The document summarizes a panel discussion held by the Association of Community Radio Broadcasters Nepal (ACORAB) on disaster risk reduction and community radio. Over 135 representatives from community radio stations across Nepal attended. The objective was to sensitize stations on DRR issues so they can effectively address them. A panel of experts presented on the status of disasters in Nepal, community-level DRR initiatives, and how media can contribute to DRR. Participants discussed how community radios and organizations like DPNet and Red Cross can collaborate more on DRR. Examples were shared of radios informing communities during disasters and helping victims, and calls were made to replicate such initiatives for greater impact. The discussion aimed to help community radio stations strategize

1. Completion Report
Panel discussion with community radio stations on DRR
December 2010
Submitted to
DIEPCHO Partners
c/o Mission East
Lalitpur
Association of Community Radio Broadcasters Nepal (ACORAB)
Chakupat, Lalitpur
0

2. CONTENTS
Background ....................................................................... 2
Objective ........................................................................... 3
Overview of the Programme ............................................. 3
Outcome ............................................................................ 8
Conclusion ......................................................................... 8
ANNEX I : Pokhara Declaration of ACORAB
ANNEX II : Presentation of Surya Dhakal
ANNEX III : Presentation of Dr Meen Dhakal
ANNEX IV : Radio Programme Production Guideline to Community Radio
for Disaster Risk Management
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3. Completion Report
Panel discussion with community radio stations on DRR
Background
Over the last 13 years community radio stations in Nepal have promoted that right by
establishing themselves as a highly credible, fair and socially-responsive form of media that has
substantially changed the landscape of the media in Nepal by allowing for more pluralism and
freedom of expression. In many rural areas of the country, these stations are the only forms of
media available and they have been providing services to the marginalized and disadvantaged
who have been ignored by the mainstream media. Community radio stations in Nepal have
demonstrated at a global level that community radios are very efficient to reach the remote
areas of Nepal, raise awareness, provide information and mobilize rural communities, promote
democratic culture, protect human rights, enhance participatory development, contribute to
peace-building and promote equitable society and contribute to the overall transformation
process of the nation As a result, community radios of Nepal have gained social legitimacy and
have become integral part of the communities they serve.
The key to engaging the people in the transformation process is to increase their access to
information, by means of which they can have better understanding of the different issues and
concerns. This will also enable them to take active participation in public dialogues and
debates. However, enhancing the knowledge and understanding of the people is not easy.
Communication in many parts of the country is seriously underdeveloped, more than half the
population is illiterate, and people live in scattered rural villages.
In this context, it has been widely acknowledged that the best way of delivering information to
people across Nepal and empowering them is through the nation’s dynamic community radio
network. Due to this existing opportunity, the Association of Community Radio Broadcasters
(ACORAB), an umbrella body of community radios in Nepal, is geared towards helping
community radios become capable of carrying out these contextual responsibilities more
strategically. As an umbrella organization, ACORAB is also better placed to undertake the
responsibility of empowering the community radio stations.
ACORAB had organised its Annual General Meeting on 22 and 23 November 2010 in Pokhara.
Representatives, mostly decision makers, of 135 community radio stations from across the
country participated at the meeting. ACORAB tapped the opportunity to sensitise the
representatives on different contemporary issues, including on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
by organising panel discussion on 22 November 2010.
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4. Objective
The main objective of the programme was to sensitise and upgrade knowledge of community
radio stations on issues related to DRR so that the stations would raise the issue more
effectively in their respective radio stations.
Overview of the Programme
The AGM was held when the community radio sector in Nepal is spearheading a campaign for
enhancing their role for social transformation. The Annual General Meeting of ACORAB is one
of the major platform for the community radios of Nepal to sensitise on the DRR issue and, at
the same time to define how can ACORAB and the community radio increase social impact of
the radio, build a stronger community radio movement and develop clear strategies and action
plans for positively influencing on the issue.
