This document reviews a mobility management scheme for mobile communication systems. It was found that mobile-to-mobile call setup times performed better than fixed network-to-mobile or mobile-to-fixed call setup times. Additionally, increasing the number of location areas within a switch did not affect inter-MSC handovers or location updates since the switch coverage area size remained the same, but did increase intra-MSC location updates and handovers. Finally, user mobility directly impacts signaling traffic for handovers, location management, radio resource allocation, and routing.
Quality of Service in bandwidth adapted hybrid UMTS/WLAN interworking networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Integration of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) result in ubiquitous connection for end users. In the integrated network, ensuring the quality of service to users and enhancing capacity of network are prominent issues. Bandwidth adaptation technique is one of the solutions to overcome these issues. Bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes were proposed for loosely coupled interworking network. In this paper, hybrid coupled UMTS and WLAN interworking network is analyzed with bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes and the performances have been compared. Simulation result shows that the proposed hybrid coupled interworking network with bandwidth adaptation based on per class scheme performs better with enhanced quality of service and network capacity.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE USING LOAD MATRIX METHOD IN WIRELESS CELLULAR S...cscpconf
An efficient resource allocation is one of the greatest challenges in wireless cellular
communication. The resource allocation schemes avoid wastage of resources by allocating
resources to a mobile terminal over a short period of time, providing quality of service over
wireless networks is the most stressing point for service providers. In general a high degree of
sharing is efficient, but requires service protection mechanisms to guarantee the QoS for all
services. In this paper we address the multi cell interference on overall radio resource
utilization and propose a new strategy for resource allocation in multi cell systems. we also
propose a joint management of interference within and between cells for allocation of radio
resources , Simulation results are showing that there is a significant improvement in the resource utilization so that overall network performance.
An efficient model for reducing soft blocking probability in wireless cellula...ijwmn
One of the research challenges in cellular networks is the design of an efficient model that can reduce call
blocking probability and improve the quality of service (QoS) provided to mobile users. Blocking occurs
when a new call cannot be admitted into the network due to channel unavailability caused by limited
capacity or when an ongoing call cannot be continued as it moves from one base station to another due to
mobility of the user. The proposed model computes the steady state probability and resource occupancy
distribution, traffic distribution, intra-cell and inter-cell interferences from mobile users. Previously
proposed models are reviewed through which the present model is built for use in emerging wireless
networks so as to obtain improved QoS performance. The developed model is validated through simulations
in MATLAB and its equations implemented using Java Programming Language. The results obtained
indicate reduced call blocking probability below threshold.
A Comparative Study on Profile Based Location Management for Personal Communi...IJERA Editor
Location of the mobile user is registered to the two databases for call tracking and those registration processes basis much network traffic. By this speed of Call delivery reduced and location updating cost improved. In this paper, the first method a new meek location management by registering Representative VLR of group of certain VLRs regionally and broadcasting for searching a mobile user, so called rVLR-B.This The representative VLR of several VLRs and register mobile users’ location. When set up the call path between mobile users, the VLR of the caller inquiries callee’s rVLR for searching the location of callee instead of demanding to VLR of callee. And then rVLR broadcast the callee’s location to all VLR of the region simultaneously. Location registration is only performed when a mobile user visits a new rVLR network area from present area. Using the rVLR-B, the cost of maintaining location of mobile users was abridged. The second technique for reducing the costs during the location tracking and location update is proposed. Taking the regular movement pattern of the users it produces the block and the user registers with the HLR only after crossing the block instead of crossing the single cell. The block register (BR) is introduced between the block and the HLR in two level systems to preserve the blocks, thus creates three level architecture. In this architecture some signaling cost values between the MSC-BR, BRHLR and BR-BR are maintained to get the better enactment. By the rVLR-B and BR the performance of speed of call delivery improved and location updation will be diminished. Keywords: Home Location Register, Visitor Location Register, Mobile Switching Center, Base Station, Block Register, Mobile Station, r-VLR- Representative VLR
Quality of Service in bandwidth adapted hybrid UMTS/WLAN interworking networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Integration of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) result in ubiquitous connection for end users. In the integrated network, ensuring the quality of service to users and enhancing capacity of network are prominent issues. Bandwidth adaptation technique is one of the solutions to overcome these issues. Bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes were proposed for loosely coupled interworking network. In this paper, hybrid coupled UMTS and WLAN interworking network is analyzed with bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes and the performances have been compared. Simulation result shows that the proposed hybrid coupled interworking network with bandwidth adaptation based on per class scheme performs better with enhanced quality of service and network capacity.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE USING LOAD MATRIX METHOD IN WIRELESS CELLULAR S...cscpconf
An efficient resource allocation is one of the greatest challenges in wireless cellular
communication. The resource allocation schemes avoid wastage of resources by allocating
resources to a mobile terminal over a short period of time, providing quality of service over
wireless networks is the most stressing point for service providers. In general a high degree of
sharing is efficient, but requires service protection mechanisms to guarantee the QoS for all
services. In this paper we address the multi cell interference on overall radio resource
utilization and propose a new strategy for resource allocation in multi cell systems. we also
propose a joint management of interference within and between cells for allocation of radio
resources , Simulation results are showing that there is a significant improvement in the resource utilization so that overall network performance.
