First paper unit 3

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g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ljsf; k|zf;g
 ljsf; k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Ps c+u xf] . /fi6sf] ljsf; k|of;nfO{ 7f]; ult / lbzf k|bfg ug]{
k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Lsf] vf]hLsf] kl/0ffd g} ljsf; k|zf;g xf] .
 ljsf; of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug]{ / oL ;j}sf nflu pko'Qm x'g]
k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Lsf] Joj:yf u/L ltgsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ k|zf;g g} ljsf; k|zf;g xf] .
ljsf; k|zf;gsf ljz]iftfx?M
 kl/jt{gd'vL
 kl/0ffdd'vL
 sl6j4tf
 u|fxsd'vL
 ;do kfjGbL
o;sf ;fy},
 hg;xeflutf
 Creativity and Innovation
 Ecological perspective
 Responsiveness
 lg/Gt/ k|zf;g ;'wf/
 Distributive Justice
George Gant sf cg';f/
 Purposed- Socio-economic progress
 Loyalties- Accountable to people
 Attitude- Positive, persuasive and Innovative
ljsf; k|zf;gdf,
 nIo, p2]Zo / k|fyldstfsf] lgwf{/0f ul/G5,
 ljsf; sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gog ul/G5,
 k|zf;sLo ;+/rgf / sfo{ljlw tof/ ul/G5,
 sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg / glthfsf] d"Nof+sg ul/G5,

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 zf;sLo Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ul/G5,
 nIosf] d"Nof+sg ul/G5 .
g]kfndf ljsf; k|zf;gsf ;d:ofx?
1. k|zf;gnfO{ alnof] jgfpg ;lsPg .
2. ljsf;df k|ltkmn b]lvPg .
3. Supply led program cfP .
4. ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf sf/0f k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ufx|f] .
5. Change resist sf] cj:yf 5 .
6. Rational planning ePg .
7. cg'ejL k|zf;ssf] sdL .
8. e|i6frf/ j9bf] 5 .
9. a}b]lzs x:tIf]k jl9/x]sf] 5 .
10. lbuf] ljsf; xfl;n ug{ ljifd l:ylt 5 .
11. hg;+Vof jl9/x]sf] 5 .
12. jftfj/0fLo x|f; 5 .
13. ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwg 5 .
14. wfld{s ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] cltqmd0f j9bf] 5 .
ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;Defjgf
 MDG sf nIo ls6fg ul/Psf 5g . tL nIo k"/f ug{ ljsf; k|zf;g rflxG5 .
 /fHosf] e"ldsf j9b} 5 .
 ul/jL lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbO{Psf] 5 .
 ;]jf ljt/0f k|efjsf/L x'g'kg]{ rf;f] j9]sf] 5 .
 ICT sf] ljsf;n] ljsf;sf] ;+efjgf j9fPsf] 5 .
 zf;sLo ;'wf/df hf]8 lbg yflnPsf] 5 .
 Human Resource sf] ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
 k|zf;g Bureaucratic model af6 Entrepreneur model tkm{ k|j]z u/]sf] 5 .
 k|zf;gdf change orientation, result orientation, flexibility, participation h:tf u'0fdf j[l4
x'b} cfPsf] 5 .
 k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; x'b} uPsf] 5 .
 Professionalism sf] ljsf; x'g yfnf]sf] 5 .

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o;sf ;fy},
 c;Lldt ;|f]t, ;fwg 5 .
 4Gbf]Q/ k'glg{df0f ug'{5 .
 ;dfj]zL / ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ug'{5 .
 /fli6o Pstf sfod /fVb} ;'Gb/, zfGt ;d[4 g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug'{5 .
ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg
1. r'gf}ltsf] klxrfg u/L Address ug]{,
2. :yfgLo ;/sf/ / gful/s ;dfh;+u ;xsfo{ ug]{,
3. Action plan ;lxtsf] k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ ug]{,
4. hgtf / ljsf;sf nflu /fhgLlt gsL hgtf / ljsf; pk/ .
5. /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf cfjZos 5 .
6. ;dfhnfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug]{ .
7. Bottom up planning df hf]8 lbg] .
8. e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ .
9. cg'udg / d"Nof+sgdf j9L hf]8 lbg] .
10. u|fdL0f / ul/jd'vL ljsf; gLlt th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
11. :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwgsf] pkof]udf j9L hf]8 lbg] .
12. ljsf;sf ;j} Actors sf] Effective Mobilization ug]{ .
13. ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbg] .
14. of]hgfsf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

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of]hgf th'{df
of]hgf th'{df ubf{
I. Problem Identification- s] sf nflu of]hgf jgfpg] xf], :ki6 x'g'k5{ .
II. Objectives setting (NPC n] ub{5_
 ;+ljwfgsf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt cg'?k
 kf6L{sf] r'gfjL 3f]if0ffkq cg'?k
 ;fdflhs cfjZostf cg'?k
 ;/sf/sf] Go'gtd ;femf sfo{qmd
 cGt/f{li6o k|ltj4tf cg'?k .
III. Priority setting
 /fli6o :t/sf]M of]hgf cfof]un]
 cGoM ;Dj4 dGqfno / :yfgLo lgsfon] .
IV. Goal setting
V. program and projects setting- Secoral Ministries / NPC n] .
of]hgf th'{dfsf cfwf/x?
 ljleGg lgsfoaf6 k|fKt tYof+s / ;"rgfx?
 ljleGg ;+3, ;+:yfsf k|ltj]bgx?
 ljleGg ;j]{If0fx?
 /fHosf bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltx?
 /fhg}lts bnsf 3f]if0ffkqx?
 ;/sf/sf k|lt1f, k|ltj4tfx?
 b]zsf] ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts / cfly{s cj:yf
 hgtfsf] rfxgf, dfu / cfjZostf
 cfGtl/s ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfngsf] l:ylt
 bft[/fi6 / lgsfosf] k|fyldstf / k|efj
 ljutsf of]hgfsf] k|efj, cg'ej
 j}b]lzs ;|f]t nufgL

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g]kfndf of]hgf th'{dfsf ;d:ofx?
1. of]hgf th'{dfsf cfwf/ c:ki6 5g .
2. of]hgf 5gf}6df /fhg}lts x:tIf]k 5 .
3. of]hgf / sfo{qmdjLr tfnd]n x'g] u/]sf] 5}g .
4. Supply deiven 5 .
5. of]hgfsf/sf] cg'ej / b]zsf] oyfy{jLr d]n vfPg .
6. j}b]lzs k|efj j9L 5 .
7. ;xeflutfsf] cefj 5 .
8. ;j} sector sf] master plan 5}g .
9. Master plan ;+u of]hgsf] linkage ePg .
10. Lack of predictability
11. of]hgfn] lng] nIo tyf p2]Zox? af/Djf/ kl/jt{g eO{/xG5g .
12. :ki6 / e/kbf]{ tYof+s 5}g .
13. :yfgLo ;Lk, ;|f]t ;fwg Pj+ 1fgsf] pkof]u ePg .
14. of]hgf th'{dfdf ;+nUg x'g] lgsfojLr ;dGjosf] cefj 5 .
g]kfndf of]hgf th'{df ubf{
 rfn' of]hgfsf] dWofjlw d"Nof+sg ul/G5 .
 NPC n] Approach paper sf] d:of}bf tof/ ub{5 .
 Approach paper df ljleGg kIf eP/ 5nkmn ul/G5 .
 /fli6o ljsf; kl/ifbdf k]z x'G5 .
 dGqLkl/ifbjf6 :jLs[t x'G5 .
 NPC n] Growth rate, ;|f]t ;fwg lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
 of]hgfnfO{ /fli6o:t/ / :yfgLo :t/df ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 .
 cfjlws of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/G5 .

