The community initially had misunderstandings about the relief distribution from PACT Nepal, with people saying PACT would provide each household Rs. 50,000 and a bag of grain. However, after regular meetings between PACT staff and the community to explain PACT's objectives and that it does not provide direct cash relief, the community now understands PACT's role is to build disaster resilience, not provide cash. The community disaster management committee now clarifies any issues themselves. Regular interaction through the community listening center helped address the initial challenges around project implementation.

1. d[To'sf] d'vdf k'u]sL km'nfjtLsf] Hofg jrfpg l/kmn]S6 s]Gb| ;kmn
;'g;/L Og?jf # ls km'nfjtL ;bf ;'/lIft ;d'bfo kl/of]hgf cGtu{t ;Grfng x'g] lgoldt l/kmn]S6
;xefuL x'g . ldlt @)^^ ;fn sftL{s dlxgfdf kf7]3/sf] lj/fdLsf] sf/0f d[To'sf] d'vdf k'u]sL ;bfsf]
lhjg jrfpgsf] nflu ;d'bfodf ;GrfnLt l/km]S6 s]Gb| ;kmn jGof] . d[[To'sf] d'vdf k'u]sL ;bf xfn
;fdfGo lhjg hLpg ;kmn ePsL l5g . km'nfjtL ;bf h:t} ;d'bfodf cGo w]/} ljklQm ;fdgfsf]
sfddf l/kmn]S6 s]Gb| ;kmn jg]sf] 5 . l/kmn]S6df ;d'bfosf] k|fs[tLs k|sf]k dfq xf]Og dlxnfx?sf]
:jf:y ;d:of, lx+;f b'Ao{jxf/sf] ljifox?df ;fdgf s;/L ug]{ eGg] af/]df s]Gb|df 5nkmn x'g] ub{5 .
kf7]3/sf] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f @)^^ ;fn sftL{s dlxgfdf km'nfjtL ;bfsf] cj:yf gfh's ePsf] s'/f
l/kmn]S6df 5nkmndf cfof] . cfly{s sf/0f cfkmgf] pkrf/ ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sL km'nfjtL ;bfsf]
ljkQmLdf ;xof]uL jGg' k5{ eGg] lg0f{osf ;fy ;j} ;xeflux? j:tLdf rGbf ;xof]usf] nflu h'6] .
l/kmnS6 s]Gb|sf] dfBdaf6 g} v8f ePsf] ljkQL ;fdgfsf] nflu ;fd'bfoLs sf]ifaf6 ? !))) b]vfP/
]
;d'bfodf rGbf ;+sng, ;xof]uL lgsfox?af6 $))), tyf :yfgLo dlxnf jrtaf6 %))) lgz'Ns
;fk6L /sdaf6 ;bfsf] pkrf/ ;kmn ePsf] xf] .
x'g t o:tf] sfd l/kmnS6 grn]sf] cj:yfdf klg ufpF3/df ;Grfng x'g] u/]sf] 5 t/ l/kmn]S6sf] sf/0f
]
cem dhj't jg]sf] 5 . klxnf @, $ hgf ;xof]udf h'6by] AolQmut ?kdf t/ clxn] ;fd'lxs ?kdf /
;+:yfut ?kdf ;xof]udf h'6b5g . klxnf j:tLdf p7]sf] ;xof]udf dfq lge{/ x'g] u/]sf lyP eg] clxn]
j:tLdf p7]sf] /sd dfq xf]Og ;xof]uL lgsfox?sf] vf]hL ug]{ sfd klg ;+:yfut ?kdf ug]{ u/]sf 5g .
:jf:Yo lgsfodf s] s'g k|sf/sf] cf};lwx? lgz'Ns kfOG5, s:tf] ju{sf] ;d'bfosf] nflu ;/sf/L ;xof]u
s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] af/]df ;r]t 5g dlxnfx? . To;}n] /sd h'6fpg] dfq xf]Og l;dfGts[t ;d'bfosf
lgz'Ns pkrf/ x'g' k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ;d]t jsfnt ub{5g . TotL dfq xf]Og cfkt ljkbdf ;xof]u
ug{s]f nflu ;d'bfodf ljklQm ;fdgfsf] nflu ;fd'bflos sf]if klg v8f ePsf] 5 . ;f] sf]ifaf6 ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg yfn]sf 5g .
