Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) operators make use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to appreciate the network performance and evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) regarding end user perceived quality. KPIs are therefore becoming increasingly important in the context of network rollouts as well as within mature network optimization cycles. The performance of the mobile network is measured based on several counters describing the most important events over a measurement period. The KPIs are derived with the help of these counters using different formulations. Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) is one of the most important KPIs used by all mobile operators. In Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso, most of the active workers and remote area farmers rely largely on mobile communication services; the GPRS as data services remain highly competitive with GSM voice services. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of theoretically estimated CSSR to measured CSSR data on a real network with regard to GPRS services. The measured data was obtained from the Nokia Siemens Network (NSN) statistical tool. The results obtained showed significant improvements in areas where sharp drops in CSSR values were recorded for the measured CSSR. Significantly high R square values of close to 1 representing a high predictive ability from the regression analysis of the estimated CSSR were also recorded. It was concluded that the implementation of the CSSR formulation be extended to CSSR measurements to ensure increased subscriber satisfaction.
FREQUENCY AND TIME DOMAIN PACKET SCHEDULING BASED ON CHANNEL PREDICTION WITH ...ijwmn
1) The document discusses packet scheduling algorithms for LTE downlink systems that must operate under imperfect channel quality information (CQI) due to errors, delays, and other issues.
2) It proposes a new packet scheduling algorithm that uses a Kalman filter-based channel predictor in the frequency domain to estimate the true CQI from erroneous feedback, combined with a time domain grouping technique using proportional fair and modified largest weighted delay first algorithms.
3) Simulation results showed this approach achieves better performance than existing algorithms in terms of system throughput and packet loss ratio under imperfect CQI conditions.
TCP Performance Measurement in GPRS Link Adaptation ProcessCSCJournals
This paper presents the results of measured TCP performance in the LA process during the deployment of GPRS CS1 and CS2 coding schemes and after the activation of two more coding schemes, CS3 and CS4. The measurements are done under various network scenarios based on users’ physical locations in one of Malaysia’s commercially deployed live GPRS networks. End-to-end FTP file transfer application is used for the assessment together with tracing at the GPRS air interface. The results show that TCP works well in the LA process and can adapt to the frequent switching between the coding schemes without any problem. The average throughput is increased by 23% for urban areas owing to the activation of higher coding schemes and aided by TCP tuning. It is also shown that bad radio condition is the main factor affecting throughput. TCP performance is seen to be constant in all scenarios and it can cope with GPRS mobility and bad radio condition, although at the expense of reduced throughput.
Call Admission Control Scheme With Multimedia Scheduling Service in WiMAX Net...Waqas Tariq
WiMAX network introduces a multimedia data scheduling service with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. Transmission opportunities are scheduled by the service according to the types of traffic data for the different connections or users. In the paper, we first propose a uniform definition of QoS level for the multimedia data types in the service. The QoS level of a connection are determined by the type of data of the connection and its allocated resources. Based on these QoS levels, we propose a call admission control (CAC) scheme for the entry admission of a new connection without degrading the network performance and the QoS of ongoing connections. The key idea of this scheme is to regulate the arriving traffic of the network such that the network can work at an optimal point, given under a heavy load traffic. Taking advantage of the simulation experiments, we confirm the fact that the proposed scheme can achieve better trade-off between the overall performance of network system and the QoS level of individual connection.
This document summarizes 19 studies on telecommunication and SMS quality of service (QoS) parameters. The studies are classified into 6 groups based on their objectives or methodologies. Group A includes 4 studies that introduce QoS definitions, parameters, and computations. Group B consists of 3 studies on telecommunication QoS monitoring systems. Group C contains 2 studies focusing on setting target values for telecommunication QoS parameters. Group D has 3 studies examining non-utilization stages of QoS for information and communication technology services. Group E reviews 3 papers aimed at improving SMS QoS. Finally, Group F comprises 4 studies measuring SMS QoS parameters.
Performance evaluation of gsm handover traffic in a gprsgsm networkSadasiva Gottimukkala
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the performance of GSM handover traffic in a GPRS/GSM network when GPRS is introduced. The key findings are:
1) The introduction of GPRS reduces capacity for GSM traffic, significantly degrading GSM handover performance.
2) Various handover priority schemes can improve GSM handover performance by prioritizing handover requests over new calls.
3) Simulation results show that appropriate priority schemes can mitigate the degradation of GSM handover performance caused by GPRS capacity reduction.
QoS Based Capacity Enhancement for WCDMA Network with Coding SchemeVLSICS Design
The wide-band code division multiple access (WCDMA) based 3G and beyond cellular mobile wireless networks are expected to provide a diverse range of multimedia services to mobile users with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). To serve diverse quality of service requirements of these networks it necessitates new radio resource management strategies for effective utilization of network resources with coding schemes. Call admission control CAC) is a significant component in wireless networks to guarantee quality of service requirements and also to enhance the network resilience. In this paper capacity enhancement for WCDMA network with convolutional coding scheme is discussed and compared with block code and without coding scheme to achieve a better balance between resource utilization and quality of service provisioning. The model of this network is valid for the real-time (RT) and non-real-time (NRT) services having different data rate. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the network using convolutional code in terms of capacity enhancement and QoS of the voice and video services.
Modulation aware connection admission control and uplink scheduling algorithm...ijwmn
Mobile WiMAX standard defines air interface for mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) systems and aimed to provide high data rate with seamless mobility while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). However, QoS of real-time applications depends on the link quality, which necessitate the channel-aware connection admission control (CAC) and scheduling schemes. In this paper Modulation aware CAC scheme and base station (BS) uplink scheduling algorithm are proposed to improve the system capacity and QoS performance respectively. The proposed CAC scheme aims to increase the admission of higher priority real time services by degrading the bandwidth of admitted lower priority connections on the basis of their channel status without deteriorating their QoS performance much. The performances of proposed algorithms are evaluated through simulation by considering the metrics like throughput, delay and number of connections admitted.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FREQUENCY AND TIME DOMAIN PACKET SCHEDULING BASED ON CHANNEL PREDICTION WITH ...ijwmn
1) The document discusses packet scheduling algorithms for LTE downlink systems that must operate under imperfect channel quality information (CQI) due to errors, delays, and other issues.
2) It proposes a new packet scheduling algorithm that uses a Kalman filter-based channel predictor in the frequency domain to estimate the true CQI from erroneous feedback, combined with a time domain grouping technique using proportional fair and modified largest weighted delay first algorithms.
3) Simulation results showed this approach achieves better performance than existing algorithms in terms of system throughput and packet loss ratio under imperfect CQI conditions.
TCP Performance Measurement in GPRS Link Adaptation ProcessCSCJournals
This paper presents the results of measured TCP performance in the LA process during the deployment of GPRS CS1 and CS2 coding schemes and after the activation of two more coding schemes, CS3 and CS4. The measurements are done under various network scenarios based on users’ physical locations in one of Malaysia’s commercially deployed live GPRS networks. End-to-end FTP file transfer application is used for the assessment together with tracing at the GPRS air interface. The results show that TCP works well in the LA process and can adapt to the frequent switching between the coding schemes without any problem. The average throughput is increased by 23% for urban areas owing to the activation of higher coding schemes and aided by TCP tuning. It is also shown that bad radio condition is the main factor affecting throughput. TCP performance is seen to be constant in all scenarios and it can cope with GPRS mobility and bad radio condition, although at the expense of reduced throughput.
Call Admission Control Scheme With Multimedia Scheduling Service in WiMAX Net...Waqas Tariq
WiMAX network introduces a multimedia data scheduling service with different quality of service (QoS) requirements. Transmission opportunities are scheduled by the service according to the types of traffic data for the different connections or users. In the paper, we first propose a uniform definition of QoS level for the multimedia data types in the service. The QoS level of a connection are determined by the type of data of the connection and its allocated resources. Based on these QoS levels, we propose a call admission control (CAC) scheme for the entry admission of a new connection without degrading the network performance and the QoS of ongoing connections. The key idea of this scheme is to regulate the arriving traffic of the network such that the network can work at an optimal point, given under a heavy load traffic. Taking advantage of the simulation experiments, we confirm the fact that the proposed scheme can achieve better trade-off between the overall performance of network system and the QoS level of individual connection.
This document summarizes 19 studies on telecommunication and SMS quality of service (QoS) parameters. The studies are classified into 6 groups based on their objectives or methodologies. Group A includes 4 studies that introduce QoS definitions, parameters, and computations. Group B consists of 3 studies on telecommunication QoS monitoring systems. Group C contains 2 studies focusing on setting target values for telecommunication QoS parameters. Group D has 3 studies examining non-utilization stages of QoS for information and communication technology services. Group E reviews 3 papers aimed at improving SMS QoS. Finally, Group F comprises 4 studies measuring SMS QoS parameters.
Performance evaluation of gsm handover traffic in a gprsgsm networkSadasiva Gottimukkala
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the performance of GSM handover traffic in a GPRS/GSM network when GPRS is introduced. The key findings are:
1) The introduction of GPRS reduces capacity for GSM traffic, significantly degrading GSM handover performance.
2) Various handover priority schemes can improve GSM handover performance by prioritizing handover requests over new calls.
3) Simulation results show that appropriate priority schemes can mitigate the degradation of GSM handover performance caused by GPRS capacity reduction.
