljgfz, vf]l/of v]tL, clgof]lht e"pkof]u, ef}lts ;+/rgfsf]
"
lgdf{0faf6 x'g] e"Ifo, sL6gf;s /;fogsf] k|of]uh:tf sf/0fn] e"ldsf]
u'0f:t/ x|f; x'G5 . o;af6 jg:kltsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfP/
jftfj/0fsf x/]s tŒjdf k|ToIf k|efj k/]/ jftfj/0fLo cksif{0f eO/x]sf]
5 . ljZjdf a9b} uPsf] d?e"dLs/0fsf] ;d:ofsf] w]/} sf/0fdWo] e"cksif{0f
klg Ps xf] .
hg;ªVof j[l4 M tLj| hg;ªVof j[l4 jftfj/0f k|bif0f tyf cksif{0fsf]
"
k|dv sf/0f xf] . a9bf] hg;ªVofsf] nflu rflxg] cfjf;, vfgf, n'ufkmf6f],
'
lzIff, :jf:Yoh:tf cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] pkof]u a9]sfn]
]
jftfj/0f ljgfzdf 7"nf] ;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 .
pknAw tYofªscg';f/ k[YjLdf *))) O;fk"jdf 3'dGt] cj:yfdf /x]sf]
{
dflg;sf] ;ªVof %) nfvsf] cf;kf; ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]
hg;ªVof O;fk"j{ #))) df sl/a #) s/f]8 k'usf] / ;g !^%) lt/ %%
]
s/f]8 k'usf] lyof] . o;/L sl/a !)) u'0ff hg;ªVof j[l4 x'g !) xhf/ jif{
]
nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ dWoo'ub]lv hg;ªVof j[l4df tLj|tf cfPsf] kfOG5 .
!^%) kl5sf] $%) jif{d} k[YjLsf] hg;ªVof #%) u'0ff j[l4 eP/ & ca{
gfl3;s]sf] 5 -;+oQm /fi6«;ª3, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ ljefu, hg;ªVof
'
zfvf, !(%# / cGo ;|ft_ .
]
hg;ªVof;Fu ;DalGwt jftfj/0fLo ;d:of lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g M
;x/Ls/0fsf] lj:tf/ / hg3gTj j[l4 x'G5 .
ljsl;t / cljsl;t d'nssf] hg3gTjdf c;dfgtf .
'
cfly{s ljsf;df cj/f]w tyf ul/aLdf j[l4 .
;fdflhs cg'zf;g, cdgr}gdf vnn, ;fdflhs åGå, o'4sf] pTklQ .
cfjf;, vfBfGg, :jf:Yo, lzIff, z'4 vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] cefjn]
;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf hf]lvdsf] pTklQ .
k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly cltqmd0f, e"pkof]udf clgoldttf / kl/l:yltsLo
]
k|0ffnLdfly bafa .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷19

20. cfly{s c;dfgtf M Pstkm{ ljsl;t d'nssf dflg;n] cfly{s ljsf;sf]
'
r/d ;Ldf kf/ ul/;s]sf 5g eg] t];f] ljZjsf sl/a &) k|ltzt gful/s
|
b}lgs hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t j:t'dflysf] kx'raf6 lj:yflkt
F
eO/x]sf 5g . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'nsdf klg wgL / ul/aaLrsf] vf8n emg} 7"nf]
'
eO/x]sf] 5 . sl/a @^) nfv hg;ªVof ePsf] g]kfnsf] @$ jif{sf] ;/sf/L
ah]6 a/fa/sf] ;DklQ Pp6} JolQm;Fu x'g' cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] HjnGt
pbfx/0f xf] .
o;k|sf/sf] cfly{s c;dfgtfn] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;|ftsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{
]
pkof]usf] cjwf/0ff tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{ w/f;foL
agfPsf] 5 .
3= jgljgfz
jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf] csf]{ dfgjLo sf/0f jgljgfz xf] . jgljgfzsf sf/0f
k|fs[lts kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / h}ljs–jf;:yfg dfq ;ªs6fkGg ePsf]
5}g, e"Ifo, klx/f] / af9Lh:tf k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿df klg lg/Gt/ j[l4
eO/x]sf] 5 .
ljZjdf x/]s lbg xhf/f}F x]S6/ jgljgfz x'g] u/]sf] 5 . r/d cf}Bf]lus
ljsf; / jgljgfzn] jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g / ;~ro a9]sf
sf/0f k[YjLsf] tfkqmd klg a9b} uPsf] 5 . o;af6 jftfj/0fsf cGo
tŒjdfly k|efj kg]{ / k|sf]khGo 36gfdf ;d]t j[l4 x'G5 .
ª= s[life"ldsf] lj:tf/
cfjf; / v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] lj:tf/ ubf{ jgdfly g} bafa k5{ . v]tLof]Uo
e"ldsf] k|flKtsf nflu ljZjdf x/]s lbg nfvf}F x]S6/ e"ldsf] jg kmF8fgL x'g]
u5{ . k|z:t vfBfGg pTkfbg x'g] pi0fk|bzLo If]qsf] dfq jgkmF8fgL geP/,
]
;dl;tf]i0f / l;tf]i0f k|bzsf] jg;d]t kmF8fgL eO/x]sf] 5 . Ps tYofªs
]
cg';f/ ljZjdf k|ltjif{ @) xhf/ ju{dfOn If]qkmnsf] jg kmF8fgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
;f]leot ?;sf] :6]kL, pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] k|o/L, blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] kDkfh,
]
blIf0f clk|msfsf] j]N8 / Go"hLNof08sf] 8fpG; If]qsf ljzfn 3fF;d}bfg
s[life"lddf kl/0ft eO;s]sf 5g . o;}u/L blIf0fL tyf blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofnL
d'nssf jg klg tLj|ultdf kmF8fgL eO/x]sf] 5 .
'
g]kfndf /fli6«o jgsf clwsf+z If]q ;d'bfonfO{ g} x:tfGt/0f ug{ yflnPkl5
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷20