æPs dlxnfsf] lk8f ;a} dlxnfn] dxz'z ug'{k5{Æ eGg] egfO{ ;a} ufpFn] dlxnfx?sf] /x]sf] 5 .
kf7]3/sf] ;d:of km'nfjtL ;bfsf] dfq xf]Og ufpdf o:tf ;d:of ePsf dlxnfx? w]/} 5g . of] :jf:Yo
;d:ofn] s'g} lbg k|sf]ksf] ?k lnb}g eGg ;lsb}g . To;}n] o;sf] l;sf] ub}{ gof gof 9+uaf6,
ufpFufpFaf6 j:tL j:tLaf6 o:tf ljklQ ;fdgfsf] nflu h'6g' cfjZos 5 .
/Ltf rf}w/L
l/kmn]S6 ;xof]uL sfo{stf, pKsf g]kfn

2. d'l;at ax; s]Gb|sf] kxndf df6f] s6fg /f]lsof]
jljof * s]f jx/bf/ 6f]n ;'g;/L vf]nfsf] lsgf/df /x]sf] 5 . sdhf]8 df6f]sf] ;+/rgfsf] sf/0f ;'g;/L vf]nf
jif]{gL bfofafof ;g]{ ub{5 / j:tL 9'jfg x'g] / lj:yfkLt u/fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . xfn j:tLdf ;'/lIft ;d'bfo
kl/of]hgf bf]>f]af6 d'l;jt jx; s]Gb| ;Grfng ePsf] 5 . jx;
s]Gb|sf] 5nkmnn] vf]nfdf jif]{gL s6fg x'gsf] d'n sf/0f vf]nfsf]
lsgf/df kx'Frjfnfn] df6f] sf6]/ j]Rg' xf] eGg] 7x/ u¥of] . k6s
k6ssf] ;fd'lx k|of;af6 vf]nfsf] lsgf/df df6f] sf6g] k|s[of xfn
/f]lsPsf] 5 .
j:tL vf]nfsf] lsgf/df j;]sf] 5 . vf]nfsf] af9Laf6 hf]lvddf @)
3/ /x]sf] 5 . ;j} l;dfGts[t hghftLx? x'g . t/ vf]nfsf] lsgf/df
df6f] sf6]/ j]Rg] j:tL aflx/af6 cfpF5g / df6f] ufl8df xfn]/ nlu
j]Rg] rng 5 . ufpsf] dfgL;x? tdf;] eP/ x]g]{ sfd dfq cfh ;Dd
ePsf] lyof] . t/ ;d'bfodf ;+sled'vtfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddf vf]nf
s6fg / 8'jfgsf] sf/0f vf]nfsf] lsgf/df df6f] sf6L ljlqm ug'{ eGg]
;jfn cfP kl5 ;d'bfodf ;GrfnLt d'l;jt jx; s]Gb|df vf]nfdf
df6f] s6L j]Rg] k|sofnfO{ /f]Sg] eGg] lg0f{o eof] .
d'l;jt jx; s]Gb|sf] lg0f{onfO{ d'l;jt Aoj:yfkg ;ldltdf k'g M 5nkmn u/fO{ d'l;jt Aoj:yfkg ;ldltn]
klg o; sfdnfO{ tTsfn /f]Sg] ldlt @))( cS6f]j % df lg0f{o u¥of] . lg0f{o kl5 lgoldt ?kdf ufl8 lnP/
df6f] sf6g cfpg]x?nfO{ /f]Sg] sfd ;'? eof] . ufl8 lnP/
cfpg]x?nfO{ ;fd'lxs ?kdf ;DemfpFb} kmsf{pg] sfd ug{ yfn]
kl5 xfn df6f] sf6g] sfd jGb ePsf] 5 .