Community radio stations have long been
raising issues related to the DRR and
ACORAB has recently accomplished the first
phase of project with DIPECHO partners to
prepare and broadcast one episode of radio
magazine and 32 news reports through
community radio stations. ACORAB is very
much encouraged to raise the issue and would
like to institutionalise the issue at the radio
stations. For the purpose, ACORAB believe on
that if the decision makers of the stations
become more aware on the issue and its
Minister of Information and Communication
importance, they would play a catalytic role Shankar Pokhrel launching the book "DRR
for addressing the issue more effectively. Guideline for Community Radio Stations of Nepal"
The schedule of first day of the AGM was as follow:
Day 1: November 22, 2010 (Monday)
10:00 AM- 1:00 PM Inaugural Session
Chief Guest: Minister of Information and Communication
Keynote speakers:
Jeevan Shahi (Leader, Nepali Congress)
Pradip Gyawali (Leader, CPN UML)
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5. Anil Sah (Leader, Madhesi Jana-Adhikar Forum)
Mahendra Guragain (Secretary, MOIC)
Bishnuhari Dhakal (President, Broadcasting Association Nepal)
Raghu Mainali (Vice President, AMARC Asia Pacific)
Shiva Gaunle (President, SAFMA)
Laxman Upreti (President, NEFEJ)
Lars Christensen (Coordinator, DanidaHUGOU)
Upendra Rijal (Chairperson, Equal Access)
Representatives of Federation of Nepalese Journalist and Press Union of Kaski
1:00 PM- 2:00 PM Lunch
2:00 PM - 6:00 PM Panel Discussion on ʺDisaster Risk Reduction and Community Radio in
Nepalʺ
Facilitator: Subas Khatiwada (Treasurer, ACORAB)
Pannelists:
i) Dr Min Bahadur Poudel (President, Disaster Preparedness Network)
ii) Mr Laxman Upreti (President, Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists- NEFEJ)
iii) Dr Surya Dhakal (Nepal Red Cross, Kaski Chapter)
The first day of AGM began with the inaugural session in which Honourable Minister of
Information and Communication Shanker Pokhrel was the Chief Guest. Among others, he
launched the ʺDRR Guideline for Community Radio Stationsʺ. As per the project agreement
with the DIPECHO partners, ACORAB had planned to carry out formative research to identify
DRR issues so that ACORAB would effectively raise DRR issues in its radio programme. Later
on ACORAB decided to prepare the guideline for all community radio stations so that the
guideline guide the radio stations to prepare radio programme on the DRR issue.
The second session began after the lunch. The main topic of the panel session was ʺDisaster
Risk Reduction and Community Radioʺ. The session was facilitated by Treasurer of ACORAB
Mr Subas Khatiwada and he allocated 20 minutesʹ time for three pannelists.
Beginning the Pannel Session began by Dr
Surya Dhakal made a presentation on status
of disaster risk in Nepal. He presented
statistics of nature of disaster and its impact
IN Nepal since 1971. Showing community
level initiatives inm different districts for
disaster risk reduction, he stressed on that
ʺDRR is Saving lives and protecting rightsʺ.
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6. Followed by the presentation of Dr Poudel, Dr
Min Bahadur Poudel made a presentation on
DRR, risk reduction and preparedness. At the end
of the panel session, Mr Laxman Upreti explained
about DRR in Nepal by showing video
documentary.
Followed by the panel session, the floor was
opened for discussion.
During the open discussion, some suggestions and
queries were presented by the participants. The
major questions raised by the participants are as
follows:
• How media can contribute in DRR?
• How we can raise resources so that we can
contribute in DRR? Where we can get enough
information about DRR?
• What can we can minimize the risk of Disaster?
Similarly, the participants comments about DPNet and other disasters risk reduction initiatives
were as follows:
DPNet is formed, but does not exist in the grass roots level. Can community radios and DPNet
work together. Similarly, Red Cross also can increase its collaboration with Community
Radios.
Most of the Nepalese people are depend on agriculture, but because of the uncontrolled use of
chemical fertilizers and pesticides, we might face extreme consequences in the future resulting
in low productivity and hunger. Therefore, we may also note that this end-result also might be
a disaster, where none of the agencies are seemed concerned with.
Representative from from Solu FM shared an experience about after disaster information. There
was a fire in a village burning 21 houses, where radio broadcasted and informed community,
police army etc., who could gather early and could save around 90 houses from burning. Solu
FM also collected donations and helped the victim after the disaster. This kind of initiatives can
be replicated for greater impact.
The summary of the response made by the resource persons on participantsʹ queries and
comments is as follows:
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7. Media can play a vital role for a Disaster Risk
Reduction. Community Radios might have
limited resources, but there are also many things
which could be done with very limited
resources. For example, Community Radios can
inform people about what they can do in the
event of flood, landslide etc. As they have access
to the grass roots level, CRs have a ability of
contributing a lot. CRs need to design
programme in such way that more and more
people could benefit from it.
There are very limited trainings in the disaster
area but we have plenty of research activities.