21. jgljgfzdf lgs} sdL cfPsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk /fli6«o jgdfly
kl//x]sf] rfk eg] 36]sf] 5}g . nfdf] ;do;Dd rn]sf] åGåkl5 klg /fhgLlts
;ªqmd0fsfnsf] kmfObf lnP/ t:s/x¿ jgkmF8fgL u/L sf7sf] cj}w Jofkf/
ug{ tNnLg 5g .
r= 3'dGt] v]tL
blIf0f tyf blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofnL d'nsdf 3'dGt] v]tL ug]{ k|rng 5 . kxf8L
'
If]qsf afl;Gbf jgkmF8fgL u/]/ vf]l/of v]tLdf lge{/ 5g . sltko ls;fg
cem} klg 3'dGt] hLjg lgjf{x u5{g . s]xL jif{ Ps :yfgdf v]tL ubf{ df6f]sf]
pa{/fzlQmdf x|f; cfP kl5 csf]{ If]qdf ;b{5g / jg kmfF8/ e"ldnfO{
]
v]tLof]Uo agfpF5g . l5d]sL d'ns ef/tdf 3'dGt] s[lifk|0ffnL Jofks ¿kdf
'
rNg] u/]sf] 5 . ef/tsf ljleGg !@ /fHodf @$ nfv (^ xhf/ 3'dGt]
s[ifsn] jflif{s ( xhf/ * ;o (^ ju{lsnf]ld6/ jgIf]q kmF8fgL u/L v]tL ug]{
u/]sf] ef/tLo jg ;e]{ k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . of] k/Dk/f >Lnªsf, aªunfb]z
/ kfls:tfgdf klg 5 . g]kfnsf pRr lxdfnL If]qdf klg 3'dGt] v]tLsf] k|yf
5 . o;/L pknAw e"ldsf] pa{/sTj a9fpg 5f]8/ jg kmF8fgL u/L v]tL ug]{
]
k/Dk/fn] jftfj/0f cksif{0f a9bf] qmddf 5 .
5= cltr/g
;dl;tf]i0f If]qsf] a'6ofg tyf 3fF;] d}bfg kz'kfngsf nflu pQd dflgG5 .
Joj;flos kz'kfngsf] sfo{n] kz'sf] ;ªVofTds j[l4 eP/ rl/r/gsf]
If]qkmn a9b} uPsf] 5 . 3fF;] d}bfgn] dfq rl/r/gsf] dfu k"/f gePkl5 ;–
;fgf a'6ofgL jg x'b} 3gf jglt/ klg kz'kfns cfslif{t x'b} uPsf 5g .
F F
o;/L jgljgfz t eO/x]sf] 5 g} e"Ifo / d?e"dLs/0fsf] k|lqmof klg tLj|
ag]sf] 5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf b"wfn' kz'sf] ;ªVof w]/} eP klg ltgsf]
pTkfbsTj sd x'gfn] kz'sf] ;ªVof a9fpg]tkm{ hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L
kz'sf] ;ªVofdf lg/Gt/ j[l4 x'bf rl/r/gsf nflu w]/} jg If]qsf] k|of]u x'g]
F
u/]sf] 5 . l;tf]i0f hnjfo' If]qdf pg / df;'sf] nflu e]8fkfng Joj;fon]
;d]t jgljgfzdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
h= cfunfuL
k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 jgdf cfunfuLsf 36gf k|z:t x'G5g .
7"nf] jgIf]qdf cfunfuL x'bf jfg:klts ;|ft dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ h}ljs
F ]
ljljwtf gi6 x'G5 . cfunfuL x'bf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 / cGo Uof; pT;h{g
F
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷21

22. eP/ jfo'kbif0f a95 . cfunfuLdf jfo'd08nLo lah'nL jf r6ofªsf] e"ldsf
| "
/x]sf] x'G5 eg] vf]l/of v]tL / jg 89]df df6f] dlnnf] eP/ 3fF; pld|G5 eGg]
e|dn] klg of] cj:yf sfod 5 .
em= 3/fo;L k|of]hg
jgljgfzsf] csf]{ k|dv sf/0f 3/fo;L cfjZostf k"/f ug{ jgaf6 3fF;,
'
bfp/f / sf7kft lgsflnG5 . 3/kfn'jf kz'sf nflu rflxg] 3fF; / b}lgs
k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos pmhf{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ bfp/f lgsfNgsf
lgldQ jgdfly g} ;d'bfo cfl>t /x]sf] x'G5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'nssf ul/a
'
;d'bfon] hLjgofkgsf nflu j}slNks ;|ft k|fKt ug{ g;Sbf jgaf6 cj}w
]
¿kdf sf7 / bfp/f lgsfn]/ :yfgLo ahf/df laqmL u/L hLjg lgjf{x ug'{
kl//x]sf] 5 . 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu sf7, bfp/f / 3fF;sf nflu e"dWo/]vLo
;bfaxf/ jg dfq k|ltjif{ @ s/f]8 x]S6/sf b/n] kmF8fgL eO/x]sf] 5 .
`= cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s k|of]hg
cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / ;x/Ls/0fn] jg / cGo k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly cltqmd0f
]
a9]sf] 5 . ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu rflxg] sf7sf] cfk"lt{ jgaf6}
x'G5 . pBf]u rnfpg rflxg] sRrfkbfy{sf nflu jgkmF8fgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
/f0ff zf;gsf] ;dodf t/fO{If]qaf6 ;v'jf hftsf sf7sf] lgsf;L ef/tdf
x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . o;af6 t/fO{sf] ljzfn jg ;dfKt eP/ xfn ;a}eGbf a9L
cfjfbof]Uo ag]sf] 5 . ljZjsf sltko ljsf;zLn d'nsn] cfˆgf gful/ssf]
'
hLljsf]kfh{gs} nflu ljsl;t d'nsnfO{ cfˆgf jgsf ax'dNo sf7 ;'Dkg'
' "
kl//x]sf] 5 . o;n] jgdflysf] cltqmd0fnfO{ cem tLj| agfPsf] 5 .
6= af“w lgdf{0f
vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{, l;FrfO{ / hnljB't pTkfbgsf nflu gbLdf ljzfn afFw
lgdf{0f x'g] u/]sf 5g . afFw lgdf{0f x'bf hnLo kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf
F
ljv08g cfpF5 . afFwn] dflyNnf] If]qdf hnfzosf] lgdf{0f eP/ 8'afg x'G5
eg] tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf hnk|jfx sd x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k tNnf] If]qdf km/s
k|sf/sf] jftfj/0fLo kl/l:yltsLsf] pTklQ x'G5, h;n] jftfj/0fsf] k|fs[lts
¿kdf cksif{0f x'G5 .
7= ;x/Ls/0f
ljsf;sf] s]Gb|laGb'sf ¿kdf cl3 al9/x]sf] ;x/Ls/0fn] cfly{s lqmofsnfknfO{
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷22

