This document discusses load balancing in cellular networks through paging techniques. It first provides background on cellular networks and hierarchical network structures. It then reviews existing work related to reducing paging costs, communication between users, location updates, and paging strategies for 3G mobile networks. The existing frequency reuse system is described as having problems like frequency reuse, flooding, delays, and interference. The proposed system introduces soft frequency reuse, which employs zone-based frequency reuse factors and power restrictions to reduce interference between cell areas. Load balancing of paging requests across network tiers can minimize delays and costs through techniques like hierarchical pipelining, sequential, and blanket paging schemes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Enhanced fractional frequency reuse approach for interference mitigation in f...journalBEEI
Small cell networks are expected to heavily be deployed in wireless communication networks due to it ability to enhance signals quality and spectrum utilisation. However, interference is posing a major threat to wireless communication especially cellular femtocell networks whereby its performance is degraded in dense deployment areas. For this reason, an enhanced fractional frequency reuse approach is proposed in this paper to mitigate the interference in femtocell networks. This is achieved by dividing the service area and frequency into three regions and three sets whereby each set is allocated different frequency set. The femtocell location is later obtained and assigned frequency in accordance to the region. The proposed approach helps in reducing the interference, boost the signal to interference plus noise (SINR), and enhance the throughput.
A small vessel detection using a co-located multi-frequency FMCW MIMO radar IJECEIAES
Small vessels detection is a known issue due to its low radar cross section (RCS). An existing shore-based vessel tracking radar is for long-distance commercial vessels detection. Meanwhile, a vessel-mounted radar system known for its reliability has a limitation due to its single radar coverage. The paper presented a co-located frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) maritime radar for small vessel detection utilising a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The radar behaviour is numerically simulated for detecting a Swerling 1 target which resembles small maritime’s vessels. The simulated MIMO configuration comprised two transmitting and receiving nodes. The proposal is to utilize a multi-frequency FMCW MIMO configuration in a maritime environment by applying the spectrum averaging (SA) to fuse MIMO received signals for range and velocity estimation. The analysis was summarised and displayed in terms of estimation error performance, probability of error and average error. The simulation outcomes an improvement of 2.2 dB for a static target, and 0.1 dB for a moving target, in resulting the 20% probability of range error with the MIMO setup. A moving vessel's effect was observed to degrade the range error estimation performance between 0.6 to 2.7 dB. Meanwhile, the proposed method was proven to improve the 20% probability of velocity error by 1.75 dB. The impact of multi-frequency MIMO was also observed to produce better average error performance.
The continuously increasing demand for higher data rates results in increasing network density, so that inter-cell interference is becoming the most serious obstacle towards spectral efficiency Considering that radio resources are limited and expensive, new techniques are required for the next generation of cellular networks, to enable a more efficient way to allocate and use radio resources In this framework, we target the design of a frequency reuse 1 scheme, which exploits the coordination between base stations as a tool to mitigate inter-cell interference Aamir Nazir Beigh | Er. Prabhjot Kaur "Inter-Cell Interference" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18406.pdf
A novel optimal small cells deployment for next-generation cellular networks IJECEIAES
Small-cell-deployments have pulled cellular operators to boost coverage and capacity in high-demand areas (for example, downtown hot spots). The location of these small cells (SCs) should be determined in order to achieve successful deployments. In this paper, we propose a new approach that optimizes small cells deployment in cellular networks to achieve three objectives: reduce the total cost of network installation, balancing the allocation of resources, i.e. placement of each SC and their transmitted power, and providing optimal coverage area with a lower amount of interference between adjacent stations. An accurate formula was obtained to determine the optimum number of SC deployment (NSC). Finally, we derive a mathematical expression to calculate the critical-handoff-point (CHP) for neighboring wireless stations.
Joint Interference Coordination and Spatial Resource ReuseIJMTST Journal
Multihop cellular networks (MCNs) have drawn tremendous attention due to its high throughput and extensive coverage. Deploying relay nodes is foreseen a cost-efficient solution to combat the severe propagation loss at cell edge. However, relay cell coverage is limited by the low transmit power, limited antenna capabilities and wireless backhaul link bottleneck which may lead to load imbalances and hence low resource utilization efficiency. Further challenges in relay deployments are attributed to increased interference levels in the network compared with macro cell-only deployments, causing degradation of the user throughput. In this context, relay cell coverage expansion and interference coordination techniques are expected to improve the performance of relay deployments. In this study, we analyze the impact of the additional interference due to the relay node transmissions. Jointly with our previous study on cell expansion, spatial resource reuse from the graph-theoretical perspective. Next, our focus shifts to developing a simple but efficient radio resource management algorithm which enables the spatial resource reuse, the pricing- based radio resource management (PRRM) strategy. The PRRM performs spatial reuse for interference-free users operating in the high signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) region, while guaranteeing the signal quality of interference-susceptible users usually located near the coverage boundary. By applying the PRRM, we evaluate the potential benefits of the spatial resource reuse.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Enhanced fractional frequency reuse approach for interference mitigation in f...journalBEEI
Small cell networks are expected to heavily be deployed in wireless communication networks due to it ability to enhance signals quality and spectrum utilisation. However, interference is posing a major threat to wireless communication especially cellular femtocell networks whereby its performance is degraded in dense deployment areas. For this reason, an enhanced fractional frequency reuse approach is proposed in this paper to mitigate the interference in femtocell networks. This is achieved by dividing the service area and frequency into three regions and three sets whereby each set is allocated different frequency set. The femtocell location is later obtained and assigned frequency in accordance to the region. The proposed approach helps in reducing the interference, boost the signal to interference plus noise (SINR), and enhance the throughput.
A small vessel detection using a co-located multi-frequency FMCW MIMO radar IJECEIAES
Small vessels detection is a known issue due to its low radar cross section (RCS). An existing shore-based vessel tracking radar is for long-distance commercial vessels detection. Meanwhile, a vessel-mounted radar system known for its reliability has a limitation due to its single radar coverage. The paper presented a co-located frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) maritime radar for small vessel detection utilising a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The radar behaviour is numerically simulated for detecting a Swerling 1 target which resembles small maritime’s vessels. The simulated MIMO configuration comprised two transmitting and receiving nodes. The proposal is to utilize a multi-frequency FMCW MIMO configuration in a maritime environment by applying the spectrum averaging (SA) to fuse MIMO received signals for range and velocity estimation. The analysis was summarised and displayed in terms of estimation error performance, probability of error and average error. The simulation outcomes an improvement of 2.2 dB for a static target, and 0.1 dB for a moving target, in resulting the 20% probability of range error with the MIMO setup. A moving vessel's effect was observed to degrade the range error estimation performance between 0.6 to 2.7 dB. Meanwhile, the proposed method was proven to improve the 20% probability of velocity error by 1.75 dB. The impact of multi-frequency MIMO was also observed to produce better average error performance.