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of]hgf sfof{Gjog k|s[of
g]kfndf of]hgfx? /fd|/L th'{df ePsf x'G5g t/ ltgsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of 5 .
sfof{Gjogsf nfluM
 sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug'{k5{ .
 Indicators klxrfg ug'{k5{ .
 ljleGg If]q tyf lgsfosf] e"ldsf lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ .
 ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
 ck]lIft k|ltkmn / k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 .
 cg'udg / ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug'{kb{5 .
 Risk predict u/L Impact Reduce ug'{k5{ .
 sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|ltj4 x'g'k5{ .
of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?
1. dxTjfsf+IfL of]hgf th'{df eP, sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{ ;lsPg .
2. ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf ePg .
3. Investment dfq vf]Hg], Output df Wofg glbg] k/Dk/f /Xof] .
4. vr{sf] cg'dfg j9L ul/of] .
5. :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ePg .
6. Supply led eP . :yfgLo cfjZostf / hgck]Iff cg';f/sf ePgg .
7. of]hgf agfpg] / sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosfjLr ;dGjo 5}g .
8. e|i6frf/ j9bf] ?kdf 5 .
9. k|zf;lgs / /fhg}lts k|ltj4tf 5}g .
10. hf]lvd df]Ng] k|j[lQ sd 5 .
11. clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg / lgIf]k0f k|efjsf/L 5}g .
12. k|efjsf/L cg'udg ePg .
13. b08 / k'/:sf/sf] ;+:sf/ 5}g .
14. Pressure group k|efjsf/L 5}gg .
15. of]hgfx? Rigid eP . Flexible 5}gg .
16. Action plan sf] strictly follow ul/Pg .
17. Role and Responsibility :ki6 5}g .

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of]hgfsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg k|s[of
 Monitoring- What happened, how and why?
 Evaluation- What difference does it make?
Monitoring-
 Process- lglZrt k|s[of k'/f ePsf] 5, 5}g .
 Result- ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g] cj:yf 5, 5}g .
Evaluation- of]hgfnfO{ nfut, ;do / u'0f:t/sf] cfwf/df hfFRg] sfd .
g]kfndf cg'udg / d"Nof+sg
 !(%) sf] bzsdf UN sf] ljsf; sfo{qmdjf6 z'? . pknlAw / vr{sf] cfwf/df d"Nof+sg ul/GYof] .
 @)#@.## b]lv efl/t k|ultsf cfwf/df d"Nof+sg ug{ yflnof] .
 cf7f}+ of]hgfdf cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf nflu World Bank / Asian DEvelopment Bank n]
Technical Assistance pknAw u/fPsf .
 P1 program sf] NPC n] / cGosf] ;DalGwt dGqfnon] cg'udg d"Nof+sg ug]{ .
 ul/jLsf] ;Gbe{df Participatory Poverty Assessment ug]{ ul/Psf] .
 Social Justice nfO{ ;d]t d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/ agfO{Psf] .
;+:yfut Joj:yftkm{
 /fli6o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt, k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf, $.$ dlxgfdf j}7s j:g] .
 dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt, @.@ dlxgfdf j}7s j:g] .
 /fli6o of]hgf cfof]udf s]lGb|o cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvf 5 .
 k|wfgdGqL sfof{nodf of]hgf tyf gLlt ;dGjo dxfzfvf 5 .
 ljleGg dGqfno, ljefudf cg'udg zfvfsf] Joj:yf 5 .
sfof{Gjog kIf
 cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf nflu kmf/fdx? lglb{i6 5g .
 of]hgfsf] dWofjlw d"Nof+sg x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
 sfof{Gjog tyf k|s[of cg'udgsf nflu 5'66} kmf/fd 5g .
 ;Dj4 cfof]hgfn] tfn's dGqfno, ljefu / sfof{nodf q}dfl;s, jflif{s jf sfo{;DkGg k|ltj]bg lbg]
u/]sf 5g .

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 Result, process, ongoing, terminal, expost ;j} tl/sfjf6 d"Nof+sg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfndf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf ;d:ofx?
1. cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg sfo{n] k|fyldstf kfPsf] b]lvb}g .
2. sfuhL cg'udg / d"Nof+sg j9L x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
3. Social Impact nfO{ x]l/b}g, ef}lts pknlAwnfO{ dfq Wofg lbg] k/Dk/f 5 .
4. cg'udg / d"Nof+sgnfO{ Feedback sf ?kdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
5. ;|f]t ;fwg / bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj 5 .
6. Participation sf] cefj 5 .
7. cfof]hgfdf *) k|ltzteGbf j9L k|ult x'G5 t/ of]hgf ;+w} c;kmn x'G5g .
8. :ynut cg'udg d"Nof+sg k|foM ul/b}g .
9. cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf nflu cfw'lgs / a}1flgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/b}g .
10. cg'udgstf{ / d"Nof+sgstf{nfO{ of]hgf jf cfof]hgfsf] jf/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L x'b}g .
11. glthfsf] cfwf/df b08 k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf 5}g .
12. cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf kmf/fdsf] ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ePsf] 5}g .
cjsf] jf6f]
 M& E nfO{ of]hgfsf] d'Vo c+u jgfpg'k5{ .
 M& E sf nflu kof{Kt ;|f]/ ;fwg pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .
 M& E sf lgisif{nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'k5{ .
 Result sf cfwf/df b08 k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
 M& E df nfeu|fxLsf] ;xeflutf j9fpg'k5{ .
 ;j} vfnsf M& E sf tl/sfsf] clgjfo{ k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
g]kfndf ljsf; of]hgfn] ck]lIft ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ g;Sg'sf sf/0fx?M
I. gLltut sf/0f
 gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog participatory ePg .
 Need / priority sf] klxrfg ePg .
 /fhg}lts cl:y/tf 5 .
 :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ul/Pg .
 Supply led ljsf; gLlt eof] .
 of]hgfsf] Modality df Consistancy ePg .