23. klg ;x/–s]lGb|t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo, If]qLo, b]zLo, cGtb]zLo tyf
{
cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ultljlwsf] ;~hfn ;x/d} /xg] / ;'v ;'ljwf klg ToxL
pknAw x'g] x'bf ;x/tkm{ g} a;fO;/fOF a9b} cfPsf] 5 . zflGt ;'/Iffsf]
F
k|Toe"lt ;x/d} x'g,] cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / ljsf;sf cGo sfo{ ;x/d} w]/} x'gfn]
/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ klg ToxLF pknAw x'G5 .
a9b} uPsf] ;x/Ls/0fsf] o; tYofªsn] k[YjLsf] ef}uf]lns w/ftnsf] k|f¿k
s'g xb;Dd kl/jt{g x'G5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . ;x/Ls/0fsf]
k|dv sf/s cf}Bf]lus ljsf; xf] eg] ;x/L If]qdf pknAw ;'ljwfn] klg
'
dflg;nfO{ o;tkm{ cfslif{t u/]sf] 5 . cfjfbLsf] j[l4;Fu} ;x/L If]qdf ef}lts
;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fdf klg TolQ g} j[l4 x'G5 . vf;u/L ;x/Ls/0f / To;af6
kg]{ k|efjnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M
;jf/L;fwg tyf pBf]u rnfpg k|of]u x'g] vlgh OGwg aNbf lg:sg]
ljiffQm Uof; tyf /;fogn] jftfj/0f k|bif0f a9fpF5 .
"
h}ljs, ch}ljs / /f;folgs kmf]xf]/af6 pTkGg b'uGwn] ;x/L jfo' k|bl" ift
{
x'g,] kmf]xf]/ ;8]/ 9ndf ldl;g] / 9n kf]v/L, vf]nf jf gbLdf ldl;gfn]
;x/L If]qsf] hnLo kl/l:yltsL ckslif{t x'G5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf]
;Eotfsf k|lts dflgg] afudtL / lji0f'dlt gbL o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f
xf] . vf;u/L ;g !(*) sf] bzsaf6 k|bl" ift x'g yfn]sf oL b'O{ gbL
clxn] 9ndf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf 5g .
dfgjLo Hjfnfd'vLsf ¿kdf cf}Bf]lus lrDgLaf6 lg:sg] ljiffQm Uof; /
w"jfFn] jfo'kbif0fsf] :t/ hg:jf:Yosf b[li6n] hf]lvdk"0f{ ag]sf] 5 .
| "
jfo'kbif0fs} sf/0f k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j[l4 eP/ hnjfo'df kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf]
| "
tYo ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g .
OGwgsf] hng / cGo sf/0faf6 pTkGg tfk klg jfo'd08ndf g} lj;h{g
x'G5 . o;af6 jfo'd08nLo tfkdfg c;Gt'lnt x'G5 .
;x/df kfgLsf] cfk"lt{sf nflu glhssf gbL, tnfp, em/gf tyf e"ldut
kfgLsf] ;d]t pkof]u u/]/ lkpg] kfgL ljt/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/
clwst/ ;x/L If]qdf 3/, ;8s, uNnL kSsL agfOPsf]] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{
jiff{sf] kfgL hldgn] ;f]:g ;Sb}g / hnaxfjdf j[l4 x'G5 . To;}u/L
e"ldut hnsf] clgolGqt pkof]un] e"ldut hn:t/ tn em/]/ hldg
;'Vvf x'G5 .
;x/Ls/0f jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] Ps cxd sf/s ag]sf] 5 . ;x/Ls/0fsf
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷23

24. sf/0f e"ldsf] pkof]udf x'g] kl/jt{g, kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] lgisf;g, cf}Bf]lus
ljsf;, oftfoftsf] lj:tf/ / ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] clgolGqt lgdf{0faf6
tof/ ePsf] s[lqd kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLn] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf x/]s
36sdf >[ªvnfa4 ¿kdf k|lts"n k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 .
8= jftfj/0f cd}qL k|ljlw
cTofw'lgs dflgPsf cf}Bf]lus k|ljlwn] cfly{s ljsf;df ct'ngLo of]ubfg
lbPsf] 5 . kfiff0f o'ub]lv cfh;Ddsf] dfgj ljsf;df k|ljlwn] cx+ e"ldsf
v]n]sf] 5 . t/ c7f/f}F ztfAbLkl5 ePsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] k|fs[lts
jftfj/0fnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] d"n nIo cfly{s
/ ;fdflhs ljsf; eP klg To;n] pTkGg ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0fLo ;d:oftkm{
dflg;sf] Wofg hfg ;s]g .
vf;u/L bf];f] / k|yd ljZjo'4df k|of]u ePsf cf0fljs xltof/ / To;kl5
|
ljZjJofkL ¿kdf af?b, c>'Uof; tyf cem ljsl;t cf0fljs tyf h}ljs
xltof/n] jftfj/0f cksif{0fdf ljz]if of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . ljZjsf zlQmzfnL
d'nsn] dfq geP/ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'nsdf ;d]t o:tf xltof/sf] k|of]u /
' '
k/LIf0fn] jftfj/0fdf g/fd|f] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{
k|fljlws ljsf;sf s]xL pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g5 M ]
v]taf/Ldf vghf]t, l;FrfO tyf s6fOsf nflu ljsl;t k|ljlw,
/f;folgs dn / sL6gf;ssf] pTkfbg / k|of]u .
sDKo'6/, df]afOn kmf]g, >Job[io lrqsf] lgdf{0f, k"0f{ :jrflnt
d]l;g, tLj| ultsf :yn–hn / xjfO oftfoftsf ;fwg, ljleGg
If]qdf pGgt tyf cTofw'lgs Pj+ Ifdtfjfg oGq tyf pks/0f .
k|f0f3fts c0f' tyf xfO8«fhg ad, o'4s ld;fOn, cf0fljs tyf
]
h}ljs xltof/ .
/]lk|mh]/6/, jftfg'sng oGq, x]o/8«fo/, :k|] ug]{ oGq, ;fa'g, ;f}Gbo{sf
] '
k|;fwg .
v8]/L k/]sf] ;dodf ljsl;t ePsf] s[lqd jiff{ u/fpg] k|ljlw .
gbLdf 7"nf–7"nf afFwsf] lgdf{0f .
xflgsf/s /;fogsf] pTkfbg / k|of]u .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷24

