An efficient resource allocation is one of the greatest challenges in wireless cellular
communication. The resource allocation schemes avoid wastage of resources by allocating
resources to a mobile terminal over a short period of time, providing quality of service over
wireless networks is the most stressing point for service providers. In general a high degree of
sharing is efficient, but requires service protection mechanisms to guarantee the QoS for all
services. In this paper we address the multi cell interference on overall radio resource
utilization and propose a new strategy for resource allocation in multi cell systems. we also
propose a joint management of interference within and between cells for allocation of radio
resources , Simulation results are showing that there is a significant improvement in the resource utilization so that overall network performance.
A novel optimal small cells deployment for next-generation cellular networks IJECEIAES
Small-cell-deployments have pulled cellular operators to boost coverage and capacity in high-demand areas (for example, downtown hot spots). The location of these small cells (SCs) should be determined in order to achieve successful deployments. In this paper, we propose a new approach that optimizes small cells deployment in cellular networks to achieve three objectives: reduce the total cost of network installation, balancing the allocation of resources, i.e. placement of each SC and their transmitted power, and providing optimal coverage area with a lower amount of interference between adjacent stations. An accurate formula was obtained to determine the optimum number of SC deployment (NSC). Finally, we derive a mathematical expression to calculate the critical-handoff-point (CHP) for neighboring wireless stations.
QoS controlled capacity offload optimization in heterogeneous networksjournalBEEI
An efficient resource allocation mechanism in the physical layer of wireless networks ensures that resources such as bandwidth and power are used with high efficiency in spite of low delay and high edge user data rate. Microcells in the network are typically set with bias settings to artificially increase the Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio, thus encouraging users to offload to the microcell. However, the artificial bias settings are tedious and often suboptimal. This work presents a low complexity algorithm for maximization of network capacity with load balancing in a heterogeneous network without the need for bias setting. The small cells were deployed in a grid topology at a selected distance from macrocell to enhance network capacity through coverage overlap. User association and minimum user throughput were incorporated as constraints to enable closer simulation to real word Quality of Service requirements. The results showed that the proposed algorithm was able to maintain less than 10% user drop rate. The proposed algorithm can increase user confidence as well as maintain load balancing, maintain the scalability, and reduce power consumption of the wireless network.
Enhanced fractional frequency reuse approach for interference mitigation in f...journalBEEI
Small cell networks are expected to heavily be deployed in wireless communication networks due to it ability to enhance signals quality and spectrum utilisation. However, interference is posing a major threat to wireless communication especially cellular femtocell networks whereby its performance is degraded in dense deployment areas. For this reason, an enhanced fractional frequency reuse approach is proposed in this paper to mitigate the interference in femtocell networks. This is achieved by dividing the service area and frequency into three regions and three sets whereby each set is allocated different frequency set. The femtocell location is later obtained and assigned frequency in accordance to the region. The proposed approach helps in reducing the interference, boost the signal to interference plus noise (SINR), and enhance the throughput.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
using smart antennas and higher order sectorization
with
proposed network layout.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
A DISTRIBUTED DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION IN CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONcscpconf
Now a days, mobile users are growing rapidly and the available frequency spectrum is limited.
Therefore the available spectrum must be efficiently utilized. In response a large number of
channel assignment and allocation policies have been proposed. Mostly Dynamic Channel
Allocation (DCA) has become an important subject of research and development for cellular
networks. In this paper, we propose a distributed dynamic channel allocation (DDCA)
algorithm for originating calls. This algorithm is executed at each base station and to allocate
the channel to mobile station, base station communicates with each other. In DDCA, the total
number of channels is divided into three groups. Any cell in the cluster can acquire the channel
group as long as no one of its adjacent cells is holding the same group. Due to this the cochannel
interference is avoided. The result show blocking rate of distributed dynamic channel allocation is reduced as compared to dynamic channel allocation algorithm with non-uniform traffic distribution
Block diagonalization precoding and power allocation for clustering small-cel...journalBEEI
The clustering network is a solution to improve data-rate transmission in small-cells. In this case, clustering small-cells (CSCs) adopt a multiple antennas concept. The multiple antennas are used to maximize the downlink data-rate transmission at the users, but it requires precoding techniques to minimize interference among CSC users. This paper proposes a block diagonalization (BD) as a precoding technique for minimizing interference among CSC users. The performance of the BD precoding implemented on the clustering network under various numbers of small-cells. The CSC also implements a water-filling power allocation (PA-CoopWF) to distribute the available transmission power along with the CSCs antennas. To show the performance, our paper simulates two types of precoding techniques; those are the proposed BD and minimum mean square error (MMSE) in CSCs. Based on the receiver user parts under the overlapping coordination of CSCs, our method based on the BD precoding achieves considerably higher data-rate transmission compared to the MMSE precoding, especially on larger clusters. The simulation also shows that by implementing CSC with the BD in short-range distances and higher numbers of antennas, it promotes better data-rate performances compared to the MMSE precoding by 2.75 times at distance 100m and 67% at 50 antennas.
GENERALIZED POWER ALLOCATION (GPA) SCHEME FOR NON-ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS ...ijcseit
This paper presents a Generalized Power Allocation (GPA) scheme for different users in Non-Orthogonal
Multiple Access (NOMA) based wireless communication system. The power allocation to the users becomes
complex with the increased number of users. There are some conventional schemes for power allocation in
NOMA but they have to optimize some parameters arbitrarily. In this paper, a simple but effective power
allocation scheme has been formulated and tested by simulations. The proposed GPA scheme does not need
any parameter adjustment. Theoretical power distribution to different users of NOMA has been calculated
using the proposed GPA technique. The calculated powers of individual users with the proposed scheme
are different and more distributed than the arbitrary power allocation scheme which satisfies the basic
condition of NOMA. The total of calculated powers with GPA scheme shows only 01% variation with the
arbitrary power allocation scheme which shows the consistency of GPA scheme with other schemes. The
performance of NOMA based wireless communication system with GPA scheme has been simulated under
various conditions using Matlab. The simulated BER performance for NOMA based wireless
communication system using different modulation techniques show similar results with other conventional
schemes which validates the formulation of GPA scheme.
A novel optimal small cells deployment for next-generation cellular networks IJECEIAES
Small-cell-deployments have pulled cellular operators to boost coverage and capacity in high-demand areas (for example, downtown hot spots). The location of these small cells (SCs) should be determined in order to achieve successful deployments. In this paper, we propose a new approach that optimizes small cells deployment in cellular networks to achieve three objectives: reduce the total cost of network installation, balancing the allocation of resources, i.e. placement of each SC and their transmitted power, and providing optimal coverage area with a lower amount of interference between adjacent stations. An accurate formula was obtained to determine the optimum number of SC deployment (NSC). Finally, we derive a mathematical expression to calculate the critical-handoff-point (CHP) for neighboring wireless stations.
QoS controlled capacity offload optimization in heterogeneous networksjournalBEEI
An efficient resource allocation mechanism in the physical layer of wireless networks ensures that resources such as bandwidth and power are used with high efficiency in spite of low delay and high edge user data rate. Microcells in the network are typically set with bias settings to artificially increase the Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio, thus encouraging users to offload to the microcell. However, the artificial bias settings are tedious and often suboptimal. This work presents a low complexity algorithm for maximization of network capacity with load balancing in a heterogeneous network without the need for bias setting. The small cells were deployed in a grid topology at a selected distance from macrocell to enhance network capacity through coverage overlap. User association and minimum user throughput were incorporated as constraints to enable closer simulation to real word Quality of Service requirements. The results showed that the proposed algorithm was able to maintain less than 10% user drop rate. The proposed algorithm can increase user confidence as well as maintain load balancing, maintain the scalability, and reduce power consumption of the wireless network.
Enhanced fractional frequency reuse approach for interference mitigation in f...journalBEEI
Small cell networks are expected to heavily be deployed in wireless communication networks due to it ability to enhance signals quality and spectrum utilisation. However, interference is posing a major threat to wireless communication especially cellular femtocell networks whereby its performance is degraded in dense deployment areas. For this reason, an enhanced fractional frequency reuse approach is proposed in this paper to mitigate the interference in femtocell networks. This is achieved by dividing the service area and frequency into three regions and three sets whereby each set is allocated different frequency set. The femtocell location is later obtained and assigned frequency in accordance to the region. The proposed approach helps in reducing the interference, boost the signal to interference plus noise (SINR), and enhance the throughput.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
using smart antennas and higher order sectorization
with
proposed network layout.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
A DISTRIBUTED DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION IN CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONcscpconf
Now a days, mobile users are growing rapidly and the available frequency spectrum is limited.
