Medieval art developed between 300-1400 CE, primarily sponsored by the Christian Church. Major art forms included architecture like cathedrals, sculpture, manuscript illumination, stained glass, and tapestries. Artists often remained anonymous, though some were identified like Gislebertus, a French sculptor from the 12th century. Stylistically, art progressed from early Christian to Carolingian, Romanesque, Byzantine, and Gothic styles as new architectural innovations influenced visual arts through the Middle Ages.

1. Art History
Timeline
Group 2

2. The Nature
The Proponents
The flourishment
How beliefs and practices affect the art
Roman Art Period
Table of Contents
The Nature
The Proponents
The flourishment
How beliefs and practices affect the art
Medieval Art Period
The Nature
The Proponents
The flourishment
How beliefs and practices affect the art
Renaissance Art Period

3. Roman Art

4. Roman Art Nature
(500 B.C.E - 330 C.E.)
The art of Ancient Rome, its Republic and later Empire includes
architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work.
While the traditional view of ancient Roman artists is that they frequently
borrowed from and copied Greek precedents (much of what is known
today about Greek sculptures is in the form of Roman marble copies),
Roman art is a highly creative pastiche that incorporates not only Greek
models but also Etruscan, native Italic, and even Egyptian visual culture.
Much Roman art is characterized by stylistic eclecticism and practical
application.

5. Roman Art Types
Architecture
Roman architecture during the age of the Republic (knowledge of
which derives largely from the 1st-century Roman architect
Vitruvius) discovered the round temple and the curved arch but,
after the turn of the Millennium, Roman architects and engineers
developed techniques for urban building on a massive scale.
The Romans didn't invent the arch - it was known but not much
used in Greek architecture - but they were the first to master the
use of multiple arches, or vaults.
A further architectural development was the dome (vaulted ceiling),
which made possible the construction and roofing of large open
areas.

6. Famous Roman Buildings
Circus Maximus (6th century
BCE - 4th century CE)
Colosseum (72-80 CE)
The Arch of Titus (c.81 CE)

7. Sculpture
Historical reliefs;
Portrait busts and statues, including equestrian statues;
Funerary reliefs, sarcophagi or tomb sculpture;
and copies of ancient Greek works.
4 categories:
Impress the Public
Communicate the Power and Majesty of Rome
Purpose
In its important works, at least, there was a constant expression of
seriousness, with none of the Greek conceptualism or
introspection. The mood, pose and facial features of the Roman
statue of an Emperor, for instance, was typically solemn and
unsmiling.

8. Sculpture
Roman sculptors borrowed heavily from the sculpture of Ancient
Greece, and - aside from the sheer numbers of portrait busts, and
the quality of its historical reliefs - Roman sculpture was dominated
by High Classical Greek sculpture as well as by Hellenistic Greek
sculpture.

9. Sculpture
Historical Relief
Rome didn't invent relief sculpture - Stone Age man did. Nor was there any particular genius in the skill
of its carvers and stone masons. Since it is a campaign of "carved in stone", The Romans were far
more down to earth: they sculpted their history as it happened, warts and all.

10. Sculpture
Trajan's Column (106-113 CE)
by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus
Marcus Aurelius' Column (c.180-193 CE)

11. Sculpture
These are works of marble and (occasionally)
bronze sculpture. Effigies of Roman leaders had
been displayed in public places for centuries.
marble portrait busts and statues of the Emperor -
which were copied en masse and sent to all parts
of the Roman world
Its purpose is to remind Roman's reach, important
unifying force, and for loyalty demonstration.
Portrait Busts and Statues

12. Sculpture
Statue of Augustus (Ruled 27-14 CE) (Livia's
Villa, Prima Porta), Artist Unknown
Statue of Tiberius in Old Age (14-37)
(Capitoline Museum)

13. Sculpture
Religious art was also a popular if less unique form of
Roman sculpture
important feature of a Roman temple was the statue of
the deity to whom it was dedicated
erected in public parks and private gardens.
stone coffins, known as sarcophagi, were much in
demand, in 1st Century CE
the three most common types being Metropolitan
Roman (made in Rome), Attic-style (made in Athens)
and Asiatic (made in Dokimeion, Phrygia).
The most expensive sarcophagi were carved from
marble, though other stone was also used, as was wood
and even lead
Religious and Funerary Sculpture