QoS Based Capacity Enhancement for WCDMA Network with Coding SchemeVLSICS Design
The wide-band code division multiple access (WCDMA) based 3G and beyond cellular mobile wireless networks are expected to provide a diverse range of multimedia services to mobile users with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). To serve diverse quality of service requirements of these networks it necessitates new radio resource management strategies for effective utilization of network resources with coding schemes. Call admission control CAC) is a significant component in wireless networks to guarantee quality of service requirements and also to enhance the network resilience. In this paper capacity enhancement for WCDMA network with convolutional coding scheme is discussed and compared with block code and without coding scheme to achieve a better balance between resource utilization and quality of service provisioning. The model of this network is valid for the real-time (RT) and non-real-time (NRT) services having different data rate. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the network using convolutional code in terms of capacity enhancement and QoS of the voice and video services.
Modulation aware connection admission control and uplink scheduling algorithm...ijwmn
Mobile WiMAX standard defines air interface for mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) systems and aimed to provide high data rate with seamless mobility while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). However, QoS of real-time applications depends on the link quality, which necessitate the channel-aware connection admission control (CAC) and scheduling schemes. In this paper Modulation aware CAC scheme and base station (BS) uplink scheduling algorithm are proposed to improve the system capacity and QoS performance respectively. The proposed CAC scheme aims to increase the admission of higher priority real time services by degrading the bandwidth of admitted lower priority connections on the basis of their channel status without deteriorating their QoS performance much. The performances of proposed algorithms are evaluated through simulation by considering the metrics like throughput, delay and number of connections admitted.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes a proposed approach called Resource Allocation with Connection Admission Control (RA-CAC) and Adaptive Rate Scheduling (ARS) to improve quality of service for real-time traffic in WCDMA networks. The RA-CAC algorithm determines the optimal number of users to admit while minimizing call rejection rates. The ARS then adjusts transmission rates of admitted sessions based on feedback to better utilize network resources. Simulation results showed this approach increased delivery ratio, throughput and reduced delays compared to other resource allocation methods.
Link Adaptation for Microwave Link using both MATLAB and Path-Loss Toolijeei-iaes
The inherent multipath transmission on wireless channels usually leads to signal fading which eventually degrades the system performance. In mitigating this problem, link adaptation has been identified as a promising scheme that helps in maximizing the system spectral efficiency (SE) in dispersive wireless channels. In this paper, link adaptation based on adaptive modulation and coding was used to study the performance of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation radio system subjected to multipath fading. MATLAB® scripts and Simulink model were developed to compare the effect of wireless channel on different constellation sizes. Also, transmission link on Federal University of Technology Akure campus’ path terrain was designed with the aid of path-loss® tool application software in order to further analysis the effect of using different modulation formats on the system performance. The results show that, employment of link adaptation scheme offers better performance regarding the system availability and SE
A Bandwidth Efficient Scheduling Framework for Non Real Time Applications in ...ijdpsjournal
The key concern on the bandwidth allocation and scheduling for non real time traffic are the fulfillment of its minimum throughput requirement and improvement of bandwidth utilization with acceptable delay. This paper proposes a simple and efficient scheduling framework for allocating bandwidth to non real time
polling service (nrtPS) users in IEEE 802.16 networks. In this framework, jointly selective repeat ARQ at the MAC layer and adaptive modulation and coding techniques at the physical are considered. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheduling approach provides a graceful compromise between bandwidth utilization and packet delivery delay while maintaining the minimum throughput requirements of nrtPS applications. Thus proves the efficiency of the proposed framework. The simulation is done for unicast scenario.
General packet radio services (GPRS) is step to efficiently transport high-speed data over the current GSM and TDMA-based wireless network infrastructures.
Deployment of GPRS networks allows a variety of new applications ranging from mobile e-commerce to mobile corporate VPN access
Deployments of GPRS network has already taken place in several countries in Europe and the far east.
Improved Algorithm for Throughput Maximization in MC-CDMAVLSICS Design
The Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is becoming a very significant downlink multiple access technique for high-rate data transmission in the fourth generation wireless communication systems. By means of efficient resource allocation higher data rate i.e. throughput can be achieved. This paper evaluates the performance of group (subchannel) allocation criteria employed in downlink transmission, which results in throughput maximization. Proposed algorithm gives the modified technique of sub channel allocation in the downlink transmission of MC-CDMA systems. Simulation are carried out for all the three combining schemes, results shows that for the given power and BER proposed algorithm comparatively gives far better results .
Reduce the probability of blocking for handoff and calls in cellular systems ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In cellular systems the high probability of blocking represents a big problem for users, the proposed solution by reducing the blocking probability and investigation cellular systems by method channels assignment. The aim from apaper is studying the effect the channel assignment on the value of blocking probability. The results showed that the fixe channeld assignment gives a large probability of blocking for high loads, while (FCA) reduce probability of blocking for handoff and calls according to cluster size. The cellular system representation in the case of (DCA), in (3-cell reuse) and (7-cell reuse), the results showed the first best way to reduce blocking probability and lead to reduce to approximately zero when loads that are less than 200%. Increasing the cluster size causes to reduce blocking probability. The results showed that the probability blocking for handoff less than from probability of blocking for new calls.
An Improved Greedy Parameter Stateless Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworkIJAAS Team
Congestion problem and packet delivery related issues in the vehicular ad hoc network environment is a widely researched problem in recent years. Many network designers utilize various algorithms for the design of ad hoc networks and compare their results with the existing approaches. The design of efficient network protocol is a major challenge in vehicular ad hoc network which utilizes the value of GPS and other parameters associated with the vehicles. In this paper GPSR protocol is improved and compared with the existing GPSR protocol and AODV protocol on the basis of various performance parameters like throughput of the network, delay and packet delivery ratio. The results also validate the performance of the proposed approach.
This document summarizes a study on the performance of LTE networks. The researchers conducted passive and active measurements on a commercial LTE network with over 300,000 users to analyze network characteristics and resource utilization. They found that while LTE provides higher bandwidth than 3G, TCP flows often underutilize available bandwidth due to factors like limited receive windows. On average, flows used only 52% of available bandwidth, lengthening transfers and wasting energy. The researchers developed techniques to estimate bandwidth and identify inefficient application behaviors to recommend protocol and design improvements.
This document analyzes the impact of varying transmission range, mobility speed, and number of nodes on the performance of three routing protocols (AODV, DSDV, DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks. It simulates these protocols using the NS-2 simulator and measures the performance based on several QoS metrics including packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and throughput. The results show that AODV generally has the best packet delivery ratio and throughput, while DSDV has the lowest end-to-end delay. DSR performance is between AODV and DSDV. Increasing the transmission range and number of nodes tends to improve performance, while increasing mobility reduces it.
Throughput and Handover Latency Evaluation for Multicast Proxy Mobile IPV6journalBEEI
The objective of this paper is to present performance analysis of a new enhanced mobile multicast network mobility management scheme. The initial developed network mobility management called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is based on unicast network support. This paper enabled multicast support in network mobility management and named it as MPMIPv6. Additionally this enhancement also provides better network performance with the new context transfer operations and fast reroute operations. In brief, this paper also describes other current mobile multicast schemes. The new scheme is evaluated using mathematical analysis and NS3.19 simulator. Theoretically this scheme reduces service recovery time, total signalling cost, handover latency, and packet loss for multicast communication. However for this paper, the analysed parameters are throughput and handover latency. Both mathematical and simulation results exhibit better network performance for multicast environment compared to the standard benchmark scheme.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using the Leaky Bucket Algorithm to enhance quality of service (QoS) in multi-hop wireless networks delivering constant bit rate (CBR) traffic. The Leaky Bucket Algorithm aims to reduce transmission delay by delivering packets at a constant rate even when packets arrive in bursts. It combines joint congestion control and a scheduling algorithm to not only achieve provable throughput guarantees, but also place explicit upper bounds on the end-to-end delay of each flow. Simulation results show the proposed approach reduces transmission time and improves throughput compared to existing scheduling algorithms that do not consider delay performance.
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Journals
Abstract One of the most complicated issues is to measuring the delay performance of end to end nodes in Multi-hop Wireless Networks. The two nodes are communicating via hopping over the multiple wireless links. The fact that is each node has to concentrate not only its own generated traffic, but also relayed one. Observing unfairness particularly for transmissions among nodes that are more than one hop Most of the existing works deals with the joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm, which does not focusing the delay performance. In turn, considering the throughput metric alone although for congestion control flows, throughput is the repeated difficult performance metric Packet delay is also important because practical congestion control protocols need to establish the timeouts for the retransmissions based on the packet delay, such parameters could significantly impact the speed of recovery when loss of packets occurred. The related issues on the delay-performance First, for long flows, the end to end delay may grow in terms of square with based on the number of hops. Second, it is difficult to control the end-to-end delay of each flows. TDMA schedules the transmissions in a fair way, in terms of throughput per connection, considering the communication requirements of the active flows of the network. It does not work properly in the multi-hop scenario, because it is generated only for single hop networks, We propose The Leaky Bucket Algorithm, in addition to joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm in multi-hop wireless networks. The proposed algorithm not only achieves the provable throughput and also considering the upper bounds of the delay of each flow. It reduces the transmission time by delivering packets at a constant bit rate even it receives the packet at a busty way. Keywords- Multi-hop wireless networks, congestion control, Performance, Delay, Flow, Throughput.