j:tLsf] jLrdf vfnL hldgx? 5g . ;f] hldgdf cltqmd0f
ug{sf] nflu vf; u/L g/l;+x uflj;sf] dfgL;x? cfP/ ug{
yfn] kl5 ;f] cltqmd0fnfO{ /f]Sg' kb{5 eg]// d'l;jt jx;
s]Gb|df ldlt @)^^ d+l;/ ! ut] lg0f{o eof] . vfnL hldg
cltqmd0f ug{ dfgL;x?nfO{ klg /f]Sg] sfd ;fd'lxs ?kdf
u/] kl5 hf]t]sf] hldg klg xfn d'l;jt jx; s]Gb|n] ;+/If0f
u/]sf] 5 . hxfF j:tLdf af9Lsf] k|sf]k Go'lgs/0fsf] nflu
h}ljs t6jGwgsf] tof/L ePsf] 5 . j:tL leqsf] hUufnfO{ cltqmd0f ul/ 6]«S6/ nufP/ hf]Tg yfn] kl5 tTsfn
d'l;jt jx; s]Gb|sf] kxndf @ j6f ;xdltsf ;fy lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] .
!= of] hldg cltqmd0f ul/ h:fn] hf]Tb}5 o;nfO{ 6f]nsf] ;j}n] ;fd'lxs ?kdf jf]nfP/ ;Demfpg] . hldg
cltqmd0f gug{ eg]/ ;Demfpg] .
@= olb gdfg]sf] v08df k|x/Ldf ph'/L lbg] / of] cltqmd0f /f]Sg kxn ug]{ .
t/ klxnf] kxndf g} cltqmd0f /f]Sg ;kmn eof] . clxn] df6f] sf6g] / hldg cltqmd0f ug]{ sfd /f]lsPsf] 5 .
d'l;jt jx; s]Gb|n] ;d'bfonfO{ ;+ul7t ug]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . {
ljBfgGb d]xtf
l/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{, pKsf g]kfn

3. klxnf ;d'bfosf dfG5]x?
æpKsf g]kfnn] k|To]s 3/nfO{ %) xhf/ k};f / rfdn afF95 . Æ
eGy], clxn] eGb}gg .
;'g;/Ldf ;+rflnt ;'/lIft ;d'bfo bf]>f] kl/of]hgf If]qdB] jljof uflj;sf] j8f g+ ^ klg Ps xf] .
sfo{qmdsf] ;'?jft cyf{t h'nfO{ @))( df pKsf g]kfnn] sfo{qmd ;Grfngsf] nflu uflj;sf]
dfBdaf6 6f]ne]nfx? ;'?jft u¥of] . aif{} lrR5] ;'g;/L vf]nfaf6 x'g] 8'jfg / @ aif{ cufl8 dfq
sf]zLdf afF9L uPsf] cg'ej ;d'bfon] /fd|f] ;+u cg'ej ;d]6]sf lyP . To;}n] xf]nf k|sf]kdf sfd ug]{
ljlQms} /fxt ljt/0f ljt/0f x'G5 eGg] dfgl;stf
ufpdf ;g;gL km}lnof] . x/]ssf] d'vaf6 pKsf
g]kfnn] %) xhf/ k};f / ! jf]/f rfdn afF9g
cfpFb}5 eg]/ slxn] jhf/df hDdf x'g] t slxn]
ufpdf e]nf x'g] h:tf ultlalwx? eO/xGy] .
;d'bfonfO{ sfo{stff{x? hjfkm lbbf lbbf x}/fg x'g]
u/]sf lyP . t/ clxn] pKsf g]kfn k};f afF9g
cfPsf] x}g 1fg afF9g cfPsf] xf] o;n] k};f lbg]
sfd ub}{g eg]/ cfkm} eG5g .
slxn] / sxfF /fxt afF9g] sfd x'b}5 < eg]/
sfo{stf{x?nfO{ kmf]g cfpg yfn] kl5 ;+:yfs} tkm{af6 uflj;sf] pkl:yltdf 6f]ne]nfx? ul/of] .
pKsf g]kfnsf] lrgf/L, kl/of]hgfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpb} s] u5{ s] ub}{g eGg] laifodf ;j} s'/fx?
