The document summarizes developments in Northern Europe during the 16th century, including the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther, the impact on art with an increased focus on portraits and genre scenes over religious images, and the work of major artists like Bosch, Bruegel, and Dürer. Key events were Luther nailing his 95 theses in 1517, sparking reforms like salvation through faith alone and translating the Bible into local languages. Artists explored new subjects and styles within the technical developments of printmaking and responded to religious and social changes in Northern Europe during this period.

1. 16th
century
in
Northern
Europe
Sandrine
Le
Bail
AP
Art
History

2. Northern
Europe
in
16th
century

3. The
Protestant
Reforma8on
1517
–
Mar8n
Luther
nailed
his
95
theses
to
the
door
of
the
Castle
Church
in
WiCenberg,
Germany.

4. New
approach
to
Chris8anity
• Path
to
salva8on
=
Faith
alone
(can’t
be
purchased)
• Only
authority
=
Bible
(transla8on
in
German)
• All
Chris8ans
are
equal
• Honest
work
was
part
of
serving
God
• Clergy
could
marry
and
have
families

6. Consequence
for
Art
• Images
=
blasphemous
and
idolatrous
for
Protestants
(especially
Calvinists)
• Iconoclasm
• New
way
to
create
without
appearing
to
create
pagan
idols
• New
subjects
maCer
(portraits,
genre…)

7. Lucas
Cranach
the
older,
Allegory
of
Law
and
Grace

8. Proverbs
Expression
of
Northern
Humanism
Erasmus
of
RoCerdam

9. Print
• Invented
in
China
in
the
11th
century
• In
Europe
in
1450
by
the
German
printer
Gutenberg

10. Woodcut

13. Woodcut
Printmaking
process
by
which
a
wooden
tablet
is
gouged
into
with
a
tool,
leaving
the
design
raised
and
the
background
cut
away.
Ink
is
rolled
onto
the
raised
por8ons,
and
an
impression
is
made
when
paper
is
applied
to
the
surface.
Woodcuts
have
strong
angular
surfaces
with
sharply
delineated
lines.

14. Engraving
Burin
Metal
plate

17. Engraving
A
printmaking
process
by
which
a
tool
called
a
burin
is
used
to
carve
into
a
metal
plate,
causing
the
impressions
to
be
made
in
the
surface.
Ink
is
passed
into
the
crevices
of
the
plate,
and
the
paper
is
applied.
The
result
is
a
print
with
remarkable
details
and
finely
shaded
contours.

18. Dürer
Woodcut
Engraving

19. Hieronymus
Bosch
c.1450
–
1516
The
1st
surrealist?

20. Bosch,
Seven
Deadly
Sins
and
the
Four
Last
Things,
date
?
Painted
tabletop

22. Lust
Pride
Anger
Envy
Avarice
Glu?ony
Sloth
Last
Rites
Last
Judgement
Hell
Heaven

23. Pride

25. Lorenzea,
Allegory
of
the
Bad
Government,
Siena

26. Bosch,
Garden
of
Earthly
Delights,
c.1510-­‐1515
Oil
on
wood

27. Led
Panel:
Garden
of
Eden

28. Central
Panel:
Garden
of
Earthly
Delights
Results
of
Adam
and
Eve’s
sin

33. Right
panel:
Hell

39. Bosch,
Garden
of
Earthly
Delights,
c.1510-­‐1515
-­‐ Rela8on
between
the
3
panels
-­‐ Figures
are
light
and
nonsubstan8al
-­‐ No
individuality
of
the
figures
-­‐ High
Horizon
pack
many
details
-­‐ Unknown
meaning
Warning
against
lust
and
the
transience
of
worldly
pleasure?
Four
stage
of
alchemy?
1)
Bringing
together
the
opposite
elements
2)
Mixing
3)
Purifica8on
process
by
fire
Cleansing
of
the
elements
(not
illustrated)

40. Pieter
Bruegel
the
Elder
c.1525-­‐1569

41. Pieter
Bruegel
the
Elder,
Landscape
with
the
Fall
of
Icarus,
1554-­‐1555

42. Pieter
Bruegel
the
Elder,
Netherlandish
Proverbs,
1559

43. “To
be
able
to
8e
even
the
devil
to
a
pillow”
Obs8nacy
overcomes
everything

44. To
bell
the
cat
To
carry
out
a
dangerous
or
imprac8cal
plan

45. One
shears
sheep,
the
other
shears
pigs
One
has
all
the
advantages,
the
other
none

46. She
puts
the
blue
cloak
on
her
husband
She
deceives
him

47. Pieter
Bruegel,
the
Seasons
Genre
painFngs

48. Pieter
Brueghel,
Return
of
the
Hunters,
1565
November
/
December

49. Pieter
Brueghel
• Northern
Renaissance
style
• Peasants
=
new
humanism
of
the
Renaissance
• Life
of
ordinary
people
=
genre
painFng
• Naturalism
for
the
landscape
• Importance
of
details
• Knowledge
of
linear
perspec8ve
and
Italian
landscape
composi8on

50. Albrecht
Dürer
1471-­‐1528
German

51. ?