A New Bi-level Program Based on Unblocked Reliability for a Continuous Road N...IJMER
With increasing demands for better and more reliable service, developing a method for designing a highly-reliability road network has become a critical issue. A Network Design Problem is used to determine a set of design parameters leading to the creation of an optimal road network. Moreover, the performance of an Origin-Destination pair with high traffic demands is a top priority in the optimizing process. A bi-level programming technique, that is upper-level and lower-level programs, can be used to formulate the Continuous Network Design Problem. This study establishes a new type of bi-level program based on unblocked reliability. The proposed bi-level program is applied to analyze a real local road network that has 22 nodes and 62 links. A set of link capacity expansions is determined by solving the proposed bi-level program using the Hooke-Jeeves algorithm. This kind of capacity expansion results in optimization by maximizing the balance between the unblocked reliability of the entire road network and the road network expansion ratio. The new, proposed bi-level program can comply with the various limits on environment and financial resources.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF PACKET SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS FOR VIDEO TRAFFIC IN L...ijmnct
In this paper we have studied downlink packet scheduling algorithms proposed for LTE cellular networks.
The study emphasize on three most promising scheduling algorithms such as: FLS, EXP rule and LOG rule.
The performance of these three algorithms is conducted over video traffic in a vehicular environment using
LTE-Sim simulator. The simulation was setup with varying number of users from 10 - 60 in fixed bounded
regions of 1 km radius. The main goal this study is to provide results that will help in the design process of
packet scheduler for LTE cellular networks, aiming to get better overall performance users. Simulation
results show that, the FLS scheme outperforms in terms of average system throughput, average packet
delay, PLR; and with a satisfactory level of fairness index.
An Efficient and Stable Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is mainly designed to set up communication among devices in infrastructure-less wireless communication network. Routing in this kind of communication network is highly affected by its restricted characteristics such as frequent topological changes and limited battery power. Several research works have been carried out to improve routing performance in MANET. However, the overall performance enhancement in terms of packet delivery, delay and control message overhead is still not come into the wrapping up. In order to overcome the addressed issues, an Efficient and Stable-AODV (EFST-AODV) routing scheme has been proposed which is an improvement over AODV to establish a better quality route between source and destination. In this method, we have modified the route request and route reply phase. During the route request phase, cost metric of a route is calculated on the basis of parameters such as residual energy, delay and distance. In a route reply phase, average residual energy and average delay of overall path is calculated and the data forwarding decision is taken at the source node accordingly. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, normalized routing load and control message overhead as compared to AODV.
IRJET - A Review on Congestion Control Methods in Mobile Adhoc NetworksIRJET Journal
This document reviews different techniques for congestion control in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and discusses how congestion can occur and degrade network performance. The literature survey section then summarizes several recent studies that have proposed various congestion control methods. These include adaptive data rate and control of hello packets, cross-layer approaches, hop-by-hop congestion control algorithms, avoiding congestion by monitoring bandwidth capacity, and fuzzy logic based congestion control. The document concludes that congestion is a major issue in MANETs and different control mechanisms aim to improve throughput, delivery ratio and reduce packet loss and delay.
EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF CHANNELS USING DYNAMIC GUARD CHANNEL ALLOCATION WITH...cscpconf
The document proposes a Dynamic Guard Channel Allocation with Channel Borrowing Strategy (DGCA-CBS) to efficiently utilize channels for handoffs in wireless networks. The scheme dynamically allocates guard channels for handoff requests based on traffic load over time. It also allows guard channels to be "borrowed" and assigned to new calls when unused, to maximize utilization. Simulation results show the proposed approach improves overall throughput by reducing both handoff and new call blocking rates compared to fixed and static guard channel allocation schemes.
The document summarizes planning and optimization of an LTE radio access network for an urban area in Taiz City, Yemen. It involved using simulation software to plan the network, including determining the number and locations of base stations. The network was then optimized using techniques like Automatic Cell Planning and Automatic Frequency Planning. This improved coverage from 90% to 98%, CINR from 65% to 77%, and increased total network traffic by 30%. The optimization reduced overlapping between sectors and interference, and increased throughput and coverage area.
Performance evaluation of high mobility OFDM channel estimation techniques IJECEIAES
In wireless communication, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted due to its robustness to multipath fading and high data rate transmissions. At the other hand, the performance of OFDM systems severely degraded due to multi-path fading and Doppler frequency shifts in mobile systems, which causes inter-carrier-interference (ICI). Thus, Estimation of channel parameters is required at the receiver using a pre designed estimator where pilot tones are inserted in each OFDM symbol. In this paper, a random pilot data are generated and inserted in each OFDM symbol at equally spaced locations. The performance test of Least Square (LS) and Linear Minimum Mean Square (LMMSE) estimation methods are proposed with Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) based on both LS and LMMSE, where different ITU channel models are considered in order to compare their performance for data transmission in high mobile systems with different Doppler frequencies exceeds 200 Hz and minimal number of pilots.
This document provides an optimization manual for improving the TCH assignment success rate (KPI) in GSM BSS networks. It defines TCH assignment success rate and lists key factors that influence it, such as hardware faults, interference issues, coverage problems, and parameter settings. The document then describes procedures for analyzing assignment failures, including checking hardware status, transmission quality, and parameter settings. Finally, it provides optimization methods and case studies.
The document provides an overview and analysis flow for optimizing the performance of a mobile network. It discusses various problems that can occur like low availability of control channels, congestion on signaling and traffic channels, and high drop call rates. For each problem, it lists probable causes and recommends actions to identify the issue and solutions to resolve it, such as adjusting configuration parameters, adding network capacity, or improving frequency planning. MML commands are also provided to check device logs, resources, and performance statistics for troubleshooting purposes.
This document describes a proposed approach called Resource Allocation with Connection Admission Control (RA-CAC) and Adaptive Rate Scheduling (ARS) to improve quality of service for real-time traffic in WCDMA networks. The RA-CAC algorithm determines the optimal number of users to admit while minimizing call rejection rates. The ARS then adjusts transmission rates of admitted sessions based on feedback to better utilize network resources. Simulation results showed this approach increased delivery ratio, throughput and reduced delays compared to other resource allocation methods.
Link Adaptation for Microwave Link using both MATLAB and Path-Loss Toolijeei-iaes
The inherent multipath transmission on wireless channels usually leads to signal fading which eventually degrades the system performance. In mitigating this problem, link adaptation has been identified as a promising scheme that helps in maximizing the system spectral efficiency (SE) in dispersive wireless channels. In this paper, link adaptation based on adaptive modulation and coding was used to study the performance of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation radio system subjected to multipath fading. MATLAB® scripts and Simulink model were developed to compare the effect of wireless channel on different constellation sizes. Also, transmission link on Federal University of Technology Akure campus’ path terrain was designed with the aid of path-loss® tool application software in order to further analysis the effect of using different modulation formats on the system performance. The results show that, employment of link adaptation scheme offers better performance regarding the system availability and SE
A Bandwidth Efficient Scheduling Framework for Non Real Time Applications in ...ijdpsjournal
The key concern on the bandwidth allocation and scheduling for non real time traffic are the fulfillment of its minimum throughput requirement and improvement of bandwidth utilization with acceptable delay. This paper proposes a simple and efficient scheduling framework for allocating bandwidth to non real time
polling service (nrtPS) users in IEEE 802.16 networks. In this framework, jointly selective repeat ARQ at the MAC layer and adaptive modulation and coding techniques at the physical are considered. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheduling approach provides a graceful compromise between bandwidth utilization and packet delivery delay while maintaining the minimum throughput requirements of nrtPS applications. Thus proves the efficiency of the proposed framework. The simulation is done for unicast scenario.
General packet radio services (GPRS) is step to efficiently transport high-speed data over the current GSM and TDMA-based wireless network infrastructures.
Deployment of GPRS networks allows a variety of new applications ranging from mobile e-commerce to mobile corporate VPN access
Deployments of GPRS network has already taken place in several countries in Europe and the far east.
Improved Algorithm for Throughput Maximization in MC-CDMAVLSICS Design
The Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is becoming a very significant downlink multiple access technique for high-rate data transmission in the fourth generation wireless communication systems. By means of efficient resource allocation higher data rate i.e. throughput can be achieved. This paper evaluates the performance of group (subchannel) allocation criteria employed in downlink transmission, which results in throughput maximization. Proposed algorithm gives the modified technique of sub channel allocation in the downlink transmission of MC-CDMA systems. Simulation are carried out for all the three combining schemes, results shows that for the given power and BER proposed algorithm comparatively gives far better results .
Reduce the probability of blocking for handoff and calls in cellular systems ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In cellular systems the high probability of blocking represents a big problem for users, the proposed solution by reducing the blocking probability and investigation cellular systems by method channels assignment. The aim from apaper is studying the effect the channel assignment on the value of blocking probability. The results showed that the fixe channeld assignment gives a large probability of blocking for high loads, while (FCA) reduce probability of blocking for handoff and calls according to cluster size. The cellular system representation in the case of (DCA), in (3-cell reuse) and (7-cell reuse), the results showed the first best way to reduce blocking probability and lead to reduce to approximately zero when loads that are less than 200%. Increasing the cluster size causes to reduce blocking probability. The results showed that the probability blocking for handoff less than from probability of blocking for new calls.
An Improved Greedy Parameter Stateless Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworkIJAAS Team
Congestion problem and packet delivery related issues in the vehicular ad hoc network environment is a widely researched problem in recent years. Many network designers utilize various algorithms for the design of ad hoc networks and compare their results with the existing approaches. The design of efficient network protocol is a major challenge in vehicular ad hoc network which utilizes the value of GPS and other parameters associated with the vehicles. In this paper GPSR protocol is improved and compared with the existing GPSR protocol and AODV protocol on the basis of various performance parameters like throughput of the network, delay and packet delivery ratio. The results also validate the performance of the proposed approach.