An efficient model for reducing soft blocking probability in wireless cellula...ijwmn
One of the research challenges in cellular networks is the design of an efficient model that can reduce call
blocking probability and improve the quality of service (QoS) provided to mobile users. Blocking occurs
when a new call cannot be admitted into the network due to channel unavailability caused by limited
capacity or when an ongoing call cannot be continued as it moves from one base station to another due to
mobility of the user. The proposed model computes the steady state probability and resource occupancy
distribution, traffic distribution, intra-cell and inter-cell interferences from mobile users. Previously
proposed models are reviewed through which the present model is built for use in emerging wireless
networks so as to obtain improved QoS performance. The developed model is validated through simulations
in MATLAB and its equations implemented using Java Programming Language. The results obtained
indicate reduced call blocking probability below threshold.
A Comparative Study on Profile Based Location Management for Personal Communi...IJERA Editor
Location of the mobile user is registered to the two databases for call tracking and those registration processes basis much network traffic. By this speed of Call delivery reduced and location updating cost improved. In this paper, the first method a new meek location management by registering Representative VLR of group of certain VLRs regionally and broadcasting for searching a mobile user, so called rVLR-B.This The representative VLR of several VLRs and register mobile users’ location. When set up the call path between mobile users, the VLR of the caller inquiries callee’s rVLR for searching the location of callee instead of demanding to VLR of callee. And then rVLR broadcast the callee’s location to all VLR of the region simultaneously. Location registration is only performed when a mobile user visits a new rVLR network area from present area. Using the rVLR-B, the cost of maintaining location of mobile users was abridged. The second technique for reducing the costs during the location tracking and location update is proposed. Taking the regular movement pattern of the users it produces the block and the user registers with the HLR only after crossing the block instead of crossing the single cell. The block register (BR) is introduced between the block and the HLR in two level systems to preserve the blocks, thus creates three level architecture. In this architecture some signaling cost values between the MSC-BR, BRHLR and BR-BR are maintained to get the better enactment. By the rVLR-B and BR the performance of speed of call delivery improved and location updation will be diminished. Keywords: Home Location Register, Visitor Location Register, Mobile Switching Center, Base Station, Block Register, Mobile Station, r-VLR- Representative VLR
Wap based seamless roaming in urban environment with wise handoff techniqueijujournal
This paper highlights the studies performed to arrive at a novel handoff scheme in achieving uninterrupted connectivity. Every wireless communication user prefers seamless mobility and uninterrupted communication. Achieving this scenario is quite challenging both technologically and economically. Few of the reasons are geographical and man made constraints. Dynamic changes in environment and ever changing geographical landscape also pose serious difficulties to engineers involved in design of wireless systems. The following schemes have been suggested in an effort to improve Q.o.S of wireless mobile communication scenarios.
A digital switch is a device that handles digital signals generated at or passed through a telephone company central office and forwards them across the company's backbone network. ... A centrex is a digital switch at the central office that manages to switch for the private company from the central office.
Evaluation of CSSR with Direct TCH Assignment in Cellular NetworksIJERA Editor
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) operators make use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to appreciate the network performance and evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) regarding end user perceived quality. KPIs are therefore becoming increasingly important in the context of network rollouts as well as within mature network optimization cycles. The performance of the mobile network is measured based on several counters describing the most important events over a measurement period. The KPIs are derived with the help of these counters using different formulations. Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) is one of the most important KPIs used by all mobile operators. In Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso, most of the active workers and remote area farmers rely largely on mobile communication services; the GPRS as data services remain highly competitive with GSM voice services. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of theoretically estimated CSSR to measured CSSR data on a real network with regard to GPRS services. The measured data was obtained from the Nokia Siemens Network (NSN) statistical tool. The results obtained showed significant improvements in areas where sharp drops in CSSR values were recorded for the measured CSSR. Significantly high R square values of close to 1 representing a high predictive ability from the regression analysis of the estimated CSSR were also recorded. It was concluded that the implementation of the CSSR formulation be extended to CSSR measurements to ensure increased subscriber satisfaction.
Intelligent location tracking scheme for handling user’s mobilityeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS IN WIMAXIJCSEA Journal
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks were expected to be the main Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) technology that provided several services such as data, voice, and video services including different classes of Quality of Services (QoS), which in turn were defined by IEEE 802.16 standard. Scheduling in WiMAX became one of the most challenging issues, since it was responsible for distributing available resources of the network among all users; this leaded to the demand of constructing and designing high efficient scheduling algorithms in order to improve the network utilization, to increase the network throughput, and to minimize the end-to-end delay. In this study, we presenedt a simulation study to measure the performance of several scheduling algorithms in WiMAX, which were Strict Priority algorithm, Round-Robin (RR), Weighted Round Robin (WRR), Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ), Self-Clocked Fair (SCF), and Diff-Serv Algorithm.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
Ns 2 based simulation environment for performance evaluation of umts architec...Makhdoom Waseem Hashmi
Ns 2 based simulation environment for performance evaluation of umts architecture.