Therefore the available spectrum must be efficiently utilized. In response a large number of
channel assignment and allocation policies have been proposed. Mostly Dynamic Channel
Allocation (DCA) has become an important subject of research and development for cellular
networks. In this paper, we propose a distributed dynamic channel allocation (DDCA)
algorithm for originating calls. This algorithm is executed at each base station and to allocate
the channel to mobile station, base station communicates with each other. In DDCA, the total
number of channels is divided into three groups. Any cell in the cluster can acquire the channel
group as long as no one of its adjacent cells is holding the same group. Due to this the cochannel
interference is avoided. The result show blocking rate of distributed dynamic channel allocation is reduced as compared to dynamic channel allocation algorithm with non-uniform traffic distribution
Block diagonalization precoding and power allocation for clustering small-cel...journalBEEI
The clustering network is a solution to improve data-rate transmission in small-cells. In this case, clustering small-cells (CSCs) adopt a multiple antennas concept. The multiple antennas are used to maximize the downlink data-rate transmission at the users, but it requires precoding techniques to minimize interference among CSC users. This paper proposes a block diagonalization (BD) as a precoding technique for minimizing interference among CSC users. The performance of the BD precoding implemented on the clustering network under various numbers of small-cells. The CSC also implements a water-filling power allocation (PA-CoopWF) to distribute the available transmission power along with the CSCs antennas. To show the performance, our paper simulates two types of precoding techniques; those are the proposed BD and minimum mean square error (MMSE) in CSCs. Based on the receiver user parts under the overlapping coordination of CSCs, our method based on the BD precoding achieves considerably higher data-rate transmission compared to the MMSE precoding, especially on larger clusters. The simulation also shows that by implementing CSC with the BD in short-range distances and higher numbers of antennas, it promotes better data-rate performances compared to the MMSE precoding by 2.75 times at distance 100m and 67% at 50 antennas.
GENERALIZED POWER ALLOCATION (GPA) SCHEME FOR NON-ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS ...ijcseit
This paper presents a Generalized Power Allocation (GPA) scheme for different users in Non-Orthogonal
Multiple Access (NOMA) based wireless communication system. The power allocation to the users becomes
complex with the increased number of users. There are some conventional schemes for power allocation in
NOMA but they have to optimize some parameters arbitrarily. In this paper, a simple but effective power
allocation scheme has been formulated and tested by simulations. The proposed GPA scheme does not need
any parameter adjustment. Theoretical power distribution to different users of NOMA has been calculated
using the proposed GPA technique. The calculated powers of individual users with the proposed scheme
are different and more distributed than the arbitrary power allocation scheme which satisfies the basic
condition of NOMA. The total of calculated powers with GPA scheme shows only 01% variation with the
arbitrary power allocation scheme which shows the consistency of GPA scheme with other schemes. The
performance of NOMA based wireless communication system with GPA scheme has been simulated under
various conditions using Matlab. The simulated BER performance for NOMA based wireless
communication system using different modulation techniques show similar results with other conventional
schemes which validates the formulation of GPA scheme.
Performance analysis of economic model and radio resource management in heter...IJCNCJournal
Radio resource management (RRM) is the system level control of co-channel interference and other radio
transmission characteristics in wireless communication systems. In this paper we first analyze a utility
function based access selection (UFAS) method. Then we investigate a radio resource management and
network selection scheme in heterogeneous wireless network. We propose an economic model to allocate
radio resources for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Networks and Wireless local Area (WLAN)
networks. Moreover we formulate and solve the optimization problem in WLAN and CDMA networks and
simulate those equations using MATLAB. Simulated results show that the proposed scheme can achieve
more number of users and more social welfare which outperform the utility function based access selection
method.
Improved handoff mechanism for infiltrating user equipments in composite netw...IJECEIAES
The wireless technology and communication plays a vital role in our daily life. The end users are expecting more Quality of Experience (QOE) rather than the Quality of Service (QOS). In order to provide full signal coverage the entire cellular network coverage is divided in to small cells called as femtocells, those femtocells are covered with femtocell antennas which are very small in size compared with regular antennas. With these femtocell coverage problem is solved but when a user moves from one location to another location the user has to switch from one base station to so many base station which cannot be maintained with present handoff methods. The present hand off methods working on distance calculation approach, the proposed method is based on the velocity and device direction calculated based on GPS location toward the Base Station (BS) of the device which may ping pong handoff effect.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF VERTICAL HARD HANDOVERS IN CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEMSijngnjournal
With the rapid increase of new and diverse cellular mobile services, the overlapping of cells has become typical in the majority of the coverage area of the network. Vertical handovers occur between two layers of cells when a user is switched from one layer to the other. In this paper we investigate the influence of network parameters on vertical hard handover performance in a cell environment. The work considers two layers of cells: a layer of macrocells and a layer of microcells. Handover requests enter the macrocell from neighbor macrocells and from microcells that belong to a different layer. Using Markov chain analysis and simulation we calculate network performance parameters such as mean queue delay, handover dropping probability and channel utilization. We also compare the handover performance for the macrocell and macrocell traffic separately. Our results show the influence of total channels, maximum queue size and handover request arrival rate on handover performance. They also show that when the traffic from each layer is treated with equal priority in the system, the performance of each layer is comparable.
Proposed Model for Interference Estimation in Code Division Multiple AccessTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cellular CDMA systems are usually affected by interference experienced by users in adjacent
cells that decrease the Quality of Services in wireless communication network. Hence, interference is the
limiting factor of capacity in CDMA cellular and it is one of the problems fighting against the high efficiency
of any mobile network. In this paper, a mathematical model to estimate the average number of users
contributing in inter-cell interference at the busy hours of CDMA network is proposed. As the power
exponent value has significant affect on interferer signal attenuation and hence other-cells interference,
measurements were carried through a drive test to determine the received power level at various distance
from CDMA base stations at Baghdad. The results obtained show that the power exponent was 2.71. This
value was applied in dual-slop path loss model to determine the expected interference factor, and the
number of users that can be hold at each cell. Simulations showed that users at a boundary cell generate
more interference than those close to the base station. Furthermore, it was denoted that greater number of
users caused to increase the interference factor, and greater power exponent value result in interference
factor reduction.
Efficient power allocation method for non orthogonal multiple access 5G systemsIJECEIAES
One of the hot research topics for the upcoming 5G (fifth-generation) wireless communication networks is the non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, where it have attracted both industrial and academic fields to improve the existing spectral efficiency. In fact, the multiuser detection process for NOMA systems is largely affected by the power distribution of the received signals. In this paper, a new method has been proposed to control the transmit power among active users in one of the promising NOMA systems; the interleave division multiple access (IDMA) which has been adopted here for consideration. Unlike conventional methods, where tedious mathematical computations are required; a simple and direct method has been derived. The proposed method has been applied to IDMA system with different FEC codes. The obtained results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional one as compared to optimal results.
Mitigation of packet loss with end-to-end delay in wireless body area network...IJECEIAES
The wireless body area network (WBAN) has been proposed to offer a solution to the problem of population ageing, shortage in medical facilities and different chronic diseases. The development of this technology has been further fueled by the demand for real-time application for monitoring these cases in networks. The integrity of communication is constrained by the loss of packets during communication affecting the reliability of WBAN. Mitigating the loss of packets and ensuring the performance of the network is a challenging task that has sparked numerous studies over the years. The WBAN technology as a problem of reducing network lifetime; thus, in this paper, we utilize cooperative routing protocol (CRP) to improve package delivery via end-to-end latency and increase the length of the network lifetime. The end-to-end latency was used as a metric to determine the significance of CRP in WBAN routing protocols. The CRP increased the rate of transmission of packets to the sink and mitigate packet loss. The proposed solution has shown that the end-to-end delay in the WBAN is considerably reduced by applying the cooperative routing protocol. The CRP technique attained a delivery ratio of 0.8176 compared to 0.8118 when transmitting packets in WBAN.
Joint Optimization of The two Tier Femto cells and Macro cell Users OFDMA Net...IJTET Journal
We proposed a novel joint sub channel and resource allocation for the two-tier OFDMA network. The multi-cell OFDMA network not only has to control the interference to the users, but also has to coordinate the cross-tier interference. A resource allocation scheme for cross-channel Femto and Macro is proposed, aiming to maximize the capacity. We formulate this joint optimization for both uplink and downlink in OFDMA network will be considered. To efficiently solve this problem using dual decomposition and low complexity methods. The resulting schemes efficiently allocate the resource and data sharing in a distributed way. The simulation results show that the less interference and provide significant throughput.
Downlink beamforming and admissin control for spectrum sharing cognitive radi...acijjournal
n this paper, to detect the moving objects between frames in compressed video and to obtain the bes
t
compression video
and the noiseless video. We describe a video in which frames by classifying
macroblocks (MB), and describe motion estimation (ME), motion vector field (MV) and motion
compensation (MC). we propose to classify Macroblocks of each video frame into different
classes and use
this class information to describe the frame content based on the motion vector. MB class informatio
n
video applications such as shot change detection, motion discontinuity detection, Outlier rejection
for
global motion estimation. To reduc
e the noise and to improve the clarity of the compressed video by using
contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) Algorithm
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Interference management in lte downlink networksijwmn
Two major challenges for evolving LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks are to achieve enhanced system capacity and cell coverage compared with WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) system. Effective utilization of radio resources as well as dense spectrum reuse are at the core to attain these targets. However, dense frequency reuse may increase inter-cell interference, which in turn severely limits the capacity of users in the system. Inter-cell interference can restrict overall system performance in terms of throughput and spectral efficiency, especially for the users located at the cell edge area. Hence, careful management of inter-cell interferences becomes crucial to improve LTE system performance. In this paper, interference mitigation schemes for LTE downlink networks are investigated.