The continuously increasing demand for higher data rates results in increasing network density, so that inter-cell interference is becoming the most serious obstacle towards spectral efficiency Considering that radio resources are limited and expensive, new techniques are required for the next generation of cellular networks, to enable a more efficient way to allocate and use radio resources In this framework, we target the design of a frequency reuse 1 scheme, which exploits the coordination between base stations as a tool to mitigate inter-cell interference Aamir Nazir Beigh | Er. Prabhjot Kaur "Inter-Cell Interference" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18406.pdf
A novel optimal small cells deployment for next-generation cellular networks IJECEIAES
Small-cell-deployments have pulled cellular operators to boost coverage and capacity in high-demand areas (for example, downtown hot spots). The location of these small cells (SCs) should be determined in order to achieve successful deployments. In this paper, we propose a new approach that optimizes small cells deployment in cellular networks to achieve three objectives: reduce the total cost of network installation, balancing the allocation of resources, i.e. placement of each SC and their transmitted power, and providing optimal coverage area with a lower amount of interference between adjacent stations. An accurate formula was obtained to determine the optimum number of SC deployment (NSC). Finally, we derive a mathematical expression to calculate the critical-handoff-point (CHP) for neighboring wireless stations.
Joint Interference Coordination and Spatial Resource ReuseIJMTST Journal
Multihop cellular networks (MCNs) have drawn tremendous attention due to its high throughput and extensive coverage. Deploying relay nodes is foreseen a cost-efficient solution to combat the severe propagation loss at cell edge. However, relay cell coverage is limited by the low transmit power, limited antenna capabilities and wireless backhaul link bottleneck which may lead to load imbalances and hence low resource utilization efficiency. Further challenges in relay deployments are attributed to increased interference levels in the network compared with macro cell-only deployments, causing degradation of the user throughput. In this context, relay cell coverage expansion and interference coordination techniques are expected to improve the performance of relay deployments. In this study, we analyze the impact of the additional interference due to the relay node transmissions. Jointly with our previous study on cell expansion, spatial resource reuse from the graph-theoretical perspective. Next, our focus shifts to developing a simple but efficient radio resource management algorithm which enables the spatial resource reuse, the pricing- based radio resource management (PRRM) strategy. The PRRM performs spatial reuse for interference-free users operating in the high signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) region, while guaranteeing the signal quality of interference-susceptible users usually located near the coverage boundary. By applying the PRRM, we evaluate the potential benefits of the spatial resource reuse.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
using smart antennas and higher order sectorization
with
proposed network layout.
Scheduling for interference mitigation using enhanced intercell interference ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A STUDY ON QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF SPECTRUM HANDOFF IN COGNITIVE RADIO NET...ijwmn
The innovation of wireless technologies requires dynamic allocation of spectrum band in an efficient
manner. This has been achieved by Cognitive Radio (CR) networks which allow unlicensed users to make
use of free licensed spectrum, when the licensed users are kept away from that spectrum. The cognitive
radio makes decision, switching from primary user to secondary user and vice-versa, based on its built-in
interference engine. It allows secondary users to makes use of a channel based on its availability i.e. on the
absence of the primary user and they should vacate the channel once the primary user re-enters and
continue their communication on another available channel and this process in the cognitive radio is
known as spectrum mobility. The main objective of spectrum mobility is that, there is no interruption
caused due to the channel occupied by secondary users and maintains a good quality of service. In order to
achieve better spectrum mobility, it is mandatory to choose an effective spectrum handoff strategy with the
capability of predicting spectrum mobility. The handoff strategy with its parameters and its impact is an
important concept in spectrum mobility but fairly explored. In this paper an empirical study on quantitative
parameters involved in spectrum mobility prediction are discussed in detail. These parameters are studied
extensively because they play a vital role in the spectrum handoff process moreover the impact of these
parameters in various handoff methods can be used to predict the effectiveness of the system.
DISCRETE COSINETRANSFORM-II FOR REDUCTION IN PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO OF O...ijwmn
Orthogonal frequency Division multiplexing (OFDM) is the most familiar word in telecommunication
and wireless communication systems as it provides enhanced spectral efficiency than Frequency division
multiplexing (FDM).Although it is sustaining an orthogonal relation betweencarriers but high peak to
average power ratio (PAPR) is one of the main disadvantages of OFDM system.Various PAPR reduction
techniques have been used, including techniques based on companding. Incompanding, -Law
companding has potential to reduce the PAPR of OFDMsignals. -Law Companding technique
preserves the dynamic range of samples at low amplitudes.A new method named as precoding which is
having less complexity compared to the other power reduction techniques is proposed to reduce PAPR.
This paper put forward combination of two existing techniques namely -Law Companding Transform
and Discrete Cosine Transform-II precoding technique. The simulation results show that, the proposed
combinedscheme gives better result for PAPR Reduction and results in no distortion.
Random access improvement for M2M communication in LTE-A using femtocellIJECEIAES
When an area is highly populated with Machine-to-Machine devices and all these devices attempt to access the Random Access Network Simultaneously, congestion is created on the network which degrades the performance of the network to other users. In this paper, the researchers are seeking to improve network accessibility by deploying more Femtocell into the network. They engaged the use of Extended Access Barring to restrict the M2M devices from accessing the network via macrocell eNB when a minimum load threshold is attained, thereby preventing the macrocell eNB from being congested. Deploying these Femtocells underneath the macrocell eNB comes with the issue of Inter-Cell Interference which nullifies any gains made by this deployment. The researchers employed Fractional Frequency Reuse and Complete Frequency Reuse schemes to mitigate the negative effects of ICI to augment the throughput of the network, improve the system capacity and enhanced the user experience within the network.
Resource Allocation in MIMO – OFDM Communication System under Signal Strength...Kumar Goud
Abstract: - Multiple Inputs and Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system have the potential to attain high capability on the propagation setting. The aim of this paper is that the adaptive resource allocation in MIMO-OFDM system uses the water filling formula. Water filling answer is enforced for allocating the ability so as to extend the data rate. The overall system capability is maximised subject to the constraints on total power, signal to noise quantitative relation, and proportionality. Channel is assumed as a flat attenuation channel and therefore the comparison is created for various 2×2, 2×3, 3×2 and 4×4 MIMO-OFDM systems and water filling formula with allotted power. Supported the capability contribution from the relaying terminal, a brand new parameter referred to as cooperation constant is introduced as an operate of the relaying sub channel. This parameter is employed to switch the target parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure. Fairness-oriented [Fading Channel] and throughput-oriented [Near finish Channel] algorithms square measure elite from the literature to check the planned technique. Each algorithms square measure changed to use the mean of cooperation constant within the objective parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure and shown to own a much better total turnout with none sacrifice.
Keywords - MIMO-OFDM; Water filling Algorithm; Subcarrier Resource Allocation
An approach to control inter cellular interference using load matrix in multi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with reduction of inter cellular interference in Multi-carrier communication systems. In the past, Load Matrix(LM) is proposed to allocate power to different users in a network based upon Signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) so as to reduce inter cellular interference and is observed for single carrier systems. In Multi carrier systems the SNIR is affected distinctly in each carrier thus a single SNIR for power allocation is not optimal. In this paper, to obtain the optimization of power allocation in Multi-Carrier system, Load Matrix coding with bifurcated SNIR (LM-BFSNIR) is proposed. Using this approach it is observed that inter cellular interference is reduced better when compared to a single carrier system evaluated over a 3GPP-LTE standard.