NS2, UMTS, 3G, EURANE, scheduling, architecture and umts simultation and NS2 simulation and EURANE SIMULATION
A SURVEY ON CALL ADMISSION CONTROL SCHEMES IN LTEIJCSES Journal
The growing number of mobile users with diverse applications such as VoIP, video, internet surfing etc. has made LTE networks to adopt a CAC strategy in order to ensure the quality of service (QoS) requirements of these applications. Over the years, several CAC schemes have been proposed to either accept or reject service requests. This paper presents a survey of these schemes under four different classes. The classes are: Bandwidth Reservation (BR), Bandwidth Degradation (BD), BR and BD and Non-BR and Non-BD (NBR-NBD). In each of the classification, the operation procedure, strengths and weaknesses of each scheme has been discussed. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of these schemes is also presented. The analysis provides insight into the challenges in the design of CAC by highlighting open research issues for future directions.
Full-duplex user-centric communication using non-orthogonal multiple accessTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes an improved user-centric Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) communication in two-base station networks with in-band full duplex (IBFD) user. We derive the achievable rates of the proposed user-centric NOMA systems. For benchmarking purposes, we also derive the achievable rate for the user-centric system deploying conventional NOMA schemes, Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) schemes and point-point communication systems. We then analyze and simulate the performance of the proposed and all the benchmarked systems. We found that our proposed user-centric NOMA approach has a 64% improvement in the total achievable rate when compared to the benchmarked approach under similar power constraint.
Wap based seamless roaming in urban environment with wise handoff techniqueijujournal
This paper highlights the studies performed to arrive at a novel handoff scheme in achieving uninterrupted connectivity. Every wireless communication user prefers seamless mobility and uninterrupted communication. Achieving this scenario is quite challenging both technologically and economically. Few of the reasons are geographical and man made constraints. Dynamic changes in environment and ever changing geographical landscape also pose serious difficulties to engineers involved in design of wireless systems. The following schemes have been suggested in an effort to improve Q.o.S of wireless mobile communication scenarios.
A digital switch is a device that handles digital signals generated at or passed through a telephone company central office and forwards them across the company's backbone network. ... A centrex is a digital switch at the central office that manages to switch for the private company from the central office.
Evaluation of CSSR with Direct TCH Assignment in Cellular NetworksIJERA Editor
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) operators make use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to appreciate the network performance and evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) regarding end user perceived quality. KPIs are therefore becoming increasingly important in the context of network rollouts as well as within mature network optimization cycles. The performance of the mobile network is measured based on several counters describing the most important events over a measurement period. The KPIs are derived with the help of these counters using different formulations. Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) is one of the most important KPIs used by all mobile operators. In Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso, most of the active workers and remote area farmers rely largely on mobile communication services; the GPRS as data services remain highly competitive with GSM voice services. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of theoretically estimated CSSR to measured CSSR data on a real network with regard to GPRS services. The measured data was obtained from the Nokia Siemens Network (NSN) statistical tool. The results obtained showed significant improvements in areas where sharp drops in CSSR values were recorded for the measured CSSR. Significantly high R square values of close to 1 representing a high predictive ability from the regression analysis of the estimated CSSR were also recorded. It was concluded that the implementation of the CSSR formulation be extended to CSSR measurements to ensure increased subscriber satisfaction.
Intelligent location tracking scheme for handling user’s mobilityeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS IN WIMAXIJCSEA Journal
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) networks were expected to be the main Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) technology that provided several services such as data, voice, and video services including different classes of Quality of Services (QoS), which in turn were defined by IEEE 802.16 standard. Scheduling in WiMAX became one of the most challenging issues, since it was responsible for distributing available resources of the network among all users; this leaded to the demand of constructing and designing high efficient scheduling algorithms in order to improve the network utilization, to increase the network throughput, and to minimize the end-to-end delay. In this study, we presenedt a simulation study to measure the performance of several scheduling algorithms in WiMAX, which were Strict Priority algorithm, Round-Robin (RR), Weighted Round Robin (WRR), Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ), Self-Clocked Fair (SCF), and Diff-Serv Algorithm.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
Ns 2 based simulation environment for performance evaluation of umts architec...Makhdoom Waseem Hashmi
Ns 2 based simulation environment for performance evaluation of umts architecture.