Research activities have been carried out by
Home ministry, UNDP, ActionAid, DPNet and
so son. However, we don’t have enough
dissemination and distribution mechanism. We
even have the topographic map of Nepal
outlining the areas suitable for residence,
bridges, roads etc., but the people donʹt have
access to it. We need to get it and inform people.
For example, if we can inform people about the
Red Book of the government, then the people
will know who is halting the development and
demand. We can also find resources in local
level.
Disaster issues are very vital since they are
associated with our lives. Nepal is a disaster prone country, where even two kings have died
from earthquake (in twelfth and thirteenth centuries). Disaster does not discriminate on the
basis of position and power. Community Radio can hold a panel discussion about DRR at local
level. We have been able to identify problems but might not have enough will power and
resources. Community radios can find out available articles and information and read it out.
For example, community Radio can inform how to be safe in earthquakes, specifications about
how we can build earthquake safe houses and how to minimize damage in case of earthquakes.
Small pieces of information like this can be very useful for the community.
There is plenty of resource in the DRR area, which might not have been utilized properly.
Community radios can advocate for the proper utilization of the resources.
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8. News tends to highlight the event and loses of disaster, but we also have to go in more in detail
about the preparedness and management. Community radios, if can help in transparency by
bringing out the facts, we could save more resources and utilize. There is a mandatory
provision that each VDC should allocate minimum of 10% if its fund in humanitarian sector,
which is not implemented properly because of low peopleʹs awareness, where community
radios can play an in important role.
Most of the disasters are manmade. For example, we use bull dozen since we want the road
finished early. We do not have skilled human resources who could convince people involved
in this area.
Some agencies think that if you use radio, you have to pay, but community radio also can help
the community without receiving money. Agencies like Red Cross should think about that.
Community radio personnel invited the experts to their community to provide information to
the community through the community radios.
Natural events are natural but disasters are mostly man made. For example, we cannot stop
earthquakes but can minimize the damage. Human activities are most responsible for changing
the natural changes to disaster.
NGO have a very important role. Communities trust NGOs than the government. Since, most
of the community radios are operated by NGOs, it will strengthen the role community radios
are willing to play in the disaster reduction area.
DPNet is a network of around eighty member organization including Police, Army, UNDP,
Action Aid etc., but we have very small budget and resources. Therefore, we are not able to
reach the grassroots. Some organizations have started local organizations in affiliation to
DPNet. DP Net have not been able to do more, and intends to focus in coordination otherʹs
efforts rather than acting itself. DPNet provides information resources and Training, which
could help the community radios.
DPNet will be happy to provide trainings to reporters and information resources to the
community radios so they can inform their listeners. We can also try to find other place for
resources together.
After the conclusion of the AGM on second day, i.e. 23 November, ACORAB made a 9 point
Pokhara Declaration. One of the points of the Declaration has expressed commitment to work
on DRR issue by the radio stations.
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9. Outcome
The workshop had following outcomes:
i) Sensitisation to community radio representatives on DRR issue
ii) Clarity on the strategies for the radio station to work on the issue
iii) Expression of commitment of the radio stations on Pokhara Declaration to work on
the DRR issues
Conclusion
ACORAB appreciates the initiative of DIPECHO partners to raise the DRR issue through the
community radio stations. Community radios have certain characteristics that make them
advantageous for disaster communication: they provide easy access to large publics (especially
rural population), information provided by community radios can be crucial in motivating and
enabling them to prepare for the disaster, to act reasonable during the disaster and to recover
after the disaster, and some of them constitute a robust communication system which remains
working even in cases of a partial breakdown of the infrastructure. All in all, the community
radios have a social responsibility to play its pro-active role at different phases of disaster, from
preparedness through response, from prevention, mitigation and readiness, through relief,
recovery and rehabilitation. For the purpose, the community radios need to feel their
responsibility and accordingly act at their capacity towards disaster management. Since
ACORAB is an umbrella organization of all community radios of Nepal and socially
responsible organization, it has taken a lead facilitative role to own the issue by the member
radio stations.
The recently held panel discussion has further helped to sensitise on the issue and make the
radio stations commit to effectively raise the issue. ACORAB expects such mutual collaboration
with the DIPECHO partners will lead to work more effectively for a common cause in future.
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10. ANNEX 1: Pokhara Declaration of ACORAB
POKHARA DECLARATION
ADOPTED AT
7TH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF ASSOCIATION OF COMMUNITY RADIO BROADCASTERS
22 – 23 NOVEMBER 2010
POKHARA, NEPAL
We, the representatives of the community radios of Nepal present at the 7th Annual General Meeting
of Association of Community Radio Broadcasters Nepal (ACORAB), the umbrella organization of 169
community radios of Nepal support the right to information of the people and pass the following
declarations:
1. We, all community radios of Nepal commit to implement the Gender Equality and Social Inclusion
Policies for community radios of Nepal, being developed by ACORAB in collaboration with the
community radio stations.