Keywords−Power allocation, Inter cellular interference, Multi-Carrier mobile Communication system.
Dynamic Spectrum Allocation in Wireless sensor NetworksIJMER
Radio frequency spectrum is considered the most expensive and scarce resource among all wireless
network resources, and it is closely followed by the energy consumption, especially in low energy, battery powered
wireless sensor network devices. These days, there is a tremendous growth in the applications of wireless sensor
networks (WSNs) operating in unlicensed spectrum bands (ISM). Moreover, due to the rapid growth of wireless
devices that are designed to be operated in unlicensed spectrum bands, these spectrum bands have been overcrowded.
The problem with overcrowded spectrum or scarcity of spectrum can be solved by Dynamic Allocation of Spectrum.
In this paper we have presented the implementation and analysis of dynamic spectrum allocation in Wireless Sensors
Networks using the concept of Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network.
Energy-efficient MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a surveyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
MAC Protocols enables sensor nodes of the same WSN to access a common shared
communication channel. Many researchers have proposed different solutions explaining how to design and
implement these protocols. The main goal of most MACs protocols is how to prolong lifetime of the WSN
as long as possible by reducing energy consumption since it is often impossible to change or to recharge
sensors’ batteries. The majority of these protocols designed for WSN are based on “duty-cycle” technique.
Every node of the WSN operates on two periods: active period and sleep period to save energy. Until now
(to our knowledge) there is no ideal protocol for this purpose. The main reason relies on the lack of
standardization at lower layers (physical layer) and (physical) sensor hardware. Therefore, the MAC
protocol choice remains application-dependent. A useful MAC protocol should be able to adapt to network
changes (topology, nodes density and network size). This paper surveys MAC protocols for WSNs and
discusses the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of currently popular protocols.
Performance Analysis of Ultra Wideband Communication SystemEditor IJMTER
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a radio transmission scheme that uses extremely low power
pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has several advantages
over conventional continuous wave radio communications including potential support for high data
rates, robustness to multipath interference and fading. The paper covers Ultra Wide-Band
technology. General description, Challenges, various modulation schemes such as OOK, PAM,
PPM, and BPSK under specified Ultra Wide Band regimes: low Power spectral density, large
spreading ratio and a highly dispersive channel. The capacity and BER performance of a single user
ultra wideband communication is investigated for various modulation schemes and coded, uncoded
methods also simulated. Fading channel like Ricean and Rayleigh are compared. Channelized digital
receiver concept is discussed.
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
Performance analysis of multilayer multicast MANET CRN based on steiner minim...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, the multicast mobile ad hoc (MANET) CRN has been developed, which involves multi-hop and multilayer consideration and Steiner minimal tree (SMT) algorithm is employed as the router protocol. To enhance the network performance with regards to throughput and packet delivery rate (PDR), as channel assignment scheme, the probability of success (POS) is employed that accounts for the channel availability and the time needed for transmission when selecting the best channel from the numerous available channels for data transmission from the source to all destinations nodes effectively. Within Rayleigh fading channels under various network parameters, a comparison is done for the performance of SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme versus maximum data rate (MDR), maximum average spectrum availability (MASA) and random channel assignment schemes. Based on the simulation results, the SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme was seen to demonstrate the best performance versus other schemes. Also, the results proved that the throughput and PDR performance are improved as the number the primary channels and the channel’s bandwidth increased while dropped as the value of packet size D increased. The network’s performance grew with rise in the value of idle probability (푃퐼) since the primary user’s (PU) traffic load is low when the value of 푃퐼 is high.
Channel feedback scheduling for wireless communicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Opportunistic scheduling can significantly improve wireless network performance by exploiting the underlying channel condition. There has been a lot of work on opportunistic scheduling, but the problem of finding the right feedback mechanism to convey channel information has largely been untouched. In emerging multichannel systems, the per-channel feedback induces a substantial amount of feedback overhead and requires high computational complexity. To reduce the feedback overhead, we consider an opportunistic feedback strategy that activates the channel feedback opportunistically according to the channel condition. Then, we combine the opportunistic feedback with the best-n channel feedback scheme where a mobile user chooses the best n channels and transfers this information to the base station. We analyze the throughput and the amount of channel feedback information for proportionally fair opportunistic scheduling under Rayleigh fading i.i.d. channels. The numerical results confirm that our partial feedback schemes achieve a remarkable reduction in the amount of feedback information without significant throughput degradation, thereby saving the scarce wireless bandwidth and limited battery power.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
using smart antennas and higher order sectorization
with
proposed network layout.
Scheduling for interference mitigation using enhanced intercell interference ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A STUDY ON QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF SPECTRUM HANDOFF IN COGNITIVE RADIO NET...ijwmn
The innovation of wireless technologies requires dynamic allocation of spectrum band in an efficient
manner. This has been achieved by Cognitive Radio (CR) networks which allow unlicensed users to make
use of free licensed spectrum, when the licensed users are kept away from that spectrum. The cognitive
radio makes decision, switching from primary user to secondary user and vice-versa, based on its built-in
interference engine. It allows secondary users to makes use of a channel based on its availability i.e. on the
absence of the primary user and they should vacate the channel once the primary user re-enters and
continue their communication on another available channel and this process in the cognitive radio is
known as spectrum mobility. The main objective of spectrum mobility is that, there is no interruption
caused due to the channel occupied by secondary users and maintains a good quality of service. In order to
achieve better spectrum mobility, it is mandatory to choose an effective spectrum handoff strategy with the
capability of predicting spectrum mobility. The handoff strategy with its parameters and its impact is an
important concept in spectrum mobility but fairly explored. In this paper an empirical study on quantitative
parameters involved in spectrum mobility prediction are discussed in detail. These parameters are studied
extensively because they play a vital role in the spectrum handoff process moreover the impact of these
parameters in various handoff methods can be used to predict the effectiveness of the system.
DISCRETE COSINETRANSFORM-II FOR REDUCTION IN PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO OF O...ijwmn
Orthogonal frequency Division multiplexing (OFDM) is the most familiar word in telecommunication
and wireless communication systems as it provides enhanced spectral efficiency than Frequency division
multiplexing (FDM).Although it is sustaining an orthogonal relation betweencarriers but high peak to
average power ratio (PAPR) is one of the main disadvantages of OFDM system.Various PAPR reduction
techniques have been used, including techniques based on companding. Incompanding, -Law
companding has potential to reduce the PAPR of OFDMsignals. -Law Companding technique
preserves the dynamic range of samples at low amplitudes.A new method named as precoding which is
having less complexity compared to the other power reduction techniques is proposed to reduce PAPR.
This paper put forward combination of two existing techniques namely -Law Companding Transform
and Discrete Cosine Transform-II precoding technique. The simulation results show that, the proposed
combinedscheme gives better result for PAPR Reduction and results in no distortion.