NS2, UMTS, 3G, EURANE, scheduling, architecture and umts simultation and NS2 simulation and EURANE SIMULATION
A SURVEY ON CALL ADMISSION CONTROL SCHEMES IN LTEIJCSES Journal
The growing number of mobile users with diverse applications such as VoIP, video, internet surfing etc. has made LTE networks to adopt a CAC strategy in order to ensure the quality of service (QoS) requirements of these applications. Over the years, several CAC schemes have been proposed to either accept or reject service requests. This paper presents a survey of these schemes under four different classes. The classes are: Bandwidth Reservation (BR), Bandwidth Degradation (BD), BR and BD and Non-BR and Non-BD (NBR-NBD). In each of the classification, the operation procedure, strengths and weaknesses of each scheme has been discussed. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of these schemes is also presented. The analysis provides insight into the challenges in the design of CAC by highlighting open research issues for future directions.
Full-duplex user-centric communication using non-orthogonal multiple accessTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes an improved user-centric Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) communication in two-base station networks with in-band full duplex (IBFD) user. We derive the achievable rates of the proposed user-centric NOMA systems. For benchmarking purposes, we also derive the achievable rate for the user-centric system deploying conventional NOMA schemes, Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) schemes and point-point communication systems. We then analyze and simulate the performance of the proposed and all the benchmarked systems. We found that our proposed user-centric NOMA approach has a 64% improvement in the total achievable rate when compared to the benchmarked approach under similar power constraint.
Network Lifetime Analysis of Routing Protocols of Short Network in QualnetIOSR Journals
Abstract: A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicates with each other without using any existing infrastructure, access point or centralized administration. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes such as wireless connection, continuously changing topology, distributed operation and ease of deployment. In this paper we have compared the energy consumption of reactive, proactive & hybrid routing protocol AODV,DSR,RIP & ZRP by using different mobility model. We have analyzed the Network lifetime of protocols by varying pay load, mobility, pause time and type of traffic (CBR). A detailed simulation has been carried out in qualnet. The metrics used for performance analysis are energy consumed & battery consumption. It has been observed that RIP has better network lifetime than other.
Detail Solidworks Design and Simulation of an Unmanned Air VehicleIOSR Journals
Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) are a new type of aircraft maturing day by day and have reached
unprecedented levels of growth recently. Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) have enormous potential in
applications. They are deployed predominantly for military and special operation applications, but also used in
a small but growing number of civil applications, such as policing and firefighting, and nonmilitary security
work, such as surveillance of pipelines. UAVs are often preferred for missions that are too "dull, dirty, and
dangerous" for manned aircraft. This article mainly describes the design process of an unmanned air vehicle in
solidworks and shows the results of solidworks simulation analysis
I- Function and H -Function Associated With Double IntegralIOSR Journals
The object of this paper is to discuss certain integral properties of a I -function and H -function,
proposed by Inayat-Hussain which contain a certain class of Feynman integrals, the exact partition of a Gaussian
model in Statistical Mechanics and several other functions as its particular cases. During the course of finding,
we establish certain new double integral relation pertaining to a product involving I function and H function.
These double integral relations are unified in nature and act as a key formulae from which we can obtain as their
special case, double integral relations concerning a large number of simple special functions. For the sake of
illustration, we record here some special cases of our main results which are also new and of interest by
themselves. All the result which are established in this paper are basic in nature and are likely to find useful
applications in several fields notably electrical network, probability theory and statistical mechanics.
Abstract: Synthesis of 2-(1, 3- dihydro- 3 - oxo- 2H - pyridylpyrr- 2- ylidene)-1, 2-dihydro- 3H- pyridylpyrrol- 3- one, polycyclic bi-indolinedione vat dye was carried out using a heterocyclic compound, 2-aminopyridine, chlorinated ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide. The aromatic glycine that resulted as an intermediate to this new polycyclic bi-indolinedione compound was fused with admixture sodamide: sodium hydroxide: potassium hydroxide and oxidized by acidified concentrated solution of ferric chloride using hydrochloric acid. This dye showed good fastness properties on cotton, polyester, dacron, silk, wool and paper. The spectral analysis was in agreement with the proposed structure of the compound. UV: (DMSO) λmax nm; 609. IR:(KBr) ʋ cm-1; 3402, 2251.66, 2078.00, 1650.25, 1398.18, 1005.50 825.37, 764.03, 627.00. 1H-NMR :( DMSO-d6) δppm; 6.6, 7.2, 8.0; 13C- NMR: (DMSO-d6) δppm; 190.11, 188.20, 157.01, 155.21, 149.60, 148.11, 136.02, 134.50, 130.0, 128.94, 27.53, 126.31, 124.30, 123.91. MS: m/z; 32, 77, 105,181, 264 (M+).
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of D - (+) - Glucose: A Guide to Sp...IOSR Journals
NMR spectroscopy has a wide range of applications including exchange phenomena, the
identification and structural studies of complex biomolecules. 1D 1H-NMR without water suppression, 1D
Carbon, 1D 13C-DEPT135, 2D Cosy, 2D HSQC, 2D TOCSY, 2D HMQC, and 2D HMBC techniques were used
to completely elucidate the structure of glucose with spectral induced at 400MHz.. The spectral were analysed
using spinworks 3. The results obtained from the spectral data were systematically combined to elucidate the
structure of the D-glucose. Full characterisation of D-glucose was achieved by assigning 1H and 13C signals,
starting from the known to unknown signals.