2. Demand to end existing political deadlock on formation of government and stalemate of
constitution making process;
3. Express increased solidarity for persecuted community radio broadcasters and deepening the social
impact of community radio;
4. Call for the government of Nepal to endorse the Community Radio Broadcasting Act;
5. Demand for adequate measures for the Safety and security of media persons;
6. Demand for unbiased and regulated distribution of radio frequencies;
7. Commit to establish a community radio development fund;
8. Demand for discounts for the radio stations in terms of electricity and customs duties; and
9. Demand Government advertisements, such as public announcements, to be made available to the
radio on a regular basis.
23 November 2010
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11. ANNEX II: Presentation of Surya Dhakal
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12. ANNEX III: Presentation of Dr Meen Chettri
11

13. ANNEX IV: Radio Programme Production Guideline to
Community Radio for Disaster Risk Management
1. Background
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management is the great challenge to econimically poor
nation like Nepal. The case is further aggravated dut to the lack of knowledge and
information mostly at high risk community from disaster like pro-poor community,
ethnic and marginalized community, women, child, adult and differently-abled people.
The earthquake, water-induced disaster and impact of climate change are the prime
factors to hamper the life and livelihood in Nepal.
Having the fragile geology and complex topography, the Hindu-Kush Himalaya
Region is highly prone to the disaster events and it is further hightened by the poverty
and lack of eduction. In this regard it is the urgent need to increase the awareness to
strengthen capacity of the community to cope such challenges. To increase the
understanding level of community; make them the responsible to tackle such
challenges are the key efforts. It is the great responsibility of the media personnel to
disseminate the information and knowledge on DRR/DM as being the forth body of the
nation. The media persons, who are responsible with the reader, listener and audience,
should move in a pro-active way to make alert and sagacious to that community who
are at high risk with contributing for SAFER NEPAL.
It is not sure that the media personnel who provide the full effort to sensitize the
public, are the expert even having the various subject knowledge. The discussion and
advocacy on DRR/DM has been starting since only last few years. During this time due
to the polical transition period, media has given very less priority to such humanitarian
sensitive issues. However, there are lots of opportunities for the media personnel to
know about DRR/DM, even the political liquidity of the nation compelling it to narrow
the sector. By curbing such situation, it is further expected that with providing the fact
and true information, media can play the vital role to make the community more safer.
2. Objective of guidelines
The main objective is to provide the guideline while producing and broadcasting the
programm related to DRR/DM to increase the coping capacity of community by
12

14. awareness through Community Radio Stations. The specific objectives of the guidelines
are as follow;
• To air or broadcast the programme to the stakeholders by identifying the local
and national issues of disaster
• To disseminate the fundamental knowledge and information to safeguard the
right of disaster affected commuities
• To contibute mass awareness and advocacy for DRR/DM making effective
programme production, distribution, and its broadcasting
3. Guideline methods
As per the urgent need to identify the different components and mechnism to
mainstream the disaster issues into media, mostly for community F.M. Radio Stations,
this guideline is preparing on the basi of followinng methods;
1. Study, review and analysis of published and broadcasted reports and other
related materiasl
2. Discussion and interaction with the representative from concerned stakeholders
and organisations.
3. Meeting, dissucion and interaction with disaster affected community.
4. Information collection and development of the questionnaire.
5. Information collection on subject matter and mechnism through the
questionnaire.
6. Preparation of guidelines by analysing the information and suggestion
4. Status of disaster and its risk in Nepal
It is clear by considering the ʹBig Bangʹ theory, the disaster has occured since the origin
of the Earth. We know nature is dynamic which is changing in its own slow pace but
nowadays anthropogenic factors has been causing the occurrance of disaster event in a
very erratic way. Through the statistic of disaste events and its loss over human and
property for many past years, Nepal is at high risk.
Nepal is highly effected by frequent occuring of disasters like flood, landslide, high
rainfall, fire, epidemic, hurricane, drought, thunderstorm and lightening every year.
Furthermore, it has been clear from history that Earthquake that take place after long
interval of time would be highly dangerous. Nepal is in 11th position at high risk of
earthquake and 30th position at high risk of water-induced disasters (UN/BCPR 2004). In
addition, it has stated that 97% of Nepali are being affected by disaster in any form.