6f]ndf k6sk6s ul/of] . kl5 PS;g P8 / pKsf g]kfn jLr kl/of]hgf ;Demf}tf e};s] kl5
sfo{stf{x? 5gf}6 ul/of] 6f]ndf cflwsf/Ls jh]6 s[ofsnfkx?sf] af/]df 5nkmn ul/of] . ;d'bfodf
l/kmn]S6 ;'?jft eO;s] l/kmn]S6 dfkm{t ;d'bfodf k/fdif{ nluof] . cGtt M sfo{qmd ;Grfngdf
cfPsf] xNn}xNnfsf] r'gf}tL ;dfKt eof] . clxn] o; lsl;dsf] r'gf}tLx? z'qmxf6 k|sf]k Aoj:yfkg
;ldlt cfkm}n] k/fdif{ ub{5 .
r'gf}tLnfO{ cjz/df jbNg' kb{5 cyf{t Tof] xNn}xNnfsf] r'gf}tLdf cftLPsf] eP / c?sf] ;xf/f vf]Hg
yfn]sf] eP ;d:of ;dfwfg xf]Og km}lnP/ hfg] lyof] . xNn}xNnf jLrdf cfkmgf] s'/f cfkm} gnu]/
;xlhs/0fsf] dfBd vf]Hg yfn]sf] eP cfkmgf] :ki6 s'/f hfb}g lyof] . xNnf ePsf] j]nfdf lhNnf
:tl/o kl/of]hgfsf] kl/rofTds sfo{qmd g/fv]sf] eP lhNnf :tl/o lgsfo, /fhg}lts bn cGo
;+:yfxdf klg cgfjZos e|d hfg]lyof] . xNnfnfO kl/ofhgfsf] kl/rofTds cleofgsf] cjz/sf]
?kdf pkof]u u/]/ k"j{tof/L / k|sf]k lj?4sf] ;+u7fgLs cleofgsf] ;'qkft ug{ ;kmn ePsf]] 5 .
b]j gf/fo0f ;df{
;d'bfo kl/rfns, pKsf g]kfn

4. ljkb ;fdfgfsf nflu ;fd'bflos kxn
x/]s jif{ af9L, xfjfx'/L , lztnx/ , cfunfuL h:tf k|sf]ksf] lk8f ;xb} cfPsf] Og?jf j8f+= % d';x/ j:tL /
Og?jf ^ lvlqmkl§sf afl;Gbf x'g .^& 3/kl/jf/ /x]sf] d';x/L eg]/ lrlgg] o; a:tLdf blntx?sf] dfq a;f]af;
/x]sf] 5 .t/ lvlqmkl§df eg] p/fjF,d';ndfg,d08nx?sf] ldl>t a;f]af; /x]sf] kfOG5 .o; a:tLdf eg] lvlqmkl§
,O:nfdk'/ / av]{8f8fF u/L $% 3/kl/jf/sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 .oL a:tLx?df cfly{s ,/fhg}lts tyf >f]tdf sd
dfqfdf kx'rF /x]sf] 5 .ljz]if % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf ,dlxnf ,ckfËtf ePsfx? a9L k|efljt ePsf 5g .
;d'bfodf x'g] u/]sf k|sf]k ;fdgfsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] Ifdtf
lasf;sf nfuL oL b'O{ a:tLdf b}lgs ! d'¶L rfdn jrt
/ ;fd'lxs ?kdf / cGo a:tLx?df rfdn ,k};f ;+sng
ug{ z'?jft u/]sf 5g .Og?jf % d'l;at ax; s]Gb|sL
cWoIf af}lsof ;bfsf cg';f/ ax; s]Gb|df $,% k6s
5nkmn ul/of] ,ax; eof] ,lg0f{o ul/of] / xfdL ;a}n]
dxz'z u/L sf]if :yfkgf ug{ yfn]sf xf} elG5g .pgL
cuf8L ylK5g Knfli6ssf] emf]nfdf b}lgs Ps d'¶L hDdf
u/L x/]s dlxgfsf] #) ut] Ps 7fpFdf hDdf ug]{ / rfdn
a]r]sf] k};f a}sFdf hDdf u5f}F .clxn] ;fd'lxs / !