Random access improvement for M2M communication in LTE-A using femtocellIJECEIAES
When an area is highly populated with Machine-to-Machine devices and all these devices attempt to access the Random Access Network Simultaneously, congestion is created on the network which degrades the performance of the network to other users. In this paper, the researchers are seeking to improve network accessibility by deploying more Femtocell into the network. They engaged the use of Extended Access Barring to restrict the M2M devices from accessing the network via macrocell eNB when a minimum load threshold is attained, thereby preventing the macrocell eNB from being congested. Deploying these Femtocells underneath the macrocell eNB comes with the issue of Inter-Cell Interference which nullifies any gains made by this deployment. The researchers employed Fractional Frequency Reuse and Complete Frequency Reuse schemes to mitigate the negative effects of ICI to augment the throughput of the network, improve the system capacity and enhanced the user experience within the network.
Resource Allocation in MIMO – OFDM Communication System under Signal Strength...Kumar Goud
Abstract: - Multiple Inputs and Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system have the potential to attain high capability on the propagation setting. The aim of this paper is that the adaptive resource allocation in MIMO-OFDM system uses the water filling formula. Water filling answer is enforced for allocating the ability so as to extend the data rate. The overall system capability is maximised subject to the constraints on total power, signal to noise quantitative relation, and proportionality. Channel is assumed as a flat attenuation channel and therefore the comparison is created for various 2×2, 2×3, 3×2 and 4×4 MIMO-OFDM systems and water filling formula with allotted power. Supported the capability contribution from the relaying terminal, a brand new parameter referred to as cooperation constant is introduced as an operate of the relaying sub channel. This parameter is employed to switch the target parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure. Fairness-oriented [Fading Channel] and throughput-oriented [Near finish Channel] algorithms square measure elite from the literature to check the planned technique. Each algorithms square measure changed to use the mean of cooperation constant within the objective parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure and shown to own a much better total turnout with none sacrifice.
Keywords - MIMO-OFDM; Water filling Algorithm; Subcarrier Resource Allocation
An approach to control inter cellular interference using load matrix in multi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with reduction of inter cellular interference in Multi-carrier communication systems. In the past, Load Matrix(LM) is proposed to allocate power to different users in a network based upon Signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) so as to reduce inter cellular interference and is observed for single carrier systems. In Multi carrier systems the SNIR is affected distinctly in each carrier thus a single SNIR for power allocation is not optimal. In this paper, to obtain the optimization of power allocation in Multi-Carrier system, Load Matrix coding with bifurcated SNIR (LM-BFSNIR) is proposed. Using this approach it is observed that inter cellular interference is reduced better when compared to a single carrier system evaluated over a 3GPP-LTE standard.
Keywords−Power allocation, Inter cellular interference, Multi-Carrier mobile Communication system.
Dynamic Spectrum Allocation in Wireless sensor NetworksIJMER
Radio frequency spectrum is considered the most expensive and scarce resource among all wireless
network resources, and it is closely followed by the energy consumption, especially in low energy, battery powered
wireless sensor network devices. These days, there is a tremendous growth in the applications of wireless sensor
networks (WSNs) operating in unlicensed spectrum bands (ISM). Moreover, due to the rapid growth of wireless
devices that are designed to be operated in unlicensed spectrum bands, these spectrum bands have been overcrowded.
The problem with overcrowded spectrum or scarcity of spectrum can be solved by Dynamic Allocation of Spectrum.
In this paper we have presented the implementation and analysis of dynamic spectrum allocation in Wireless Sensors
Networks using the concept of Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network.
Energy-efficient MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a surveyTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
MAC Protocols enables sensor nodes of the same WSN to access a common shared
communication channel. Many researchers have proposed different solutions explaining how to design and
implement these protocols. The main goal of most MACs protocols is how to prolong lifetime of the WSN
as long as possible by reducing energy consumption since it is often impossible to change or to recharge
sensors’ batteries. The majority of these protocols designed for WSN are based on “duty-cycle” technique.
Every node of the WSN operates on two periods: active period and sleep period to save energy. Until now
(to our knowledge) there is no ideal protocol for this purpose. The main reason relies on the lack of
standardization at lower layers (physical layer) and (physical) sensor hardware. Therefore, the MAC
protocol choice remains application-dependent. A useful MAC protocol should be able to adapt to network
changes (topology, nodes density and network size). This paper surveys MAC protocols for WSNs and
discusses the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of currently popular protocols.
Performance Analysis of Ultra Wideband Communication SystemEditor IJMTER
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a radio transmission scheme that uses extremely low power
pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has several advantages
over conventional continuous wave radio communications including potential support for high data
rates, robustness to multipath interference and fading. The paper covers Ultra Wide-Band
technology. General description, Challenges, various modulation schemes such as OOK, PAM,
PPM, and BPSK under specified Ultra Wide Band regimes: low Power spectral density, large
spreading ratio and a highly dispersive channel. The capacity and BER performance of a single user
ultra wideband communication is investigated for various modulation schemes and coded, uncoded
methods also simulated. Fading channel like Ricean and Rayleigh are compared. Channelized digital
receiver concept is discussed.
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
Performance analysis of multilayer multicast MANET CRN based on steiner minim...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, the multicast mobile ad hoc (MANET) CRN has been developed, which involves multi-hop and multilayer consideration and Steiner minimal tree (SMT) algorithm is employed as the router protocol. To enhance the network performance with regards to throughput and packet delivery rate (PDR), as channel assignment scheme, the probability of success (POS) is employed that accounts for the channel availability and the time needed for transmission when selecting the best channel from the numerous available channels for data transmission from the source to all destinations nodes effectively. Within Rayleigh fading channels under various network parameters, a comparison is done for the performance of SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme versus maximum data rate (MDR), maximum average spectrum availability (MASA) and random channel assignment schemes. Based on the simulation results, the SMT multicast (MANET) CRN with POS scheme was seen to demonstrate the best performance versus other schemes. Also, the results proved that the throughput and PDR performance are improved as the number the primary channels and the channel’s bandwidth increased while dropped as the value of packet size D increased. The network’s performance grew with rise in the value of idle probability (푃퐼) since the primary user’s (PU) traffic load is low when the value of 푃퐼 is high.
Channel feedback scheduling for wireless communicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Opportunistic scheduling can significantly improve wireless network performance by exploiting the underlying channel condition. There has been a lot of work on opportunistic scheduling, but the problem of finding the right feedback mechanism to convey channel information has largely been untouched. In emerging multichannel systems, the per-channel feedback induces a substantial amount of feedback overhead and requires high computational complexity. To reduce the feedback overhead, we consider an opportunistic feedback strategy that activates the channel feedback opportunistically according to the channel condition. Then, we combine the opportunistic feedback with the best-n channel feedback scheme where a mobile user chooses the best n channels and transfers this information to the base station. We analyze the throughput and the amount of channel feedback information for proportionally fair opportunistic scheduling under Rayleigh fading i.i.d. channels. The numerical results confirm that our partial feedback schemes achieve a remarkable reduction in the amount of feedback information without significant throughput degradation, thereby saving the scarce wireless bandwidth and limited battery power.
