Jaundice
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This document provides an overview of jaundice, including its definition, classification, causes, relevant history taking, examination, investigations, and treatment. Jaundice is yellow pigmentation caused by excess bilirubin in the blood and can be classified as pre-hepatic, hepatic, or post-hepatic depending on the underlying cause and mechanism. Taking a thorough history including when jaundice began, associated symptoms, medical history, medications, and risk factors is important to determine the cause. Relevant examinations and investigations include blood tests, imaging, and potentially invasive tests like biopsy. Treatment focuses on removing toxins if applicable, relieving obstruction, and medication or procedures depending on the specific cause of jaundice.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the accessory organs of the digestive system including the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts, and pancreas. It describes the anatomy, functions, common diseases, and nursing care considerations for conditions that can affect each organ system.
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Dr. Manoj Ghoda discusses chronic hepatitis and hepatic encephalopathy. For a 12-year-old boy presenting with jaundice, abdominal distension, and edema, findings suggest longstanding liver disease. Potential causes discussed include viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and genetic disorders. Chronic hepatitis results from long-term liver inflammation and can progress to cirrhosis if left untreated. Hepatic encephalopathy ranges from subtle changes to coma and is caused by increased brain ammonia levels in liver disease. Treatment focuses on removing triggers and lowering ammonia through lactulose, antibiotics, and other medications.
Hepatology 101
This document provides an overview of abnormal liver function tests (LFTs), biliary tract disease, and ascites. It discusses the common causes and patterns of abnormal LFTs, including hepatocellular and cholestatic patterns. Specific diseases that can cause these patterns like acute viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and primary biliary cholangitis are outlined. Procedures for evaluating biliary tract disease like ultrasound, MRCP, and ERCP are mentioned. The document also reviews when and how to perform paracentesis for ascites, how to analyze the fluid for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and guidelines for albumin replacement after large volume paracentesis.
Hepatic disorder ! Cirrhosis, Jaundice
1. Hepatic disorders refer to diseases that affect the liver including jaundice, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy.
2. Jaundice is a condition where the skin and eyes become yellow due to high bilirubin levels in the blood and can be caused by liver damage or blockages in the bile ducts.
3. Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring of the liver caused by various conditions like hepatitis or alcoholism that disrupts liver structure and function. It can lead to complications like portal hypertension and ascites.
Git Case Budd Chiari3.
This document presents a case report of a 20-year-old female student who presented with abdominal distention, jaundice, and pain while urinating. Various tests were performed, including bloodwork, ultrasound, and biopsy. The final diagnosis was portal vein and splenic vein thrombosis due to a hypercoagulable state from essential thrombocythemia, exacerbated by oral contraceptive use. The document also reviews several other case reports and discusses vascular diseases of the liver like Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease characterized by the replacement of liver tissue with fibrosis and the formation of regenerative nodules, leading to loss of liver function. It is commonly caused by alcoholism, viral hepatitis, and fatty liver disease. While generally irreversible, treatment focuses on preventing progression and complications like ascites, bleeding from esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver cancer. A diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and potentially a liver biopsy. Management includes medications to prevent complications and address underlying causes, with liver transplantation as a potential surgical option for end-stage disease.
upper G I Bleed (non variceal)
This document discusses upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). It defines UGIB as bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract proximal to the ligament of Trietz, which usually manifests as hematemesis or melena and sometimes hematochezia. Risk stratification systems like the Blatchford and Rockall scores are used to predict outcomes like rebleeding and mortality. Endoscopy is important for diagnosis, prognosis, and potential therapy. Management involves fluid resuscitation, identifying the bleeding source, stopping active bleeding, treating underlying causes, and preventing rebleed. Proton pump inhibitors are the standard medical treatment. Endoscopic modalities like injection, thermal, and mechanical methods are used for non-variceal bleeding.
liver cirrhosis - abdominal distension
A 45-year-old alcoholic man was admitted to the hospital with drowsiness, confusion, and inability to answer questions over the past 48 hours. On examination, he was found to be pale, jaundiced, febrile, and had abdominal swelling. Tests showed ascitic fluid in the abdomen. Despite treatment including antibiotics, his condition deteriorated and he died of sepsis and multiple organ failure 6 days after admission. The most likely diagnosis is alcoholic liver cirrhosis with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis based on the history of alcoholism and clinical features of liver failure including ascites.
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is the end stage of many chronic liver diseases where the liver architecture is completely disrupted by extensive fibrosis and the formation of regenerating nodules. It results from chronic liver injury and inflammation that causes hepatocyte necrosis initially and progresses to bridging fibrosis that destroys the liver structure. Common causes include alcohol, viral hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Cirrhosis leads to liver failure and complications of portal hypertension like ascites, variceal bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy.
Upper GI bleeding (UGIB) Lecture Ppt.pptx
Consist of
Definition & Presentation
Causes of UGI bleeding
Principles of Management
High risk Factors
Scoring systems
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