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15. The following statistic, since 1971 to 2006 reveals the risk and damage occured by
disaster: (Table 1.)
Table 1: Disaste events and its impact during 1971-2006
S.N Event Death Injured Affected House House loss of Cattle
people loss danage land loss
(ha)
1. Drought 1 1512 329,332
2. Earthquake 873 6842 4539 33710 63 2257
3. Epidemic 15529 37773 323,896 1 78
4. Wildfire 1081 735 218,128 62634 2762 352 113,922
5. Flood 2884 349 3315,781 70115 1041 196,955 31117
6. Landslide 3899 1188 480,069 16799 1209 21797 9046
Source: Nepal Disaster Report, 2009, MoHA/GoN, DPNet-Nepal, UNDP and Oxfam GB Nepal
Within the narrow range of average 90km, Nepal has extended from 60m amsl of
Kechanaka, Jhapa to 8848m amsl, Mt. Everest, with high risk of disaster due to the
variable climatic and edaphic factors with fragile geology being highly prone to flood,
landslide, snow avalanches and GLOF. Due to illiteracy and unable to adopt the
measures of Risk reduction, hygiene and safe drinking water, Nepal is suffering from
frequently occuring disasters like epidemics, fire, hurricane and other where it is very
tough to note yearly destruction of property and lives in Nepal. Table 1 shows the facts
that flowing of more than 6,000 rivers and rivulets originated from Himalayan of North
to Chure range of South are extremely risky and destructive. Based on the geographical
sturctural, description of disasters and destruction by them are very pitiful (Table 2).
Table 2: Disaster events and its impact on the basis of geographical area
Geographical Area
Types of Cause
Disaster Highly Less
impact impact
Techtonic movement
Earthquake Mountain Terai
Flood, High rainfall and dam made by
Terai Mountain
Inundance India on boarder
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16. Weak, instable and steep terrain, soil
Landslide Mountain erosion, deforestation etc.
Lack of knowledge on proper use of
Wildfire Terai Mountain fire, Dense settlement, Unmetaled
house
Lack of hygiene and safe drinking
Terai, –
Epidemic water, malnutritution lack of access
Mountain
to heath service
Climate Change: According to
GLOF Mountain, ICIMOD and UNEP, among 3,115
Terai
hill galcial lakes, 22 are at risk of
outburst.
Source: Ram Chandra Neupane, Disaster Management Training Report, Lutheran World
Federation, Nepalgunj, banke 2066
Nepal has not only been suffering from frequently occuring disasters like flood,
landslide, epidemic, hurricane, fire, cold wave but also from the earthquake and GLOF
that occur in certain interval of time.
5. Cause of Disasters
There are mainly two causes for occurance of disaster:
5.1 Natural cause: Disasters occur due to internal process of earth, for
example: Rainfall, flood, landslide, earthquake,
volcano, tsunami etc.
5.2 Anthropogenic cause: Disasters occur due to human activities are called
Man-induced disaster. For example: Environment
pollution, malnutrition, Vehicle accidents, industrial
and chemical accidents etc.
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17. 6. Types of Disasters:
6.1 Slow motion disasters like Desertification and drought
6.2 Fast motion disaster (occur in short period or immediately)
• Geographical Disaster: Earthquake, Volcano
• Water-induced Disaster: Flood, Landslide,inundance, snow avalanche,
hailstorm, GLOF
• Air-induced Disaster: Hurricane, Cold wave, thunderstorm and
Lightening, Tsunami
• Man-induced Disaster: Social war, conflict, quarrel
• Fire-induced Disaster: Forest fire, fire on industry, home, vehicle etc
• Food-induced Disaster: Famine, Malnutrition, Epidemic
• Technology-induced Disaster: Chemical, Industrial and Vehicle accident
• Biological Disaster: Attack of wildlife, Epidemic, Attack of pest
• Disaster-induced Disaster: Fire, Epidemic, Flood due to the blockade of
river
7. Impact of Disaster:
7.1 Human destruction: Death, Injured, lost
7.1 Economic Destruction:
• Personal Property: Food, Clothes, Jeweleries, Improtant papers
• Physical infrastructure: House, Shed, Electricity, Drinking water
• Land: crop Field, Fish pond
• Crop: Cash crop, food, garden,
• Livestocks: Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Hen, pork
• Public Property: School, Library, Road, Bridge, drinking water
system, electricity
• Long term impact
• Mental effect
• Economic impact: Individual and social, Livelihood
• National impact
• Internation impact
• Effect on human resource
8. Disaster Risk Management
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18. Human-induced disasters can be controlled in high extent but natural cause of disasters
cannot be controlled. However, research and experiment have proved that destruction of
property occured as a result of disasters can be reduced.We are facing the disaster event
in daily life directly or indirectly. As establishig the tradition of washing hand before
meal and after toilet regularly, it is necessary to establish safe habit to increase the coping
capacity against disaster. There are several cause for the occurance of diasater and it is
necessary to have micro level study for the cause and impact of disaster. Disaster
management is defined as the entire activities done to reduce the disaster in three stages
i.e pre disaster, during disaster and post disaster
9. Disaster Management Cycle
There are three stages of disaster management. Pre-disaste, during disaster and post
disaster. Following cycle clearly shows the Disaster management cycle.