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II. ;+u7gfTds sf/0f
 k|zf;g sdhf]/ eof] . lhDd]jf/Ljf]w u/]g .
 clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgsf] cefj 5 .
 :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf sdhf]/ eof] .
 ;|f]t, ;fwgsf] cefj 5 .
III. Joj:yfksLo sf/0f
 cg'zf;gsf] sdL
 cg'ko'Qm d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL
 MR&D df Wofg lbO{Pg .
 Planning / Implementation df Gap 5 .
IV. k|s[ofut sf/0f
 lgoGq0fd'vL / h6Ln sfg'g / k|s[of eP .
 Paper work j9L eof] .
 ah]6 / n]vf k|0ffnL Jojfxfl/s x'g ;s]g .
V. jftfj/0fLo sf/0f
 hg;+Vof j[l4 / c;dfg j;f]jf;
 n}+lus c;dfgtf / ;fdflhs lje]b
 ljsf; lj/f]wL d"No dfGotf / cjwf/0ffn] :yfg kfPsf]
 ;|f]t ;fwg / nfesf] c;dfg ljt/0f
VI. Jojfxf/ut sf/0f
 pTk|]/0ff / dgf]jnsf] cefj 5 .
 kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xLtf / lhDd]jf/Ljf]wsf] cefj 5 .
 kl/jt{gd'vL wf/0ffsf] cefj 5 .
 ;dfwfgd'vL ;f]r 5}g .
of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg] pkfox?
1. Decentralized planning policy ckgfpg] .
2. Participation df hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
3. of]hgfdf g} ;/sf/ / lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/LnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
4. sfof{Gjogof]Uo of]hgfdf hf]8 lbg] .
5. k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] .
6. ah]6 Joj:yfkg / cfly{s sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/n agfpg] .

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7. e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu Priventive / Curative b'j} k4lt ckgfpg] .
8. /fli6o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ lgDg e"ldsf k|bfg ug]{M
 Planning, Implementation / Evaluation sf] Regulator
 Think Tank
 lghL If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ljsf;df ;xeflu u/fpg] Promoter/
Enabler.

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cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg / kl/of]hgf rqm
cfof]hgf (Project)
s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]q jf :yfgdf lglZrt p2]Zo / nIo k|flKtsf nflu lglZrt ;dosf] ls6fg u/L tf]lsPsf]
/sdsf] kl/lwdf /xL cfjlws ?kdf sfd ;DkGg ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] sfo{qmdsf] ?k/]vf g} cfof]hgf xf] .
Projects-
 Have definite objectives
 Have funding limits
 Have start and ending dates
 Consume resources
 Temporary organization
cfof]hgfsf ljz]iftfx?
 ljsf; of]hgfsf] Ps c+u xf] .
 lglZrt p2]Zo x'G5 .
 lglZrt ;dofjlw .
 lglZrt :yfg tf]lsPsf] .
 5'66} cl:tTj ePsf] .
 Life cycle x'G5 .
 Team work
 ah]6 ;Ldf tf]lsPsf] .
 5'66} ;+u7g / sfo{ljlw ePsf] .
cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg (Project Management)
lglZrt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng u/L lglZrt ;dodf O{lR5t glthf k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] ljz]if sfo{ljlw, sfo{k|s[of /
;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] l;h{gf u/L lglZrt ef}lts nIo xfl;n ug{sf] lgldQ ljleGg sfo{x?nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{
lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;dli6ut ?knfO{ cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
cfof]hgf lsg<
1. ljsNk 5gf}6 ug{ ;lhnf] x'g],
2. ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u x'g],

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3. 5'66} k|s[of / ;+u7g ePsfn] lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ x'g],
4. sd{rf/LtGqLo z}nLjf6 pGd"lQm,
5. Joj;flostfsf] cfjZostfn] ubf{,
6. cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ Nofpg,
7. :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]udf ;xof]u k'/ofp+5,
8. gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / lj:tf/ ;Dej jgfp+5,
9. of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf p2]Zo k"/f ug{ .
cfof]hgf rqm (Project Cycle)
 cfof]hgfsf] qmdj4 lqmofsnfk g} cfof]hgf rqm xf] . of] ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] hLjgrqm xf] .
 cfof]hgfsf] cfjZostf klxrfgb]vL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;~rfng, pTkfbg, ljt/0f / ;f]sf] d"Nof+sg ;Ddsf
lqmofsnfknfO{ Jojl:ty ug]{ r/0fj4 k|s[of g} cfof]hgf rqm xf] .
BAUM Model (World Bank, 1970)
1. Project Identification
2. Project preparation
3. Project Appraisal
4. Project Negotiation
5. Project Approval
6. Project Implementation
7. Project Evaluation
New Project Cycle (World Bank, 1990)
1. Listening- Stakeholders ;+u 5nkmn u/]/ project identification ug]{ .
2. Piloting- Feasibility study and evaluation
3. Demonstrating- Negotiation and approval
4. Mainstreaming- Implementation
UNIDO Model
I. k"j{ nufgLsf] cj:yf
 klxrfg
 ;+efJotf cWoog
 d"Nof+sg

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 5gf}6 / :jLs[lt
 ;Demf}tf
II. nufgL cj:yf
 ;+u7g 9fFrf, hgzlQm Joj:yf / tflnd
 lj:t[t O{l~hlgol/+u
 sfof{Gjog . ;+rfng
 cg'udg
III. ;+rfng ca:yf
 ;+rfng / ;+ef/
 sfo{If]q lj:tf/ / k'g:yfkgf
 cg'udg / d"Nof+sg
g]kfndf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg ;DjGwdf ePsf] Joj:yf
 k|yd of]hgfb]vL g} nfu" .
 j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] j[l4;+u} Project lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg yflnPsf] .
 PRSP, MTEF, Log Frame, MIS sf] k|of]usf] yfngL ePsf] 5 .
 k|fyldsLs/0f (P1, P2, P3) nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .
 cfof]hgf 5gf}6sf cfwf/ tof/ u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .
xfn lgDg cj:yf 5M
 s]lGb|o :t/ / :yfgLo :t/sf cfof]hgfx? .
 cfof]hgf s]Gb|df lgdf{0f x'g] u/]sf .
 Appraisal gu/L tof/ x'g] x'Fbf oyfy{ gx'g] u/]sf .
 s]xL xb;Dd Efficiency / Accountability sf u'0fx? b]lvg yfn]sf 5g .
g]kfndf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf ljBdfg ;d:ofx?
I. cfof]hgf klxrfgdf
 cfof]hgfsf] ;txL klxrfg
 bftf k|efljt k|fyldstf
 Need based ePgg . Supply led eP .
 gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / cfof]hgf th'{df ug]{ lgsfojLr g} tfnd]nsf] cefj 5 .
II. unt ljZn]if0f tyf 5gf}6 k|s[of

14
 Risk Analysis sdhf]/ 5 .
 cfof]hgf 5gf}6df ljQLo jf jh]6 kIfnfO{ dfq a9L hf]8 lbO{G5 .
 /fhgLlts bjfjdf cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ul/G5 .
 cfof]hgf 5gf}6df ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;xeflu u/fO{b}g .
III. utn cfof]hgf l8hfO{g
 cfof]hgf 5gf}6df tYof+s tyf ;"rgf k|of]u gug]{ k|j[lQ 5 .
 :yfgLo cfjZotf, cj:yf / Ifdtfsf] j]jf:tf ug]{ ul/G5 .
 Contingency planning sf] cefj 5 .
IV. sfof{Gjog / ;+rfngdf ;d:of
 cg'df]bg / :jLs[ltdf l9nfO{ .
 clVtof/L / /sd lgsf;fdf l9nfO{ .
 :yfgLo ;xof]u / ;lqmotfsf] cefj .
 Flexibility 5}g .
 Over run cost j9L 5 .
 sfof{Gjog lhDd]jf/L 5g]{ k|j[lQ 5 .
 sd{rf/Lsf] j9L Turnover 5 .
 Coordination /fd|f] 5}g .
 Discipline sf] cefj 5 .
 Awareness, Transparency, Accountability / Responsiveness sf] cefj 5 .
V. ckof{Kt jfXo ;xof]u
 l9nf] zf]wegf{
 cToflws /fhgLlts x:tIf]k
 :yfgLo / cfofltt k|ljlwjLr ;+of]hgsf] cefj .
VI. sdhf]/ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
 sdhf]/ cfGtl/s k|ltj]bg .
 cg'udg / d"Nof+sg k|efjsf/L 5}g .
k|efjsf/L cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf nflu s] ug]{<
cfof]hgf th'{df ubf{,
 kof{Kt u[xsfo{ ug]{,
 Feasibility study and Evulation
 Need Analysis