Dynamic Topology Re-Configuration in Multihop Cellular Networks Using Sequent...IJERA Editor
Cellular communications has experienced explosive growth in the past two decades. Today millions of people around the world use cellular phones. Cellular phones allow a person to make or receive a call from almost anywhere. Likewise, a person is allowed to continue the phone conversation while on the move. Cellular communications is supported by an infrastructure called a cellular network, which integrates cellular phones into the public switched telephone network. The cellular network has gone through three generations.The first generation of cellular networks is analog in nature. To accommodate more cellular phone subscribers, digital TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division multiple access) technologies are used in the second generation (2G) to increase the network capacity. With digital technologies, digitized voice can be coded and encrypted. Therefore, the 2G cellular network is also more secure. The third generation (3G) integrates cellular phones into the Internet world by providing highspeed packet-switching data transmission in addition to circuit-switching voice transmission. The 3G cellular networks have been deployed in some parts of Asia, Europe, and the United States since 2002 and will be widely deployed in the coming years. The high increase in traffic and data rate for future generations of mobile communication systems, with simultaneous requirement for reduced power consumption, makes Multihop Cellular Networks (MCNs) an attractive technology. To exploit the potentials of MCNs a new network paradigm is proposed in this paper. In addition, a novel sequential genetic algorithm (SGA) is proposed as a heuristic approximation to reconfigure the optimum relaying topology as the network traffic changes. Network coding is used to combine the uplink and downlink transmissions, and incorporate it into the optimum bidirectional relaying with ICI awareness. Numerical results have shown that the algorithms suggested in this thesis provide significant improvement with respect to the existing results, and are expected to have significant impact in the analysis and design of future cellular networks.
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF DYNAMIC CHANNEL ALLOCATION IN CELLULAR MOBILE NETW...ijcseit
In cellular mobile communication system the existing dynamic channel allocation scheme suffer from
high blocking probability and forced termination probability. To mitigate this problem, in this paper we
evaluated the performance of dynamic channel allocation scheme based on carrier-to-noise interference
ratio. In our system model, uplink power strength from a call-initiating user to the base station is
examined. This power is provided by the carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N). The channel search is conducted in
the repeated channel numbers of that cell based on the carrier-to-noise ratio so that this system provides
the low blocking probability and initiates large number of calls in dynamic channel allocation
environment. We have presented the momentous performance in blocking probability and forced
termination probability through this research.
QoS controlled capacity offload optimization in heterogeneous networksjournalBEEI
An efficient resource allocation mechanism in the physical layer of wireless networks ensures that resources such as bandwidth and power are used with high efficiency in spite of low delay and high edge user data rate. Microcells in the network are typically set with bias settings to artificially increase the Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio, thus encouraging users to offload to the microcell. However, the artificial bias settings are tedious and often suboptimal. This work presents a low complexity algorithm for maximization of network capacity with load balancing in a heterogeneous network without the need for bias setting. The small cells were deployed in a grid topology at a selected distance from macrocell to enhance network capacity through coverage overlap. User association and minimum user throughput were incorporated as constraints to enable closer simulation to real word Quality of Service requirements. The results showed that the proposed algorithm was able to maintain less than 10% user drop rate. The proposed algorithm can increase user confidence as well as maintain load balancing, maintain the scalability, and reduce power consumption of the wireless network.
Optimize the Network Coding Paths to Enhance the Coding Protection in Wireles...IJCNCJournal
Efficient protection techniques for multimedia data transfer over Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are very essential issues. In noisy Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) Quality of Service (QoS) is a challenging task due to bandwidth and limited energy, and unpredictable channel conditions. Therefore, Forward Error Correction (FEC), a class of channel coding has been widely used in WSN. Nevertheless, the bulky size of multimedia data makes it more difficult to be transported over the noisy multi-hop wireless network. Moreover, the efficiency of FEC drops as the number of hops increases. In this paper, an optimized protection technique based on network coding and rateless code has been proposed to enhance the throughput and reduce overhead during data transfer in WMSN. The performance of NCP-OPR is enhanced via Optimal Network Path Model (ONPM) where the best available paths are optimally selected using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In conjunction with the proposed protection scheme, the proposed ONPM is intended for limited power WSN by optimally distributing the power usage among the network paths so that the throughput can be improved.
Optimize the Network Coding Paths to Enhance the Coding Protection in Wireles...IJCNCJournal
Efficient protection techniques for multimedia data transfer over Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are very essential issues. In noisy Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) Quality of Service (QoS) is a challenging task due to bandwidth and limited energy, and unpredictable channel conditions. Therefore, Forward Error Correction (FEC), a class of channel coding has been widely used in WSN. Nevertheless, the bulky size of multimedia data makes it more difficult to be transported over the noisy multi-hop wireless network. Moreover, the efficiency of FEC drops as the number of hops increases. In this paper, an optimized protection technique based on network coding and rateless code has been proposed to enhance the throughput and reduce overhead during data transfer in WMSN. The performance of NCP-OPR is enhanced via Optimal Network Path Model (ONPM) where the best available paths are optimally selected using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In conjunction with the proposed protection scheme, the proposed ONPM is intended for limited power WSN by optimally distributing the power usage among the network paths so that the throughput can be improved.
LARGE-SCALE MULTI-USER MIMO APPROACH FOR WIRELESS BACKHAUL BASED HETNETScsandit
In this paper, we consider the optimization of wireless capacity-limited backhaul links in future heterogeneous networks (HetNets). We assume that the HetNet is formed with one macro-cell base station (MBS), which is associated with multiple small-cell base stations (SBSs). It is also assumed both the MBS and the SBSs are equipped with massive arrays, while all mobiles users (macro-cell and small-cell users) have single antenna. For the backhaul links, we propose to use a capacity-aware beamforming scheme at the SBSs and MRC at the MBS. Using particle swarm optimization (PSO), each SBS seeks the optimal transmit weight vectors that maximize the backhaul uplink capacity and the access uplinks signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR). The performance evaluation in terms of the symbol error rate (SER) and the ergodic system capacity shows that the proposed capacity-aware backhaul link scheme achieves similar or better performance than traditional wireless backhaul links and requires considerably less computational complexity.
Implementation of Vacate on Demand Algorithm in Various Spectrum Sensing Netw...IJERA Editor
In present days the wireless communications are widely increases because of this reason spectrum utilization can be rapidly increased.For efficient usage of spectrum we can implement the Vacate on demand algorithm in different networks. CR users also need to sense the spectrum and vacate the channel upon the detection of the PU‟s presence to protectPUs from harmful interference. To achieve these fundamental CR functions, CR users usually coordinate with each other by using a common medium for control message exchange ensuring a priority of PUs over CR users. This paper presents the Vacate on Demand (VD) algorithm which enables dynamic spectrum access and ensures to vacate the assigned channel in case of PU activity and move the CR user to some other vacant channel to make spectrum available to PUs as well as to CR users. The basic idea is to use a ranking table of the available channels based on the PU activity detected on each channel. To improve the spectrum efficiency we can implement the Vacate on demand algorithm in MANET Network.