Exact Analytical Expression for Outgoing Intensity from the Top of the Atmosp...IOSR Journals
This research is a part of the work devoted on the application of analytical Discrete Ordinate (ADO) method to the polarized monochromatic radiative transfer equation undergoing anisotropic scattering with source function matrix in a finite coupled Atmosphere –Ocean media having flat interface boundary conditions involving specular reflection and transmission matrix. Discontinuities in the derivatives of the Stokes vector with respect to the cosine of the polar angle at smooth interface between the two media with different refractive indices (air and water) is tackled by using a suitable quadrature scheme devised earlier. Atmosphere and ocean are assumed to be homogeneous. No stratification is adopted in the two media. Exact expression for the
emergent radiation intensity vector from the top of the atmosphere is derived. Exact expressions for the emergent polarized radiation intensity vector from the air-water interface as well as from any point of the two medium in any direction can also be derived in terms of eigenvectors and eigenvalues.
Calcium Chloride Applications to Improve Fruit Quality on Bruised and Disease...IOSR Journals
The problems faced by producer canned of pineapple are the high of bruised which caused by the mechanical damage such as pressure, vibration during harvest, transport to the fruit processing and pathological damage caused by fruit diseases. The objective of research was to obtain the treatment time of CaCl2 applications and dosage of CaCl2 to improve the fruit quality of pineapple. This research used Split Plot Design and each treatment replicated 3 times. The main plot is time of CaCl2 applications that consists of three levels, thats are : 90 day after forcing (daf) (W90), 120 daf (W120) and twice time of CaCl2 applications on 90 and 120 daf (W90+120). The sub plot is dosage of CaCl2 that consists of three levels, thats are : 50 kg ha-1 (C50), 75 kg ha-1 (C75) and 100 kg ha-1 (C100). The results of research showed that the combined treatment twice time of CaCl2 applications on 90 and 120 day after forcing and dosage of CaCl2 100 kg ha-1 produces the calcium content on fruit is higher than the other combined treatments and produce the fruit texture, percentage of fruit diseases and percentage of bruised are lower than the other combined treatments
Refining Measure of Central Tendency and DispersionIOSR Journals
A unified approach is attempted to bring the descriptive statistics in to a more refined frame work. Different measure of central tendencies such as arithmetic mean, median, mode, geometric mean and harmonic mean are derived from a generalized notion of a measure of central tendency developed through an optimality criteria. This generalized notion is extended to introduce the concept of an interval of central tendency. Retaining the spirit of this notion, measure of central tendency may be called point of central tendency. The same notion is further extended to obtain confidence interval for population mean in a finite population model and confidence interval for probability of success in Bernoulli population.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Comparative Study on Mobile Switching Center of Mobile Generationsijtsrd
The world of mobile wireless communication is rapidly developing. The last few years have experience a remarkable growth in wireless industry. Just within a decade, an evolution of wireless service people used every day can be completely dumbfounded from the roots of analog based first generation service 1G to today's truly broadband ready fourth generation networks. The ever growing demands for higher data rates, greater capacity and better quality of services triggered operations to come up with new network technologies. There are many improvements of mobile generations in the world of telecommunication. Mobile Switching Center can perform various types of function in mobile communication. It also connects VLR Visitor Location Register , HLR Home Location Register , AuC Authentication Center and EIR Equipment Identity Register and they are essential needing for mobile communication. This paper represents the introduction about evolution from 1G to 4G system and discusses about the main elements in Mobile Switching Center eventually it includes comparison of Mobile Switching Center in every mobile generations. Aye Myat Myat Myo | Zar Chi Soe "Comparative Study on Mobile Switching Center of Mobile Generations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26643.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26643/comparative-study-on-mobile-switching-center-of-mobile-generations/aye-myat-myat-myo
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Analysis of back propagation and radial basis function neural networks for ha...IJECEIAES
In mobile systems, handoff is a vital process, referring to a process of allocating an ongoing call from one BS to another BS. The handover technique is very important to maintain the Quality of service. Handover algorithms, based on neural networks, fuzzy logic etc. can be used for the same purpose to keep Quality of service as high as possible. In this paper, it is proposed that back propagation networks and radial basis functions may be used for taking handover decision in wireless communication networks. The performance of these classifiers is evaluated on the basis of neurons in hidden layer, training time and classification accuracy. The proposed approach shows that radial basis function neural network give better results for making handover decisions in wireless heterogeneous networks with classification accuracy of 90%.