15
 ;"rgf / tYof+ssf] k|of]u
 lj1sf] ;xof]u lng] .
sfof{Gjog r/0fdf,
 Timely fund pknAw u/fpg]
 Implementation plan jgfpg]
 Institutional Arrangement ldnfpg]
 Effective procurement and Tendering
 Improve Accounting Procedure
 Effective monitoring
 Select small and manageable projects
 Balance on Autonomy and control
 Establish good reporting system
cfof]hgf klxrfg / 5gf}6 ubf{,
 Politically Suitable
 Socially Acceptable
 Technically Feasible
 Economically Viable
 Institutionally Implementable

16
Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff / l;4fGtx?
"Direction of people towards a predetermined goal"
 k"j{ lgwf{l/t p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;|f]t / ;fwgx?sf] Jojl:yt 9+un] kl/rfng ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf
ldnfpg] /0fgLlts k|s[of g} Joj:yfkg xf] .
 lgwf{l/t nIo k|flKtsf nflu ljBdfg ;|f]t ;fwgsf] planning, leading, controlling / organizing ug]{
k|s[of g} Management xf] .
 ;Ltf/fd dx]Zj/LM Joj:yfkg c? s]xL geP/ Joj;flos k|zf;g xf] .
ljz]iftfx?M
 p2]Zod"ns x'G5 .
 Group effort ;+u ufFl;Psf] x'G5 .
 Systematic lqmofsnfk xf] .
 sfo{qmdd'vL x'G5 .
 Ps k]zf xf] .
 ultzLn k|s[of xf] .
 sfo{;Dkfbg u/fp+5 .
Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx?
I. j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGt
 FW Taylor 4f/f k|ltkflbt
 sfd ug]{ pko'Qm tl/sf / sfdbf/sf] a}1flgs 5gf}6df hf]8
 bIftf / pTkfbg a9fpg kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf a9fpg'k5{
 Hofjn / pks/0fx? Standard ePdf pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a95 .
 >dsf] ljefhg ug'{k5{ .
 Time and motion study g} one best way xf] .
II. k|zf;sLo Joj:yfkg l;4fGt
 Henry Fayol n] g]t[Tj u/]sf .
 dfgjLo kIfnfO{ dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ ;+u7gnfO{ ;d]6]sf] .
 laleGg !$ j6f Principles 5g .
 s'g}klg ;+u7gn] lgDg ^ j6f sfo{x? ub{5M (FACTS + M)
Technical, Commercial, Financial, Security, Accounting and Managerial

17
 ! b]vL % ;Ddsf sfd tNnf] txsfn] ug]{ / managerial sfd pRr txsfn] ug'{kb{5 .
III. sd{rf/LtflGqs l;4fGt
 Max Weber sf] cjwf/0ff xf] .
 pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg] ;+:yf Bureaucracy xf] .
 clwsf/ / zlQmsf] Jojl:yt ljefhg x'g'k5{ .
 Bureaucracy sf] ;an kIfsf] JofVof u/]sf] 5 .
IV. dfgj ;DjGw l;4fGt
 Jojfxf/fTds b[li6sf]0f xf] .
 Elton Mayo sf] cjwf/0ff xf] .
 Joj:yfksnfO{ ;+u7gdf sfo{ ;d"x tyf dfgj Jojfxf/sf ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 .
 ;+u7gdf Informal group sf] k|an e"ldsf /xG5 .
 pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf dfgj pTk|]/0ffsf] k|efj kb{5 .
 Management sf nflu Social Skill rflxG5 .
 Management n] sd{rf/L lasf;df Wofg lbg'k5{ .
V. k|0ffnL l;4fGt
 Talcot Parson n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf .
 ;+u7gnfO{ Pp6f ;du| k|0ffnLsf ?kdf lnG5 .
 x/]s k|0ffnLsf] sus sysem x'G5 .
 k|0ffnL v'nf / jGb u/L @ k|sf/sf x'G5g .
 ;+u7gsf] sub system df ePsf] kl/jt{gn] ;+u7gsf] k'/f ?kdf g} c;/ kb{5 .
VI. p2]Zod"ns Joj:yfkg (MBO)
 lk6/ 8s/sf] cjwf/0ff xf] .
 sfdbf/sf] JolQmut p2]Zo + ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo = MBO
 ;+u7gsf] nIonfO{ JolQmsf] nIodf cg'jfb ul/G5 .
 MBO df,
 Goal setting (Short/ Long)
 Action Plan
 Self control
 Periodic Review
VII. ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg
 Rensis Likert 4f/f k|ltkflbt
 sd{rf/LnfO{ lgDg s'/fdf ;dfj]z u/fpg o;n] hf]8 lbG5M

18
 Objective setting df
 Program execution df
 Alternative Choice df
 Decision Making df
 Benefit Distribution df
 Evaluation df
VIII. Contingency Theory
 Situational Approach xf] .
 Aoj:yfkg Situational x'G5 / Aoj:yfkg cEof; kl/l:yltdf lge{/ ub{5 .
 Aoj:yfksn] sfd ug]{ Pp6} dfq pQd pkfo x'b}g eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 .
o;sf ;fy},
 /0fgLlts Joj:yfkgM Aoj:yfksn] /0fgLlts b[li6sf]0f /fVg'kg]{ .
 gofF ;fj{hlgs Aoj:yfkg (NPM): ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf lghL If]qsf] cfbz{ cEof;sf] k|of]u .
 ;/sf/sf] k'gjf]{w (REinventing Government): pBdzLntf / gful/s pGd"vtf .
 gofF zf;sLo Joj:yfkgM ;dfj]zLs/0f dfkm{t gful/s ;zlQms/0f .
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs Aoj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx?
I. gLltut ;d:of
 cToflws /fhgLlts/0f
 cToflws s]lGb|s/0f
 ;j{q ;/sf/L ;+nUgtf .
II. ;+/rgfut ;d:of
 k/Dk/fut ;+u7g 9fFrf
 sfg'gL hl6ntf
 Joj;flostfsf] cefj
 ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfngdf sl7gfO{ .
III. aftj/0fLo ;d:of
 pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj
 e|i6frf/ j9bf] 5
 c;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f 5
 k|zf;lgs d"No dfGotfsf] hu]gf{ x'g ;s]g .