Radio Resource Management for Eicic, Comp, Relaying and Back-hauls Techniques...ijwmn
Frequency reuse in cells is one of the strategies that LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses to maximize the spectrum efficiency. However, it leads to an interference among the cells, especially at the cell edges where the probability for a cell-edge user to be scheduled on a resource block that is being transmitted by the neighbouring cell is high; consequently, the interference is high. In-order to mitigate Inter-Cell Interference (ICI), Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for the LTE network, and later on, the enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) was proposed for the LTE-Advanced network. ICIC reduces cell-edge interference on traffic channels from neighbouring cells by the use of three interference reduction schemes that works in the power and frequency domain, and they are based on lowering the power of some channels to limit their reception to the users that are close to the base station, and by reducing the chance of frequency overlap. eICIC was proposed to handle ICI in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments. It reduces the interference on both the traffic and control channels. It uses power, frequency and also time domain to mitigate intra-frequency interference in HetNets. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can reduce the ICI and improve the cell average and cell-edge user throughput is the Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission/reception technique. CoMP can increase the cell average and cell edge user throughput in both the uplink and downlink transmission by joint scheduling and data processing in multiple cells/eNBs. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can improve the LTE network coverage in difficult conditions is to deploy Relay Nodes (RNs). In this paper, we survey Radio Resource Management (RRM) for some of the techniques that are used with LTE-A. The included techniques in this paper are; the ICIC, eICIC, CoMP, Relaying and Back-hauls. We start by explaining the concepts of these techniques. Then, by summarizing the radio resource management approaches that were proposed in the literature for these techniques. And finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR EICIC, COMP, RELAYING AND BACK-HAULS TECHNIQUES...ijwmn
Frequency reuse in cells is one of the strategies that LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses to maximize the
spectrum efficiency. However, it leads to an interference among the cells, especially at the cell edges where
the probability for a cell-edge user to be scheduled on a resource block that is being transmitted by the
neighbouring cell is high; consequently, the interference is high. In-order to mitigate Inter-Cell
Interference (ICI), Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was proposed by the Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for the LTE network, and later on, the enhanced Inter-Cell
Interference Coordination (eICIC) was proposed for the LTE-Advanced network. ICIC reduces cell-edge
interference on traffic channels from neighbouring cells by the use of three interference reduction schemes
that works in the power and frequency domain, and they are based on lowering the power of some channels
to limit their reception to the users that are close to the base station, and by reducing the chance of
frequency overlap. eICIC was proposed to handle ICI in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments. It
reduces the interference on both the traffic and control channels. It uses power, frequency and also time
domain to mitigate intra-frequency interference in HetNets. Another technique that was proposed by the
3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can reduce the ICI and improve the cell average and cell-edge
user throughput is the Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission/reception technique. CoMP can
increase the cell average and cell edge user throughput in both the uplink and downlink transmission by
joint scheduling and data processing in multiple cells/eNBs. Another technique that was proposed by the
3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can improve the LTE network coverage in difficult conditions is
to deploy Relay Nodes (RNs). In this paper, we survey Radio Resource Management (RRM) for some of the
techniques that are used with LTE-A. The included techniques in this paper are; the ICIC, eICIC, CoMP,
Relaying and Back-hauls. We start by explaining the concepts of these techniques. Then, by summarizing
the radio resource management approaches that were proposed in the literature for these techniques. And
finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.
Implementing packet broadcasting algorithm of mimo based mobile ad hoc networ...IJNSA Journal
With the rapid growth of wireless communication infras,,tructure over the recent few years, new
challenges has been posed on the system and analysis on wireless adhoc networking. Implementation of
MIMO communication in such type of network is enhancing the packet transmission capabilities. There
are different techniques for cooperative transmission and broadcasting packet in MIMO equipped
Mobile Adhoc Network. We have employed a model network in the OPNET environment and propose a
new scheduling algorithm based on investigating the different broadcasting algorithm. The new
broadcasting algorithm improves the packet transmission rate of the network based on energy
performance of the network and minimizes the BER for different transmission mode which is illustrated
in this paper. The simulations are done in MATLAB and OPNET environment and the simulated result
for the packet transmission rate are collected and shown in the tabular form. Also simulate the network
for generating a comparative statement for each mobile node. And performance analysis is also done for
the model network. The main focus is to minimize BER and improve information efficiency of the
network.
The popularity of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have increased rapidly and tremendously due to the vast potential of the sensor networks to connect the physical world with the virtual world. Since sensor devices rely on battery power and node energy and may be placed in hostile environments, so replacing them becomes a difficult task. Thus, improving the energy of these networks i.e. network lifetime becomes important. The thesis provides methods for clustering and cluster head selection to WSN to improve energy efficiency using fuzzy logic controller. It presents a comparison between the different methods on the basis of the network lifetime. It compares existing ABC optimization method with BFO algorithm for different size of networks and different scenario. It provides cluster head selection method with good performance and reduced computational complexity. In addition it also proposes BFO as an algorithm for clustering of WSN which would result in improved performance with faster convergence.
Adaptive Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: QoS Optimisation for Enhanced A...M H
One of the key challenges for research in wireless sensor networks is the development of routing protocols that provide application-specific service guarantees. This paper presents a new cluster-based Route Optimisation and Load-balancing protocol, called ROL, that uses various quality of service (QoS) metrics to meet application requirements. ROL combines several application requirements, specifically it attempts to provide an inclusive solution to prolong network life, provide timely message delivery and improve network robustness. It uses a combination of routing metrics that can be configured according to the priorities of user-level applications to improve overall network performance. To this end, an optimisation tool for balancing the communication resources for the constraints and priorities of user applications has been developed and Nutrient-flow-based Distributed Clustering (NDC), an algorithm for load balancing is proposed. NDC works seamlessly with any clustering algorithm to equalise, as far as possible, the diameter and the membership of clusters. This paper presents simulation results to show that ROL/NDC gives a higher network lifetime than other similar schemes, such Mires++. In simulation, ROL/NDC maintains a maximum of 7\% variation from the optimal cluster population, reduces the total number of set-up messages by up to 60%, reduces the end-to-end delay by up to 56%, and enhances the data delivery ratio by up to 0.98% compared to Mires++.
IMPLEMENTING PACKET BROADCASTING ALGORITHM OF MIMO BASED MOBILE AD-HOC NETWOR...IJNSA Journal
With the rapid growth of wireless communication infras,,tructure over the recent few years, new challenges has been posed on the system and analysis on wireless adhoc networking. Implementation of MIMO communication in such type of network is enhancing the packet transmission capabilities. There are different techniques for cooperative transmission and broadcasting packet in MIMO equipped Mobile Adhoc Network. We have employed a model network in the OPNET environment and propose a new scheduling algorithm based on investigating the different broadcasting algorithm. The new broadcasting algorithm improves the packet transmission rate of the network based on energy performance of the network and minimizes the BER for different transmission mode which is illustrated in this paper. The simulations are done in MATLAB and OPNET environment and the simulated result for the packet transmission rate are collected and shown in the tabular form. Also simulate the network for generating a comparative statement for each mobile node. And performance analysis is also done for the model network. The main focus is to minimize BER and improve information efficiency of the network.