The advancement in mobile technology and wireless network increase the using of mobile device in database
driven application, these application require high reliability and availability due to nature inheritance of
mobile environment, transaction is the center component in database systems, In this paper we present
useful work done in mobile transaction, we show the mobile database environment and overview a lot of
proposed model of mobile transaction and show many techniques used to enhance transaction execution.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
BIO-INSPIRED SEAMLESS VERTICAL HANDOVER ALGORITHM FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKSijwmn
One of the most important factors to implement VANET is by considering the variety of wireless networks available around the city as well as the vehicles traffic scenarios. However, by providing a diverse range of wireless access technologies, it is necessary to provide continuous network connectivity as well as selecting the most suitable network technology and performance. Many researchers have worked on building algorithms for selecting the best network to improve the handover process. However, with high-speed vehicles mobility, the vertical handover process became the most challenging task in order to achieve realtime network selection. This paper proposes a bio-inspired network selection algorithm influenced by insect's behaviour which combines Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed algorithm is applied to process multi-criteria parameters to evaluate the best available network and then execute the handover process seamlessly. The results demonstrate the benefits of the proposed Multi-Criteria ABC-PSO method by reducing the handover decision delays by 25%. It gives the optimum performance in terms of network selections and reduces the handover latency by 14.5%. The proposed algorithm also reduces the number of unnecessary handovers by 48% for three different mobility scenarios based on traffic environments (highway, urban and traffic jam).
Handover is the process of switching among the
available services without any interruption. Vertical handover is
a technique of switching from one type of a network to another
type of network (e.g., from WiFi to WiMAX). Seamless handover
between different access technologies is a great challenge as it
needs to obey different performance of QoS and security
constraints. Service users are becoming more demanding
regarding roaming capabilities across different networking
technologies such as WiFi, WiMAX, and CDMA as they claim
service continuity with QoS requirement and good security
features. Vertical Handover Decision (VHD) algorithms need to
be designed to provide the required Quality of Service (QoS) to a
wide range of applications while allowing seamless roaming
among a number of access network technologies. This paper is
about the implementation of the VHD algorithms designed to
satisfy these requirements. A combination of 3 parameters i.e.
Data Rate, SINR and RSS are evaluated to take decision of the
best network among available.
Implementing database lookup method in mobile wimax for location management a...ijdpsjournal
The mobile WiMAX plays a vital role in accessing the delay sensitive audio, video streaming and mobi
le
IPTV. To minimize the handover delay, a Location
Management Area (LMA) based Multicast and
Broadcast Service (MBS) zone is established. The handover delay is increased based on the size of th
e MBS
zone. In this paper, Location Management Area is easily identified by using Database Lookup Method t
o
obtai
n efficient bandwidth utilization along with reduced handover delay and increased throughput. The
handover delay and throughput is calculated by implementing this scenario in OPNET tool.
An Efficient Call Admission Control Scheme for Handling Handoffs in Wireless ...pijans
Personal Communication Network (PCN) is an emerging wireless network that promises many new
services for the telecommunication industry. The proliferation of demands for extending wireless services
to integrated services, which supports the transmission of data and multimedia information, has resulted in
the need for broadband wireless systems that are able to provide service capabilities similar to those of
wire line networks. The ATM cell - relay paradigm is one possible approach to provide broadband wireless
transmission with PCN’s using the ATM switching networks for interconnection of PCN cells. As traffic in
these mobile cellular networks increases, Handoffs will become an increasingly important issue. As cell
sizes shrink to accommodate an increasingly large demand of services, newer more efficient handoff
schemes need to be used. In this paper, the authors describe the use of novel and efficient data structure
which dynamically allocates guard channel for handoffs and introduces the concept of channel borrowing
strategy. The proposed scheme allocates the guard channels for handoff requests dynamically, based on the
traffic load for certain time period. A new originating call in the cell coverage area also uses these guard
channels if they are unused. Our basic idea is to allow Guard channels to be shared between new calls and
handoff calls. This approach maximizes the channel utilization. The simulation results prove that the
channel borrowing scheme improves the overall throughput.
RF Planning and Optimization in GSM and UMTS NetworksApurv Agrawal
The report covers various aspects involved in improving the network coverage as well as the parameters used in planning of new network sites for GSM and UMTS networks.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Unsubscribed: Combat Subscription Fatigue With a Membership Mentality by Head...
J010627176.iosr jece
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 6, Ver. II (Nov - Dec .2015), PP 71-76
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10627176 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
Mobility Management Scheme for Mobile Communication
Systems. A Review
F. U. Nweke, S. I. Anyigor and R. C. Iwu
Industrial Physics Department Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Abstract: An intelligent mobility management scheme for mobile communication systems was studied. From
the result obtained, it was discovered that mobile to mobile call setup times showed a better performance as
compared to fixed network to mobile call setup and mobile to fixed call setup times. Moreover, increasing the
number of location areas within the switch does not affect inter-MSC handover and location updates since the
size of the switch coverage area remains the same. And when the location areas within the switch is increased,
intra-MSC location updates and handover also increases. Finally, user mobility directly affects the signaling
traffic for handover, location management, radio resource allocation and routing.