19
IV. cfkmgf] dfG5], kbLo cxd, JolQmjfbL k|j[lQ, Status Oriented, Rule based eGg] cf/f]k ;j{q 5 .
V. Organization sf Goal ;+u JolQmsf Goal cfa4 ePsf 5}gg .
VI. kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfO{b}g .
;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkfox?
1. k|To]s sfdsf] Cost Benefit Analysis ug'{kb{5 .
2. gful/s j8fkqsf] dd{ cg';f/ sfd ug'{kb{5 .
3. Organization structure df kl/jt{g ug'{kb{5 .
4. MBO nfu" ug]{ .
5. Career Development Plan nfu" ug]{ .
6. Rational decision making ug]{ .
7. Principal Agent Theory /
Public Choice Theory cg';f/ sfd ug]{ .
8. Power delegation ug]{ .
9. Participation a9fpg] .
10. :ki6 pQ/bfloTj ls6fg ug]{ .
11. e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ .
12. sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ljj/0f agfO{ nfu" ug]{ .
13. sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn j9fpg] .
14. Non core sfd Outsourcing af6 ug]{ .
Joj:yfkg bz{gdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g
 ;g !()) b]vL !(#) ;Dd ef}lts kIfdf hf]8 lbO{GYof] .
 ;g !(#) b]vL !(^) ;Dd dfgjLo kIfdf hf]8 lbO{GYof] .
 ;g !(^) b]vL !(() ;Dd Strategic / Participatory management df hf]8 .
 gofF ;x;|fJbL;+u} Responsive Governance df hf]8 lbg yflnof] / gful/s tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
;+nUgtf, hjfkmb]xLtf, ;zlQms/0f dfkm{t gful/s / ;/sf/sf] ;DjGw lasf; ug]{, cfr/0f / g}ltstfdf
hf]8 lbg], ;f+:s[lts lalawtfk|ltsf] ;Djf]wg / ljZjJoflks/0fsf r'gf}ltx?sf] Joj:yfkg h:tf dfGotfn]
Joj:yfkgdf k|j]z kfPsf 5g .
Challenges of Management
 TQM Issues
 Globalization
 Work force diversity
 Ethical values
 E-business
 Knowledge management-
R&D, Market survey,
Talent hunt

20
g]t[Tj (Leadership)
 Leading people at work
 ;fd"lxs p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu cg'ofoLnfO{ k|efljt ug{;Sg] Ifdtf g} g]t[Tj xf] . g]t[Tj sfo{ xf], kb xf]O{g . of]
snf / k|s[of xf] .
 g]t[TjnfO{ g]tfsf sfo{sf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . t/ sfo{nfO{ u'0f jf :jfefjn] k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn] g]t[Tj eg]sf]
g]tfsf] u'0f, sfo{ / :jfefjsf] ;di6L xf] .
 Leadership-
 to drive the people at work
 to influence their followers
 to create favourable situation
 to achieve organizational objectives
 g]t[Tjsf nflu Power sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . Power sf] k|of]u ubf{M
 Leader df Commitment
 Follower df Compliance
 kl/l:yltdf Resistance
g]t[Tjdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx?
 k|efjk"0f{ jfszlQm
 s'tg}lts Ifdtf
 dWo:ytf ug{ ;Sg]
 ljleGg ;d:ofx?;+u kl/lrt
 h:tf];'s} sl7g kl/l:ylt;+u h'Wg ;Sg] .
o;sf ;fy},
 Sound Judgement
 Intelligence
 Ability to take quick decision
 sense of responsibility
 Physical energy and stamina
 Enthusiasm
 Creativity
 Ability to teach and guide.
Leader VS Manager
Leader Manager
Envisioning Planning
Inspiration Control
Innovation Administration
Focus on people Focus on system and
structure
Does right things Drlrcts things
Development Maintenance
An original A copy/ Imitation
Long-term view Short-term view
Aiming at horizon Aiming at button
Asks why and what Asks how and when

21
 Role of Leaders
 Task centered
 People centered
 Situation centered
 Goal centered
g]t[Tj z}nL (Leadership Style)
 Autocratic Leadership: 8/, qf; / ;hfoaf6 pTk|]l/t ub}{ sfd lng] .
 Democratic Leadership: ax'dtsf] lg0f{o / cNkdtsf] sb/ g} d"n cjwf/0ff xf] . ;xeflutf / clwsf/
k|Tofof]hgdf hf]8 lbG5 .
 Laissez Faire Leadership: g]t[Tjn] s]jn ;+of]hg ug]{, Group freedom df hf]8 lbg] .
g]t[Tj ;DjGwL l;4fGt
 u'0fdf cfwfl/t l;4fGt (Trait Theory)
g]tf hGdhft x'G5, jgfO{b}g eGg] dfGotf xf] . g]t[Tjsf u'0fx? hGdhft x'G5g .
 sfof{Tds jf ;d"x l;4fGt (Functional or Group Theory)
g]t[Tjsf u'0fx? j}olQms geO{ sfo{d"ns x'G5g . h'g;'s} sfo{ ;d"x xf];, ToxfF g]t[Tj :jtM ljslzt
x'G5 . h:t}, sfo{sf/L, of]hgfsf/ . Leader n] Group nfO{ s;/L k|efljt ub{5 eGg] o;sf] d"n dd{
xf] .
 Aojfxf/jfbL l;4fGt (Behavioural Theory)
g]tf s:tf] 5 eGbfklg p;n] s:tf] Jojfxf/ ub{5 eGg] x]b{5 . sd{rf/L s]lGb|t jf pTkfbg s]lGb|t
s:tf] Jojfxf/ 5 eg]/ x]b{5 . b'j} Jojfxf/df ;Gt'ng gePdf g]t[Tj ;kmn x'b}g .
 kl/l:ylthGo l;4fGt (Situtional Theory)
g]t[Tj jftfj/0fdf e/ k5{ . Pp6f ;+u7g jf jftfj/0fdf ;kmn g]t[Tj cGoq ;kmn gx'g ;Sb5 .
g]t[Tj ljsf;sf nflu
 clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug]{
 ;xeflutf a9fpg]
 lzIff, tflnd / j[lQ ljsf;
 Job rotation, Enlargement, Enrichment
 k|;+zf / k|f]T;fxg

22
 ;xfos;+u v'nf ;Djfb .
g]kfndf Leadership sf] Strength
 of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6 .
 lzlIft ju{sf] k|e'Tj .
 lgikIf / t6:y x'g'kg]{ dfGotf 5 .
 ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff 5 .
g]kfndf g]t[Tj ;Dj4 ;d:ofx?
1. r'gf}ltk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L jxg gug]{ .
2. ;xfosnfO{ ;xefuL gu/fpg] .
3. 3'dfp/f] / s}lkmotk"0f{ lg0f{o lng] .
4. tby{ ;dfwfg vf]Hg] .
5. klxn]sf glh/ / k/Dk/fnfO{ Wofg lbg] .
6. tNnf] txsf] sd{rf/Lk|lt pbf;Lg .
7. Self Manage ug{ g;Sg] .
8. Self Centric Jojfxf/ j9L b]lvPsf] .
9. sfdsf] cause / consequences yfxf kfpg g;Sg] .
10. Centralizd- Accountability, Authority
g]t[Tj ljsf;sf nflu ;'emfjx?
1. g]t[Tjsf] sfo{ljj/0f :ki6 ug'{k5{ .
2. clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgnfO{ sfg'gn] :ki6 kfg'{kb{5 .
3. g]t[Tjn] sd{rf/L / sfd b'j}nfO{ dxTj lbg' kb{5 .
4. ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{o k|s[of ckgfpg' kb{5 .
5. g]t[Tj / sfl/GbfjLrsf] dgf]j}1flgs b"/L sd ul/g' k5{ .
6. sfo{Ifdtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ g]t[Tjdf k'/ofpg' kb{5 .
7. Managerial Autonomy lbg] .
8. Leadership Assessment Centre :yfkgf ug]{ .
9. Performance Agreement nfu" ug]{ .
10. k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg kl/kf6Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