25. jftfj/0f ljgfz /
k|sf]khGo hf]lvd
kl/ro
:jR5 jftfj/0f k|To]s k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflu
cfjZos x'G5 . k|sl[ tsf] :jR5 / ;'Gb/ 5ljdf dflg; dfq xf]Og ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fL
/d]sf] x'G5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf] r/d r'nLdf k'usf] dfgj;d]t :jR5 jftfj/0f
]
/ ;'Gb/ k|sl[ tsf] /;f:jfbgsf nflu nfnlot x'g yfn]sf] 5 . ljZjdf
kof{j/0fLo ko{6gsf] hGd jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] kL8fdf afFRg afWo hLjgk4lt
klg Ps sf/0f dflgPsf] 5 .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f, ljgfz tyf cksif{0fsf] k|efj :ynd08n, hnd08n /
"
jfo'd08ndf >[ªvnfa4 ¿kdf k5{ . o;af6 jftfj/0fsf ef}lt / cef}lts
x/]s j:t' tyf kbfy{sf] u'0fdf x|f; cfpF5 . o;af6 k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf
ljleGg 36sx¿sf] cl:tTj g} ;ªs6fkGg ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ljsf;sf
gfddf ;~rflnt dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] dflg;s} hLjgk4ltdf kl/jt{g
Nofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg x'g]
k|sf]khGo hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ dflg;n] lju|bf] jftfj/0fLo
F
cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|of; ug'{ cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0f "
ljgfz tyf cksif{0f tLj|¿kdf eO/x]df ;d:t hLjd08nsf] cl:tTjdfly
k|ZglrGx nfUg] ePsfn] o;tkm{ rgfvf] x'g' h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf sf/0f k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfdf j[l4 x'G5 . xfdLn] x/]s
lbg ef]lu/x]sf k|sf]khGo 36gfn] g} o;sf] k'li6 u5{ . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf
ljljw sf/0fn] g} hnjfo' kl/jt{g, af9L, klx/f], dxfdf/L, clgsfnh:tf
k|sf]kn] dfgj ;dfhnfO{ z[ªvnfa4 ¿kdf kL8f lbg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . o:tf
k|efjsf] pTklQsf] sf/s k|sl[ t eP klg dfgjLo sf/0fn] *) k|ltzteGbf
a9L e"ldsf v]nsf] 5 . o;af6 :ki6 x'G5– jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] hf]lvd
]
dflg;n] g} pTkGg ub}5 / To;sf] ;fdgf klg k|ToIf ¿kdf dflg;n] g} ug'{
{
kl//x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df kL8s / kLl8t b'asf] e"ldsf dflg;n] v]ln/x]sf] 5 .
}
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷25

26. dflg; jftfj/0fsf] cleGg cªu eP/ klg p;n] jftfj/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ tŒjnfO{
k|efljt kf/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljleGg k|sf/sf hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 / ltgn]
k|sf]ksf] ¿k wf/0f ug]{ l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg
x'g] k|sf]khGo hf]lvdsf] af/]df ;fdfGo rrf{ ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g5 .
]
hf]lvdsf] z[ªvnf
:jR5 jftfj/0f eGg' g} k|sl[ tsf] ;Gt'lnt :j¿k xf] . xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf]
k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{nfO{ jftfj/0fsf] k|dv cªu dflgG5 . s[lqd cj:yfsf]
'
jftfj/0fsf ¿kdf dfgjlgld{t ;+/rgf tyf ef}lts ;fwg k5{g . o:tf
;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] cfsf/, k|sf/ / u'0fdf kl/jt{g
]
cfpg] x'bf jftfj/0fsf cGo 36sdf klg k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 .
F
jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 kg]{ To:tf] k|efj / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdsf]
cGt;{DaGwnfO{ g} oxfF hf]lvdsf] z[ªvnfsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
s= jfo'd08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd
jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf] k|efjsf sf/0f jfo'sf] u'0f:t/df lg/Gt/ x|f; cfO/x]sf]
"
5 . sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8, gfO6«fhg cS;fO8, ;Nkm]6,
]
Snf]/f]ˆn'/f] sfa{g, xfO8«fhg cS;fO8, w"nf], w"jfF, ljiffQm /;fog cflb Uof;
]
tyf tŒjx¿sf] j[l4n] jfo'd08nsf] u'0f:t/df Jofks x|f; cfPsf] 5 .
jfo'kbif0fåf/f cf]hf]g txsf] ljgfz, tfkqmd j[l4 / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf
| "
sf/0f cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, ;'Vvf jf v8]/L, jfo'd08nLo cfFwL, t'kmfg,
Hjf/ef6f cflbsf] pTklQ, lxdgbL kUng], lxdtfn ljikmf]6 x'g,] af9Lsf] ¿kdf
kl/jt{g cfpg] 36gfdf j[l4 x'G5 . jfo'sf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpFbf k|fs[lts
jiff{;d]t k|bl" ift eP/ kfgLsf] ;|ft b"lift x'G5 .
]
jfo'kbif0fn] k|fs[lts z[ªvnfnfO{ ljgfzsf/L agfpg] x'bf :jR5 pmhf{sf]
| " F
pkof]u ug'{ pQd x'g] b]lvG5 . ljZjJofkL ;d:of ag]sf] xl/tu[x Uof;sf]
pT;h{gdf s6f}tL ub}{ @ ;o jif{ klxn]sf] jfo'sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ;s]
k|sf]khGo hf]lvd sd ug{ ;lsG5 . jfo'kbif0f / k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
| "
nflu ug'{ kg]{ sfo{af/] k|sf]k 1fgdfnf– % af6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 .
v= hnd08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd
jftfj/0fLo k|bif0fn] hnk|bif0fnfO{ cnUu} /fVb}g . k|bif0f / jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf]
" " "
;jf{lws k|efj hnLo If]qdf g} k5{ . jL;f}F ztfAbLsf] k|f/De;Dd k|zf]wg g}
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷26