Keyword: GSM, user mobility, handover, subscriber, SMS, mobile phone, mobility management, signaling.
I. Introduction
Global system of mobile communication, GSM network (i.e. a cellular network) is basically a radio
network of individual cells known as base stations where each station covers a small geographical area which is
part of a uniquely identified location area. If the coverage area of these base stations is integrated, a cellular
network provides radio coverage over a much wider area. The group of these base stations is referred to as a
location or a routing area [1].
Mobility management is one of the major functions of a GSM network that allows mobile phone to
work. This is aimed to track where the subscribers are, allowing calls, SMS and other mobile phone services to
be delivered to them [ 2,3,4].
II. Signaling in GSM
This is the language used for communication between machines or computers. Therefore, the ability for
the network to communicate within its entities and the entities outside its boundary requires signaling.
Moreover, signaling refers to all the control signals used within or between communication equipment whose
function is to set up communication. Hence GSM signaling defines the communication between the mobile
station and the network. This has been carried out through the network and across the air-interface to the mobile
station [5,6,7].
III. Mobility Procedures in GSM Communication
Mobility procedures are the functionalities required to offer and maintain communication with a mobile
user at any given point in time. Due to the convergence for mobile communication and with the rapid growth in
the number of subscribers, mobility management emerges as one of the most important and challenging
problems for mobile communication systems. The mobility management enables the serving network to locate a
mobile subscriber’s point of attachment for delivery data packets (i.e. location management), and maintain a
mobile subscriber’s connection as it continues to change its point of attachment (i.e. handoff management).
Table 1 shows the signaling message sizes obtained from a GSM network operator in Nigeria concerning the
mobility procedures for different networks architectures. Mobility procedures in GSM network include: setting
up of mobile originating calls, setting up of mobile terminating calls, inter-BSC handover, intra-MSC handover,
inter-MSC handover and location management. The GSM communication network based mobility procedure is
shown in fig 1. [2, 7,8].
2. Mobility Management Scheme for Mobile Communication Systems. A Review
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10627176 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
Fig 1: The GSM communication network based mobility procedure
IV. Handovers in GSM Communication Network
Handover (Handoff) management is the process by which a mobile node keeps its connection active
when it moves from one access point to another. Connections in GSM may be handed off between the radio
channels in the same cell, between channels in different cells under the same BSS coverage or between the cells
under the coverage of different BSSs and even different MSCs. The BSS usually monitors the quality of radio
signal received and transmits such results to the MSC that keeps a more global view on the radio channels
belonging to its BSSs. The MSC may also initiate the need for connection handoff in an attempt to balance out
traffic load in the network. The GSM network architecture is shown in figure 2. Factors that contribute to the
decision to execute handover procedures are: deterioration in the radio signal strength, traffic measurement
(traffic handover), and mobile station moving out of radio coverage of the current cell and improve global
interference levels [2, 9].
However, handover carried out to prevent a call from being lost are referred to as rescue handovers.
Also confinement and traffic handovers are used to improve the performance of the network and this are
initiated for the benefit of the network. In mobile communication system, the decision to initiate rescue
handovers is made by the network. This is because the global interference level calculations are made in the
network and cell plan is known to the network [2].
Fig 2: The GSM network architecture
GSM Location Management
For mobile network to offer connectivity to a mobile user, the location of the mobile station needs to be
known. The process of a mobile terminal informing the network of its location is known as location update.
Then location management enables the networks to track the locations of mobile nodes. Location management
has two major sub-tracks: location registration and call delivery or paging. In location registration procedure, the
mobile node periodically sends specific signals to inform the network of its current location so that the location
database is kept updated. Then the call delivery procedure is used after the completion of location. The call
3. Mobility Management Scheme for Mobile Communication Systems. A Review
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10627176 www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page
delivery procedure queries the network about the exact location of the mobile device so that a call must be
delivered successfully [4]. To optimize network performance and reduce signaling load on the system, cells are
grouped into location areas. This type of arrangement gives the mobile terminal the opportunity to update its
location when it enters into a new location area.
User Mobility and Traffic model
The computation of the signaling load on the networks, processing load and the processing delay
according to the research objectives are obtained from modeling of the users’ characteristics such as mobility,
call arrival rate and call holding time. The user mobility is modeled using fluid flow model which derives the
rate of user crossing from an area [2]. This model formulates the amount of traffic out of region to be
proportional to the density with the region, the average velocity and the length of the region boundary. Then
considering a small portion of the boundary dl of an area, it would be possible to calculate the number of users
leaving the area through this boundary element in time, . Thus, the number of users crossing the boundary is
distributed according to the density
Where is the probability density function
But
Where V is the average velocity
Integrating with respect to dl for the boundary of a circle will give the circumference L. Therefore, the rate of
crossing out of a circular area is given as
Where represents the density of users, user average speed and length of the perimeter of the given
area
V. Simulation Results/Discussion
From table1, the volume of signaling traffic generated in the core network of GSM-IN varies for
different physical implementations and hence determines the difference in the qualities of service.