23
pTk|]/0ff
 AolQmnfO{ sfd ug{ k|]l/t ug'{ pTk|]/0ff xf] .
 ;+u7gdf JolQmnfO{ sfd u?+ u?+ eGg] efjgf l;h{gf u/fpg] sfd g} pTk|]/0ff xf] .
 pTk|]/0ff cfGtl/s cj:yf xf] . dflgssf] ;Gt'i6Lsf] ;fwg xf] .
 s'g} sfd ug{ pTkGg O{R5f jf hfFu/ g} pTk|]/0ff xf] .
pTk|]/0ffsf l;4fGt
I. cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t l;4fGt (Conternt Based Theory)
 df:nf]sf] cfjZostf ;f]kfg l;4fGt
 xhju{sf] Two Factor Theory
 MC Cleland sf] Three Needs Theory
 Need for Achievement
 Need for Afffiliation
 Need for Power
II. k|s[ofdf cfwfl/t l;4fGt (Process Theory)
 Equity Theory
 Expectancy Theory
 Reinforcement Theory
 Z Theory
lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ff gsf/fTds x'g'sf sf/0fx?
1. cfly{s ;'ljwfsf] ckof{Kttfn] hLjg wfGg sl7g cj:yf 5 .
2. a9'jf k4ltdf lj;+ult b]lvPsf 5g .
3. of]Uotf Pj+ rfxgf cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L gkfPsf] cj:yf 5 .
4. sfd ug]{ c'gs"n jftfj/0fsf] cefj 5 .
5. sfo{ ljj/0fsf] cefjn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g .
6. sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{df jf/Djf/sf] x]/fkm]/Ln] cGof}n 5fPsf] 5 .
7. ;]jf ;'ljwfdf c;dfgtf 5 .
8. Performance Indicators 5}gg .
9. Career path predictable 5}g .
10. lghfdtL ;]jfdf cToflws /fhgLlts x:tIf]k 5 .
11. Trade union sf] unt cEof; ul/Psf] 5 .

24
12. clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgsf] ;+:sf/ 5}g .
13. lghfdtL ;]jfdf hgljZjf; 36b}5 .
14. k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj c;Ifd 5 .
15. ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgsf] cefj 5 .

25
lg0f{o k|s[of
 ;d:ofsf] r/0fjf6 ;dfwfgsf] cj:yfdf k'Ug] af6f] g} lg0f{o xf] .
 Decision Making is the selection of one best alternative from tow or more possible alternatives.
 ljleGg ljsNksf] 5gf}6 / ljZn]if0f ub}{ clGtd lgZsif{df k'Ug' g} lg0f{o xf] .
lg0f{o ubf{M
 ljutnfO{ ;d:ofsf ?kdf
 jt{dfgnfO{ 5gf}6sf ?kdf
 eljionfO{ sfof{Gjogsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
lg0f{o k|s[ofdfM
 lg0f{o o'lQm;+ut x'g'k5{ .
 ;dofjlw leq} ul/g' k5{ .
 sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfly{s, ef}lts, dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] k|aGw x'g'k5{ .
 sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug]{ ;+oGq x'g'kb{5 .
 sfof{Gjogof]Uo lg0f{o x'g'k5{ .
 ul/Psf] lg0f{on] cGo sfo{nfO{ s'k|efj kfg]{ x'g' x'b}g .
 ;+u7gsf] nIo;+u d]n vfg] u/L lg0f{o ug'{k5{ .
 ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{odf hf]8 lbO{g'k5{ .
Decision Making Styles
;do, kl/l:ylt / lg0f{ostf{sf] ;f]rfO{n] lg0f{o z}nLnfO{ O{+lut ub{5 .
I. lg/+s'z z}nL (Authoritative Style)- ;Nnfx / ;'emfjsf] dxTj g/xg], lg0f{o u/L sfof{Gjog nflbg] .
II. ;Nnfxsf/L z}nL (Consultative Style)- ;Nnfx ;'emfjaf6 lg0f{odf k'lug], ;xof]uL;+u ;xsfo{ ul/g] .
III. ;xhsf/L z}nL (Facilatative Style)- Joj:yfks / ;xof]uLsf] ;xsfo{af6 lg0f{odf k'lug] .
IV. k|Tofof]lht z}nL (Delegative Style)- kof{Kt dfqfdf clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg x'g] .
Decision Making Process
1. ;d:ofsf] klxrfg
2. ljsNksf] lasf;
3. ljsNksf] ljZn]if0f Pj+ d"Nof+sg

26
4. pQd ljsNksf] 5gf}6
5. sfof{Gjog / d"Nof+sg .
lg0f{o k|s[ofsf l;4fGtx?
1. ljj]szLn ;demsf] l;4fGt (Rational Comprehensive)- j:t'l:yltsf] /fd|f] ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq
lg0f{o ug]{ .
2. hgdtsf] l;4fGt (populist Theory)- hgtfsf] cledt / k|fKt ;'emfjsf cfwf/df lg0f{o ul/G5 .
3. clej[l4sf] l;4fGt (Incremental Theory)- lautdf ul/Psf lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/ dfgL To;df ;fdfGo
yk36 u/]/ lg0f{o ul/G5 .
4. ldl>t n]vfhf]vfsf] l;4fGt (Mixed Scanning Theory)- Rational Comprehensive /
Incremental b'j} l;4fGtsf cfwf/df lg0f{o ul/G5 .
5. ;Lldlt ljj]szLntfsf] l;4fGt (Principle of Limited Rationality)- ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{
ljj]szLntfdf ;Lldttf x'g] ePsf]n] lg0f{o k|s[ofdf ljj]szLntfsf] ;Lldt k|of]u x'G5 .
6. lg0f{o k|s[ofdf cj/f]wsf] l;4fGt (Constraint Theory)- ljleGg cj/f]wsf] ;fdgf ub}{ lg0f{o
ug'{kb{5 .
Decision Making sf lsl;dM
1. Rational Decision:- pko'Qm ljsNk 5fGg] .
2. Intuitive Decision:- dgdf nfu]sf] s'/fsf cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{ .
3. Incremental Decision:- eO/x]sf]df yk u/]/ lg0f{o ug]{ .
4. Situational Decision:- kl/l:ylt cg';f/ lg0f{o ul/g] .
5. Participative Decision:- ;xeflutf u/fO{ lg0f{odf k'Ug] .
6. Proactive Decision:- ;d:of gb]lv+b} lg0f{o ul/g] .
7. Innovative Decision:- ;f]rL, j'emL lg0f{o ul/g] .
8. Reactive Decision:- ;d:of b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dfq lg0f{o ul/g] .
g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf lg0f{oM
 k|:tfj p7fP/
 l6Kk0fL p7fP/
 tf]s cfb]zaf6
 Stakeholders ;+u 5nkmn u/]/ .