Trilateration-based localization (TBL) has become a corner stone of modern technology. This study
formulates the concern on how wireless sensor networks can take advantage of the computational
intelligent techniques using both single- and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) with an
overall aim of concurrently minimizing the required time for localization, minimizing energy consumed
during localization, and maximizing the number of nodes fully localized through the adjustment of wireless
sensor transmission ranges while using TBL process. A parameter-study of the applied PSO variants is
performed, leading to results that show algorithmic improvements of up to 32% in the evaluated objectives.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
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Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
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Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
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Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
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J0215357
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 1 ǁ January. 2013 ǁ PP.53-57
www.ijesi.org 53 | P a g e
Load Balancing By Using Paging Technique for Cellular Network
1
S.NITHYA, 2
K.KARTHIKA
1
ME, CSE, EASA College of engineering and technology, Anna University, Chennai.
2
Assistant professor, CSE, EASA College of engineering and technology, Anna University, Chennai.
Abstract: Practical load balancing framework that improves upon existing strategies. These techniques are
portable to a broad range of prevalent architectures, including massively parallel machines as well as a task
selection mechanism that can preserve or improve communication locality. To provide a multiple coverage
area, the different tiers are associated with each cell. Each mobile terminal can be paged in any tier of a multi
tier hierarchical cellular network. Paging requests are balanced in different waiting queues of different tiers,
and the load balancing among them is achieved probabilistically among n tiers. In the process of paging
schemes are the hierarchical pipeline paging scheme, the hierarchical sequential paging scheme, and the
hierarchical blanket paging scheme can be apply to minimize the delay constraint and paging cost.
Keywords– Paging, cellular network, load balancing, HBP, HSP, HPP
I. INTRODUCTION
Hierarchical cellular architecture, which can achieve increased network capacity while avoiding the
pitfall of cell splitting, is a candidate solution to address mobile users’ continuously surging demand with
limited frequency resources. Location management, as a critical element in maintaining quality of service for
mobile users, remains a challenging problem for hierarchical cellular networks due to increased complexity.
This optimal load balancing of paging schemes for hierarchical cellular networks. Examples of multitier
hierarchical cellular networks include macro cell-microcell two-tier networks, macro cell microcell- Pico cell
three-tier networks, and macro cell-microcell- minicell-picocell four-tier networks.
load balance problem is defined as how to minimize the total paging cost using load balancing under
the constraint that the average total delay including both queuing delay and paging delay
1.1 Cellular network
A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least
one fixed-location transceiver known as a cell site or base station. When joined together these cells provide
radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile
phones, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in
the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during
transmission.
Cellular networks offer a number of advantages over alternative solutions:
increased capacity
reduced power use
larger coverage area
reduced interference from other signals
1.1.1 Cell signal encoding
To distinguish signals from several different transmitters, frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
and code division multiple access (CDMA) were developed. With FDMA, the transmitting and receiving
frequencies used in each cell are different from the frequencies used in each neighboring cell.
II. RELATED WORK
a) Reduction of paging cost
Reduction of paging cost [1] can be achieved by concurrent search scheme; the concurrent search
approach is able to reduce the average paging cost by 25%. More importantly, this is achieved without an
increase in the worst case paging delay or in the worst case paging cost. Depending on the total number of
mobile users to be located, total number of cells in the network, and the probabilistic information about the
2. Load Balancing By Using Paging Technique for Cellular Network
www.ijesi.org 54 | P a g e
locations of mobile users, the reduction of the average paging cost due to the usage of the concurrent search
approach.
Then the active location reporting scheme to improve the performance of location tracking.
b) Communication between users
The PoC (Push-to-talk over Cellular) application allows point-to-point, or point-to-multipoint
voice communi cation [2] between mobile network users. The related work over PoC focuses on the
performance analysis only and is completely ignorant about dimensioning PoC controller to optimize revenue
for service providers. In this paper, we dimension a PoC controller with the assumption that the network grade
of service is provided. The number of simultaneous session initiation by a PoC client is also a configurable
parameter.
Each session is controlled by one controlling function. PoC server performs the following when it
fulfills the controlling PoC function: a) Provides centralized PoC Session handling, b) Provides the centralized
media distribution, c) Provides the centralized Talk Burst Control functionality including Talker Identification,
d) Provides Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Session handling, such as SIP Session origination, release, etc. e)
Provides policy enforcement for participation in Group Sessions, f) Provides the Participants information, g)
Provides for privacy of the PoC Addresses of Participants, h) Collects and provides centralized media quality
information, i) Provides centralized charging reports, j) Supports User Plane adaptation procedures and k)
Support Talk Burst Control Protocol negotiation.
c) Location update
Location update [3] involved in two main operation paging and registration. . There is a
tradeoff between the paging and registration costs. If the MS registers its location within the cellular network
more often, the paging costs are reduced, but the registration costs are higher.
The structure of jointly optimal paging and registration policies is investigated in this paper.
The conditional probability distribution of the states of an MS is viewed as a controlled Markov
process, controlled by both the paging and registration polices at each time. The method of dynamic
programming is applied, which in particular shows that the jointly optimal policies can be represented
compactly by certain reduced complexity laws (RCLs). An iterative algorithm producing a pair of RCLs is
proposed based on closing the loop.
d) Paging strategies for 3G mobile
One aspect of wireless networks where such resource consumption costs can be minimized is that of
mobility management. The tether-less nature of wireless communications [4], which permits freedom of
movement, also results in uncertainty regarding the location of users. When information is to be routed to a
mobile unit, the network needs to determine its location. This is done by a three-part mechanism involving: i)
the mobile providing location updates ii) the network sending paging messages within some location area, and
iii) the mobile node acknowledging its current location in response to the paging message.
Optimal sub channel allocation scheme (OSAS) In OSAS we assign sub channels by solving the LP problem
subject to constraint the algorithm is represented by following steps.
1) MS report: Let I< SRFs and M modulation schemes are available. First, MS reports Rbi's to BS.
2) BS report: BS reports Ri3 to a radio network controller that communicates with BSs.
3) Cell coordination by LP problem: After RF's are received, the solution to the problem, NF, is provided with
the known values such as RF, Tbi and G.
4) Sub channel allocation to BS and MS: A radio. Network controller informs ATP's to cell b, which means
CiNF subchannels of SRF k is allocated to cell 6. Then, N f subchannels are allocated to user i in cell b .
III. EXISTING SYSTEM
Inter-cell interference is handled by the classical clustering technique for example, a reuse of 3. While
this technique reduces interference for the cell-edge user terminals (UTs), it compromises system throughput
due to resource partitioning. Such partitioning schemes may have been good enough for early networks focusing
primarily voice service.