This document summarizes a study on the performance of LTE networks. The researchers conducted passive and active measurements on a commercial LTE network with over 300,000 users to analyze network characteristics and resource utilization. They found that while LTE provides higher bandwidth than 3G, TCP flows often underutilize available bandwidth due to factors like limited receive windows. On average, flows used only 52% of available bandwidth, lengthening transfers and wasting energy. The researchers developed techniques to estimate bandwidth and identify inefficient application behaviors to recommend protocol and design improvements.
This document analyzes the impact of varying transmission range, mobility speed, and number of nodes on the performance of three routing protocols (AODV, DSDV, DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks. It simulates these protocols using the NS-2 simulator and measures the performance based on several QoS metrics including packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, routing overhead, and throughput. The results show that AODV generally has the best packet delivery ratio and throughput, while DSDV has the lowest end-to-end delay. DSR performance is between AODV and DSDV. Increasing the transmission range and number of nodes tends to improve performance, while increasing mobility reduces it.
Throughput and Handover Latency Evaluation for Multicast Proxy Mobile IPV6journalBEEI
The objective of this paper is to present performance analysis of a new enhanced mobile multicast network mobility management scheme. The initial developed network mobility management called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is based on unicast network support. This paper enabled multicast support in network mobility management and named it as MPMIPv6. Additionally this enhancement also provides better network performance with the new context transfer operations and fast reroute operations. In brief, this paper also describes other current mobile multicast schemes. The new scheme is evaluated using mathematical analysis and NS3.19 simulator. Theoretically this scheme reduces service recovery time, total signalling cost, handover latency, and packet loss for multicast communication. However for this paper, the analysed parameters are throughput and handover latency. Both mathematical and simulation results exhibit better network performance for multicast environment compared to the standard benchmark scheme.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using the Leaky Bucket Algorithm to enhance quality of service (QoS) in multi-hop wireless networks delivering constant bit rate (CBR) traffic. The Leaky Bucket Algorithm aims to reduce transmission delay by delivering packets at a constant rate even when packets arrive in bursts. It combines joint congestion control and a scheduling algorithm to not only achieve provable throughput guarantees, but also place explicit upper bounds on the end-to-end delay of each flow. Simulation results show the proposed approach reduces transmission time and improves throughput compared to existing scheduling algorithms that do not consider delay performance.
Enhancement of qos in multihop wireless networks by delivering cbr using lb a...eSAT Journals
Abstract One of the most complicated issues is to measuring the delay performance of end to end nodes in Multi-hop Wireless Networks. The two nodes are communicating via hopping over the multiple wireless links. The fact that is each node has to concentrate not only its own generated traffic, but also relayed one. Observing unfairness particularly for transmissions among nodes that are more than one hop Most of the existing works deals with the joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm, which does not focusing the delay performance. In turn, considering the throughput metric alone although for congestion control flows, throughput is the repeated difficult performance metric Packet delay is also important because practical congestion control protocols need to establish the timeouts for the retransmissions based on the packet delay, such parameters could significantly impact the speed of recovery when loss of packets occurred. The related issues on the delay-performance First, for long flows, the end to end delay may grow in terms of square with based on the number of hops. Second, it is difficult to control the end-to-end delay of each flows. TDMA schedules the transmissions in a fair way, in terms of throughput per connection, considering the communication requirements of the active flows of the network. It does not work properly in the multi-hop scenario, because it is generated only for single hop networks, We propose The Leaky Bucket Algorithm, in addition to joint congestion control and scheduling algorithm in multi-hop wireless networks. The proposed algorithm not only achieves the provable throughput and also considering the upper bounds of the delay of each flow. It reduces the transmission time by delivering packets at a constant bit rate even it receives the packet at a busty way. Keywords- Multi-hop wireless networks, congestion control, Performance, Delay, Flow, Throughput.
A New Bi-level Program Based on Unblocked Reliability for a Continuous Road N...IJMER
With increasing demands for better and more reliable service, developing a method for designing a highly-reliability road network has become a critical issue. A Network Design Problem is used to determine a set of design parameters leading to the creation of an optimal road network. Moreover, the performance of an Origin-Destination pair with high traffic demands is a top priority in the optimizing process. A bi-level programming technique, that is upper-level and lower-level programs, can be used to formulate the Continuous Network Design Problem. This study establishes a new type of bi-level program based on unblocked reliability. The proposed bi-level program is applied to analyze a real local road network that has 22 nodes and 62 links. A set of link capacity expansions is determined by solving the proposed bi-level program using the Hooke-Jeeves algorithm. This kind of capacity expansion results in optimization by maximizing the balance between the unblocked reliability of the entire road network and the road network expansion ratio. The new, proposed bi-level program can comply with the various limits on environment and financial resources.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF PACKET SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS FOR VIDEO TRAFFIC IN L...ijmnct
In this paper we have studied downlink packet scheduling algorithms proposed for LTE cellular networks.
The study emphasize on three most promising scheduling algorithms such as: FLS, EXP rule and LOG rule.
The performance of these three algorithms is conducted over video traffic in a vehicular environment using
LTE-Sim simulator. The simulation was setup with varying number of users from 10 - 60 in fixed bounded
regions of 1 km radius. The main goal this study is to provide results that will help in the design process of
packet scheduler for LTE cellular networks, aiming to get better overall performance users. Simulation
results show that, the FLS scheme outperforms in terms of average system throughput, average packet
delay, PLR; and with a satisfactory level of fairness index.
An Efficient and Stable Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is mainly designed to set up communication among devices in infrastructure-less wireless communication network. Routing in this kind of communication network is highly affected by its restricted characteristics such as frequent topological changes and limited battery power. Several research works have been carried out to improve routing performance in MANET. However, the overall performance enhancement in terms of packet delivery, delay and control message overhead is still not come into the wrapping up. In order to overcome the addressed issues, an Efficient and Stable-AODV (EFST-AODV) routing scheme has been proposed which is an improvement over AODV to establish a better quality route between source and destination. In this method, we have modified the route request and route reply phase. During the route request phase, cost metric of a route is calculated on the basis of parameters such as residual energy, delay and distance. In a route reply phase, average residual energy and average delay of overall path is calculated and the data forwarding decision is taken at the source node accordingly. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, normalized routing load and control message overhead as compared to AODV.
IRJET - A Review on Congestion Control Methods in Mobile Adhoc NetworksIRJET Journal
This document reviews different techniques for congestion control in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins with an introduction to MANETs and discusses how congestion can occur and degrade network performance. The literature survey section then summarizes several recent studies that have proposed various congestion control methods. These include adaptive data rate and control of hello packets, cross-layer approaches, hop-by-hop congestion control algorithms, avoiding congestion by monitoring bandwidth capacity, and fuzzy logic based congestion control. The document concludes that congestion is a major issue in MANETs and different control mechanisms aim to improve throughput, delivery ratio and reduce packet loss and delay.
EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF CHANNELS USING DYNAMIC GUARD CHANNEL ALLOCATION WITH...cscpconf
The document proposes a Dynamic Guard Channel Allocation with Channel Borrowing Strategy (DGCA-CBS) to efficiently utilize channels for handoffs in wireless networks. The scheme dynamically allocates guard channels for handoff requests based on traffic load over time. It also allows guard channels to be "borrowed" and assigned to new calls when unused, to maximize utilization. Simulation results show the proposed approach improves overall throughput by reducing both handoff and new call blocking rates compared to fixed and static guard channel allocation schemes.
The document summarizes planning and optimization of an LTE radio access network for an urban area in Taiz City, Yemen. It involved using simulation software to plan the network, including determining the number and locations of base stations. The network was then optimized using techniques like Automatic Cell Planning and Automatic Frequency Planning. This improved coverage from 90% to 98%, CINR from 65% to 77%, and increased total network traffic by 30%. The optimization reduced overlapping between sectors and interference, and increased throughput and coverage area.
Performance evaluation of high mobility OFDM channel estimation techniques IJECEIAES
In wireless communication, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted due to its robustness to multipath fading and high data rate transmissions. At the other hand, the performance of OFDM systems severely degraded due to multi-path fading and Doppler frequency shifts in mobile systems, which causes inter-carrier-interference (ICI). Thus, Estimation of channel parameters is required at the receiver using a pre designed estimator where pilot tones are inserted in each OFDM symbol. In this paper, a random pilot data are generated and inserted in each OFDM symbol at equally spaced locations. The performance test of Least Square (LS) and Linear Minimum Mean Square (LMMSE) estimation methods are proposed with Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) based on both LS and LMMSE, where different ITU channel models are considered in order to compare their performance for data transmission in high mobile systems with different Doppler frequencies exceeds 200 Hz and minimal number of pilots.
This document provides an optimization manual for improving the TCH assignment success rate (KPI) in GSM BSS networks. It defines TCH assignment success rate and lists key factors that influence it, such as hardware faults, interference issues, coverage problems, and parameter settings. The document then describes procedures for analyzing assignment failures, including checking hardware status, transmission quality, and parameter settings. Finally, it provides optimization methods and case studies.
The document provides an overview and analysis flow for optimizing the performance of a mobile network. It discusses various problems that can occur like low availability of control channels, congestion on signaling and traffic channels, and high drop call rates. For each problem, it lists probable causes and recommends actions to identify the issue and solutions to resolve it, such as adjusting configuration parameters, adding network capacity, or improving frequency planning. MML commands are also provided to check device logs, resources, and performance statistics for troubleshooting purposes.