27
g]kfndf lg0f{o k|s[ofdf /x]sf ;d:ofx?
1. ;-;fgf s'/fdf l6Kk0fL p7fpg] k|j[lQ 5 . sfuhL k|s[of / ;do w]/} nfU5 .
2. lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQ 5 .
3. cfzo a'em]/ lg0f{o ug]{ ul/G5 .
4. ;f+u7lgs lxteGbf JolQmut lxt x]/]/ lg0f{o ul/G5 .
5. lg0f{o ;xeflutfd"ns 5}g .
6. gofF k|ljlw, tYof+s Pj+ ;"rgfsf] k|of]u u/L lg0f{o ug]{ ul/b}g .
7. ;d:of / r'gf}ltb]vL efUg] k|j[lQ 5 .
8. ;dfg ;d:of / ljifodf klg km/s km/s lg0f{o ul/G5 .
9. sdhf]/ hgbjfj / r]tgf cefjsf sf/0f lg0f{o lg0f{ox? l56f] 5l/tf] x'g ;s]sf 5}gg .
10. tby{ lg0f{o ul/G5 .
11. lg0f{oaf6 dsf{ k/]df ph'/L ug]{ ;+oGqsf] cefj 5 .
12. clGtd ;dodf cfP/ lg0f{o ul/G5 .
13. Feedback lng] k/Dk/fsf] lasf; ePsf] 5}g .
14. lg0f{o sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] x]l/+b}g .
15. clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgsf] cefj 5 .
16. dg;fo / bjfj k|]l/t lg0f{o ul/G5 .
;dfwfgsf pkfox?
1. l6Kk0fL k|yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .
2. ;"rssf] k|of]u .
3. clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg .
4. /fhg}lts lg0f{osf nflu Populist Theory nfO{ Aojfxfl/s agfpg] .
5. Feedback lng] k/Dk/f a;fpg] .
6. ;-;fgf lg0f{ox? ;f]em} cfb]zaf6 ug]{ .
7. lg0f{ostf{nfO{ lg0f{ok|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] .
8. sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug]{ .
9. ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{o k|lqmofdf hf]8 lbg] .
10. k|efjsf/L gful/s ;dfh .
11. :ki6 sfo{ljlw/ dfkb08 agfpg] .
12. lj1sf] ;+nUgtf h?/L 5 .

28
lg0f{o k|s[ofsf gljg k|j[lQx?M
1. participation- stakeholders sf] .
2. Risk Analysis- Use of mathematical tools af6 .
3. Pre-feedback- stakeholder, expert af6 .
4. Flexibility- If necessary
5. Use of ICT- Technology-based
6. Demand driven decision- hgdtsf] sb/ ug]{ .
7. Boundaryless- Affected by global issues
8. Inclusive- Equity based
9. Virtual decision making
10. Creative decision making
11. Situational

29
lgoGq0f (Control)
Process of ensuring that actual activities confirm to planned activity.
lgoGq0fn] lgDg s'/fdf Wofg s]lGb|t ub{5M
 lgwf{l/t p2]Zo cg'?k sfd ePsf] 5 5}g<
 nIo k|fKt x'b}5 jf 5}g<
 k|fKt ePsf p2]Zo Appropriate 5g 5}gg<
 p2]Zo / lqmofsnfksfjLr Gap 5, 5}g<
 ;fwgsf] Optimum utilization 5, 5}g<
lgoGq0f k|s[ofM
 Setting standards
 Measuring Performance
 Finding and analyzing deviation
 Corrective action
lgoGq0fsf cf}hf/x?
1. ;fwf/0f cjnf]sg tyf lg/LIf0f
2. sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
3. hgdt ;j]{If0f
4. u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f
5. jh]6 lgoGq0f
6. lzsfotsf] d"Nof+sg .
k|efjsf/L lgoGq0fsf cfjZos tTjx?
Self Control is Best Control
1. ;"rgfsf] k|jfx s:tf] 5<
2. lgoGq0f k|s[of s:tf] 5<
3. ljs[ltsf] klxrfg
4. pko'Qm lgoGqs 5gf}6
5. ldtJolotf

30
6. kl/0ffdsf] ls6fgL
7. pko'Qm /0fgLlt 5gf}6
8. kl/jt{g pGd"v .
lgoGq0f;+u ;DjlGwt ;d:ofx?
1. lgoGq0fsf] p2]Zo :ki6 x'g] gu/]sf] .
2. lgoGq0faf6 Feedback glng] k/Dk/f .
3. ;dGjosf] cefj 5 .
4. lgoGq0fnfO{ gsf/fTds ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] .
5. sfdsf] Standard gtf]lsPsf] .
6. ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cefj 5 .
7. ;"rgf k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L 5}g .
 lghfdtL ;]jfdf Autonomy eGbf Control sf k|fjwfgx? j9L 5g . To;}n] sd{rf/L Mechanistic eP .
Creativity b]lvPg .
 /fxbfgLsf] Pp6f cIf/ n]Vg 5'6bf dfG5] h]n k/]sf] 5 eg]+ Process nfO{ s;/L Ignore ug{ ;lsG5<
 tNnf] sd{rf/Ln] s]xL hfg]sf] 5}g eGg] dfgl;stf 5 . Creativity b]vfpg] ls s;/L dfly k'Ug] eg]/ ;f]Rg]<

31
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg Joj:yfkg tyf lghLs/0f
 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cjwf/0ff ;dfhjfbL lrGtgsf] pkh xf] .
 Planned Development / Control Economy g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg :yfkgfsf cfwf/ x'g .
 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgM ;/sf/L :jfldTj, ;+rfng tyf lgoGq0f ePsf] .
Public Enterprises
Service Oriented Profit Oriented
Needs the Balance
Balance ug{ s] ug]{<
 d'gfkmf sdfpg] / hgsNof0f ug]{ p2]Zox? k/:k/ lj/f]wL s'/f xf] .
 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ jlu{s/0f ug'{k5{ .
1. Required 2. Less Required 3. Not Required 4. Either Reform or Delete
xfd|f] b]zdf Public / Enterprises sf] Dilema af6 d'Qm x'g h?/L 5 . h:t}, s0ff{nLdf rfdnsf nflu vfB
;+:yfgs} d'v tfSg' kb{5, ToxfF FNCCI / Chamber of Commerce k'Ub}g .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt cfjZos 5 jf 5}g<
1. ;/sf/ ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug{af6 ljd'v x'g ;Sb}g .
2. Integrated supply system dfkm{t hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf lbg PEs jf6 dfq ;Dej 5 .
3. lghL If]qsf] ?rL / Ifdtf ;a} Goods and Services delivery ug{ g;Sg] x'G5 .
4. ;+:yfgdf ;/sf/L ;+nUgtf nfe / gf]S;fgsf] cfwf/df eGbfklg,
 nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHo
 ;/sf/sf] hgtfk|ltsf] bfloTj / st{Jo
 hgtfsf] ;/sf/k|ltsf] cfzf / e/f];f /
 cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t x'G5 .
5. t/ Capacity of State nfO{ klg lj;{g' x'b}g .