27. gul/sg lkpg k|of]u ul/Psf] kfgL clxn] k|bif0f j[l4sf sf/0f k|zf]wg u/]/
"
/ pdfn]/ dfq lkpg' kl//x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f k|bifs dflgPsf] Knfl:6ssf
"
af]tndf e/]/ ahf/df ljtl/t kfgL lkpg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
jgljgfz, kfgLsf] d"xfgdfly cltqmd0f, kmf]xf]/d}nf lj;h{g, gbLdf 9n
ld;fpg]h:tf sf/0fn] hnk|bif0f Jofks ag]sf] 5 . sL6gfzs tyf /;fogsf]
"
ld>0fn] ;txL / e"ldut kfgL k|bl" ift x'b} uPsf] 5 . ;fy} jfo'kbif0fsf sf/0f
F | "
x'g] cDnLo / b"lift jiff{n] hnk|bif0fnfO{ z[ªvnfa4 agfPsf] 5 .
"
cf}Bf]lus kmf]xf]/ / To;df ldl;P/ jf 3'n/ hfg] tŒjx¿, dflg; tyf k|f0fLsf]
]
dnd'q tyf dflg;åf/f b}lgs k|of]u x'g] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf ePsf xflgsf/s
tŒjx¿ kfgLdf 3'n/ hfg] x'bf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpF5 . o;sf
] F
cltl/Qm k|fs[lts ¿kdf cfpg] jiff{, af9Lklx/f] cflb sf/0faf6 pT;lh{t
kmf]xf]/ ldl;P/ klg kfgLsf] jf:tljs u'0fdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . o;/L jfo',
df6f], gbL, tnfp tyf cGo ;txL kfgLdf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 pT;lh{t
kmf]xf]/sf] ld>0f x'bf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ x|f; x'G5 .
F
u= e"d08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd
jftfj/0f ljgfzn] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . jfo' /
hnk|bif0fsf] z[ªvnfa4 k|efj e"lddf klg k5{ . l;FrfOsf nflu k|of]u x'g]
"
b"lift kfgL, sL6gfzs / /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]un] kfgL / jfo';u} e"ldsf]
F
pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . jgljgfz / kfgLsf] ;|ft ;'ssf sf/0f d?e"dLs/0f
] ]
a9]/ v]tLof]Uo hldg v'Drg] / pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfpg] k|lqmof rln/x]sf] 5 .
hg;ªVof j[l4, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, ;x/Ls/0f tyf dfgjLo k|of]usf ljleGg
If]qn] e"ldsf] k|fs[lts cj:yfdf kl/jt{g dfq u/fPsf] 5}g, df6f]sf] u'0f:t/
jf pTkfbsTjdf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .
jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg k|sf]khGo 36gf
jftfj/0f ljgfzn] x/]s If]qdf hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 . jfo', hn, e"ld k|bif0fsf]
"
z[ªvnfn] k[YjLsf x/]s ;|ftdf k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] x'bf g} k|f0fL, jg:klt
] F
/ dflg; :jo+ k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfaf6 kLl8t aGb}5 . jftfj/0f ljgfz g}
k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fpg] k|dv sf/s ag]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f
'
pTkGg x'g] k|dv k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M
'
af9L M k[YjLsf] pi0fLs/0f / jgljgfzsf sf/0f lxdgbL klUng], lxdtfn
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷27

28. ljikmf]6 x'g,] cltj[li6, v08j[li6 tyf e"Ifo a9]/ af9Lsf] k|sf]kdf j[l4 x'G5 .
klx/f] M clgof]lht e"pkof]u / jgljgfzn] e"Ifo a9fpF5 / cltj[li6n]
klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9fpF5 .
dxfdf/L M kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg gx'bf, kfgLsf ;|ft k|bl" ift x'bf / af9L,
F ] F
klx/f], clgsfn, e'Orfnf]h:tf k|sf]ksf 36gf j[l4 x'bf dxfdf/L a95 .
F F
v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff M v8]/L, hnk|bif0f, jgljgfzh:tf sf/0fn]
"
d?e"dLs/0f a9g,] e"ldsf] pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfpg] x'bf vfBfGg pTkfbg 36]/
F
clgsfn nfU5 . o;af6 ef]sd/L / s'kf]if0fsf] hf]lvd a95 .
x'/Latf; M jfo'kbif0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf lqmofk|ltlqmofn] k[YjLsf]
| "
pi0fLs/0f;Fu} jfo'sf] ;+/rgf tyf axfj ultdf kl/jt{g cfP/ x'/Latf;,
cfFwLsf 36gfdf j[l4 x'G5 h;n]] ljgfzsf/L ¿k wf/0f u5{ .
zLtnx/ / n" M jfo'sf] ;+/rgf / ultdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] zLtnx/ /
tftf] nx/ -n"_ sf] k|sf]k lg/Gt/ a9b} uPsf] 5 .
jftfj/0f ljgfzsf k|efj
k|sf]ksf o:tf y'k}| 36gfnfO{ ef}uf]lns :j¿k, hnjfo'sf] ljt/0f, e"ld, hn
tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] pkof]uh:tf sf/0fn] k|efljt kf/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf
]
36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] / ljsf;sf] ult k5fl8 ws]lng] oyfy{n]
k|sf]khGo hf]lvd a9fpg jftfj/0f k|bif0f jf cksif{0f jf ljgfzn] w]/} 7"nf]
"
e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .
!= jg:klthutdf k|efj
k|To]s hLjsf] hLjgrqm jftfj/0fsf ch}ljs tŒjsf] u'0f:t/df cfwfl/t
/x]sf] x'G5 . x'g t jg:klt jftfj/0fsf] To:tf] h}ljs tŒj xf] h;n]
jftfj/0fsf ch}ljs tŒjx¿– jfo', hn / e"ldsf] k|bif0fnfO{ ;f];/ :jR5
" ]
jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u u5{ . tyflk, jfo', e"ld / hn k|bif0f tyf ltgsf]
"
u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpFbf jg:kltsf] k|fs[lts j[l4b/ / k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf
k|lts"n c;/ k5{ . jfo'kbif0fdf cTolws j[l4 ePdf ljiffQm Uof; tyf
| "
/;fog, kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ tyf To;df x'g] xflgsf/s tŒjx¿sf] zf]if0f,
df6f]sf] pa{/fzlQmdf cfpg] x|f;, jfo'd08ndf j[l4 x'g] pmhf{ c;Gt'ngsf
sf/0f k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f k|lqmofdf pTkGg x'g] cj/f]w cflb sf/0fn] jg:kltsf]
k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpF5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzs} sf/0f jg:kltsf xhf/f}F
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷28