14. Sculpture
one of the greatest contributions of Rome to the history
of art, lies in its replication of original Greek statues, 99
percent of which have disappeared.
Without Roman copies of the originals, Greek art would
never have received the appreciation it deserves, and
Renaissance art (and thus Western Art in general) might
have taken a very different course.
Copies of Ancient Greek Sculpture

15. Painting
The greatest innovation of Roman painters was the
development of landscape painting, a genre in which
the Greeks showed little interest
Romans develop a very crude form of linear perspective
In Rome, as in Greece, the highest form of painting was
panel painting.
Executed using the encaustic or tempera methods,
panel paintings were mass-produced in their thousands
for display in offices and public buildings throughout
the empire.
"Severan Tondo" (c.200 CE, Antikensammlung Berlin),

16. Painting
The pictures highlighting military successes which Roman artists made
This type of history painting - usually executed as a mural painting in fresco - would depict the
battle or campaign in meticulous detail, and might incorporate mixed-media adornments and map
designs to inform and impress the public.
Triumphal Paintings

17. Murals
The First Style (c.200-80 BCE)
The Second Style (c.80 BCE - 100 CE)
The Third Style (c.100-200)
The Fourth Style (c.200-400)
Roman murals - executed either "al fresco" with paint being
applied to wet plaster, or "al secco" using paint on dry walls
- are usually classified into four periods, as set out by the
German archaeologist August Mau following his
excavations at Pompeii.

18. Murals
• The First Style (c.200-80 BCE)
Also known as incrustation or masonry style, it derived from Hellenistic palaces in the Middle East. Useing vivid
colours it simulates the appearance of marble.
• The Second Style (c.80 BCE - 100 CE)
This aimed to create the illusion of extra space by painting pictures with significant depth, such as views
overlooking a garden or other landscape. In time, the style developed to cover the entire wall, creating the impression
that one was looking out of a room onto a real scene.
• The Third Style (c.100-200)
This was more ornamental with less illusion of depth. The wall was divided into precise zones, using pictures of
columns or foliage. Scenes painted in the zones were typically either exotic representations of real or imaginery
animals, or merely monochromatic linear drawings.
• The Fourth Style (c.200-400)
This was a mixture of the previous two styles. Depth returned to the mural but it was executed more
decoratively, with greater use of ornamentation. For example, the artist might paint several windows which,
instead of looking out onto a landscape or cityscape, showed scenes from Greek myths or other fantasy scenes,
including still lifes.

19. Murals
First Style
Second Style
Third Style
Fourth
Style

20. Etruscan Art
Roman-Celtic Art
Hellenistic-Roman (absorbed
Hieratic Egyptian Style)
Absorption of Byzantine Art
Art Styles from Roman Empire

21. Medieval
Art

22. Medieval Art
(300 C.E. – 1400 C.E.)
Although the history of Medieval art covers almost ten
centuries between the Sack of Rome (c.450 CE) and the
Early Italian Renaissance (1400), Western Medieval art is
limited to Byzantine culture (Eastern Roman Empire),
Hiberno-Saxon Insular art, artworks from the royal courts
of Charlemagne and his Ottonian successors, and finally -
from roughly 1000 onwards - the European-wide movements
of Christian art, known as Romanesque and Gothic. It was
only during the final 400 years that the individual names of
painters, sculptors and other decorative artists began to be
recorded with any regularity. Thus most of our artists date
from this period.

23. Types of Medieval Art
Medieval Architecture
Medieval Sculpture
Medieval Paintings
Stained Glass Art
Mosaic Art
Tapestry
Embroidery

24. Materials in Medieval Art
gold dust,
foil or leaf;
silver and other precious metals (see also, the art of goldsmithing);
expensive natural colour pigments such as ultramarine, made from the
rare Afghanistan ore lapis lazuli;
rare types of ivory;
calf-skin for vellum - one bible manuscript required the skins of up to 500
animals;
and many other expensive materials.
Types of valuable materials in regular use included:

25. History in Medieval Art
for 600 years (c.400-1000 CE) Europe was a cultural backwater. Only one
institution survived: the Christian Church - centred in Rome, and
Constantinople. Not surprisingly, therefore, the church became the main
sponsor of architecture, and other types of art, during the medieval era.