This document outlines processes for optimizing key performance indicators (KPIs) in a cellular network, including SDCCH assignment success rate, SDCCH drop rate, RACH success rate, TCH assignment success rate, Rx quality, handover success rate (HOSR), and TCH drop rate. For each KPI, it defines the measurement, identifies potential causes of poor performance, and provides steps to analyze detailed reports, check for issues like configuration errors or RF problems, and refine the network configuration to improve the KPI.
The document provides guidance on optimizing the TCH assignment success rate KPI in GSM networks. It defines TCH assignment success rate and recommends a formula to calculate it. It then describes 9 major factors that can influence the KPI, such as hardware faults, transmission issues, parameter settings, interference, and coverage problems. The document provides procedures to analyze assignment failures, including checking for technical issues, transmission problems, parameter settings, interference, coverage, antenna issues, repeater problems, and mobile device compatibility. Optimization methods are suggested for each type of problem.
This document defines and outlines the functions and objectives of a hospital pharmacy. It discusses that a hospital pharmacy deals with procurement, storage, compounding, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, packaging and distribution of drugs under the control of a qualified pharmacist. The key functions of a hospital pharmacy include purchasing and inventory control, dispensing, manufacturing, teaching and providing drug information. The objectives are to ensure availability of correct medications at low cost and participate in research and education. It also discusses the location, layout, personnel, space and equipment requirements for an effective hospital pharmacy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Mathematical Modeling Approach of the Failure Analysis for the Real-Time Me...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a simulation of the Mathematical Model for Real-Time Satellite Launch Platform approach in
Mexico is presented. Mexico holds the fourth best place in the world for building a platform to launch space
satellites, since its geographic location is optimal for its construction. It is essential to have the Probabilistic
Failure Analysis in Space Systems Engineering from its design, in order to minimize risks and avoid any
possible catastrophe. The mathematical approach of Failure Analysis presented throughout this paper, is
complementary to the simulation results, previously obtained with Windchill Quality Software. The final results
were performed with the Failure Analysis through fault trees (FTA) by means of a probabilistic approach
Quantitative Mathematical Model. This is the first step to propose and build the first Satellite Launch Platform
in Mexico.
This document summarizes a study on using phthalic acid and zinc ions as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel. Weight loss experiments found that a combination of 50 ppm phthalic acid and 60 ppm zinc ions achieved 82% inhibition efficiency due to a synergistic effect. Adsorption studies determined that the protective film formed on the steel surface fits better to the Langmuir isotherm model than the Freundlich model, indicating monolayer coverage. FTIR analysis identified that the protective film contains iron phthalate and zinc hydroxide. The study evaluated the inhibition efficiency of these compounds against corrosion and characterized the nature of the protective layer they form.
Cloud computing is an Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are
provided to computers and other devices on demand. However, adopting a cloud computing paradigm may have
positive as well as negative effects on the data security of service consumers [1]. Cloud Computing is a term
used to describe both a platform and type of application. As a platform it supplies, configures and reconfigures
servers, while the servers can be physical machines or virtual machines. On the other hand, Cloud Computing
describes applications that are extended to be accessible through the internet and for this purpose large data
centers and powerful servers are used to host the web applications and web services. Authentication is one the
most important security primitive [6]. Password authentication is most widely used authentication mechanism.
Password provides security mechanism for authentication and protection services against unwanted access to
resource. In this paper, we applied a technique to preserve our password using graphical authentication.
Synthesis, Electrical and Optical Properties of Nickel Sulphate Hexa Hydrate ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of nickel sulfate hexa hydrate (NSH) single crystals doped with L-arginine. NSH crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique with L-arginine doping concentrations from 0.2 to 1 mole%. The grown crystals were characterized through X-ray diffraction, dielectric, and optical studies. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the doped crystals. Dielectric measurements showed an increase in dielectric constants and conductivity with increasing temperature. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed that doping altered the band gap of pure NSH crystals. The study suggests doped crystals could have applications in microelectronics due to their low dielectric properties.
Ultrasonic and Volumetric Investigations of -Butyrolactone with Aliphatic Al...IJERA Editor
Densities () and speeds of sound (u) have been determined for the binary liquid mixtures of -butyrolactone (GBL) with 1-propanol (1-Pro), 2-propanol (2-Pro), 1-butanol (1-But) and 2-butanol (2-But) at 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and entire composition range. From the experimental results, the excess molar volume (VE), and deviation in isentropic compressibility (s) were calculated. The computed properties have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and standard deviations.
Humate effect on oil-oxidizing activity of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganismsIJERA Editor
The effect of humic substances on the activity of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms is studied. It is shown
that sodium humate, aminogumic and sulfogumic acids did not have a negative impact on the growth of oiloxidizing
microorganisms. Introduction of sodium humate in the culture medium stimulated the destructive
activity of oil-oxidizing microorganisms. At its addition the degree of oil degradation was 72.5-84.5%, and atits
absence – 70.7-78.3%.
This document discusses security issues related to data management in wireless communication and sensor networks over cloud environments. It begins by describing wireless sensor networks and cloud computing individually, noting key characteristics like location independence and on-demand access. It then discusses how wireless sensor networks and cloud computing can be integrated using technologies like PHP and MySQL. The main body of the document focuses on security challenges in cloud computing environments, including issues related to virtualization, networking, and browser-based attacks that can carry over risks from traditional systems. It concludes that secure data transmission to and from the cloud is an important issue that requires mitigation techniques like encryption algorithms.
Visual Product Identification for BlindIJERA Editor
This project is developed to make the life of blind people easy. This is a camera based system to scan the
barcode behind the image and read the description of the product with the help of Id stored in the barcode. This
is very beneficial in case of finding out the description of packaged goods to the blind people and thus helping
them in deciding to purchase a product or not especially which are packaged. This is because it becomes very
difficult for the blind people to distinguish between the packaged goods. In order to use this system, all the user
needs to do is capture the image on the product in the mobile phone which then resolves the barcode which
means it scans the image to find out the Id stored. Thus this application really benefits blind and visually
impaired people and thus making their work of identifying products easy. This is very easy to use and affordable
as it requires a scanner to scan the barcode and a camera phone to take the picture of the image containing the
barcode. This is now easy to implement as most of the mobile phones today have the required resolution in order
to scan the barcode to identify the Id stored in it and read out the product description. This project can be
implemented in any shopping mall, supermarket, Book stores, Medical stores etc.
Analysis and Weight Optimization of Split Dish Reactor Using Thermo-Structura...IJERA Editor
A vertical split dish reactor with leg supports is modeled using ansys workbench. Thereafter, external loads, such as self –weight, internal pressure and temperature are applied to the model. Pressure and temperature has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure if the resulting stresses are severe and excessive. It is a significant study which requires in-depth investigation to understand the structural characteristics. This paper presents and focuses on some Finite Element (FE) analysis of a split dish reactor will be carried out and maximum stresses in the structure will be determined.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new framework called Cloud Information Accountability (CIA) to improve accountability and security in cloud computing systems. The CIA framework uses identity-based encryption, logging of user access in "push" and "pull" modes, and accountability controls to allow data owners to monitor how their data is used in the cloud. This is an improvement over existing systems where data handling is opaque and users lack control. The framework aims to prevent "zombies" or unauthorized access by verifying user identities and logging all access for auditing purposes. It establishes accountability while avoiding interruptions to cloud services and applications.
EU-Cycle is a self balancing electric unicycle. A regular unicycle is powered by pedal and is balanced by a rider, whilst the EU-Cycle runs by an electric motor and balance by control system in the roll direction. The simple thing to do by rider is to lean forward for acceleration, to lean backward for braking. EU-Cycle is designed as to be a fast and portable means of transport among crowded area, home and office. Therefore, The EU-Cycle gives tough challenge to the unicycle. EU-Cycle has attracted print media including future stories in radio, television. Thus in addition to successful development of EU-Cycle in urban use, the project has to implement the EU-cycle as an educative device.
High Frequency Soft Switching Of PWM Boost Converter Using Auxiliary Resonant...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new soft switching technique for PWM boost converters using an auxiliary resonant circuit. The paper begins with background on hard switching limitations at high frequencies and introduces soft switching techniques like ZVT, ZCT, ZCS and ZVS. It then describes the conventional PWM boost converter and its operation modes. The paper proposes a new ZVT-ZCT PWM boost converter with an active snubber cell that provides zero voltage and zero current switching to reduce losses. Simulation results show the converter achieves 98% efficiency with all semiconductor devices soft switched and no additional voltage or current stresses.
Burning Behavior of Liquid Fuel DropletsIJERA Editor
Ignition of flammable liquids by hot surfaces is well known to automotive and aviation industries. However, only a limited data regarding hot surface ignition (HSI) of pure and commercial fuels is available in literature. Further, relatively few studies have determined the ignition delay and to our knowledge the combustion lifetime. In the present work, we have generated results from an efficient, reproducible, yet simple experimental setup involving a liquid fuel droplet, a horizontal heated stainless steel plate and quiescent environment. Tests were conducted for diesel, biodiesel and its blends as well as vegetable oils, applied/used as single droplets under variety of conditions to the heated surface. The droplet size range was approximately between 1500 micron to 2000 micron. The objective of this experiment was to determine the minimum temperatures for HSI and also the temperatures where 100% probability of ignition was expected. Further, from this experiment, we were also able to obtain the ignition delay and droplet lifetime. As an extension to this study, a separate droplet combustion model was developed to closely study the general burning behavior of these droplets by generating temperature and species concentration profiles. The droplet mass burning rate was also determined. The results obtained in the present work were in a general agreement with the experimental and modeling observations of other studies.