29. k|hflt kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf cfk"mnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ g;s]/ nf]k eO;s]sf
5g eg] w]/} k|hflt b'ne / ;ªs6fkGg ag]sf 5g .
{
kxf8L If]qdf klx/f] uPdf s[life"ld ;lxt jg / h}ljs ljljwtf gi6 x'G5 .
t/fO{df af9Ln] To:t} c;/ kf5{ / jghGo kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf lju|x
pTkGg x'G5 . o;af6 cGo k|sf]ksf 36gfdf j[l4 x'g] / hgwgsf] Iflt x'g]
oyfy{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsFbg .}
@= k|f0fLhutdf kg]{ k|efj
jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg hf]lvdn] ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLhutnfO{ k|lts"n k|efj
kf5{ . xfjf, kfgL, df6f] / jg:kltsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfdf kg]{ k|efjn] k|f0fLsf]
u'0f:t/Lo hLjgk4ltnfO{ cf]/fnf] nufpF5 . jfo'sf] u'0f:t/ x|f; ePdf
:jf;k|Zjf;dfkm{t ljiffQm tŒjx¿ z/L/leq k|jz u5{g . To;}u/L k|bl" ift
]
tyf u'0f:t/xLg kfgLsf] pkef]usf] kl/0ffd klg xflgsf/s x'G5 . df6f]sf]
k|b"if0fn] e"ldsf] k|fs[lts cj:yf / u'0fdf x|f; cfpF5 / af;:yfgsf]
ljv08g / vfBfGg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpF5 .
csf]tkm{ jgljgfzn] jGohGt' ;ªs6fkGg aGg] / To;sf] k|efj 3/kfn'jf
{
hgfj/ ;lxt dflg;df k5{ . o:t} k|efj hnLo jg:klt / k|f0fLdf klg k5{ .
hnk|bif0fsf sf/0f clwsf+z hnLo jg:kltsf] cl:tTj ;ªs6df kg]{ /
"
To;sf] k|ToIf jf k/f]If k|efj cGo h}ljs ;|ftdf k5{ . o;/L jftfj/0fsf]
]
Ps tŒjsf] u'0f:t/df k|efj kbf{ csf]{ tŒjdf klg k|efj kg]{ x'G5 .
#= dflg;df kg]{ k|efj
jftfj/0fnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjglgjf{x, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts ljsf;df
k"0f{ ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;Ifd dflg; jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg x'g]
hf]lvdaf6 cfkm}F c;'/lIft 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f a9g] k|sf]khGo
36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Ifltsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug'{ c;Dej g} x'G5 . x/]s ;do
gofF–gofF ;d:of pTkGg eP/ ljZjnfO{ cftªlst agfO/x]sf] jftfj/0fLo
;d:of jt{dfg ljZjsf] ;jf{lws rf;f]sf] d'2f klg xf] . jftfj/0f ljgfz tyf
cksif{0faf6 dflg;df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M
s= ul/aLdf j[l4
hg;ªVof j[l4 / jftfj/0f cksif{0fn] jftfj/0fLo z/0ffyL{sf] ;ªVof nuftf/
a9g5 . o;af6 ljZjsf] hg;ªVofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ul/aLdf afFRg afWo
]
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷29