The study evaluated interference in a dense heterogeneous network using third-generation universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) and fourth-generation long term evolution (LTE) networks LTE. The UMTs/LTE heterogeneous network determines the level of interference when the two communication systems coexist and how to improve the network by migrating from UMTs to LTE, which has a faster download speed and larger capacity. Techno lite 8 on third generation (3G) and Infinix Pro 6 on fourth generation (4G) were used to measure network the received signal strength (RSS) during site investigation. UE interference was detected and traced using a spectrum analyzer. UMTS and LTE path loss exponents are 2.6 and 3.2. Shannon's capacity theorem calculated LTE and UMTS capacity. When signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) was used as a quality of service (QoS) indicator, MATLAB channel capacity plots did not match Shannon's due to neighboring interference. UMTS had an R2 of 0.54 and LTE 0.57 for the Shannon channel capacity equation. Adjacent channel interference (ACI) user devices reduce network capacity, lowering QoS for other customers.
Capacity Improvement of Cellular System Using Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)IJEEE
Today wireless communication is mostly used rather than wired communication, due to remote location reach ability, less fault occurrence, less time to commissioning and low cost etc. But wireless network has less frequency spectrum to cover the whole world. To improve the capacity of cellular system in a limited spectrum without major technological changes, frequency is reused in cells. But it offers interferences mostly for cell edge users. To solve the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity, fractional frequency reuse is used. This paper gives idea about different frequency reuse factors, fractional frequency reuse and super cell with sectoring to improve the capacity of cellular system.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with traditional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in the
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieved by using them only. It is required to achieve maximum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing higher order sectorization and by utilizing all possible
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This paper presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sites
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The main target of this paper is to compare the performance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam smart antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better received signal quality and user throughput. Splitting macro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the capacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advance antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with improved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations at
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Downlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interval (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of using smart antennas and higher order sectorization with
proposed network layout.
An approach to control inter cellular interference using load matrix in multi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with reduction of inter cellular interference in Multi-carrier communication systems. In the past, Load Matrix(LM) is proposed to allocate power to different users in a network based upon Signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) so as to reduce inter cellular interference and is observed for single carrier systems. In Multi carrier systems the SNIR is affected distinctly in each carrier thus a single SNIR for power allocation is not optimal. In this paper, to obtain the optimization of power allocation in Multi-Carrier system, Load Matrix coding with bifurcated SNIR (LM-BFSNIR) is proposed. Using this approach it is observed that inter cellular interference is reduced better when compared to a single carrier system evaluated over a 3GPP-LTE standard.
Keywords−Power allocation, Inter cellular interference, Multi-Carrier mobile Communication system.
Joint Interference Coordination and Spatial Resource ReuseIJMTST Journal
Multihop cellular networks (MCNs) have drawn tremendous attention due to its high throughput and extensive coverage. Deploying relay nodes is foreseen a cost-efficient solution to combat the severe propagation loss at cell edge. However, relay cell coverage is limited by the low transmit power, limited antenna capabilities and wireless backhaul link bottleneck which may lead to load imbalances and hence low resource utilization efficiency. Further challenges in relay deployments are attributed to increased interference levels in the network compared with macro cell-only deployments, causing degradation of the user throughput. In this context, relay cell coverage expansion and interference coordination techniques are expected to improve the performance of relay deployments. In this study, we analyze the impact of the additional interference due to the relay node transmissions. Jointly with our previous study on cell expansion, spatial resource reuse from the graph-theoretical perspective. Next, our focus shifts to developing a simple but efficient radio resource management algorithm which enables the spatial resource reuse, the pricing- based radio resource management (PRRM) strategy. The PRRM performs spatial reuse for interference-free users operating in the high signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) region, while guaranteeing the signal quality of interference-susceptible users usually located near the coverage boundary. By applying the PRRM, we evaluate the potential benefits of the spatial resource reuse.
Scheduling for interference mitigation using enhanced intercell interference ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Deployment of low power base station (pico) in macro cell is a key for providing high data rates. Cell range expansion is one of the features of LTE-advanced where low power base station in a heterogeneous network can increase their coverage area and neighboring cells can offload users to low power base station to reduce overload in macro cell. This presents a very challenging multi-user communication problem. Co-channel deployed Het-Net will experience interference between pico and macro. The main challenge of pico cells embedded into a macro cell is to let more users profit from the additional bandwidth introduced into the network. Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) has been introduced to solve interference problem. Scheduling for eICIC is used to provide best solution for interference mitigation, overload in macro cell, fairness in resource usage by users. In this paper we have analyzed Round Robin scheduling for eICIC, results prove that fairness is maintained between users and throughput has been improved. Key Words: LTE - Long term Evolution, UE - User Equipment, eNB – eNodeB.
Scheduling for interference mitigation using enhanced intercell interference ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance analysis of economic model and radio resource management in heter...IJCNCJournal
Radio resource management (RRM) is the system level control of co-channel interference and other radio
transmission characteristics in wireless communication systems. In this paper we first analyze a utility
function based access selection (UFAS) method. Then we investigate a radio resource management and
network selection scheme in heterogeneous wireless network. We propose an economic model to allocate
radio resources for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Networks and Wireless local Area (WLAN)
networks. Moreover we formulate and solve the optimization problem in WLAN and CDMA networks and
simulate those equations using MATLAB. Simulated results show that the proposed scheme can achieve
more number of users and more social welfare which outperform the utility function based access selection
method.
Improved handoff mechanism for infiltrating user equipments in composite netw...IJECEIAES
The wireless technology and communication plays a vital role in our daily life. The end users are expecting more Quality of Experience (QOE) rather than the Quality of Service (QOS). In order to provide full signal coverage the entire cellular network coverage is divided in to small cells called as femtocells, those femtocells are covered with femtocell antennas which are very small in size compared with regular antennas. With these femtocell coverage problem is solved but when a user moves from one location to another location the user has to switch from one base station to so many base station which cannot be maintained with present handoff methods. The present hand off methods working on distance calculation approach, the proposed method is based on the velocity and device direction calculated based on GPS location toward the Base Station (BS) of the device which may ping pong handoff effect.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF VERTICAL HARD HANDOVERS IN CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEMSijngnjournal
With the rapid increase of new and diverse cellular mobile services, the overlapping of cells has become typical in the majority of the coverage area of the network. Vertical handovers occur between two layers of cells when a user is switched from one layer to the other. In this paper we investigate the influence of network parameters on vertical hard handover performance in a cell environment. The work considers two layers of cells: a layer of macrocells and a layer of microcells. Handover requests enter the macrocell from neighbor macrocells and from microcells that belong to a different layer. Using Markov chain analysis and simulation we calculate network performance parameters such as mean queue delay, handover dropping probability and channel utilization. We also compare the handover performance for the macrocell and macrocell traffic separately. Our results show the influence of total channels, maximum queue size and handover request arrival rate on handover performance. They also show that when the traffic from each layer is treated with equal priority in the system, the performance of each layer is comparable.
Proposed Model for Interference Estimation in Code Division Multiple AccessTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cellular CDMA systems are usually affected by interference experienced by users in adjacent
cells that decrease the Quality of Services in wireless communication network. Hence, interference is the
limiting factor of capacity in CDMA cellular and it is one of the problems fighting against the high efficiency
of any mobile network. In this paper, a mathematical model to estimate the average number of users
contributing in inter-cell interference at the busy hours of CDMA network is proposed. As the power
exponent value has significant affect on interferer signal attenuation and hence other-cells interference,
measurements were carried through a drive test to determine the received power level at various distance
from CDMA base stations at Baghdad. The results obtained show that the power exponent was 2.71. This
value was applied in dual-slop path loss model to determine the expected interference factor, and the
number of users that can be hold at each cell. Simulations showed that users at a boundary cell generate
more interference than those close to the base station. Furthermore, it was denoted that greater number of
users caused to increase the interference factor, and greater power exponent value result in interference
factor reduction.
Efficient power allocation method for non orthogonal multiple access 5G systemsIJECEIAES
One of the hot research topics for the upcoming 5G (fifth-generation) wireless communication networks is the non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, where it have attracted both industrial and academic fields to improve the existing spectral efficiency. In fact, the multiuser detection process for NOMA systems is largely affected by the power distribution of the received signals. In this paper, a new method has been proposed to control the transmit power among active users in one of the promising NOMA systems; the interleave division multiple access (IDMA) which has been adopted here for consideration. Unlike conventional methods, where tedious mathematical computations are required; a simple and direct method has been derived. The proposed method has been applied to IDMA system with different FEC codes. The obtained results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional one as compared to optimal results.
Mitigation of packet loss with end-to-end delay in wireless body area network...IJECEIAES
The wireless body area network (WBAN) has been proposed to offer a solution to the problem of population ageing, shortage in medical facilities and different chronic diseases. The development of this technology has been further fueled by the demand for real-time application for monitoring these cases in networks. The integrity of communication is constrained by the loss of packets during communication affecting the reliability of WBAN. Mitigating the loss of packets and ensuring the performance of the network is a challenging task that has sparked numerous studies over the years. The WBAN technology as a problem of reducing network lifetime; thus, in this paper, we utilize cooperative routing protocol (CRP) to improve package delivery via end-to-end latency and increase the length of the network lifetime. The end-to-end latency was used as a metric to determine the significance of CRP in WBAN routing protocols. The CRP increased the rate of transmission of packets to the sink and mitigate packet loss. The proposed solution has shown that the end-to-end delay in the WBAN is considerably reduced by applying the cooperative routing protocol. The CRP technique attained a delivery ratio of 0.8176 compared to 0.8118 when transmitting packets in WBAN.
