This document provides an overview of jaundice, including its definition, causes, workup, and treatment approaches. Jaundice is caused by high levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream. It can be due to medical issues like viral hepatitis or obstructive issues where bile is blocked. The workup involves lab tests of liver and bile duct function and imaging like ultrasound or CT to identify any blockages. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include treating infections, removing gallstones, or placing stents to relieve bile duct blockages.
Bile or liver problem causing yellowness
• A yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, or sclera of the eyes, jaundice indicates excessive levels of conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin in the blood.
• In fair-skinned patients, it’s most noticeable on the face, trunk, and sclera; in dark-skinned patients, on the hard palate, sclera, and conjunctiva.
Bile or liver problem causing yellowness
• A yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, or sclera of the eyes, jaundice indicates excessive levels of conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin in the blood.
• In fair-skinned patients, it’s most noticeable on the face, trunk, and sclera; in dark-skinned patients, on the hard palate, sclera, and conjunctiva.
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2. Jaundice
Overview
• Definition
• Production & metabolism
• Measurement of bilirubin – serum & urine
• Approach to the patient
• Broad Differential Diagnosis
• Work-up for “Medical” Jaundice
• Work-up if Obstructive Jaundice
3. Jaundice
Definition
• Yellowish discoloration of tissue resulting from the deposition of
bilirubin in hyperbilirubinemia.
• Detected by examining sclerae – ELASTIN
• Scleral icterus -serum bilirubin of 3.0 mg/Dl
• As serum bilirubin levels rise skin yellow in light-skinned &green if
long-standing, oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin.
4. Jaundice
Differential diagnosis for yellowing of skin :
• Drugs – quinacrine, phenols.
• Carotenoderma -ingest excessive amounts of carotene. palms, soles,
forehead, and nasolabial folds. sparing of the sclerae.
5. Jaundice
Production and Metabolism of
Bilirubin:
• Bilirubin, a tetrapyrrole pigment.
Bilirubin
70-80%-senescent RBC
HEMOPROTIENS-
Myoglobin,cytochromes
6. Jaundice
Production steps:
Bilirubin formed in
RES
1.Opening of heme
ring
Formation of
Biliverdin by
Microsomal enzyme
2.Biliverdin
BILIRUBIN by
Cytosolic enz.
(Insoluble in plasma)
7. Jaundice
• To be transported in blood, bilirubin must be solubilized by
noncovalent binding to albumin.
• Bilirubin + albumin= unconjugated bilirubin transported to liver.
• Bilirubin minus albumin enters hepatocyte.
9. Jaundice
Measurement of Serum Bilirubin
• van den Bergh reaction- direct- and indirect
• the normal serum bilirubin is <1 mg/dL
• Up to 30% of the total may be direct-reacting (conjugated) bilirubin
10. Jaundice
Measurement of Urine Bilirubin
• Unconjugated bilirubin is always bound to albumin in the serum -not
filtered by the kidney-not found in the urine.
• Conjugated bilirubin is filtered at the glomerulus and the majority is
reabsorbed by the proximal tubules; a small fraction is excreted in the
urine
• Any bilirubin found in the urine is conjugated bilirubin. The presence of
bilirubinuria implies the presence of liver disease
13. Jaundice
Hepatocellular Conditions that May Produce Jaundice
Viral hepatitis – Viral serology, ALT>=AST
Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E
Epstein-Barr virus
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex
Alcohol – AST/ALT -2:1,AST rarely > 300
Drug toxicity
Predictable, dose-dependent, e.g., acetaminophen
Unpredictable, idosyncratic, e.g., isoniazid
Environmental toxins
Vinyl chloride
Jamaica bush tea—pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Kava Kava
Wild mushrooms—Amanita phalloides or A. verna
Wilson's disease – young adult males where no othr cause of jaundice found
Autoimmune hepatitis – middle aged females,
14. Jaundice
Initial Evaluation: History
• Jaundice, acholic stools, tea-colored urine
• Fever/chills, RUQ pain (cholangitis)
• Could lead to life-threatening septic shock
• Reasons to have hepatitis or cirrhosis?
• Alcohol, Viral, risk factors for viral hepatitis
• Exposure to toxins or offending drugs
• Inherited disorders or hemolytic conditions
• Recent blood transfusions or blood loss?
• Is patient septic or on TPN?