There is only response after incidence of disaster that means there is no due
consideration of such disaster cycle for disaster management and most of the activities
are targeting for during and post disaster events neglecting the pre-disaster event which
is foremost important. Thus the entire activities done to reduce the disaster considering
these disaster cycle is called disaster management cycle.
10. Terms to consider while preparing the programme
10.1 Timeline of Disaster
It is necessary to know the disaster with noting its occurance time (timeline) and
area for the media personnel while producing material related to disaster risk
management which are listed below;
Event/Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Flood
landslide
Epidemic
Windstorm
Wildfire
Earthquake
Hailstorm
GLOF
Cold wave
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19. 10.2 Pre-disaster (Preparedness, Early Warning System)
• Identification of disaster:Identification and mapping of hazard
• Contingency(Emergency) plan
• Policies, Act, Rule and Program
• Human resource mobilization, training, workshop, seminar etc
• Resource management
• Framework for resettlement and rehabilitation
• Framework for re-construction
• Outline of re-buildment program
• Measures for the reduction of disaster (Structural, Non-structural, food security)
• Disaster Preparedness plan
• Emmergency fund, first Aid box and Go bag
• Coordination with every aspects of disaster management
• Identification of Stakeholders and work division
• Practice of disaster resistance technology on development work
• Considering Disaster Imapct Anasysis while development
10.3 During disaster
• Patience, control and use of safety measures
• Go for rescue and releif you are safe
• Wait and follow the govermen’s guidelines
• During emergency, move to a safe area with GO Bag
• Rescue and relief management
10.4 Post Disaster (Releif and rescue, re-settlement, re-construction)
• Regularity on releif management activities
• Disaster Impact Assesement
• Re-construction and maintenance of affected structures
• Re-settlement and resettlement
• Assessment of current disaster management plan
• Minimal use of important services
11. Main approach of subject matter or issues
Media personnel have to prepare the following materials due considering the different
stages of disaster management
S.N. Subject Issuess Area
• Flood
1 Information Preparedness • Landslide
• Epidemic
• Wildfire
18

20. • Windstorm
• Earthquake
• Drought/Food
insecurity/Malnutritio
n
• GLOF
• Snow Avalanche
2 Approach/Kn Disaster management Disaster and its origin
owledge
Vulnerable
Risk and its nature
Disaster and its condition as a
result of hazard
Search and Rescue
Information collection and
condition amalysis during
emergency
Releif management
Re-settlement
Re-construction
Reduction
Disaster Impact Assessment
while development
Community based Disaster
Management Committee
Minimal criteria for
humanitarian support
Sphere Project
Right of Disaster affected
community
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21. Socio-cultural structure
Economic and technical capacity
3 Interaction
Local, national and international norms and values, Safeguard of
human rights during disasters
4 Disaster management and risk
policy National strategy of reduction plan on national plan
advocacy disaster risk
management Responsibility of working group on
response, releif and rescue
Disaster management
act, policy and law
Compensation and its criteria
Activities and
implementation
Duty and right of effected or victim
peoples
Participation of affected community in
programe and access on decision
making
5
Social Field Study
desire/event Effectiveness of disaster management
description and risk reduction programme
Success and failure of program
Community acceptance
•
Replicable and scalable best practice
and success story
Non-Replicable practice and failure
6
Inclussivenes Community participation Gender approach, issues
20

22. s
Participation and issues of poor,
marginalized community
Community who are compelled to stay
at vulnerable place
Issues of differently-abled (Disabled)
persons
Issues of adult, Children and Women
Approach of ʹwhose issues; their
leadingʹ
Reference materials for study
It is necessary to read and listen following materials by media personnel to learn issues
and boost up knowledge.