Joint Optimization of The two Tier Femto cells and Macro cell Users OFDMA Net...IJTET Journal
We proposed a novel joint sub channel and resource allocation for the two-tier OFDMA network. The multi-cell OFDMA network not only has to control the interference to the users, but also has to coordinate the cross-tier interference. A resource allocation scheme for cross-channel Femto and Macro is proposed, aiming to maximize the capacity. We formulate this joint optimization for both uplink and downlink in OFDMA network will be considered. To efficiently solve this problem using dual decomposition and low complexity methods. The resulting schemes efficiently allocate the resource and data sharing in a distributed way. The simulation results show that the less interference and provide significant throughput.
Downlink beamforming and admissin control for spectrum sharing cognitive radi...acijjournal
n this paper, to detect the moving objects between frames in compressed video and to obtain the bes
t
compression video
and the noiseless video. We describe a video in which frames by classifying
macroblocks (MB), and describe motion estimation (ME), motion vector field (MV) and motion
compensation (MC). we propose to classify Macroblocks of each video frame into different
classes and use
this class information to describe the frame content based on the motion vector. MB class informatio
n
video applications such as shot change detection, motion discontinuity detection, Outlier rejection
for
global motion estimation. To reduc
e the noise and to improve the clarity of the compressed video by using
contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) Algorithm
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Interference management in lte downlink networksijwmn
Two major challenges for evolving LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks are to achieve enhanced system capacity and cell coverage compared with WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) system. Effective utilization of radio resources as well as dense spectrum reuse are at the core to attain these targets. However, dense frequency reuse may increase inter-cell interference, which in turn severely limits the capacity of users in the system. Inter-cell interference can restrict overall system performance in terms of throughput and spectral efficiency, especially for the users located at the cell edge area. Hence, careful management of inter-cell interferences becomes crucial to improve LTE system performance. In this paper, interference mitigation schemes for LTE downlink networks are investigated.
The study evaluated interference in a dense heterogeneous network using third-generation universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS) and fourth-generation long term evolution (LTE) networks LTE. The UMTs/LTE heterogeneous network determines the level of interference when the two communication systems coexist and how to improve the network by migrating from UMTs to LTE, which has a faster download speed and larger capacity. Techno lite 8 on third generation (3G) and Infinix Pro 6 on fourth generation (4G) were used to measure network the received signal strength (RSS) during site investigation. UE interference was detected and traced using a spectrum analyzer. UMTS and LTE path loss exponents are 2.6 and 3.2. Shannon's capacity theorem calculated LTE and UMTS capacity. When signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) was used as a quality of service (QoS) indicator, MATLAB channel capacity plots did not match Shannon's due to neighboring interference. UMTS had an R2 of 0.54 and LTE 0.57 for the Shannon channel capacity equation. Adjacent channel interference (ACI) user devices reduce network capacity, lowering QoS for other customers.
Capacity Improvement of Cellular System Using Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)IJEEE
Today wireless communication is mostly used rather than wired communication, due to remote location reach ability, less fault occurrence, less time to commissioning and low cost etc. But wireless network has less frequency spectrum to cover the whole world. To improve the capacity of cellular system in a limited spectrum without major technological changes, frequency is reused in cells. But it offers interferences mostly for cell edge users. To solve the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity, fractional frequency reuse is used. This paper gives idea about different frequency reuse factors, fractional frequency reuse and super cell with sectoring to improve the capacity of cellular system.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with traditional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in the
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieved by using them only. It is required to achieve maximum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing higher order sectorization and by utilizing all possible
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This paper presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sites
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The main target of this paper is to compare the performance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam smart antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better received signal quality and user throughput. Splitting macro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the capacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advance antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with improved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations at
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Downlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interval (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of using smart antennas and higher order sectorization with
proposed network layout.
An approach to control inter cellular interference using load matrix in multi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with reduction of inter cellular interference in Multi-carrier communication systems. In the past, Load Matrix(LM) is proposed to allocate power to different users in a network based upon Signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) so as to reduce inter cellular interference and is observed for single carrier systems. In Multi carrier systems the SNIR is affected distinctly in each carrier thus a single SNIR for power allocation is not optimal. In this paper, to obtain the optimization of power allocation in Multi-Carrier system, Load Matrix coding with bifurcated SNIR (LM-BFSNIR) is proposed. Using this approach it is observed that inter cellular interference is reduced better when compared to a single carrier system evaluated over a 3GPP-LTE standard.
Keywords−Power allocation, Inter cellular interference, Multi-Carrier mobile Communication system.
Joint Interference Coordination and Spatial Resource ReuseIJMTST Journal
Multihop cellular networks (MCNs) have drawn tremendous attention due to its high throughput and extensive coverage. Deploying relay nodes is foreseen a cost-efficient solution to combat the severe propagation loss at cell edge. However, relay cell coverage is limited by the low transmit power, limited antenna capabilities and wireless backhaul link bottleneck which may lead to load imbalances and hence low resource utilization efficiency. Further challenges in relay deployments are attributed to increased interference levels in the network compared with macro cell-only deployments, causing degradation of the user throughput. In this context, relay cell coverage expansion and interference coordination techniques are expected to improve the performance of relay deployments. In this study, we analyze the impact of the additional interference due to the relay node transmissions. Jointly with our previous study on cell expansion, spatial resource reuse from the graph-theoretical perspective. Next, our focus shifts to developing a simple but efficient radio resource management algorithm which enables the spatial resource reuse, the pricing- based radio resource management (PRRM) strategy. The PRRM performs spatial reuse for interference-free users operating in the high signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) region, while guaranteeing the signal quality of interference-susceptible users usually located near the coverage boundary. By applying the PRRM, we evaluate the potential benefits of the spatial resource reuse.
Scheduling for interference mitigation using enhanced intercell interference ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Deployment of low power base station (pico) in macro cell is a key for providing high data rates. Cell range expansion is one of the features of LTE-advanced where low power base station in a heterogeneous network can increase their coverage area and neighboring cells can offload users to low power base station to reduce overload in macro cell. This presents a very challenging multi-user communication problem. Co-channel deployed Het-Net will experience interference between pico and macro. The main challenge of pico cells embedded into a macro cell is to let more users profit from the additional bandwidth introduced into the network. Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) has been introduced to solve interference problem. Scheduling for eICIC is used to provide best solution for interference mitigation, overload in macro cell, fairness in resource usage by users. In this paper we have analyzed Round Robin scheduling for eICIC, results prove that fairness is maintained between users and throughput has been improved. Key Words: LTE - Long term Evolution, UE - User Equipment, eNB – eNodeB.
Scheduling for interference mitigation using enhanced intercell interference ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION IN CELLULAR MOBILE NETW...ijcseit
In cellular mobile communication system the existing dynamic channel allocation scheme suffer from
high blocking probability and forced termination probability. To mitigate this problem, in this paper we
evaluated the performance of dynamic channel allocation scheme based on carrier-to-noise interference
ratio. In our system model, uplink power strength from a call-initiating user to the base station is
examined. This power is provided by the carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N). The channel search is conducted in
the repeated channel numbers of that cell based on the carrier-to-noise ratio so that this system provides
the low blocking probability and initiates large number of calls in dynamic channel allocation
environment. We have presented the momentous performance in blocking probability and forced
termination probability through this research.
Downlink beamforming and admissin control for spectrum sharing cognitive radi...acijjournal
We investigate the
problem of multiuser downlink beam
-
forming and admission control considering a
scenario where licensed, or primary, users and cognitive radios, or secondary users, are transmittin
g
concurrently over the same band. The primary users share a common receiver
and the interference on this
receiver from secondary users should be strictly limited to a certain level. Each secondary link is
assumed
to have a minimum quality of service (QoS) requirement that should be satisfied together with the
interference limit co
nstraint, otherwise the secondary link is not admitted. Under those constraints,
downlink beam
-
forming and admission control for secondary users are investigated for two main
optimization objectives. First, we maximize the number of admitted secondary link
s. Second, we maximize
the sum throughput of the admitted secondary links. our main design objective is to minimize the tra
nsmit
power of the SU
-
transmitter while simultaneously targeting a lower
-
bound on the received signal
-
to
-
interference
-
plus
-
noise
-
rati
o(SINR) for the SU’s and imposing on upper limit on the interference power(IP)
at the PUs.
GAME THEORY BASED INTERFERENCE CONTROL AND POWER CONTROL FOR D2D COMMUNICATIO...IJCNCJournal
With the current development of mobile communication services, people need personal communication of
high speed, excellent service, high quality and low latency,however, limited spectrum resources become
the most important factor to hamper improvement of cellular systems. As big amount of data traffic will
cause greater local consumption of spectrum resources, future networks are required to have appropriate
techniques to better support such forms of communication. D2D (Device-to-device) communication
technology in a cellular network makes full use of spectrum resources underlaying, reduces the load of the
base station, minimizes transmit power of the terminals and the base stations, thereby enhances the overall
throughput of the networks. Due to the use of multiplexing D2D UE (User equipment) resources and
spectrum, and the interference caused by the sharing of resources between adjacent cells, it has become a
major factor affecting coexisting of cellular subscribers and D2D users. When D2D communication
multiplexes the uplink resources, the base-stations are easily to be disturbed; when the downlink resources
are multiplexed, the users of downlink are susceptible to interference. In order to build a high-efficient
mobile network, we can meet the QoS requirements by controlling the power to suppress the interference
between the base station and a terminal user.