• Recent gallbladder surgery? (CBD injury)
15. Jaundice
• While ALT and AST values less than 8 times normal may be seen in
either hepatocellular or cholestatic liver disease, values 25 times
normal or higher are seen primarily in acute hepatocellular diseases.
16. Jaundice
Initial Evaluation: Physical Exam
• Signs of end stage liver disease (cirrhosis)
• Ascites, splenomegaly, spider angiomata, and gynecomastia
• Jaundice evident first underneath the tongue, also evident in sclerae
or skin
• Courvoisier’s sign = painless, but palpable or distended gallbladder
on exam
• Could indicate malignant obstruction
17. Jaundice
When the pattern of the liver tests suggests a cholestatic disorder, the next
step is to determine whether it is intra- or extrahepatic cholestasis
• Appropriate test is an ultrasound
• Biliary dilatation indicates extrahepatic cholestasis – SURGICAL
JAUNDICE
• Absence of biliary dilatation suggests intrahepatic cholestasis
18. Jaundice
Intrahepatic
A. Viral hepatitis
1. Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis—hepatitis B and C
2. Hepatitis A, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus
B. Alcoholic hepatitis
C. Drug toxicity
1. Pure cholestasis—anabolic and contraceptive steroids
2. Cholestatic hepatitis—chlorpromazine, erythromycin estolate
3. Chronic cholestasis—chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine
19. Jaundice
DDx: Unconjugated bilirubinemia
• ↑production
• Extravascular hemolysis
• Extravasation of blood into tissues
• Intravascular hemolysis
• Errors in production of red blood cells
• Impaired hepatic bilirubin uptake(trnsport)
• CHF
• Portosystemic shunts
• Drug inhibition: rifampin, probenecid
21. Jaundice
DDx: Conjugated Bilirubinemia
• Intrahepatic cholestasis/impaired excretion
• Hepatitis (viral, alcoholic, and non-alcoholic)
• Any cause of hepatocellular injury
• Primary biliary cirrhosis or end-stage liver dz
• Sepsis and hypoperfusion states
• TPN
• Pregnancy
• Infiltrative dz: TB, amyloid, sarcoid, lymphoma
• Drugs/toxins i.e. chlorpromazine, arsenic
• Post-op patient or post-organ transplantation
• Hepatic crisis in sickle cell disease
22. Jaundice
DDx: Obstructive Jaundice
• Obstructive Jaundice– extrahepatic cholestasis
• Choledocholithiasis (CBD or CHD stone)
• Cancer (peri-ampullary or cholangioCA)
• Strictures after invasive procedures
• Acute and chronic pancreatitis
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)
• Parasitic infections
• Ascaris lumbricoides, liver flukes
23. Jaundice
Screening Labs
• NL LFT r/o hepatic injury or biliary tract dz
• Consider inherited disorders or hemolysis
• ↑Alk Phos moreso than AST/ALT implies “cholestasis” (intrahepatic vs
obstruction)
• ↑Alk Phos also seen in sarcoid, TB, bone
• In this case, GGT is specific for biliary origin
• Predominant ↑AST/ALT implies intrinsic hepatocellular disease
• AST/ALT ratio > 2 in alcoholic hepatitis
• ↓albumin or ↑INR c/w advanced liver dz
24. Jaundice
Subsequent Labs
• If no concern for obstructive jaundice:
• Viral (Hep B&C) serologies for viral hepatitis
• anti-mitochondrial Ab (PBC)
• anti-smooth muscle Ab (Auto-immune)
• iron studies (hemochromatosis)
• ceruloplasmin (Wilson’s)
• Alpha-1 anti-trypsin activity (for deficiency)
25. Jaundice
Imaging for Obstructive Jaundice
• RUQ Ultrasound
• See stones, CBD diameter
• CT scan
• Identify both type & level of obstruction
• ERCP
• Direct visualization of biliary tree/panc ducts
• Procedure of choice for choledocholithiasis
• Diagnostic –AND- therapeutic (unlike MRCP)
• PTC useul of obstruction is prox to CHD
• Endoscopic Ultrasound or EUS
26. Jaundice
Treatment
• If Medical, then treat the etiology
• If Obstructive Jaundice:
• Should r/o ascending cholangitis, ABC/resusc
• For cholangitis: IVF, IV Antibiotics, Decompression
• Stones (remove stones vs stent vs drainage)
• Done via ERCP or PTC or open (surgery)
• Benign stricture (stent vs drainage catheter)
• Cancer (Stent vs drainage +/- resect the CA)