3.1 Drawbacks
Frequency reuse problem in cell edge
Flooding
End to end delay
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interference
IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Interference management has been a key concept for designing future high data-rate wireless systems
that are required to employ dense reuse of spectrum. Interference mitigation techniques are classified into three
major categories such as interference cancellation through receiver processing, interference randomization by
frequency hopping, and interference avoidance achieved by restrictions imposed in resource usage in terms of
resource partitioning and power allocation.
The benefits of these techniques are mutually exclusive, and hence, a combination of these approaches
is likely to be employed in the system. Our focus on interference avoidance where a dynamic inter-cell
interference coordination (ICIC) scheme that makes use of inter-cell coordination is investigate in a multi-cell
environment with aggressive frequency reuse. The fractional frequency reuse (FFR) scheme has attracted the
attention of the researchers in different standardization bodies and forums. The motivation behind FFR lies in
the fact that UTs in the central area of a cell are more robust against interference due to low path-loss and hence
they can tolerate higher reuse compared to those at the cell border suffering from high interference as well as
high path-losses. Therefore, it makes sense to use different degrees of reuse factor for UTs in the cell-centre and
cell-edge areas.
4.1 Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR)
SFR, a variation of FFR, employs zone-based reuse factors in the cell-centre and the cell-edge areas.
Restrictions are imposed in terms of allocation of frequency and power in the zones.
The term soft reuse comes from the fact that effective reuse of the scheme can be adjusted by the
division of powers between the frequencies used in the centre and edge bands.
Fig 1: Soft frequency reuse
In order to provide enhanced services to disadvantaged UTs near the cell boundary, SFR was proposed
in within 3GPP LTE framework.
4.2 Partial Frequency Reuse (PFR)
Contrary to SFR, the idea of the partial frequency reuse (PFR) is to restrict portion of the resources so
that some frequencies are not used in some sectors at all. The effective reuse factor of this scheme depends on
the fraction of unused frequency. The PFR and some of its variants are studied in the 3GPP and WINNER
projects.
An example of PFR for sites with 3 sectors is shown in Fig.
Fig 2: Partial frequency reuse
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V. INTERFERENCE AVOIDANCE
ALGORITHMS
We describe the sector-level and the central algorithms as follows. Sector-level algorithm prepares
utility matrix and prepares chunk restriction requests for each of its first-tier interferers. The central algorithm
resolves any conflicting restriction requests and prepares final restriction list for each sector.
5.1 Sector-level algorithm
Two major functions are associated with the sector-level algorithm– namely,
1) Preparation of a utility matrix
2) Preparation of restriction requests
Preparation of the utility matrix: In order to construct the utility matrix in sector 𝑖, the following steps are
repeated for each UT 𝑚 and each chunk 𝑛.
• Dominant interferers are sorted in descending order of interference powers into a dominant interferer set.
• The conditional SINRs of chunk 𝑛 for UT 𝑚, i.e., 𝛾( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛∣Ψ={ }, 𝛾( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛∣Ψ={𝜓1}, and 𝛾( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛∣Ψ={𝜓1,𝜓2},
which correspond to restrictions of none, one, and two most dominant interferers, respectively, are
calculated from the SINR expression.
• The achievable rates for the above SINRs, i.e., 𝑟( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛∣Ψ={ }, 𝑟( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛∣Ψ={𝜓1}, and 𝑟( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛∣Ψ={𝜓1,𝜓2} are
determined.
- If ( 𝑖)
,∣Ψ={𝜓1} ≥ 𝑟( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛∣Ψ={} + 𝑟 𝑇𝐻
𝑚 , sector 𝜓1 is marked to be restricted if chunk 𝑛 is to be assigned to UT
𝑚.
- If 𝑟( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛∣Ψ={𝜓1,𝜓2} ≥ 𝑟( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛∣Ψ={𝜓1} +𝑟 𝑇𝐻
𝑚 , sector 𝜓2 is also marked to be restricted for chunk 𝑛.
• After finding the inter-cell dominant interferer(s) to be restricted on each chunk and each UT, achievable
rates ( 𝑖)
, are calculated. Now, the utility of chunk 𝑛 for UT 𝑚 can be expressed as: 𝑢( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛 = 𝑟( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛 𝑑( 𝑖)
𝑚
• Utility matrix, ( 𝑖)
× 𝑁, is formed with 𝑢( 𝑖)
𝑚, 𝑛, where each entry is associated with the corresponding
interferer(s).
Applying Hungarian algorithm and finding restriction requests:
Chunks are tentatively allocated (as the central controller might override the restriction requests) in
order to reserve chunks for each UT with the following steps.
1) Apply Hungarian algorithm to ( 𝑖)
× 𝑁. As 𝑀<<𝑁, a maximum of 𝑀 chunks that yield the maximum sum utility
will be allocated to the corresponding 𝑀 UTs.
2) If any of the 𝑀 chosen entries has restriction marked, the corresponding chunk will be placed in the
restriction list for the corresponding interferer.
3) The columns belonging to the chosen entries are deleted from ( 𝑖)
× 𝑁. The Hungarian algorithm is applied to
the updated matrix.
4) Steps 2 and 3 are repeated until all chunks are tentatively allocated to UTs.
5.2 Central-Level Algorithm
The central controller receives requests from a cluster of BSs and resolves conflicting requests in an
optimal manner. For example, for a chunk of interest, sector 𝐵 can tolerate interference from sector 𝐴, but the
opposite is not true as there is a dashed arrow from sector 𝐴 toward sector 𝐵. In this case, either sector 𝐴 or 𝐵
has to be restricted for this chunk.
Fig 3: Central level algorithm
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For any chunk 𝑛, the problem at the central controller can be formulated formally as follows:
Maximize
𝑍 = Σ𝑢( 𝑖)
𝑚𝑖, 𝑛(1−𝑥𝑖, 𝑛)+𝑢( 𝑗)
𝑚𝑗, 𝑛(1 − 𝑥𝑗, 𝑛) , 𝑖,∈Φ
Subject to
𝑥𝑖, + 𝑥𝑗, ≤ 1,
Where Φ is the set of sectors in which each sector either requests or is requested for restriction to use
chunk 𝑛;
i.e., 𝑖 has restriction request to sector 𝑗 or vice versa or both have restriction requests to each other. UTs
𝑚𝑖 and 𝑚𝑗 are the candidates for chunk 𝑛 in sector 𝑖 and 𝑗, respectively. The variables 𝑥𝑖, and 𝑥𝑗, are binary
which represent chunk restrictions. The value of 𝑥𝑖, (or 𝑥𝑗,) is 1 if the chunk is restricted in sector 𝑖 (or 𝑗),
otherwise, it is zero
The central controller resolves request conflicts and sends refined restriction lists to all involved BSs.
VI. CONCLUSION
The performance of the proposed schemes is compared with that of a number of static coordination-
based reference schemes. It is observed from the simulation results that the static coordination schemes achieve
enhanced cell-edge throughput only with a significant loss in sector throughput. On the other hand, the proposed
schemes achieve better cell-edge throughput without impacting the sector throughput.
The proposed system allow the mobile terminal to balance load in efficient manner, with a help of
paging technique. Hierarchical paging is the search process to find out the mobile terminal.
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