ON THE CELL BREATHING TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE CONGESTION APPLYING BANDWIDTH LIMIT...ijgca
In order to effectively analyze or evaluate the performance of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), it is important to identify what types of network settings can cause bad performance in the network when analyzing poor network performance, there is an important factor which is responsible for poor performance is when a number of users may obtain a much larger share of the available bandwidth in access point in a limited boundary as provided in the concept of cell breathing technique. In this paper, we proposed a new concept in which we can set bandwidth limitation so that no user can access data more than the specified limit for a particular access point. In this way the different users will get an efficient access over the network.
ANALYSIS OF LAND SURFACE DEFORMATION GRADIENT BY DINSAR cscpconf
The progressive development of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems diversify the exploitation of the generated images by these systems in different applications of geoscience. Detection and monitoring surface deformations, procreated by various phenomena had benefited from this evolution and had been realized by interferometry (InSAR) and differential interferometry (DInSAR) techniques. Nevertheless, spatial and temporal decorrelations of the interferometric couples used, limit strongly the precision of analysis results by these techniques. In this context, we propose, in this work, a methodological approach of surface deformation detection and analysis by differential interferograms to show the limits of this technique according to noise quality and level. The detectability model is generated from the deformation signatures, by simulating a linear fault merged to the images couples of ERS1 / ERS2 sensors acquired in a region of the Algerian south.
4D AUTOMATIC LIP-READING FOR SPEAKER'S FACE IDENTIFCATIONcscpconf
A novel based a trajectory-guided, concatenating approach for synthesizing high-quality image real sample renders video is proposed . The lips reading automated is seeking for modeled the closest real image sample sequence preserve in the library under the data video to the HMM predicted trajectory. The object trajectory is modeled obtained by projecting the face patterns into an KDA feature space is estimated. The approach for speaker's face identification by using synthesise the identity surface of a subject face from a small sample of patterns which sparsely each the view sphere. An KDA algorithm use to the Lip-reading image is discrimination, after that work consisted of in the low dimensional for the fundamental lip features vector is reduced by using the 2D-DCT.The mouth of the set area dimensionality is ordered by a normally reduction base on the PCA to obtain the Eigen lips approach, their proposed approach by[33]. The subjective performance results of the cost function under the automatic lips reading modeled , which wasn’t illustrate the superior performance of the
method.
MOVING FROM WATERFALL TO AGILE PROCESS IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CAPSTONE PROJE...cscpconf
Universities offer software engineering capstone course to simulate a real world-working environment in which students can work in a team for a fixed period to deliver a quality product. The objective of the paper is to report on our experience in moving from Waterfall process to Agile process in conducting the software engineering capstone project. We present the capstone course designs for both Waterfall driven and Agile driven methodologies that highlight the structure, deliverables and assessment plans.To evaluate the improvement, we conducted a survey for two different sections taught by two different instructors to evaluate students’ experience in moving from traditional Waterfall model to Agile like process. Twentyeight students filled the survey. The survey consisted of eight multiple-choice questions and an open-ended question to collect feedback from students. The survey results show that students were able to attain hands one experience, which simulate a real world-working environment. The results also show that the Agile approach helped students to have overall better design and avoid mistakes they have made in the initial design completed in of the first phase of the capstone project. In addition, they were able to decide on their team capabilities, training needs and thus learn the required technologies earlier which is reflected on the final product quality
PROMOTING STUDENT ENGAGEMENT USING SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIEScscpconf
Using social media in education provides learners with an informal way for communication. Informal communication tends to remove barriers and hence promotes student engagement. This paper presents our experience in using three different social media technologies in teaching software project management course. We conducted different surveys at the end of every semester to evaluate students’ satisfaction and engagement. Results show that using social media enhances students’ engagement and satisfaction. However, familiarity with the tool is an important factor for student satisfaction.
A SURVEY ON QUESTION ANSWERING SYSTEMS: THE ADVANCES OF FUZZY LOGICcscpconf
In real world computing environment with using a computer to answer questions has been a human dream since the beginning of the digital era, Question-answering systems are referred to as intelligent systems, that can be used to provide responses for the questions being asked by the user based on certain facts or rules stored in the knowledge base it can generate answers of questions asked in natural , and the first main idea of fuzzy logic was to working on the problem of computer understanding of natural language, so this survey paper provides an overview on what Question-Answering is and its system architecture and the possible relationship and
different with fuzzy logic, as well as the previous related research with respect to approaches that were followed. At the end, the survey provides an analytical discussion of the proposed QA models, along or combined with fuzzy logic and their main contributions and limitations.
DYNAMIC PHONE WARPING – A METHOD TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN PRONUNCIATIONS cscpconf
Human beings generate different speech waveforms while speaking the same word at different times. Also, different human beings have different accents and generate significantly varying speech waveforms for the same word. There is a need to measure the distances between various words which facilitate preparation of pronunciation dictionaries. A new algorithm called Dynamic Phone Warping (DPW) is presented in this paper. It uses dynamic programming technique for global alignment and shortest distance measurements. The DPW algorithm can be used to enhance the pronunciation dictionaries of the well-known languages like English or to build pronunciation dictionaries to the less known sparse languages. The precision measurement experiments show 88.9% accuracy.
INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC ASSESSMENT FOR SUBJECTIVE EXAMS cscpconf
In education, the use of electronic (E) examination systems is not a novel idea, as Eexamination systems have been used to conduct objective assessments for the last few years. This research deals with randomly designed E-examinations and proposes an E-assessment system that can be used for subjective questions. This system assesses answers to subjective questions by finding a matching ratio for the keywords in instructor and student answers. The matching ratio is achieved based on semantic and document similarity. The assessment system is composed of four modules: preprocessing, keyword expansion, matching, and grading. A survey and case study were used in the research design to validate the proposed system. The examination assessment system will help instructors to save time, costs, and resources, while increasing efficiency and improving the productivity of exam setting and assessments.
TWO DISCRETE BINARY VERSIONS OF AFRICAN BUFFALO OPTIMIZATION METAHEURISTICcscpconf
African Buffalo Optimization (ABO) is one of the most recent swarms intelligence based metaheuristics. ABO algorithm is inspired by the buffalo’s behavior and lifestyle. Unfortunately, the standard ABO algorithm is proposed only for continuous optimization problems. In this paper, the authors propose two discrete binary ABO algorithms to deal with binary optimization problems. In the first version (called SBABO) they use the sigmoid function and probability model to generate binary solutions. In the second version (called LBABO) they use some logical operator to operate the binary solutions. Computational results on two knapsack problems (KP and MKP) instances show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and their ability to achieve good and promising solutions.
DETECTION OF ALGORITHMICALLY GENERATED MALICIOUS DOMAINcscpconf
In recent years, many malware writers have relied on Dynamic Domain Name Services (DDNS) to maintain their Command and Control (C&C) network infrastructure to ensure a persistence presence on a compromised host. Amongst the various DDNS techniques, Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA) is often perceived as the most difficult to detect using traditional methods. This paper presents an approach for detecting DGA using frequency analysis of the character distribution and the weighted scores of the domain names. The approach’s feasibility is demonstrated using a range of legitimate domains and a number of malicious algorithmicallygenerated domain names. Findings from this study show that domain names made up of English characters “a-z” achieving a weighted score of < 45 are often associated with DGA. When a weighted score of < 45 is applied to the Alexa one million list of domain names, only 15% of the domain names were treated as non-human generated.
GLOBAL MUSIC ASSET ASSURANCE DIGITAL CURRENCY: A DRM SOLUTION FOR STREAMING C...cscpconf
The amount of piracy in the streaming digital content in general and the music industry in specific is posing a real challenge to digital content owners. This paper presents a DRM solution to monetizing, tracking and controlling online streaming content cross platforms for IP enabled devices. The paper benefits from the current advances in Blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Specifically, the paper presents a Global Music Asset Assurance (GoMAA) digital currency and presents the iMediaStreams Blockchain to enable the secure dissemination and tracking of the streamed content. The proposed solution provides the data owner the ability to control the flow of information even after it has been released by creating a secure, selfinstalled, cross platform reader located on the digital content file header. The proposed system provides the content owners’ options to manage their digital information (audio, video, speech, etc.), including the tracking of the most consumed segments, once it is release. The system benefits from token distribution between the content owner (Music Bands), the content distributer (Online Radio Stations) and the content consumer(Fans) on the system blockchain.