This document summarizes previous literature on traffic analysis and congestion modeling in mobile networks. It reviews works that have evaluated network performance at different elements like the BTS, BSC and MSC. However, none addressed congestion at all three basic elements (BTS, BSC, MSC) to characterize end-to-end connections, or used busy hour traffic data to adequately dimension network elements. The document also identifies gaps in the existing research, such as not establishing the statistical causes of congestion or using sufficient data. It proposes to analyze traffic at the access and core networks using live network data over two years to help dimension elements and identify congestion causes to develop an accurate congestion prediction model.
Litrature Survey of Traffic Analysis and Congestion Modeling In Mobile Network iosrjce
Network congestion is one of the major problems of GSM service providers as the number of
subscribers increase and new services are introduced. All the proposed techniques in literatures for controlling
congestion are centered on two principles which are either to reject excessive traffic to prevent over-utilization
of network resources or diverting excess load if overload occurs. These techniques do not specify how network
resource can be provided to absorb rejected or diverted traffic so that revenue will not be lost during congestion
and hence, they do not really address congestion during busy hour. Real-time traffic analysis is required to
understand user traffic demand pattern on network resources for proper prediction of network congestion so
that resources can be provided to take care of rejected or diverted traffic. However, available literature survey
on mobile network congestion modeling showed that none of the existing literature: address congestion at the
three basic elements of GSM network to characterize end-to-end connection; use busy hour traffic data to
adequately dimension GSM network elements so that the network can cope with load B. Therefore, effective
congestion control mechanism that can take these research gaps into consideration for proper forecasting and
efficient dimension of the network resources to address busy hour congestion must be developed. This paper is a
preliminary report on development of such accurate congestion prediction model through an ongoing research
work using real live network data from one of the Service provider’s networks in Abuja, Nigeria as a case study
Machine Learning Based 5G Network Channel Quality PredictionIRJET Journal
The document discusses using machine learning techniques like CNN and SVM algorithms to predict channel quality in 5G networks. It aims to optimize channel quality indicator (CQI) reporting by reducing signaling overhead. The proposed system would apply these machine learning models to predict channel stability and decide whether reported CQI is necessary, controlling reporting frequency. Simulation results showed both CNN and SVM provide high prediction accuracy, with CNN outperforming SVM. Particle swarm optimization is also proposed to improve CNN training and recognition accuracy for CQI prediction. This could lead to more efficient CQI reporting over the long run.
The delivering of both good quality of service (QoS) and Grade of Service (GoS) in any competitive mobile
communication environment is a major factor to reducing subscribers’ churn rate. Therefore, it is
important for wireless mobile network operators to ensure stability and efficiency by delivering a
consistent, reliable and high-quality end user (subscriber) satisfaction. This can only be achieve by
conducting a regular network performance monitoring and optimisation as it directly impacts the quality of
the offered services and hence user satisfaction. In this paper, we present the results of network
performance evaluation and optimisation of a GSM network on cell cluster-basis, in Asaba region, South
East Nigeria. We employ a combination of essential key performance indicators such as dropped call rate,
call setup success rate and outage call rate to examine overall QoS and GoS performance of the GSM
network. Our results after network optimisation showed significant performance improvement in terms of
call drop rate, call set up success rate, and call block rate across. Specifically, the end user satisfaction
rate has increased from 94.45%, 87.74%, and 92.85% to 99.05%, 95.38% and 99.03% respectively across
the three GSM cell clusters. The GoS is reduced from 3.33%, 6.60% and 2.38% to 0.00%, 3.70% and
0.00% respectively. Furthermore, ESA, which correspond end points service availability, has improved
from 94.44%, 93.40% and 97.62% to 100%, 96.30% and 100% respectively. In addition, the average
throughput has improved from 73.74kbits/s, 85.06kbits/s and 87.54kbits/s to 77.07kbits/s, 92.38kbits/s and
102kbits/s respectively across the three GSM cell clusters.
Application-Based QoS Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks csandit
Heterogeneous wireless networks expand the network capacity and coverage by leveraging the
network architecture and resources in a dynamic fashion. However, the presence of different
communication technologies makes the Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation, management, and
monitoring of these networks very challenging. Each communication technology has its own
characteristics while the applications that utilize them have their specific QoS requirements.
Although, the communication technologies have different performance assessment parameters,
the applications using these radio access networks have the same QoS requirements. As a
result, it would be easier to evaluate the QoS of the access networks and the overall network
configuration depending on the performance of applications running on them. Using such
application-based QoS evaluation approach, the heterogeneous nature of the underlying
networks and the diversity of their traffic can be adequately taken into account. In this paper,
we propose an application-based QoS evaluation approach for heterogeneous networks.
Through simulation studies, we show that this assessment approach facilitates better QoS
management and monitoring of heterogeneous network configurations.
APPLICATION-BASED QOS EVALUATION OF HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS cscpconf
Heterogeneous wireless networks expand the network capacity and coverage by leveraging the network architecture and resources in a dynamic fashion. However, the presence of different communication technologies makes the Quality of Service (QoS) evaluation, management, and monitoring of these networks very challenging. Each communication technology has its own characteristics while the applications that utilize them have their specific QoS requirements. Although, the communication technologies have different performance assessment parameters, the applications using these radio access networks have the same QoS requirements. As a result, it would be easier to evaluate the QoS of the access networks and the overall network configuration depending on the performance of applications running on them. Using such application-based QoS evaluation approach, the heterogeneous nature of the underlying networks and the diversity of their traffic can be adequately taken into account. In this paper, we propose an application-based QoS evaluation approach for heterogeneous networks. Through simulation studies, we show that this assessment approach facilitates better QoS management and monitoring of heterogeneous network configurations.
This document analyzes the impact of signaling load on call blocking and dropping in UMTS networks. It calculates the acquisition time for different signaling service types based on message length and transmission rates. It then estimates the maximum number of signaling sessions that can be supported simultaneously within the control interval based on a signal-to-interference ratio analysis. An example traffic scenario is provided to illustrate the benefits of studying how different signaling loads affect network performance. The analysis aims to efficiently allocate radio resources and preserve quality of service for both signaling and user data traffic.
This document discusses strategies for bandwidth management and capacity planning for IP and 3G networks. It describes how traditional models like Poisson and Erlang are insufficient for today's internet traffic, which exhibits self-similar and multifractal properties. The document outlines different traffic modeling approaches, including self-similar and multifractal models, and how they can be applied to network planning, traffic engineering, and capacity forecasting. Case studies analyzing real network traffic traces are presented.
The important goal of this thesis is represented as demonstrating a self-organising based process for current versions of heterogeneous LTE-Advanced networks to simultaneously improve both quality of service and ability. The main index terms of this research could be exhibited as: SON; LTE-A, HetNets; Femtocell; Interference, Multi-Layer; Handover, Access Control; Power Control, eICIC. The self-organizing method of this research is described as the primary goal, to be got through the following targets: ThesisScientist.com
This document summarizes a study analyzing signal flow and RF planning in GSM networks. It discusses the architecture and planning process, including capacity planning, coverage planning, and frequency planning. Frequency planning aims to efficiently use spectrum while minimizing interference. The study used ATOLL planning tools to analyze signal levels and interference for an existing 4BTS and expanded 20BTS network in Chennai, India. Results showed signal levels from -43 to -110dBm and interference levels above the standard 12dB threshold. The report concludes frequency planning is important for network dimensioning and quality of service.
This document discusses the requirements for an LTE-capable transport network to deliver an optimized end-user experience. It focuses on capacity and latency. For capacity, a "single-peak, all-average" model is recommended that balances maximum capacity and economic feasibility. Latency must be low enough for applications like online gaming, with LTE offering latency around 20ms but the transport network also needing optimization to deliver that experience end-to-end. Dimensioning, aggregation, and latency guidelines are provided to help design an LTE transport network.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) used to evaluate quality of service (QoS) in GSM networks. It focuses on analyzing the performance of a real GSM radio frequency network based on four major KPIs: call setup success rate, call drop rate, handover success rate, and traffic channel congestion rate. Counters in the base station controller are used to derive the KPIs, which provide a tool to measure overall network performance and QoS. The document examines these KPIs in depth and discusses issues that impact them as well as methods used for analysis and improvement.
Proportional fair buffer scheduling algorithm for 5G enhanced mobile broadband IJECEIAES
The impending next generation of mobile communications denoted 5G intends to interconnect user equipment, things, vehicles, and cities. It will provide an order of magnitude improvement in performance and network efficiency, and different combinations of use cases enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive internet of things (mIoT) with new capabilities and diverse requirements. Adoption of advanced radio resource management procedures such as packet scheduling algorithms is necessary to distribute radio resources among different users efficiently. The proportional fair (PF) scheduling algorithm and its modified versions have proved to be the commonly used scheduling algorithms for their ability to provide a tradeoff between throughput and fairness. In this article, the buffer status is combined with the PF metric to suggest a new scheduling algorithm for efficient support for eMBB. The effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is proved through à comprehensive experimental analysis based on the evaluation of different quality of service key performance indicators (QoS KPIs) such as throughput, fairness, and buffer status.