26. Artists in Medieval Art
Early Christian Artists (650-900 CE)
One of the finest examples of early Christian painting
were the Irish and Anglo-Saxon illuminated manuscripts
dating from the mid-sixth century CE.
Medieval Artists on the Continent
The first signs of a Continental cultural renaissance
appeared about 775 at the royal court of the Christian
King Charlemagne. This period - known as Carolingian
Art
Romanesque Designers (c.950-1140)
As its wealth increased, the church turned to
monumental architecture, using a new design language
known as Romanesque art, to promote its divine
message.

27. Artists in Medieval Art
Gothic Architects (c.1140-1300)
new Gothic architecture, whose soaring arches,
vaulted ceilings, and massive stained glass windows
inspired and informed the Church's illiterate
congregations.
Byzantine Artists (c.500-1400)
By the time Rome was sacked in 450 CE, thousands
of Roman and Greek painters, craftsmen and other
artists had moved to Constantinople (Byzantium) where
they proceeded to create a new set of Eastern Christian
images and icons - based on a combination of Greek,
Persian and Egyptian culture - known as Byzantine Art.

28. Artists in Medieval Art
Gothic Architects (c.1140-1300)
Notre Dame Cathedral Paris (1163-1345), Chartres
Cathedral (1194-1250), as well as the cathedrals of
Strasbourg (1015-1439), Laon (1160-1235), Tours (1170-
1547), Bourges (1195-1230), Reims (1211-1275) and
Amiens (1220-1270).
Byzantine Artists (c.500-1400)
Major types of medieval Byzantine art included public
mosaics, private icons made with encaustic wax paint on
portable wooden panels, illuminated manuscripts such
as the famous Rabula Gospel (586), fresco painting, as
well as decorative art including ivory diptychs and
exquisite metalwork.

29. Artists in Medieval Art
List of Medieval Artists
Among the identified masters of painting, sculpture, architecture and other visual arts of
the Late Middle Ages, were the following:
Romanesque Artists
Medieval visual art came about as part of the massive building program staged by the
Christian Church authorities. Thus most Romanesque visual artists were sculptors and
other craftsmen employed in building the early cathedrals of Europe.
Gislebertus (active early 12th century)
French sculptor, renowned for his works at the Cathedral of Saint Lazare.
Godefroid de Claire (c.1100-73)
Member of the school of Mosan art, may have done the Stavelot Triptych.
Nicholas of Verdun (c.1156–1232)
Mosan goldsmith responsible for the Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne.
Master of Cabestany (active late 12th century)
Anonymous artist who made the Romanesque-style tympanum, at Cabestany.
Master Mateo (active 2nd half 12th century)
Spanish sculptor renowned for his Portico de la Gloria.
Benedetto Antelami (active 1178-1196)
One of the finest Italian sculptors before the Gothic artist Nicola Pisano

30. Artists in Medieval Art
Russian Medieval Icon Painters
Eastern Orthodox Christian art depended heavily on Byzantine forms, such as religious icons,
typically executed in tempera on wood panels. Other media included fresco murals and
mosaics.
Theophanes the Greek (c.1340-1410)
Byzantine artist, founder of Novgorod and Muscovite schools of icon painting.
Andrei Rublev (c.1360-1430)
Russia's most famous iconographer, famous for Holy Trinity icon painting.
Dionysius (Dionisius the Wise, Dionisii or Dionisy) (c.1440-1502)
Icon painter noted for his icons for the Iosifo-Volokolamsky monastery

31. The Adoration of the Lamb from the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram.
Byzantine mosaics at The Palatine Chapel in Sicily
Mosaics on the floor of The
Torcello Cathedral in Venice, Italy.

32. Sainte-Chapelle, mid-13th Century
Brocaded silk chasuble with
embroidery in silk and silver-gilt
thread, by unknown maker, probably
England, 1400-30. Museum no. T.256-
1967
"Death" from the Apocalypse Tapestry
(1375-81) Musee des Tapisseries,
Angers, France.