32
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lsg rflxG5g<
1. nf]s sNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] clej[l4 ug{,
2. ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;
3. cfly{s j[l4b/ tLj| kfg{
4. cTofjZos j:t'sf] k"lt{ j9fpg
5. /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug{
6. gd'gf pBdL
7. cfly{s c;dfgtf x6fpg]
8. cf}Bf]uLs/0fdf of]ubfg
9. ;/sf/L sf]ifdf of]ubfg k'/ofpg
10. ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ;l~rlt a9fpg
11. cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug{
12. lghL If]qsf] Psflwsf/ lgoGq0f ug{
13. ;/sf/L gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{
14. cfly{s l:y/tf sfod ug{
15. ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug{ .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg Aoj:yfkg cGtu{t
 Production Managemetn
 Marketing Management
 Personnel and Labor Management
 Financial Management
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu
 :jfoQtf Autonomy
 sfo{s'zntf Efficiency
 hjfkmb]xLtf Accountability
 lgoGq0f Control
 lghLs/0f Privatization

33
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg;+u ;DjlGwt ;d:ofx?
1. /fhg}lts x:tIf]k 5 .
 g]t[Tj, sd{rf/L egf{ / d"No lgwf{/0fdf .
2. :ki6 p2]Zo 5}g .
 Profit VS Service
 Subsidy VS Tax
 Social Responsibility VS Professionalism
 Control VS Autonomy
3. Insufficient capacity utilization
4. g]t[Tj ;Ifd 5}g / af/Djf/ jbln/xG5 .
5. ;]jf, ;'ljwf / Bonus: Productivity / Profit based 5}gg .
6. Overstaffing and Trade Unionism
7. ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] a9L b'?kof]u ul/G5 .
8. lghL If]q;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;s]gg .
9. cfly{s lqmofsnfk kf/bzL{ 5}gg . ;dodf n]vfk/LIf0f ul/+b}g .
10. cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf] cefj 5 .
11. Over expenditure, operation in heavy loss
12. ;'ljwf hlt sd{rf/Ln] lng], bfloTjhlt ;/sf/nfO{ kG5fpg] k|j[lQ 5 .
13. k|ltkmn vf]Hg] Ownership glng] k|j[lQ 5 .
14. hgljZjf; u'd]sf] cj:yf 5 .
15. :j:y d"No gLltsf] cefj 5 .
16. e|i6frf/ a9bf] 5 .
;'wf/sf pkfox?M
1. Clearcut policy, vision and objectives
2. cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg k4ltdf ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 .
3. /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf rflxof] .
4. Managerial Autonomy lbg' kb{5 .
5. lgoldt cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug'{kb{5 .
6. k'/:sf/ / ;hfosf] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L x'g'kb{5 .
7. sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 .
8. Creation of own fund for contingency liabilities

34
9. lgoldt / u'0f:t/o'Qm pTkfbg jf ;]jf rflxof] .
10. Cut overstaffing by VRS policy
11. Increase efficiency and competition
12. kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{
13. Reform in-
 Policy
 Behavior
 Manpower
14. :jtGq ;'k/Lj]Ifs lgsfosf] u7g ug'{kb{5 .
15. pko'Qm d"No lgwf{/0f gLlt c+ufNg' kb{5 .
 g]kfndf PEs ^ j6f P]gaf6 ;+rflnt 5g . Uniformity vf]O{<
 Price df Monopoly ePsf ;+:yfg ;d]t 3f6fdf 5g . -hgs lzIff ;fdfu|L s]Gb|_
df}h'bf gLltx?
 ;+ljwfgM ;fj{hlgs pBdx?sf] ljsf; lj:tf/ ub}{ hgtfnfO{ ;j{;'ne ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ .
 ;+:yfg P]g, @)@!
 pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$
 lghLs/0f P]g, @)%)
 cfjlws of]hgf / jh]6 .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] bfloTj
 pkef]Qmf k|ltsf]
 ;dfh k|ltsf]
 sd{rf/L k|ltsf]
 ;/sf/ k|ltsf]
 cf+km} . nufgLstf{ k|ltsf]
PEs sf sfo{s'zntf dfkgsf cfwf/x?
!= d'gfkmf @= Productivity #= cy{tGqdf of]ubfg $= Minimization of Westage %= ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L jxgsf]
cj:yf ^= Financial Ratio Analysis &= ef}lts ;'rsf+s *= cf}Bf]lus ;DjGw (= pkef]Qmfsf] ;Gt'li6 /
!)= /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf .

35
lghLs/0f
 ;fdfGo cy{df lghLs/0f eGgfn] ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] lhDd]jf/L, Joj:yfkg /
:jfldTj lghL If]qdf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfd xf] .
 a[xt cy{df ;/sf/sf] cToflws ;+nUgtf /x]sf] cy{tGqnfO{ lghL If]qsf] cu'jfO{df ;+rfng x'g] ahf/
cy{tGqdf kl/0ft ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lghLs/0f elgG5 .
lghLs/0f lsg<
 To reduce the role of government in business related activities,
 To enhance rolfe of private sector in national economy,
 To attract private capital
o;sf ;fy},
 lghL If]qnfO{ lasf;df ;xefuL u/fpg,
 ;/sf/n] Jofkf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf,
 lghL If]q;+u a9L Productivity x'G5 eGg] dfGotf .
lghLs/0fsf tl/sfx?
1. ;+rfng tl/sfdf kl/jt{g
 nIosf] t'ngfdf oyfy{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] dfkg, ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf 5'6 .
2. ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g
 Restructuring and competition
 7]Ssfdf lbg]
 Joj:yfkg s/f/
 lgudLs/0f
 lj36g .
3. :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f
 z]o/ x:tfGt/0fM ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{, lghL If]qnfO{ .
 ;+:yfgsf] ;DklQ ljqmL .
4. cGo tl/sfx?
 Joj:yfkg4f/f vl/b
 ;xsf/Ls/0f

36
5. lghLs/0fsf cnfjf ;'wf/sf pkfox?
 sfo{ ;+rfngdf ;'wf/
 pbf/ d"No gLlt
 ;/sf/L Uof/]06Ldf C0f pknAw gu/fpg]
 sd{rf/L s6f}lt
 bIf hgzlQm cfk"lt{
 ;'rssf cfwf/df pknlAw d"Nof+sg
 Social Sector sf PEs df Consumer Survey ug]{
 k|lt:kwf{ j9fpg] .
lghLs/0fdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?
1. Evaluation of Assets
2. hUuf cltqmd0f
3. ;DklQ ljqmL ug{ sl7gfO{ 5 .
4. /fhg}lts/ /fli6o ;xdlt h'6fpg ufx|f] 5 .
5. Post privatization monitoring 5}g .
6. k'FhLahf/ ljsl;t 5}g .
7. :jb]zL ahf/ ;fgf] 5 . ljb]zL nufgLstf{ cfslif{t x'b}gg .
8. hgtfdf nufgLsf] jfgL k/]sf] 5}g .
9. ;/sf/n] bfloTj Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] 5 .
10. lghL If]q nfebfos pBf]udf dfq cfslif{t 5g .
11. :ki6 sfo{of]hgf 5}g / ;f] cg'?k sfd ePsf] klg 5}g .

First paper unit 3

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First paper unit 3