An optimum dynamic priority-based call admission control scheme for universal...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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Evaluation of CSSR with Direct TCH Assignment in Cellular Networks
1. Paula Aninyie Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 1), August 2014, pp.87-91
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Evaluation of CSSR with Direct TCH Assignment in Cellular Networks Paula Aninyie* and K. Diawuo** *Department of Computer Science, University for Development Studies, Navrongo, Ghana **Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Abstract Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) operators make use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to appreciate the network performance and evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) regarding end user perceived quality. KPIs are therefore becoming increasingly important in the context of network rollouts as well as within mature network optimization cycles. The performance of the mobile network is measured based on several counters describing the most important events over a measurement period. The KPIs are derived with the help of these counters using different formulations. Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) is one of the most important KPIs used by all mobile operators. In Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso, most of the active workers and remote area farmers rely largely on mobile communication services; the GPRS as data services remain highly competitive with GSM voice services. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of theoretically estimated CSSR to measured CSSR data on a real network with regard to GPRS services. The measured data was obtained from the Nokia Siemens Network (NSN) statistical tool. The results obtained showed significant improvements in areas where sharp drops in CSSR values were recorded for the measured CSSR. Significantly high R square values of close to 1 representing a high predictive ability from the regression analysis of the estimated CSSR were also recorded. It was concluded that the implementation of the CSSR formulation be extended to CSSR measurements to ensure increased subscriber satisfaction.
Keywords – Call Setup Success Rate, GPRS, GSM, Key Performance Indicators, Subscriber satisfaction.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mobile telephony has become one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications applications. It represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new telephone subscriptions around the world. In developing countries such as Ghana, and Burkina-Faso; it has assumed a dominant position in the telecommunications market and become the main driver of economic growth [1]. New services for mobile phones like email, web browsing, audio and video streaming demands a lot from the underlying network. If the network does not deliver what these services demand, the performance and the user satisfaction will be unsatisfactory. In light of meeting user’s satisfaction, many Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for different services as well as on different network layers are defined. Identifying these will make it easier to optimize the network and its applications. Therefore, it is useful for companies who specialize in cellular network optimization or even service providers to have the ability to measure the performance of the network for the purpose of optimizing the network usage and enhancing customer satisfaction [2].
This paper investigates the performance optimization of a GPRS system using Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) with data obtained from a network statistical tool. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: in section 2 related works are presented; the model used in evaluating the CSSR is presented in section 3; sections 4, 5 and 6 are devoted to the methodology, results and discussion, and conclusion respectively.
II. RELATED WORK
Measurements and trials were carried out with performance evaluations of GSM and GPRS as presented in [3]. Their study revealed that limitations existed in the GSM system with regards to accommodating extreme offered traffic. Also, the GSM system could not predict the rapidly increased traffic in many cases and it could definitely not adapt even by reconfiguring system parameters. In their opinion, GSM was not yet optimized and GPRS, on the other hand was still immature and several issues needed to be considered.
Orstad and Reizer [2], performed practical end- to-end performance tests in cellular networks using an end-to-end test agent, TWSE2E. Their objective was to identify what affects end user performance. Special attention was given to the high latency of the wireless links and the delay introduced with the radio
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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access bearer establishment. They concluded that the 3G cellular network Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) outperformed Enhanced Data rates for GPRS Evolution (EDGE) with respect to commonly used services like HTTP/WEB and File Transfer Protocol (FTP). It was also discovered that while Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) throughput was good when transferring large files over FTP, the latency of the wireless link made the HTTP performance bad compared to potential TCP throughput. Adolfsson [4], by simulation identified possible problems when running TCP in a GPRS environment. Some of these problems he noted were mostly caused by the Temporary Block Flows (TBF) which are setup between the Mobile Station (MS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC) whenever data should be sent. The buffers and the slow link between mobile station and base station may cause other problems which are not fatal but may decrease TCP performance or make TCP less able to respond to loss of data. TCP features that are especially important for good performance were also identified. These features he noted mostly dealt with fast recovery from data loss and how to avoid data loss because of small buffers in the GPRS system. He further suggested some improvements to TCP performance such as responding to medium access requests from the MS quickly, using Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to avoid unnecessary drops from the Packet Control Unit (PCU) or Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) queue, implementing new standards for delayed TBF release which would improve connection setup and maybe improve the acknowledgement clustering situation. In [5], an approximation method is used for evaluating the GPRS performance of single-slot service in the variable radio resource. Voice services are independent of GPRS and because GPRS is mainly designed to transmit intermittent and burst data, the service time of GPRS is rather smaller than that of voice services. As an approximation, the decomposition technique was used to analyze the GPRS performance. The essence of this technique was to use the voice services probability distribution to describe the interaction of voice services to GPRS. Thus, the GPRS performance in the dynamically variable resource was obtained by combining this distribution with the performance in a fixed resource.
By the comparison of numerical results and simulated results, it was shown that the method could be used for evaluating GPRS performance when the average service time of circuit switched services is much longer than that of GPRS. The simulations showed that the interruption probability of GPRS calls due to releasing its channel to the demand of circuit switched services depended on the average message size more strongly than on the traffic load. The multi- slot services caused higher blocking probability and longer delay to the network than the single-slot service. These effects they observed could be reduced by implementing a GPRS resource allocation scheme with flexible multi-slot services. In this scheme, when the available network resource cannot provide a call with its required transmission rate, the network negotiates with the user (GPRS call or circuit switched service) and agrees on a transmission rate which the network can provide. Meanwhile, Kollár [6] gave a definition of a real Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) and the possibility of its implementation using current GSM technologies. It was concluded that more complex formulation which utilized the Immediate Assignment Success rate, Traffic Channel (TCH) Assignment Success Rate and Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) Success rate must be used for measuring CSSR. He further stated that this formulation was the best approach despite a higher effort on the processor part of the equipment where the CSSR is to be calculated. He noted that the formulation did not cover the case when the Direct TCH Assignment feature is enabled.
III. MODEL
A. Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR)
This measures successful TCH assignments of total number of TCH assignment attempts: 퐶푆푆푅= 1−푆퐷퐶퐶퐻_퐶표푛푔푒푠푡푖표푛_푅푎푡푒 ∗ 푇퐶퐻_퐴푠푠푖푔푛푚푒푛푡_푆푢푐푐푒푠푠_푅푎푡푒 (1) 퐶푆푆푅= 1− 푆퐷퐶퐶퐻푂푣푒푟푓푙표푤푠 푆퐷퐶퐶퐻퐶푎푙푙퐴푡푡푒푚푝푡푠 ∗ 1−푇퐶퐻퐶표푛푔푒푠푡푖표푛푅푎푡푒 ∗ 1−푇퐶퐻_퐴푠푠푖푔푛푚푒푛푡_푓푎푖푙푢푟푒푅푎푡푒 ∗ 100% (2) Therefore, (1): 퐶푆푆푅= 1−푆퐷퐶퐶퐻_퐶표푛푔푒푠푡푖표푛_푅푎푡푒 ∗ 푇퐶퐻_퐴푠푠푖푔푛푚푒푛푡_푆푢푐푐푒푠푠_푅푎푡푒 can also be written as; 퐶푆푆푅= 푁푢푚푇퐶퐻퐴푠푠푖푔 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕 (3) where NumTCHAssig represents the number of successfully assigned TCH (number of ASSIGNMENT Complete messages) and NumCH_ReqSpeech represents the number of CHANNEL REQUEST messages but related only to request for a mobile originated (MO) or mobile terminated (MT) call. The other procedures, which can be completed with an SDCCH like SMS – MT, SMS – MO, location updating etc. are not counted because they do not represent the request for the speech call. The practical implementation of (3) is problematic because up to now it is not possible to distinguish between the requests for the speech call and other calls [6].
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One possibility of solving this problem is using the simplified formula given in equation 4: 퐶푆푆푅∗= 푁푢푚푇퐶퐻퐴푠푠푖푔 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞 (4) where NumCH_Req represents total number of CHANNEL REQUEST messages and NumTCHAssig represents the number of TCH assignments (number of ASSIGNMENT Complete messages). Given that: 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞=푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕 + 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푁표푛푆푝푒푒푐푕 (5) where NumCH_ReqNonSpeech is the number of CHANNEL REQUEST messages not used for MT or MO speech call. Then (4) can be modified to give equation 6: 퐶푆푆푅∗= 푁푢푚푇퐶퐻퐴푠푠푖푔 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕+푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푁표푛푆푝푒푒푐푕 (6) Under the condition that 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푁표푛푆푝푒푒푐푕 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕 ≤20% (6) can be modified using binomial series as follows: 퐶푆푆푅∗≈ 푁푢푚푇퐶퐻퐴푠푠푖푔 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕 1− 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푁표푛푆푝푒푒푐푕 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕 (7) The absolute error in measurement of Call Setup Success Rate using (4) is then evaluated as given in equation 8: Δ=퐶푆푆푅∗−퐶푆푆푅= 푁푢푚푇퐶퐻퐴푠푠푖푔 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕 1− 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푁표푛푆푝푒푒푐푕푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕−푁푢 푚푇퐶퐻퐴푠푠푖푔푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞==−퐶푆푆푅∗ 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푁표푛푆푝푒푒푐푕 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕 (8) In the case that NumCH_ReqNonSpeech is equal to zero, (4) provides exactly the call setup success rate. However, in practice the ratio; 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푁표푛푆푝푒푒푐푕 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕 is within the ranges of tenths of percent which can lead to a big systematic error. Therefore, the mobile operators break away from the use of (4). In principle (4) can be used for the calculation of call setup success rate only in regions where the 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푁표푛푆푝푒푒푐푕 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕 ≤1% The second possibility is to replace the denominator (NumCH_ReqSpeech) in (3) with NumTCHAttempt where NumTCHAttempt represents the number of ASSIGNMENT REQUEST messages. But in this case the result of the calculation will be TCH Assignment Success rate which is something different from Call Setup Success Rate [6]. Even some of the operators have separate KPIs for Call Setup Success Rate and TCH Assignment Success Rate. The best approach promises the indirect calculation of NumCH_ReqSpeech according to the model given in Fig.1.