• National Strategy of Disaster Risk Managemnet 2066, Government of Nepal
• Preparedness in practice 2007, Dpnet-Nepal
• Disaster Knowledge Series (Series 1-15), Ram Chandra Neupane
• Paryawaran Monthly, ECO-Nepal
• Chetana Radio and Television program, ECO-Nepal
• Tragedy of Disaster, Documentry, Oxfam GB-Nepal
• Disaster risk reduction tool kit for CA members, 2066, Action-Aid nepal, Oxfam
GB-Nepal and other stakeholders
Programme outline (for 30 min) Time -
minute
Announcement 2
Report 5
Song 5
Drama 7
Information 2
Interaction 5
Other 3
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23. Annex-1: Disaster Terminology
(Hazard): Incidents that can cause disasters like flood, landslide, hurricane, lightening are
hazard.
(Disaster) : Condition of human and property loss due to the incident of hazard. Situation in
which it needs otherʹs support while peopleʹs replacement due to the incidents
like death, injury, vanish and death of domestic animals and destruction of crop
field and other property is called disaster.
Risk: Condition or Potentiality of destruction as a result of hazard. Community near the bank of
river is in the risk of flood. Houses or community on deep steep and
………….are in high risk of landslide.
Vulnerable: The condition which is prone to disaster, emergency situation and high risk. For eg,
the settlement in landslide prone area or house in river basin while flooding
season
Reduction: Preparation done to decrease the destruction caused by disasters or preparedness
done before the occurance of disaster to cope disaster. Preparedness, early
warning system etc. are the activities done for disaster risk reduction.
Mitigation: Activities done to reduce the loss caused by Disaster. Activities like making
embankment near river side, build walls around the place that has possibility of
flood. Adopting procedures which can reduce the possibility of destruction
while development work.
Capacity: Conditions having the resources, skill, knowledge, and technology that help to cope
disaster. Preparedness done before the occurance of disaster if it is prone to
disaster. Condition when emergency materials are reserved for emergency
period. Coping capacity can be increased by preparedness.
Retrofitting: Activities making stronger. Reconstruction and maintenance of old houses, sheds,
road, bridge, school using specific technology that can prevent the possibility of
risk.
Building code: The criteria and guideline made by government of Nepal, 2060 to construct the
building. This is normally the safety measures for general earthquake
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24. Emergency: The condition of destruction of human and physical property as a result of
disaster. In such situation, it is hard to balance the situation by family and
neighbourhood and it needs support of government and Non-government
organization.
Forecast: Prediction done on the specific subject and issues. Flood can be predicted during high
rain fall. Daily weather condition broadcasted by Radio is forecast.
Early Warnings: Pre information provided to the communities where there is possibilities of
disasters. Development and practice of Early Warnings systems help cope such
disasters.
Preparedness: Preparedness is the activity that is done before the occurance of any disaster to
reduce the destruction caused by it. Use of Siren to make alert the vulnerable
community during chance of flood is a preparedness activity.
Response: Activities like, rescue, relief and humanitarian support done during the period of
disaster. Take away the people and neighbours from disaster area, take homeless
people to safe shelter and support for livelihood.
Cope : Capacity to response and solve the problem occurred by disaster. Swiming is the coping
capacity to be safe from flooding area.
Duck, Cover and Hold: The way of sitting mostly during the earthquake and can also be
applied during landslide to safe the sensible body organs.
Go Bag: Bag that can be put in convenient place and can be carried during the period of
disaster which contain first aid materials, light food, useful instruments to save
family and neighbours.
After shocks: Minor shocks that is felt after the occurance of huge earthquake.
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25. Annex 2: Minimal criteria for humanitarian support
Emergency plan is used during the disaster to reduce the destruction from it. During this
period, social, economic and cultural conditions are not in balance. These criteria are developed
due considering fundamental umanitarian norms and value to protect the right of disaster
affected communities. Government of Nepal has already endorsed the criteria determined bu
the Sphere Project. It is essencial to apply the basic criteria determined for humanitarian
support during disaster. Summary (brief) of this criteria are as given below;
1. Sector of Coordination, information and early-warning system
• Coordination meeting once in two days in first week and once in second week.
• Information about coordination meeting and report.
• Support and distribute the releif materials to people or group that are at risk.
• Based on the condition and necessity conduct MIRA (Multi-sectoral Rapid
Assessment) team
• Prepare report everyday of the first week. Prepare report once in a week or once
in two days as per need.
• Send news to communication media on everyday of first week wihin 24 hours
• Attempt to activate the regional disaster releif committee.
• Follow coordination and camp management, Prepare report and inform everyone
about it.