IMPORTANCE OF VERB SUFFIX MAPPING IN DISCOURSE TRANSLATION SYSTEMcscpconf
This paper discusses the importance of verb suffix mapping in Discourse translation system. In
discourse translation, the crucial step is Anaphora resolution and generation. In Anaphora
resolution, cohesion links like pronouns are identified between portions of text. These binders
make the text cohesive by referring to nouns appearing in the previous sentences or nouns
appearing in sentences after them. In Machine Translation systems, to convert the source
language sentences into meaningful target language sentences the verb suffixes should be
changed as per the cohesion links identified. This step of translation process is emphasized in
the present paper. Specifically, the discussion is on how the verbs change according to the
subjects and anaphors. To explain the concept, English is used as the source language (SL) and
an Indian language Telugu is used as Target language (TL)
EXACT SOLUTIONS OF A FAMILY OF HIGHER-DIMENSIONAL SPACE-TIME FRACTIONAL KDV-T...cscpconf
In this paper, based on the definition of conformable fractional derivative, the functional
variable method (FVM) is proposed to seek the exact traveling wave solutions of two higherdimensional
space-time fractional KdV-type equations in mathematical physics, namely the
(3+1)-dimensional space–time fractional Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation and the (2+1)-
dimensional space–time fractional Generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony
(GZK-BBM) equation. Some new solutions are procured and depicted. These solutions, which
contain kink-shaped, singular kink, bell-shaped soliton, singular soliton and periodic wave
solutions, have many potential applications in mathematical physics and engineering. The
simplicity and reliability of the proposed method is verified.
AUTOMATED PENETRATION TESTING: AN OVERVIEWcscpconf
The using of information technology resources is rapidly increasing in organizations,
businesses, and even governments, that led to arise various attacks, and vulnerabilities in the
field. All resources make it a must to do frequently a penetration test (PT) for the environment
and see what can the attacker gain and what is the current environment's vulnerabilities. This
paper reviews some of the automated penetration testing techniques and presents its
enhancement over the traditional manual approaches. To the best of our knowledge, it is the
first research that takes into consideration the concept of penetration testing and the standards
in the area.This research tackles the comparison between the manual and automated
penetration testing, the main tools used in penetration testing. Additionally, compares between
some methodologies used to build an automated penetration testing platform.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALZHEIMER USING fMRI DATA AND BRAIN NETWORKcscpconf
Since the mid of 1990s, functional connectivity study using fMRI (fcMRI) has drawn increasing
attention of neuroscientists and computer scientists, since it opens a new window to explore
functional network of human brain with relatively high resolution. BOLD technique provides
almost accurate state of brain. Past researches prove that neuro diseases damage the brain
network interaction, protein- protein interaction and gene-gene interaction. A number of
neurological research paper also analyse the relationship among damaged part. By
computational method especially machine learning technique we can show such classifications.
In this paper we used OASIS fMRI dataset affected with Alzheimer’s disease and normal
patient’s dataset. After proper processing the fMRI data we use the processed data to form
classifier models using SVM (Support Vector Machine), KNN (K- nearest neighbour) & Naïve
Bayes. We also compare the accuracy of our proposed method with existing methods. In future,
we will other combinations of methods for better accuracy.
VALIDATION METHOD OF FUZZY ASSOCIATION RULES BASED ON FUZZY FORMAL CONCEPT AN...cscpconf
In order to treat and analyze real datasets, fuzzy association rules have been proposed. Several
algorithms have been introduced to extract these rules. However, these algorithms suffer from
the problems of utility, redundancy and large number of extracted fuzzy association rules. The
expert will then be confronted with this huge amount of fuzzy association rules. The task of
validation becomes fastidious. In order to solve these problems, we propose a new validation
method. Our method is based on three steps. (i) We extract a generic base of non redundant
fuzzy association rules by applying EFAR-PN algorithm based on fuzzy formal concept analysis.
(ii) we categorize extracted rules into groups and (iii) we evaluate the relevance of these rules
using structural equation model.
PROBABILITY BASED CLUSTER EXPANSION OVERSAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR IMBALANCED DATAcscpconf
In many applications of data mining, class imbalance is noticed when examples in one class are
overrepresented. Traditional classifiers result in poor accuracy of the minority class due to the
class imbalance. Further, the presence of within class imbalance where classes are composed of
multiple sub-concepts with different number of examples also affect the performance of
classifier. In this paper, we propose an oversampling technique that handles between class and
within class imbalance simultaneously and also takes into consideration the generalization
ability in data space. The proposed method is based on two steps- performing Model Based
Clustering with respect to classes to identify the sub-concepts; and then computing the
separating hyperplane based on equal posterior probability between the classes. The proposed
method is tested on 10 publicly available data sets and the result shows that the proposed
method is statistically superior to other existing oversampling methods.
CHARACTER AND IMAGE RECOGNITION FOR DATA CATALOGING IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCHcscpconf
Data collection is an essential, but manpower intensive procedure in ecological research. An
algorithm was developed by the author which incorporated two important computer vision
techniques to automate data cataloging for butterfly measurements. Optical Character
Recognition is used for character recognition and Contour Detection is used for imageprocessing.
Proper pre-processing is first done on the images to improve accuracy. Although
there are limitations to Tesseract’s detection of certain fonts, overall, it can successfully identify
words of basic fonts. Contour detection is an advanced technique that can be utilized to
measure an image. Shapes and mathematical calculations are crucial in determining the precise
location of the points on which to draw the body and forewing lines of the butterfly. Overall,
92% accuracy were achieved by the program for the set of butterflies measured.
SOCIAL MEDIA ANALYTICS FOR SENTIMENT ANALYSIS AND EVENT DETECTION IN SMART CI...cscpconf
Smart cities utilize Internet of Things (IoT) devices and sensors to enhance the quality of the city
services including energy, transportation, health, and much more. They generate massive
volumes of structured and unstructured data on a daily basis. Also, social networks, such as
Twitter, Facebook, and Google+, are becoming a new source of real-time information in smart
cities. Social network users are acting as social sensors. These datasets so large and complex
are difficult to manage with conventional data management tools and methods. To become
valuable, this massive amount of data, known as 'big data,' needs to be processed and
comprehended to hold the promise of supporting a broad range of urban and smart cities
functions, including among others transportation, water, and energy consumption, pollution
surveillance, and smart city governance. In this work, we investigate how social media analytics
help to analyze smart city data collected from various social media sources, such as Twitter and
Facebook, to detect various events taking place in a smart city and identify the importance of
events and concerns of citizens regarding some events. A case scenario analyses the opinions of
users concerning the traffic in three largest cities in the UAE
SOCIAL NETWORK HATE SPEECH DETECTION FOR AMHARIC LANGUAGEcscpconf
The anonymity of social networks makes it attractive for hate speech to mask their criminal
activities online posing a challenge to the world and in particular Ethiopia. With this everincreasing
volume of social media data, hate speech identification becomes a challenge in
aggravating conflict between citizens of nations. The high rate of production, has become
difficult to collect, store and analyze such big data using traditional detection methods. This
paper proposed the application of apache spark in hate speech detection to reduce the
challenges. Authors developed an apache spark based model to classify Amharic Facebook
posts and comments into hate and not hate. Authors employed Random forest and Naïve Bayes
for learning and Word2Vec and TF-IDF for feature selection. Tested by 10-fold crossvalidation,
the model based on word2vec embedding performed best with 79.83%accuracy. The
proposed method achieve a promising result with unique feature of spark for big data.
GENERAL REGRESSION NEURAL NETWORK BASED POS TAGGING FOR NEPALI TEXTcscpconf
This article presents Part of Speech tagging for Nepali text using General Regression Neural
Network (GRNN). The corpus is divided into two parts viz. training and testing. The network is
trained and validated on both training and testing data. It is observed that 96.13% words are
correctly being tagged on training set whereas 74.38% words are tagged correctly on testing
data set using GRNN. The result is compared with the traditional Viterbi algorithm based on
Hidden Markov Model. Viterbi algorithm yields 97.2% and 40% classification accuracies on
training and testing data sets respectively. GRNN based POS Tagger is more consistent than the
traditional Viterbi decoding technique.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. 2 Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT )
condition is affected by many factors such as fading, shadowing and interference which degrade
the quality of the signal and cause delay, which affect the total capacity of the system. In
addition, two forms of interferences, inter-cell interference that occurs between cells and
intra-cell interference caused by own users can be distinguished. In order to achieve efficient
resource utilization in all sorts of deployment scenarios and QoS requirements in the future
wireless cellular systems, new resource allocation methods must be developed. Importance of
resource scheduling was appreciated with the support of high data rate services in the evolution of
universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), Standard to High Speed Downlink Packet
Access (HSDPA) and enhanced uplink.
The main difference between uplink and downlink transmissions is the fact that in the first case
each user is affected by its individual channel, whereas the signals arriving at a certain mobile are
passed through the same channel in the downlink, but need a perfect power control that ensures
the same power level for all users at the receiver. If multiple access or co-channel interference in
cellular networks disturbs the transmission, interferers that are separable in space can be
suppressed with multiple antennas, resulting in an improved Signal to Interference plus Noise
Ratio (SINR). Assessing the quality of resource allocation, one can distinguish cell capacity
achieved in the system with fairness amongst users, in terms of offered transmission
opportunities. The trade-off between cell capacity and fairness is very important in a scheduling
algorithm while allocating resources. The objective of the allocation scheme is to maximize total
network utility can be utilized for optimal resource allocation. [1]
In this paper, we discuss intercell interference problem of scheduling process by introducing load
matrix concept and using HSUPA system to prove it. Section II describes effect of interference on
HSUPA in terms of user terminals, is limited by total received power at the base station limits the
uplink capacity. In section III gives the uplink resource allocation in both single cell and multicell
cases to achieve maximum capacity. The load matrix concept is detailed in Section IV. The
performance of the LM scheduling can be observed in the simulation results provided in section
V and finally section VI provides conclusion for this paper.[4][6].