GSM network is used as the baseline for the simulation. Fig 3 was used for the modeling of the
network and the four other different physical architectures. The network core signaling was dimensioned for the
GSM network to achieve a network with minimal delays in the queues. The loads were also applied to all other
dimensioned GSM-IN networks to analyze their performances and the calls to and from a user were set for 0.3
call/seconds. Then the data used for the analysis is table 2. For network B and C architectures, the time taken to
conduct inter-MSC handover is comparable with GSM. For other mobility services, inter-MSC handovers
experience two times delays for the E and D physical network architectures. Fig 4 and 5 shows the comparison
of inter-MSC handover times and comparison of intra-MSC location update service completion times. These
times are relative to the average intra-MSC location update for the GSM network with three location areas about
1.3 seconds. Note that intra-MSC location update procedures occur in GSM only when there are more than one
location areas that exist within a mobile switching center. The network B physical architecture takes longer time
than the GSM to complete the intra-MSC location update, notwithstanding that both have similar performance.
The inclusion of service control point in the GSM-IN architecture is responsible for the slight difference in the
completion time.
Figures 6, 7 and 8 represent the performance of mobile to fixed network, fixed network to mobile and
mobile to mobile respectively. The values obtained are relative to the time taken for equivalent GSM service
with one location area. The result showed that the performance of the mobile to mobile calls is better because
the ratio of radio interface signaling volume to core network is small compared to mobile to land and land to
mobile calls. Also for both mobile originating and mobile terminating, the network C physical architecture
generates twice the signaling traffic in core network than the GSM.
4. Mobility Management Scheme for Mobile Communication Systems. A Review
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10627176 www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
Fig 3: Simulation configurations for different physical implementations
Table 1. Signaling message per second per mobility procedures in Nigeria
Mobility procedures Physical network architectures
A B C D E
Intra-MSC location update 0 0 292 700 706
Inter-MSC location update 712 732 292 1306 706
Mobile origination calls 92 92 195 829 829
Mobile terminating calls 218 218 410 1136 1136
Inter- MSC handovers 262 315 315 487 487
Table 2. MSC Parameters for signaling load
VI. Conclusion
An intelligent mobility management scheme for mobile communication systems was analyzed. From
the result obtained, it was observed that the performance for mobile to mobile call set up times is better as
compared to land to mobile or mobile to land calls respectively. The values in the graphs are relative to the time
taken for equivalent GSM service with one location area. From the graph, network C physical architecture
generates twice the signaling traffic in the core network than the GSM for both mobile originating and mobile
terminating.
Reference
[1]. William C. Y. L. (2006). Wireless & Cellular Telecommunication. McGraw-Hill Publisher, Singapore
[2]. Sivagnanasundaram S. (1997). GSM mobility management using an intelligent network platform
[3]. Bafatta M and Schopp (1996). Performance evaluation of IN based mobility management, University of Stuttgart
[4]. Patnaik G. K. (2005). GSM mobility management
[5]. Bale M. C. (1995). Signaling in the Intelligent Network, BT Technology Journals, Vol. 13 No. 2
[6]. Markoulidakis J. G., Lyheropoulos G. I., Tsirkas D. F. and Sykas E. D. (1997). Mobility modeling in third generation mobile
telecommunication system. IEEE pers. Comm. pp 41-56
[7]. Pollini G. P. and Goodman D. J. (1996). Signaling system performance evaluation for personnel communication. IEEE transaction
on vehicular technology Vol 45, No. 1
Parameters Value
Area covered by the MSC 7319.3 km2
Number of location areas in MSC Variable
Size of location areas Variable
Number of users in switch 500,000
Average speed of mobile users 8 km/sec.
Average number of calls to and fro by user 1 call/sec.
Rate of calls to and fro MSC 140 per second
Rate of mobile originating calls to mobile terminating calls 0.55:0.44
Average call holding time for user 2 mins.
Average number of power for user 2/day/user
Rate of power in MSC 12/sec.
Rate of intra-MSC crossing Variable
Rate of inter-MSC crossing 15/sec
Rate of inter-MSC handovers 0.05/sec
5. Mobility Management Scheme for Mobile Communication Systems. A Review
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10627176 www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
[8]. Lawniezak D and Dahlstrom (1994). Evaluation of call set-up and location management procedures in UMTS. RACE mobile
Telecommunications workshop, Amsterdam
[9]. Rehnema (1993). Overview of the GSM system and protocol architecture. Communication magazine IEEE 31(4):92-100
Fig 4: Comparison of inter-MSC location updates service completion time
Fig 5: Comparison of intra-MSC location updates service completion times
Fig 6: Mobile to Fixed network call set up times
6. Mobility Management Scheme for Mobile Communication Systems. A Review
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10627176 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
Fig 7: Fixed network to mobile call setup times
Fig 8: Mobile to Mobile call set up times