dlxgfsf] d'¶L jrtaf6 ;s+lnt rfdn %! s]=hL / /sd
? &)) u/L ,rfdn a]rL ? @#)) hDdf u/]sf 5f} .@)^$ ;fndf cfPsf] af9Lsf sf/0f a:tL 8'afgdf k/L
;/sf/L sfo{nodf /fxt dfUg hfbf o;} a:tLsf] s':dL b]jL ;bfn] Hofg u'dfpg' k/]sf] 36gfn] cfh klg 8/
nfU5 . g /fxt eg] hlt kfOof] g ;fy g} To;}n] xfdLn] sf]if k"j{tof/Ldf nfu]sf 5f} To; a:tLsf dflg;x?sf]
egfO 5 .
To;} u/L lvlqmkl§df klg b}lgs Ps d'¶L rfdn jrt cleofg / kmofS6«Lx?df ;xof]usf nfuL kxn e}/x]sf] 5
eg] cflxn] ;Dd ;+slnt sf]ifdf !^ s]=hL rfdn / ? &)) /sd hDdf u/]sf] 5g . d'l;at Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]
gfddf /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+sdf vftf vf]n]sf 5g .;'g;/L vf]nfsf] 5]pdf /x]sf] a:tL x/]s jif{ af9Lsf sf/0f $,%
lbg 3/ 5f]8L ljwfnodf a:g] u/]sf 5f} .;/sf/L /fxtaf6 kfpgaf6 jlGrt x'b} cfPsf 5f} a? s+zd8fg k|sf]k
Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] @)^% ;fnsf] af9Ldf lrp/f ,e'hf /fxt lbPsf] lyof] eG5g vlnn dG;'/L .pgL cuf8L
yK5g ;/sf/L /fxt kfP klg eg] hlt kfOb}g .af9L ;'sL;S5 ef]s} a:bf gkfP kl5 t xfdL cfkm}n] sdfP/
vfOxfN5f} lg t/ cfktdf kfpg' kf] /fxt xf] .To;}n] ;/sf/ cfpg' eGbf klxn] ;d:of ;dfwfg ;d'bfodf ug{
;Sg] x'gnfO{ a}7s 5nkmn klg sf]ifdf Ps d'¶L rfdn jrt ug]{ yfn]sf 5f} .
oL b'j} a:tLdf x'g] jrt pgLx?sf] p2]Zo Pp6} /x]sf] 5 .a:tLdf ljkb kbf{ tTsflng /fxt afnaflnsf ,ue{jtL
,;'Ts]/L ,ckfËtfx?nfO{ ljz]if k|bfg lbP/ ;xof]u k'/ofpg' xf] .;/sf/L lglt g} /fxtd'vL ePsf]n] k"j{tof/Lsf
sfdnfO{ cuf8L ga9fPsf] kfOG5 .;d'bfo:t/df klg r]tgf:t/ w]/}{ sd /x]sf] kfOG5 .;/sf/L lglt kl/jt{g u/L
;d'bfosf] ;xefuLtfdf ;r]tgfsf] lqmofsnfkaf6 lasf;sf nufgL ug{ ;s] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;lsG5
t/ hgtfsf] cfvfFdf 5f/f] xfNg] sfdaf6 cem ljgfz lgDtfp5 xf]Og / <x/]s s'gf sGb/fdf a;]sf ;d'bfosf
r]tgfsf lju'n km'Sg] / Ifdtf lasf; u/fpg] ;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf]Og / <;fgf ;fgf ufpF j:tLdf ljkb ;fdgf
ug{ ;s] Ifdtf lasf; ug{ ;s] cfhsf] h:tf] ljkbaf6 lj:yflkt x'g'kb}{g lyof] .lgdf{0f ePsf 7fpFdf /]vb]v
d'NofËg,dd{t ug{ hgtfsf] dxz'zLs/0f u/fpb} cfkm} ;+j]bgzLn x'g ;s] cfhsf] h:tf] lk8f ef]lnsf lbgdf
ef]Ug' gknf{ / <
dgdfof lg/f}nf
;d'bfo kl/rfns, pKsf g]kfn