2. Inter Cell Interference
A cellular system consists of many cells with channels (timeslots, bandwidth, or codes) reused at
spatially separate locations. Due to the fundamental nature of wireless propagation, transmissions
in a cell are not limited to within that cell, and thus there is intercell interference between users
and base stations, that use the same channels. The majority of current systems are interference
limited rather than noise limited. Interference is part of every mobile cellular communications
system, and it constitutes a limitation to both radio network capacity and quality of service
provided to users [3]. Intercell interference is managed via averaging of the effects of multiple
interferers. It is more effective in the uplink than in the downlink. Interference averaging also
allows statistical multiplexing of bursty users, thus increasing system capacity.
Resource allocation schemes in the uplink are of two categories, distributed and centralized. The
objective of distributed allocation is to reduce the complexity to the Radio Network Controller
(RNC). This scheme does not know the channel conditions of adjacent cells. Where as in case of
centralized schemes, the network controller is responsible for allocating the resources in every
cell.On the forward link, the data is split by the RNC to a number of base stations and the
received data is combined by the mobile terminal. On the reverse link, the participating base
stations forward the received data to the serving RNC to combine. [12]
In interference limited systems, the uplink capacity is limited by the total transmitted power at the
base station and this power was limited by uplink capacity. Intercell interference calculation is
3. Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT ) 3
done by multiplying the number of users in a cell by the average interference offered in this cell,
this kind of calculation, being suitable for real-time interference simulations based on the number
of users, their path loss, slow fading, and the cell area. But in uplink, intercell interference density
analysis is performed by assuming perfect power control. The number of users is taken into
account, as well as the received signal power and the activity factor according to the user’s
service calculates the average intercell interference per cell. [7]
Usually, in radio network planning, a fixed value is taken for the inter-to-intra cell interferences
ratio (ifactor) 0.65, as well as for the interference margin in the power budget is 3 dB. The
intercell interference will be particularly significant when intercell users are near the cell
boundary and when the frequency reuse factor is equal to one, hence it is a crucial factor and
cannot be ignored in the scheduling process for future wireless cellular systems.
2.1 Interference Model
The performance of a high SINR user is dominated by intracell (or inter-user) interference,
increasing number of users also results in increased intracell interference and an orthogonal
access benefits by eliminating the intracell interference. We know that as the other-cell to own-
cell signal ratio increases, the performance is dominated by other-cell interference rather than
only by intracell interference. [8] Therefore, in case of heavy inter-cell interference, the gains of
orthogonal access over non-orthogonal access go down.
2.2 Intra - Cell Model
The intracell interference limits the maximum achievable data rates and limits the capacity of the
uplink. This model calculates the average inter-cell interference per cell, being necessary to use a
user distribution in the cell area. The calculation of the intra-cell interference in Down link, on
MT i is given by equation 1
I୍୬୲୰ୟ,୨
ୈ
= (P୭୲ୟ୪,ୗ-Pୗ→
)×∝× Lୗ→
[W] (1)
Where PTotal,BS is the total power transmitted by the Base Station (BS), P BS→MTi is the power
transmitted by the BS to the (Mobile Terminal) MT in which interference is being calculated,
and L BS→MTi is the propagation loss between BS and MT. The orthogonality factor α can take
values between 0-1. In Uplink Interference is given by equation 2
I୍୬୲୰ୟ,୨
= ∑ Pୗ୨←
ୋ
ୀଵ ×ηg × N୨, [W] (2)
Where PBSj←MT is the power received at BS j from an MT, ηg is the activity factor of service g, N
j,g is the number of MTs using service g on the cell of BS j, and G is the total number of services
used.
2.3 Inter-Cell Model
Power control on the down link has less impact on intercell interference than on the uplink
because the downlink transmissions all originate from the cell center. Whereas Uplink
transmissions can come from the cell boundaries. Hence need to focus more on the effect of
power control on the uplink. In DL, the model used for inter-cell interference, in an MT using a
service g is given by,
I୍୬୲ୣ୰,୨
ୈ
=∑ P୭୲ୟ୪,ୗ୨
ా
୨ୀଶ ×∝ r୨
ିୟ
×10∆୨/ଵ
[W] (3)
4. 4 Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT )
where Ptotal,BSj is, BS j’s total transmitted
the path loss, a representing path loss exponent,
statistical distribution with zero mean and a certain standard deviation, and
the distance between the interfering BS
I୍୬୲ୣ୰,୨
=∑ ∑ ܲௌ
ீ
ୀଵ
ேಳೄ
ୀଵ,ୀ ܶெ×ηg
PBSj←TMk is BSj power received from the M
the number of users using service
hence increases user BER. Intercell interference can be reduced by separating
the same channel by a large distance.
Figure 1. RoT fluctuation in multicell.
Good cellular system designs are
than the noise power. Figure.1 shows the RoT fluctuation due to intercell interference in a typical
cell. The RoT of a cell dramatically increases to above the threshold and rapidly decrea
below the threshold while allocating resources
interference management this RoT should be close to threshold (RoT
increases user terminals have to
interference level at the base station.
user terminals is limited by total received power at the base station actually limits the uplink
capacity. [5]
III. Resourse Allocation
In next generation networks a
communications, broadband Internet access, email services are expected. Consequently, packet
scheduling mechanisms and resource
role. The Radio resource allocation is a challenging problem in wireless networks due to diffe
channel conditions of user and the main aim of resource allocation is to assign radio resources
individual users in order to achieve maximum capacity while meeting the required quality of
service. A contiguous resource allocation scheme is defined for both the uplink and the downlink.
In uplink the distributed and centralised allocatio
The resource allocation problem in
utilize multiple and maximize the system capacity
access control in conjunction with reso
Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT )
total transmitted power, NBS is the number of interfering BS
representing path loss exponent, ∆Lj is associated to slow fading, following a
statistical distribution with zero mean and a certain standard deviation, and r j represents
the distance between the interfering BS j and the MT.
g ൈ N୩,×A[W] (4)
power received from the MT that is being covered by an adjacent cell
the number of users using service g in interfering cell k. A larger interference reduces SINR
hence increases user BER. Intercell interference can be reduced by separating cells operating on
the same channel by a large distance.
Figure 1. RoT fluctuation in multicell.
designs are interference limited that is the interference power is much larger
Figure.1 shows the RoT fluctuation due to intercell interference in a typical
cell. The RoT of a cell dramatically increases to above the threshold and rapidly decrea
below the threshold while allocating resources to users. But for ideal performance in terms of
interference management this RoT should be close to threshold (RoTtarget). As the uplink load
increases user terminals have to their transmit power substantially to overcome the increased
interference level at the base station. Due to the fact that interference cell, the transmit power of
total received power at the base station actually limits the uplink
variety of services with different requirements, like real time
, broadband Internet access, email services are expected. Consequently, packet
resource allocation techniques for QoS guarantees will play a key
The Radio resource allocation is a challenging problem in wireless networks due to diffe
the main aim of resource allocation is to assign radio resources
users in order to achieve maximum capacity while meeting the required quality of
A contiguous resource allocation scheme is defined for both the uplink and the downlink.
he distributed and centralised allocation schemes reduce the complexity of network.
roblem in these systems causes inefficient use of radio spectrums and
and maximize the system capacity, but they have to consider admission and
access control in conjunction with resource allocation mechanism, subcarriers in wireless
is the number of interfering BS’s, rj
-a
is
is associated to slow fading, following a
represents
T that is being covered by an adjacent cell k, N k,g is
A larger interference reduces SINR and
cells operating on
is the interference power is much larger
Figure.1 shows the RoT fluctuation due to intercell interference in a typical
cell. The RoT of a cell dramatically increases to above the threshold and rapidly decreases to
. But for ideal performance in terms of
). As the uplink load
tantially to overcome the increased
transmit power of
total received power at the base station actually limits the uplink
variety of services with different requirements, like real time
, broadband Internet access, email services are expected. Consequently, packet
guarantees will play a key
The Radio resource allocation is a challenging problem in wireless networks due to different
the main aim of resource allocation is to assign radio resources to
users in order to achieve maximum capacity while meeting the required quality of
A contiguous resource allocation scheme is defined for both the uplink and the downlink.
the complexity of network.
spectrums and to
they have to consider admission and
subcarriers in wireless systems
5. Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT ) 5
such as OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)[9][14]. Allocating different number
of subcarriers intelligently, the inefficiency issue can be handled. In order to provide various
choices of scheduling performance and signalling overhead, multiple resources allocation types
are defined.