52. Albrecht
Dürer
Son
of
a
goldsmith
Travelled
twice
in
Italy
Studied
Italian
Ar8sts
Wrote
The
Four
books
oh
Human
ProporGons

53. Albrecht
Dürer:
Leonardo
of
the
North
Goldsmith
Oil
and
watercolor
painGng
Woodcut
and
Engraving
Businessman

54. Nature
=
the
greatest
teacher

56. Albrecht
Dürer,
Self
Portrait,
1500
New
status
for
ar8sts

57. Albrecht
Dürer,
The
Fall
of
Man,
1504
Engraving
Cross-­‐hatching
–
incising
lines
over
other
lines
in
a
perpendicular
fashion
to
create
design

58. Apollo
of
the
Belvedere
Venus
Medici

59. Mouse
-­‐
Satan
Cat
–
choleric
or
angry
Rabbit
–
sanguine
or
energe8c
Ox
–
Phlegma8c
or
lethargic
Elk
–
melancholic
or
sad
Parrot
-­‐
cleverness
4
humors
=
body
fluids
that
medieval
physiologists
believed
dictated
human
personality
They
were
kept
in
balance
before
the
Fall
of
Man

61. Fusion
between
Italian
massive
form
and
Northern
devo8on
to
detailed
pain8ngs

62. Albrecht
Dürer,
Four
Horsemen
of
the
Apocalypse,
c.1497-­‐98
From
the
book
Apocalypse,
full
text
of
the
Book
of
RevelaGon
in
La8n
and
German

63. Death
Famine
God
Plague
War

64. MaChias
Grünewald,
Isenheim
Alterpiece
For
the
hospital
chapel
of
the
monastery
of
Saint
Anthony
in
Isenheim
Specialized
in
skin
diseases,
parFcularly
ergoFsm
–
“Saint
Anthony’s
fire”
ErgoFsm:
disease
caused
by
ea8ng
a
fungus
that
grows
on
rye
floor

66. MaChias
Grünewlad,
Crucifixion
with
Saint
Sebas8an
and
Saint
Anthony,
1510-­‐1515
1st
view:
altarpiece
closed
during
the
week
Saint
Sebas8an
(plague)
Saint
Anthony

69. MaChias
Grünewald,
AnnunciaGon,
Virgin
and
Child
with
Angels,
and
ResurrecGon,
Isenheim,
1510-­‐1515
2nd
view:
Sunday
and
Holidays

72. Nicholas
von
Hagenau
3rd
view

73. Lucas
Cranach
the
Elder
1472-­‐1553
Germany

74. Lucas
Cranach
the
Elder,
Judgment
of
Paris,
1530

75. Lucas
Cranach
The
Elder,
Judith
with
the
Head
of
Holophernes,
1530

76. Lucas
Cranach
the
Elder,
Crucifixion,
1503

77. Hans
Holbein
the
Younger
c.1497-­‐1543
German

78. Hans
Holbein
the
Younger,
Erasmus
of
RoCerdam,
c.1523
Erasmus
recommended
Holbein
to
Sir
Thomas
More,
chancellor
of
England
and
an
associate
of
King
Henry
VIII

79. Hans
Holbein
the
Younger,
Henry
VIII,
c.1540

80. Hans
Holbein,
the
Younger,
The
French
Ambassadors,
1553

81. Jean
de
Dinteville
Georges
de
Selve

82. Educated
background

85. Anamorphic
image:
image
that
must
be
viewed
by
a
special
means,
such
as
a
mirror,
in
order
to
be
recognized

86. Characteris8cs
of
16th
century
pain8ng
• Many
Northern
ar8sts
traveled
in
Italy
• Assimila8on
of
the
Italian
Renaissance
(especially
Michelangelo)
• Influence
of
the
use
of
massiveness
and
size
• Influence
of
mannerism
(elonga8on
and
stylized
figures)
• Importance
of
the
minute
details
• Importance
of
symbols
• Love
for
landscape

87. Sculpture
Very
few
sculpture
produced
in
the
Northern
countries
-­‐
Idolatry