5. df6f] s6fg /f]lsof]
Og?jf j8f g+ ^ lvlqmkl§sf] gfdn] kl/lrt o; a:tL ;'g;/L vf]nfsf] 5]pdf /x]sf] 5 . k|To]s jif{
;'g;/L vf]nfdf cfpg] af9Ln] !$ ,!% 3/ lj:yflkt eO{ $,% lbg ljwfnodf z/0f lng k'Ug] cj:yf
lyof] .;u7g gx'bfF h;nfO{ h] dg nfUof] To;n] To;} u/L df6f] sf6g] / a]Rg] ug]{ uy]{.h;sf] zlQm
p;}sf] elQm rNg] u/]sf] lyof] .ufpFdf cu'jfsf] ?kdf lrlgg] vlnn dG;'/L cfkm}n] 6ofS6/ jfnfnfO{
k6s k6s df6f] sf6g lbPsf] s'/f d'l;at ax; s]Gb|df v'nf;f ePsf] lyof] .;fd'bflos ejgsf] k5f8L
;'g;/L vf]nfsf] l8nsf] df6f] sf6bf a:tLdf af9L k:g] af6f] agfP h:tf] ePsf] lyof] .df6f] sf6]sf]
7fpFaf6 af9L l;w} a:tLdf k:g] u/]sf] lyof] eGg] km'Nsf] p/fjFsf] egfO{ 5 .
lvs|Lkl§, av]{8fF8f, O{:nfdk'/ gfds ;fgf ;fgf 6f]n ul/ $% 3/ kl/jf/sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 .
;fd'bfoLs ejgdf x/]s xKtfsf] tLg lbg d';Ljt ax; s]Gb|df p7]sf ;jfnx?nfO{ cu'jfO{ ug{ d';Ljt
Joa:yfkg ;ldlt :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . df6f]sf] ;jfndf jx; s]Gb|df k6s k6s 5nkmn eof] . To;
s]Gb|df al9 dlxnfx? dfq cfpg] ePsf] sf/0f o; ;jfndf jx; s]Gb| / ;ldltsf] ;fd'lxs a}7s a:of] .
;ldltsf cWoIf vgLn dG;'/L g} ePsf sf/0f ax; s]Gb|df ;Fu7g tof/ ul/ Psdt eP/ df6f] sf6g
glbg] a? To; If]qdf la?jf nufpg ;s] /fd|f] x'g] s'/fdf ljZj:t eO{ cWoIfnfO{ afWo agfO{ cfkm}+ ljkt
Joa:yfkgsf] cWoIf ePkl5 cfkm} /f]Sg] sfddf ;s[o x'g afWox'g' k/of] . ;Fo"Q a}7sdf 5nkmn egfeg
eO{ lgisz{df k'uL ToxLlbg b]lv h;n] df6f] a]Rg] k|of; u5{ p;nfO{ sfo{jfxL ug]{ egL lg0f{of ul/of] .
To;lbg b]vL vf]nfsf] df6f] sf6g] sfd aGb ePsf] 5 .
ca df6f] sf6]/ a]Rg]nfO{ d cfkm} a}7s /fv]/ sfo{jfxL u5'{ eG5g vlnn dG;'/L .jf:tjd} ax;
s]Gb|n] dxz';Ls/0f u/]sf] ;xof]uLx?sf] kxn,k|of; ePsf] 5 .o; af6 klg a'emg ;lsg] / a'emg' kg]{
;d'bfosf] cfkm} cfkmgf] ;d:of k|lt ulDe/ ge} csf{sf] xf] jf ;/sf/L xf] eg]/ nfkfjf{xL ubf{ ;d:of
xfdLn] g} v8f ul//x]sf] x'bfF /x]5f} Æl/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{sf] egfO{ 5 .
ax; s]Gb| ;jfn klxrfg / pgLx?sf] dx;''; ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ ;Sg] ;jfnsf] 6'uf]
nufpg klg k5L kb}{gg ;xefuLx? .To;}n] ;jfndf dx;';Ls/0f h?/t cjZo x'g'k5{ clg dfq xft
kg'{ ;kmntfsf] .