In multiuser OFDMA systems, multiuser diversity can be easily achieved by the allocation of sub
channels to users, and these channels are independent for each user, with this the resource
allocation problem for multiuser OFDMA systems has been extensively investigated. The quality
of resource allocation can be assessed by overall throughput and fairness. In a wireless network
environment the trade-off between throughput and fairness is important for scheduling. Due to
the nature of resource allocation (time and frequency), transmissions suffer no interference from
within the cell and further see minimal interference from neighbouring cells.[11]
IV. Load Matrix Concept
The Load Matrix (LM) concept has the facility to joint management of interference within and
between cells while allocating radio resources to users and this concept proposed intakes the
intercell interference information into account in order to avoid RoT outage. In a multicell system
one of the main challenge in resource allocation is the control of intercell interference. LM is a
centralized scheduler, uses a database containing the load contribution of all active users in the
network and it assigns radio resources to all active users in the network.The basic problem in the
uplink scheduler is to assign appropriate transmission rate and time to all active users, result
maximum radio resource utilization across the network while satisfying the QoS requirements of
all the users. [13]
The important factor in the resource allocation is the users transmit power. The constraints to be
satisfied for a network of M users and N cells are
Constraint1: This constraint states that the maximum user power Pi,max . For each active user i in
the network, its transmit power Pi must be maintained in an acceptable region defined as
0 ≤ Pi ≤ Pmax i Є {1,….., M} (5)
Constrain2: The total received power at base station should be kept below a certain threshold for
all N base stations in the network it uses Rise over Thermal noise (RoT) to represent the
interference constraints.
RoTj ≤ RoT target j Є {1,………, N} (6)
RoTj is the total in band received power fixed target value to maintain uplink interference level at
the base station j (BSj ) over thermal noise. The RoTj for M active users in the network given
below is used to estimate RoT of cells, can be written as
ROTj= (ܰ′
+ P୧ G୧୨
ெ
ୀ
)/ ܰ′
(7)
Constraint3 : The signal to noise plus interference ratio required at the serving base station j if
rate k is being assign to the user to achieve a given frame error rate is SINRtarget,k . For each user,
depending on its channel type and speed, each rate k has a minimum required SINR called
SINRtarget,k . This constraint satisfies only by considering SINRtarget,k as SINR.
SINRi,j ≥ SINRtarget,k i Є {1,., M}, k Є{1,… ,K} (8)
6. 6 Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT )
Figure 2. Centralize LM Scheduling in a 3G LTE System.
LM scheduling can be implemented in both centralized and decentralized strategies. In a central
scheduler entity assigns radio resources to all the users in the network where as in decentralized
scheduling each base station implemented with identical LM scheduling, Figure. 2 is
implementation of LM scheduling for the 3rd
Generation Long-Term Evolution (3G LTE).
A centralized scheduler assigns radio resources to all the M users and N cells in the network, LM
i,j is the load factor contribution by user i at BS j defined as
LM i,j =
Pi Gij
ே′ା∑ ீೕ
ಾ
సభ
(9)
Where Gij is the channel gain from user i to BSj averaged over scheduling period, N' is the
thermal noise and Pi is the transmitted power. The LM i,j values stored in column j of LM
database, RoT of cell j can be written ROTj =
1
1−∑ LMij
ܯ
݅=1
(10)
SINR i,j can be written as
SINRi,j=
ୋౠ
ܰ′ܴ݆ܶ− ୋౠ
(11)
The required transmitted power for user i at rate k is,
Pi,k=
ே′ோ்ೌೝ
Gij
SINR target,k
1+SINR target,k
(12)
If above all constraints are satisfied then only power P i,k is acceptable and user i will be
scheduled for transmision. After that LM elements are updated and RoT is calculated for each cell
using [10]. The performance of the LM scheduling has the best RoT over other algorithms
because this scheduler significantly reduce the probability of the RoT exceeding its target.
Priority functions are used to rank the uers in the scheduling process and make a balance between
cell throughput and fairness. Commonly used priority functions shown in table 1.
7. Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT ) 7
Table 1. Comparison between different type schedulers.
A priority function in LM scheduling is introduced based on users load vector that includes intra
and inter cell impact on the network and it tries to maximise the network capacity through these
interference managements. In each base station the LM allocation process simultaneously
increases allocated resources to avoid interference imbalance among the cells. A user with higher
channel gain has highest priority it is evident that giving priority to a user with better channel
condition increases the cell throughput but in a multicell network could have severe impact on the
throughput of other cells. Hence a new priority approach to load matrix is the Global
Proportional Priority (GPP) considers interference contribution of the user to other cells is
defined as
Priority i=
ୋౠ
∑ ୋ,
ಾ
సభ,ಯೕ
∀݅ ⋲ {1, … }ܯ (13)
Where Gi,j is the total channel gain from under i to BSj averaged over the scheduling period. LM
process uses Capacity Check (CC) process to assign rates to the highest priority user in each cell
to update LM elements and while performing capacity checking it maintains overall performnace
of the network. The CC operates on small margin around RoT target instead of a fixed RoT target
threshold result much improved interference outage performance and higher resource
utilization.[15]
V. Simulation Results
To evaluate the performance of the LM concept a HSUPA system simulator is used in a
simulation scenario consisting of 16 cells with 8 users in each cell randomly and uniformly
distributed. The RoT is set at 5.23dB with carrier frequency of 2GHz and simulation time 20 sec.
LM scheduler has the capability to maintain RoT not to exceed its target. LM scheduling is
compared with Benchmark algorithm [2] to show effictiveness of Load Matrix concept and to
carry the performance of resource allocation in terms of interference outage probability and
average cell throughput. The user data, BPSK modulated signal and RoT response have been
shown in figures 3,4 and 5. The figures 6,7 and 8 are for Cumulative Density Function (CDF) of
RoT of inter cell, CDF of intra cell and Probability density function (PDF) of RoT. These
diagrams demonstrate considerable performance in interference outage compared to benchmark
algorithm in terms of cell th
Parameter
Traditional Schedulers
Load Matrix
Round
Rabin
Max C/I Proportional fair Score- based
Throughput Low High Medium Moderate High
Fairness High Low Medium Moderate High
Performance
Less due
to Low TP
Less due to
low fairness
Trade-off between
TP&F
Moderate
compare to PF
Efficient than
traditional
schedulers
8. 8 Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT )
Figure. 3 User data
Figure 4. BPSK Modulated Signal
Figure 5. ROT Response
Figure 6. CDF of RoT for Inter cell Interferen
9. Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT ) 9
Figure 7. CDF of RoT for Intra cell Interference
Figure 8. PDF of ROT
VI. Conclusion
In this paper we have evaluated system capacity and fairness performance of several transmission
schemes with LM scheduling. LM concept is presented specifically to provide an efficient
resource allocation by jointly considering inter cell and intracellular interferences before
allocating radio resources. A novel approach towards efficient uplink scheduling is presented.
The importance of resource allocation mechanisms is discussed. We have developed a system
level simulator for HSUPA system based on the proposed simulation conditions. The effect on
the scheduling performance can be observed in the simulation results provided and these results
indicate that selection of RoT as well as transmit power significantly affect the performance. By
incorporating a new concept of separate margins for inter cell and intra cell interferences in the
LM has better control over interferences results high overall network performance.
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[2] 3GPP TR 25.896, “Feasibility Study of Enhanced Uplink for UTRA FDD V6.0.0,” www.3gpp.org,
Mar. 2004.
[3] 3GPP, TS 36.211, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and
Modulation (Release 8)”.
[4] H. Holma and A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile
Communications, second edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
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[5] Hassibi B. and Hochwald B. M., “High-rate codes that are linear in space and time,” IEEE
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Evolution,”IEEE Communications Magazine, pp 38-45, March 2006.
11. Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT ) 11
Authors short Biography
BANDA SREENIVAS working as an Associate professor in Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering in JYOTHISHMATHI INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE,Karimnagar.,Graduated from KITS-
Warangal , compleated M.Tech from JNTU-H.published and presented TWO
papers in the International conferences and TWO papers in National conferences.
Has 13 years of experience in teaching and industry together.Reviwer for two
international journals and life member of ISTE
SAGGURTHY RAMESH BABU working as a professor and HOD ,in
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering in NIGAMA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE ,Karimnagar., Graduated from pullareddy
engg.college karnool, completed M.Tech from JNTU-A.published papers in an
International conferences/National conferences.have around 13 years of
experience in teaching life member of ISTE
Mr.Saggurthi.Prabhakara Rao received his Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.in E.C.E)
in electronics and communications engineering from Vasavi College of
Engineering Hyderabad in 1991 and Master of Engineering in Communications
from C.B.I.T Hyderabad in 2005.From 2005 to 2008 he was faculty of Engineering
as Associate Professor in ECE department in Sri Devi Women’s Engineering
College, Hyderabad.joined in RRSCET as Professor in 2008 after that he taken
many responsibilities as Head of the Department, Vice-Principal, In-Charge for
inspections of AICTE, SBTET, JNTUHAs Prof. & HOD he conducted and
attended many seminars, workshops, conferences.He was enrolled his PhD Course
and doing his research work with JNTUH in 2007 onwards in wireless communications and completed his
Pre-PhD course.He is currently working as Dean Research & Development center and project /technical
manager for several projects for Diploma, UG and PG Courses. He completed his Pre-PhD course and
published 3 internationals journals and 3 national conferences and participated in one international
conference.Being IEEE senior member He was actively involved in IEEE workshops and conferences.His
research interests include communications, wireless networks, security and quality of service in wireless
communications.He is currently working for wireless security and quality of service in wireless
communications.
D.Karunakar reddy working as a lecturer in JNTU Hyderabad Reserch scholar in
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering in JNTU hyderabad
completed graduation in 2002 completed his M.Tech in 2005.having 5 years
experience in IT industry