2. Food sectors
Following things will be on access of effected people:
(1) Management of foodstuffs of 2,100 calories for each person per day.
(2) There should be complementary of one or two differennt foodstuff along with the
accessible and currently provided foodstuff
(3) Management of complementary food along with basic food for specific group of
people (small children, HIV effected, malnutritional etc.)
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26. Food list as per the criteria
In a coordination with DPNet-Nepal, MoHA/GoN has recommended the folloing food list on
the basis of Hyogo Framework for Action;
• Rice - per day per person 420 gram
• Dal - per day per person 60 gram
• Vegetable oil - per day per person 30 m.l.
• Salt - per day per person 5 gram
As per local situation, foodstuff distribution method should be decided. Distribution should
be done on the basis of first domestic level and data obtained by latest account.
3. Shelter and non-foodstuff and Camp management
1. In average, 3.5-4.5m2 area is available for single person, for the family of 5 membersʹ
4 x 5 m plastic seat along with rope and other urgent need materials are available,
2. Sufficient access of people from club
3. One full set of cloth to the children below 2 years.
4. One full set of cloth is there for women, girls, men and boys. In addition, regular
sanitary and hygienic materials for girls and women are available.
5. People have enough domestic materials (one set of pot).
6. Strategy for close and abandoning the camp.
7. Before the establishment of camp, land should be identified. It should be safe
and according to Sphere project.
8. Signature on MoU with school and public areas should be performed.
9. There should be the kind attention on cultural value and norms during the time
of camp planning.
10. Keep the record and practice of past established camp place.
11. Establish the camp in taking proper counseling from governmental agencies, societal
organization, local agency and stakeholders.
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27. 4.. Drinking water and cleanliness:
1. In hilly region, water is provided for 1 week through pipe or tank by
establishing relation with district headquater drinking water plan. In terai region,
minimum 5 liter water per day per person and within first 4 weeks the quantity of
provided water should be made 15 liters.
2 Provide enough tablets or water guard for 30 days to purify water and provide
buckets to store water to the people who reside in camp or those whose properties
and home are destroyed during disaster.
3. Construct temporary toilets for proper cleanliness of the people who live in camp
and proper bathing facility for ladies. (One toilet for each 20 people and within
first week, constructs more toilet as per one toilet for every 10 people).
4. Distribute the kits of first aid or other health related materials to affected people
who reside in camp through the joint effor of staffs of district health and drinking
water office, stakeholder organizations, volunteers of women health and Red
Cross and organize activities that focus on habits like washing hand and methods
of purifying water for drinking.
5. Prepare and improve district contingency plan in line with national contingency
plan for uniformity.
5. Health and nutrition
• Health surveillance is started at the same time when preliminary account is
conducted.
• Implementation of emergency health service programme can be performed
by primary health post in local level for general patient and for serious case
it can be reffered to central level health centre.
• Transport facility can be provided for patients who are sent by
recommendation to reach upto other referral centres.
6. Education:
• Organize Rapid Assessment on the fundamentals of eduction and status
of people involved in education within first week of the occurance of the
disaster
• Identify the temporary place to provide regular eduction to displaced
children from disaster in coordiation of District education office, disaster
affected community and local cluster members
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28. • Establish temporary learning center or safe place for school children as
soon as possible or within first two weeks or within 6 to 8 week as per
minimum criteria.
• Re-unite teachers and students and manage recreational materials along
with providing educational materials and re-opening the schools,
• Make sure that the school children are admitted or alternative
management has been estblished or not.
• Involve and manage the affected children for regular educational system
7. Protection
• Establish committee to report the voilance, misbehave and any harm to
protect the right of the victim or bring the existing committee into practice.
• Investigate whether pro-poor people or marginlized community are getting
proper facility and treated properly or not in case of humanitarian support
• Keep recod of stakeholders and make sure for the registration process.
• Create safe environment for ladies and children.
• Make integrate the support of social support for the programme related to
education and protection
• Help to prevent the act of neglecting the children from their care taker.
• Support on identification, registration and health examination of teenager
girls, children under 5 years and children without family and support
stakeholders who are involved in finding lost people and their re-unity.
• Care and protect children who are not with their family or group of people
who are in other risk like: lost family, old, disable and patient of long term
diseases. (management of residence and other service)
• Make sure that information is internally transferring to displaced people
about humanitarian support and temporary solution.
• Make effort to involve displaced people internally in the activities done for
temporary solution and bring them back to their home.
• Advocacy for adequent security on camp and resettlement regions.
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