dgdfof lg/f}nf
;d'bfo kl/rfns, pKsf g]kfn

6. l/kmn]S6 s]Gb| kl/jt{gsf] cleofg /f]lsPsf] 5}g .
w]/} aif{ klxn]b]lv jf9L k|efljt O6x/L gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= & sbdfxf 6f]n k|To]s jif{ ;d'bfo
8'jfgdf kg]{ 3/3/df kfgL k:Yof] . afnaflnsfx? ljBfno hfg kfpb}gYof] . ;d'bfosf dflg;x?
jf/kf/ ug{ ;Sb}gy] . lsg eg] j:tLsf] jLrdf gfnf lyof] . gfnfdf k'n gePsf] / w]/} ulx/f]
lyof] . jfl9 cfPsf] j]nf jf/kf/ ug{ w]/} ufx|f] x'GYof] . ;dfgx?, ufOa:t'x?nfO{ jf/kf/ ug{ ufx|f]
x'GYof] . ldlt @)%& ;fndf 7'nf] jf9L cfof] . k|To]s 3/x?df kfgL kl; elTsof] . gu/kflnsfaf6
kl/jf/ ;+Vof cg';f/ Ro"/f / ;v/ afFl8of] t/ 3/ elTsg]x?nfO{ /fxt dfUgsf] nflu uP klg
;DalGwt lgsfosf kbfwLsf/Lx?n] ;'g'jfO{ ub}{gy] .
;g @))* df pKsf g]kfn dfkm{t l8k]sf] rf}yf] kl/of]hgf O{6x/L gu/kflnsfdf k|sf]k k'j{
tof/Lsf nflu sfd ug{ ;d'bfodf e]nf eO{ ldl6Ë u/]/ k|sf]k Joa:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ul/
l/kmnS6 s]Gb| ;+rfng x'g yfNof] . l/km|n]S6 s]Gb|df dlxnfx? ;Fu ;d'bfodf p7]sf laeLGg
]
;jfndf 5nkmn ul/ ;DalGwt lgsfo;Dd nlu ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ yfn] . pKsf g]kfn /
PSzg P8sf] ;xof]udf dlxnfx?nfO{ k|sf]k k"j{ tof/L ;DalGw Ifdtf clea[l4 tfnLd kfO{;s]
kl5 ;d'bfosf dflg;x? ;d'bfosf] ljeLGg ;d:ofx? p7fg ul/ ;DalGwt lgsfodf cfkm}+ cu||;/
eO{ hfg yfn] .
sTgf 6f]ndf ldlt @))^% ;fn h]i7 dlxgfdf xfjf x'/Ln] $) 3/ p8fPsf] lyof] ;f] ;dodf
k|sf]k Joa:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf nufot ;j} ;b:ox? dLn]/ gu/kflnsf, lO{nfsf k|x/L sfo{no
O{6x/Laf6 36gf af/] hfgsf/L u/fO{ O{6x/L /]8s|; zfvfaf6 lk8Lt afx| kl/jf/nfO{ lqkfn
pknAw u/fP ;fy} gu/kflnsf / lhNnf b}jLs k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltsf] sf]ifaf6 k|To]s kl/jf/nfO{
b'j} lgsfosf] tkm{af6 ? kfFr ÷kfFr ;osf b/n] /fxt pknAw u/fP . TotLdfq /sdn] 3/
lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sg] cfly{s cj:yf sDhf]/ ePsfn] 3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu k|sf]k Joa:yfkg ;ldltsf
;b:ox? P;=cf]=P;= afnu|fd g]kfn;Fu ;dGjo ul/ C0flnO{ O{6fsf] s';L{,lkn/ / l6gsf] 5fgf
ePsf] ;fwf/0f 3/ lgdf{0f ul/of] . 3/x? hdLgsf] ;txeGbf dfyL p7fO{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'gfn]
af9L cfpbf klg kfgLn] c;/ gug]{ eof] .
sdnL rf}w/L
l/kmn]S6 ;xhstf{, pKsf g]kfn