30. x'g5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ul/Psf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of; ckof{Kt x'g] dfq
]
xf]Og, a9bf] hg;ªVofsf] rfknfO{ wfGg g;s]/ ;dfhdf ljs[lt l;h{gf x'g
;Sg]5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g;Sg] v8]/L, d?e"dLs/0faf6
vfBfGgsf] pTkfbg 36]/ ul/aL / ef]sd/Lsf] kL8f ef]Ug afWo ;'8fgsf]
cj:yf ljZjsf cGo d'nsdf gxf]nf eGg ;lsFbg . jftfj/0fLo ljgfzsf]
' }
jt{dfg :t/ sfod} /xg] xf] eg] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ul/aLsf] ;ªVof a9g] 5 .
of] cj:yf s]jn jftfj/0fLo sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] geP/ ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf]
;dfg ljt/0f x'g g;s]/ klg l;h{gf x'g5 . clxn] g} /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
]
:t/df ul/a / wgLaLrsf] vf8n lgs} 7"nf] eO;s]sf] 5 . ul/aLsf sf/0f
;dfhdf lgDg c;/ b]vf kg]5g M {
ul/a / wgLaLr åGå pTkGg eP/ ;dfhdf ljrng k}bf x'g ;S5 .
a;f]af; / /f]huf/sf] cefj, cfocfh{gsf ;|ft gx'bf dfUg] dflg;
] F
(acquisitive) sf] eL8 a9g5 .
]
b}lgs ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm x'g g;Sgfn] dflg;sf] 7"nf] ;d"x cfqmfds
ag]/ df/kL6, cftªs, bªuf cflbdf ;lDdlnt x'g ;Sg]5 .
dflg; cfˆgf b}lgs cfjZostfsf ;|f]tsf] vf]hLdf b]z–ljb]z
ef}tfl/g'kbf{ cfk|jf;L ;d:of a9g5 .
F ]
;'sDaf;L / cfly{s z/0ffyL{sf] ;d:of b]vf kg]5 .
' {
ul/aLsf] j[l4nfO{ lgDg sf/0fn] k>o ldNg] oyfy{ klg xfd|f] ;fd' /x]sf] 5 M
cfly{s c;dfgtf M jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k e"ldsf] pTkfbg
Ifdtf / k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg] s'/f o; cl3 g}
]
pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 . jfo'kbif0fsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ljleGg xflgsf/s tŒjn]
| "
dfgjz/L/df c;/ kfg]{ s'/f Ps 7fpFdf 5 eg] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf cGo
kIfx¿df kfg]{ k|lts"n k|efjn] hn, :yn, jg:klt / k|f0fLdf kg]{ gsf/fTds
k|efjåf/f pTkGg uDeL/ ;ªs6sf] ;fdgf klg dflg;n] g} ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
k|fs[lts j:t' tyf ;|ftdfly dflg;sf] cTolws rfk / x|f;f]Gd'v jftfj/0fsf
]
sf/0f ltgsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtf Go"g x'bf dflg;sf b}lgs cfjZostfsf
F
j:t'sf] k"lt{ x'g ;Sb}g . jftfj/0f k|bif0f tyf cksif{0faf6 pTkGg k|sf]khGo
"
36gfsf sf/0f dflg;n] lgDg ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k5{ M
vfB;ªs6sf] j[l4 M kfgL df6f] / jfo'sf] u'0f:t/df x|f;sf sf/0f vfBfGg
pTkfbg 365 . a9bf] vfBfGgsf] dfu k"/f ug{ pTkfbg a9fpg] b'O{ ljsNk
dflg; ;dIf /x]sf] 5 . tL x'g /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u tyf v]tLof]Uo
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷30

31. e"ldsf] lj:tf/ . oL b'j} sfo{n] jftfj/0f ljgfzdf cx+ e"ldsf v]nsf] x'G5 .
]
vfBfGg ;ªs6sf sf/0f clgsfn / s'kf]if0fn] hghLjg ;ªs6fkGg aG5 .
cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ljrng M pBf]usf] ;~rfngsf nflu sRrfkbfy{, /;fog
/ OGwgsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o:tf ;fwg k|sl[ tdf /x]sf] e08f/af6 g} k"lt{
x'G5 . sRrfkbfy{sf ¿kdf sf7, bfp/f, h8La'6L jf jfg:klts ;|ftsf] ]
pkof]u x'G5 . jGohGt'sf /f},F xf8, 5fnf, df;' klg pBf]usf sRrfkbfy{
x'g . pBf]usf d]l;g rnfpg OGwgsf ¿kdf bfp/f, sf]Onf, vlgh t]n,
Uof; cflbsf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf OGwgsf ;|ft k'g?Tkfbg gx'g]
]
ePsfn] ltgsf] e08f/ ;lsFb5 eg] tL OGwg hNbf pT;h{g x'g] xflgsf/s
}
Uof;x¿n] jftfj/0f ljgfzdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]nsf 5g .
]
sfi7 / ;f];u ;DalGwt pBf]usf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sf7, cf}iflw pTkfbgsf
F
nflu rflxg] h8La'6L, sfuh pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ nf]Stf / cGo
sRrfkbfy{, sk8f, /a/ / To:t} ljleGg j:t' pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos kg]{
sRrfkbfy{sf] clwsf+z dfusf] k"lt{ jgaf6 g} x'G5 . To;}u/L sf]Onf, vlgh
t]n, cfnªsfl/s wft', pkef]Uo j:t' pTkfbg ug{ rflxg] kmnfd, h:tf,
cfNd'lgod, tfFjfnufotsf cf}Bf]lus sRrfkbfy{sf] ;|ft klg k|sl[ t g} xf] .
]
k[YjLsf] ue{af6 lg:sg] vlgh j:t'sf] e08f/ lg/Gt/ l/lQFb} hfFbf sfnfGt/df
o;sf] pTkfbg /f]lsg]5 eg] jGo;Dkbf / k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly x'g] lg/Gt/
]
cltqmd0fn] ltgsf] pknAwtfdf klg x|f; cfpg] oyfy{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{
;lsFbg . o;af6 sfnfGt/df cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] jt{dfg ult /f]lsg]5 .
}
o;af6 dflg;df cfly{s ;ªs6 pTkGg x'g5 . ]
cfGtl/s tyf afxo Jofkf/df c;Gt'ng M cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] c;Lldt
lj:tf/sf sf/0f t];f] ljZj cfly{s pklgj]zsf] rk]6fdf kg]{ ;Defjgf a9]sf]
|
5 . cf}Bf]lus d'nsx¿n] k|fs[lts sRrfkbfy{ ljsf;zLn d'nsaf6 ;:tf]
' '
d"Nodf cfoft ug]{ k|of; ug{ yfn]sf 5g . pgLx¿n] sRrfkbfy{sf] k|zf]wgaf6
pTkflbt bf];f] u'0f:t/sf] j:t' k'gM ljsf;zLn d'nsdf lgof{t u5{g .
| '
ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿n] cfˆgf pTkfbgsf] k|dv qm]tfsf ¿kdf cNkljsl;t
'
d'nssf gful/snfO{ g} /f]hsf x'G5g .
' ]
Pstkm{ ljsf;zLn d'nsaf6 cf}Bf]lus d'nsnx¿n] sRrfkbfy{ lgsfNg]
' '
qmddf ljsf;zLn d'nssf] k|fs[lts ;|ft ;dfKt x'b} hfg]5 eg] To;sf]
' ] F
k|efj l;w} jftfj/0f ljgfzdf kg]5 . sfnfGt/df k|fs[lts ;|ft ;dfKt eP/
{ ]
cNkljsl;t d'ns g sRrfkbfy{ lgof{tnfO{ lgoldt ug{ ;S5g g t
'
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷31