Figure1: Model for calculation of NumCH_ReqSpeech [6] From Fig.1, ImmAssSuccRate represents Immediate Assignment Success Rate given by the relationship: 퐼푚푚퐴푠푠푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒= 푁푢푚퐸푠푡퐼푛푑 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞 (9) where NumEstInd represents the number of ESTABLISH INDICATION messages. In other words, the Immediate Assignment Success Rate represents the total number of requests for channels that were successful during the immediate assignment procedure. SDCCHSuccRate represents SDCCH Success Rate and is given by: 푆퐷퐶퐶퐻푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒=1−푆퐷퐶퐶퐻_퐷푟표푝_푅푎푡푒 (10) where SDCCH_Drop_Rate is SDCCH Drop rate and provides the total number of SDCCH dropped during the procedures (authentication, ciphering etc.) performed on SDCCH. From the model in Fig.1, 푁푢푚푇퐶퐻퐴푡푡푒푚푝푡=퐼푚푚퐴푠푠푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒∗ 푆퐷퐶퐶퐻푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒∗푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕 (11) NumCH_ReqSpeech in (11) can be written as: 푁푢푚퐶퐻_푅푒푞푆푝푒푒푐푕= 푁푢푚푇퐶퐻퐴푡푡푒푚푝푡 퐼푚푚퐴푠푠푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒∗푆퐷퐶퐶퐻푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒 (12) Substituting (12) into (3) gives; 퐶푆푆푅= 푁푢푚푇퐶퐻퐴푠푠푖푔 푁푢푚푇퐶퐻퐴푡푡푒푚푝푡 ∗퐼푚푚퐴푠푠푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒∗ 푆퐷퐶퐶퐻푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒 (13) which can be rewritten as given in equation 14; 퐶푆푆푅=푇퐶퐻퐴푠푠푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒∗퐼푚푚퐴푠푠푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒∗ 푆퐷퐶퐶퐻푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒 (14) (14) is currently the best approach used in measuring the Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR). A disadvantage could be higher effort on BSC or the equipment where the CSSR is to be calculated as three KPIs (or six partial measurements) are used. It provides exactly the CSSR in the case where Direct TCH Assignment feature is disabled [6].
IV. METHODOLOGY
The study was aimed at presenting an insight into network performance evaluation of a
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GSM/GPRS cellular network by conducting some measurements. One of the most important KPIs used by all mobile operators is the CSSR. The work carried out a comparative analysis of the measured CSSR to that estimated using a CSSR formulation where the direct TCH Assignment feature is disabled.
B. Data Collection
The performance measurements were conducted on ONATELs GSM/GPRS cellular network using a Nokia Siemens Network Statistics tool to define top level KPIs which describe the success/failure rates of the most important events such as service blocking, service dropping and handovers at the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) level.
C. Sample size and data processing
The data collection was over a four week period and categorized into the following observation time intervals [7]:
Hour: Hourly statistics give a detailed picture of the network performance and are useful to help spot temporary problems and identify trends.
Peak or busy Hour: Peak hour statistics are of great significance because they correspond to the time of heavy utilization of network resources. In a way, they provide the “worst-case” scenario.
Day: Daily statistics are introduced to provide a way of averaging temporary fluctuations of hourly data. Problems can be identified and corrective actions triggered with more confidence.
The aggregative KPI ability that evaluates network accessibility and service retainabilty as perceived by the end user is the Call Setup Success Rate. This consists of three main voice call KPIs [6]:
Successful Immediate assignment procedure (the result is occupation of SDCCH or FACCH in case of Direct TCH assignment)
Successful authentication and ciphering on SDCCH or FACCH (these procedures can be excluded in case of Direct TCH assignment)
Successful TCH assignment
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section results that came up through the comparison of operational data to that estimated using the CSSR formulation as given in (14) is presented:
퐶푆푆푅=푇퐶퐻퐴푠푠푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒∗퐼푚푚퐴푠푠푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒∗ 푆퐷퐶퐶퐻푆푢푐푐푅푎푡푒 The logical channels that are primarily used in today’s mainly, voice traffic in cellular networks are the TCH and SDCCH often referred to as “signalling channels”. Though many other channels exist, these two (especially the SDCCH) are the most important resources where the system relies on in order to accommodate the subscribers needs [8]. A new call cannot be initiated if SDCCH channels are not available and the same happens when SDCCHs are available but all TCHs are blocked. Thus one can say that blocking of these channels is a main performance indicator for an operational GSM/GPRS cellular network that may lead to severe bottlenecks if the phenomenon persists. The SDCCH and TCH Success Rates KPIs provide an understanding of when and where congestion appears since these channels are the most vulnerable and directly affects the quality of service offered to the subscribers. In Tables 1 to 3, and figs. 2 to 4, the regression analysis and graphical representations of the measured and estimated CSSR for the various observation time intervals are shown respectively.
D. Presentation of Results
Table 1 Regression Analysis of Hourly CSSR Observations
Figure 2: Hourly Plot of Measured and Estimated CSSR Table 2 Regression Analysis of Busy_Hour CSSR Observations
HOURLY SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
0.999856442
R Square
0.999712905
Adjusted R Square
0.999712612
Standard Error
0.066270816
Observations
2943
BUSY HOUR SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
0.999787297
R Square
0.999574639
Adjusted R Square
0.999563916
Standard Error
0.070670991
Observations
123
5. Paula Aninyie Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 1), August 2014, pp.87-91
www.ijera.com 91 | P a g e
Figure 3: Busy_Hour Plot of Measured and Estimated CSSR Table 3 Regression Analysis of Daily CSSR Observations
DAILY SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
0.999921407
R Square
0.999842819
Adjusted R Square
0.999838857
Standard Error
0.037401178
Observations
123
Figure 4: Daily Plot of Measured and Estimated CSSR
VI. CONCLUSION
Operator competency in managing performance and optimizing QoS is not easily taught, it is developed, rather, mainly through trial and error [7]. It is important for mobile network operators to ensure stability and efficiency to deliver a consistent, reliable and high-quality end user (subscriber) satisfaction. For network operators the end user perceived QoS is one of the major forces behind subscriber growth. Thus, it is very important for operators to align their KPI definitions according to what quality and performance means to the subscriber [9]-[10]. The CSSR is one of the most important KPIs used by all mobile operators. However, there is no standard measurement possible for this parameter [6].
In this study, a CSSR formulation for analyzing GSM network performance in the case where the direct TCH Assignment feature is disabled as presented in [6] was evaluated. Significantly, high R square values of close to 1 were recorded from the regression analysis. This means that knowing the regressors or independent variables (IMM_ ASSGN_ Success Rate, SDCCH Success Rate and TCH Assignment Success Rate) helps predict the dependent variable (in this case estimated CSSR) very well. It also means that close to 100% of the estimated CSSR around its mean is explained by the regressors. This indeed points to the fact that the CSSR formulation is efficient. REFERENCES
[1] O.K. Darkwa. “Mobile Telephone Markets in Ghana: Status and Outlook”, 4th International CICT Conference, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, 29th – 30th Nov. 2007. [2] B. M. Orstad and E. Reizer, End-to-end key performance indicators in cellular networks, MICT thesis, Agder University College, Norway, May 2006. [3] S. Kyriazakos, N. Papaoulakis, D. Nikitopoulos, E. Gkroustiotis, C. Kechagias, C. Karambalis and G. Karetsos, “A Comprehensive Study and Performance Evaluation of Operational GSM and GPRS Systems under Varying Traffic Conditions”, IST Mobile Wireless Telecommunications Summit, 2002, Thessaloniki, Greece [4] K. Adolfsson, TCP performance in an EGPRS system, M. Eng. thesis, Linkӧpings University, Sweden, June 2003. [5] S. Ni and S. –G. Häggman. (2002) “GPRS performance estimation in GSM circuit switched services and GPRS shared resource systems,” in Proc. IEEE WCNC’99, vol. 3, pp. 1417–1421. [6] M. Kollár, “Evaluation of Real Call Set up Success Rate in GSM,” Acta Electrotechnia et Informatica, vol.8, pp. 53-56, Feb.2008. [7] M. Pipikakis, “Evaluating and Improving the Quality of Service of Second-Generation Cellular Systems,” Bechtel Telecommunications Technical Journal, vol. 2, pp. 1-8, Sept. 2004. [8] M. Rahnema., “Overview of the GSM System and Protocol Architecture,” IEEE Communications Magazine , vol. 31, pp. 92- 100, April 1993. [9] S. Raina, “Optimization and Performance measurement of GSM/GPRS networks”, Telemanagement World Conference, Las Vegas, 29th -31st Oct. 2002. [10] (2011). The Triangulum website. [Online] Available: www.triangulum-telecom.com/ src/Performance_Improvement_Solution.pdf