32. k|zf]lwt j:t' cfoft ug]{ Ifdtfdf /xG5g .
u'0f:t/Lo jftfj/0fsf] cefjdf k|sl[ tdf kg]{ >[ªvnfa4 k|efjsf sf/0f
x/]s If]qsf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfpg] x'bf dflg;n] cfly{s ;ªs6sf] ;fdgf
F
ug'kg]{ cj:yf Pslt/ cfpg]5 eg] csf]tkm{ ;fdflhs k|bif0fn] ;fdflhs
{ { "
;+/rgfdf vnn k}bf ug]5 . cfh dflg;n] u/]sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|fljlws
{
tyf j}1flgs k|ultsf] Bf]tssf ¿kdf k|fs[lts ;|ft / ;fwgsf] k|r/
] '
pknAwtf g} /x]sf] 5 . ha k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtf Go"g x'G5,
]
dflg;n] uj{;fy k|fKt u/]sf cf}Bf]lus ;kmntfdfly g} k|ZglrGx v8f
x'g5 . cGtdf cfly{s sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g yfn]sf] jt{dfg ;dosf] emu8fn]
]
ljZjJofkL o'4nfO{ glgDTofpnf eGg ;lsFbg . }
v= ;fdflhs k|efj
k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] cefj, vfBfGg pTkfbgdf sdL, cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s
]
If]qdf c;Gt'ng k}bf x'g ;S5 . wgL emg} wgL / ul/a cem ul/a aGg]
;Defjgfn] ;|ftdfly ul/asf] kx'r sd eP/ ;fdflhs åGåsf] l:ylt pTkGg
] F
x'g ;S5 .
jt{dfg ;dodf ;d]t cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|lt:kwf{ rln g} /x]sf] 5 . sfnfGt/df
jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf clxn] eO/x]sf] /fhgLlts
n8fOFn] ug{ ;Sg] 5}g . To; cj:yfdf /fHoleqsf åGåsf t'ngfdf cGt/f{li6«o
zlQmaLr n8fOF x'g5 . vf8L If]qsf] t]ne08f/dfly clwsf/ sfod ug{ /
]
cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf x'b} aUg] gbLsf] kfgLsf] afF8kmfF8sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ k|f/De
F
ePsf ljjfb o;sf HjnGt pbfx/0f x'g .
u= hg:jf:Yodf ;d:of
jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f vfBfGg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpg] / pTkflbt vfBfGg
klg k|bif0fd'Qm gx'g] ;Defjgfn] hg:jf:Yosf] ;d:of xfdLn] jt{dfg ;dodf
"
ef]lu/x]sf] eGbf eoªs/ hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g5 . jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/ v:sFb} hfFbf
]
/ k|bif0fsf ;|ft a9b} hfFbf /f]usf gofF hLjf0f'sf] pTklQ x'g ;S5 . cf}nf]
" ]
lgoGq0fsf nflu pTkflbt 8L8L6LnfO{ nfdv'§n] krfOlbof] / hg:jf:Yodf
]
bL3{sfnLg k|efj k¥of] . To:t} kl/0ffd cGo ljiffbLaf6 klg pTkGg x'g
;S5 . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] Ifo/f]usf] cf}iflwsf] cfjL:sf/
eO{ g;Sb} SofG;/sf] klxrfg x'g' / SofG;/sf] cf}iflw kQf gnfUb} P8;h:tf]
dxfdf/L km}ng' jftfj/0f ljgfzs} sf/0f x'g ;S5g .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷32

33. z'4 xfjf / kfgLsf] cefjdf nfUg] emf8fkvfnf, 6fOkmfO8, sdnlkQ,
cDnlkQ, kmf]S;f], d'6,' lbdfu cflb zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s /f]usf] j[l4 x'g] s'/fdf
ljz]if1x¿ ;xdt eO;s]sf 5g .
3= cfjf; ;d:of
k[YjLdf tLj| ultdf al9/x]sf] hg;ªVofsf nflu cfjf;sf] ;d:of klg
jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6} pTkGg x'g5 . dflg;åf/f lgld{t 7"nf ;x/ / cfw'lgs
]
tyf ;fwg;DkGg cfjf; If]qn] jftfj/0fLo u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ g;Sbf hLjg
;ª6do aGg]5 . ;x/L If]qsf] sf]nfxn / k|bl" ift jftfj/0faf6 dflg;
k|fs[lts jftfj/0ftkm{ cfslif{t x'b} hfFbf jftfj/0fLo ljgfzdf cem lj:tf/
F
x'g5 / cfjf; If]q kl/jt{gsf] qmd a9g5 . x/]s If]qdf x'g] ;x/Ls/0fn]
] ]
kmf]xf]/d}nf, vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of / cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf ;fwgsf] ckof{Kttf
g} cfjf;;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] sf/s aGg]5 .
pk;+xf/
jftfj/0f k|bif0f, ljgfz jf cksif{0f h] eP klg o;sf] k|lts"n k|efj
"
cGtdf cfP/ dflg;df g} kg]{ s'/f o; cWoogaf6 :ki6 x'G5 .
dflg; ;r]t / rt'/ k|f0fL ePsf gftfn] p;n] kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf
cfk"mnfO{ ;dflxt ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; t unf{, t/ p;sf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ h}ljs tyf ef}lts ;|ft g} pknAw eOlbPgg jf ablnFbf]
]
jftfj/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] gofF hLj jf jg:klt dfgjhLjg cg'sn eOlbPgg
"
eg] To; cj:yfdf s] ug]{ < k|Zg lgs} hl6n 5 .
jftfj/0f ljgfz jf cksif{0fdf dfgjLo lqmofsnfk g} k|dv sf/s xf] eGg]
'
ljifodf klg xfdLn] cWoog u¥of}F . t/, ;d:of;Fu} ;dfwfg klg cfpF5 eGg]
s'/fnfO{ klg la;{g x'bg . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] sf/s dflg; g} jftfj/0f
F }
;+/If0fsf] sf/s aGg ;S5 / o;sf nflu aL;f}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/af6 k|of;
k|f/De ePsf] 5 . x'g t rfn' k|of;n] 7f]; pknlAw jf ;sf/fTds glthf
b]vfpg ;s]sf] 5}g, tyflk xfdLn] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] dfu{ klxrfg ug'{
h?/L 5 .
jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷33

34. jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k
" ÷34