The world of mobile wireless communication is rapidly developing. The last few years have experience a remarkable growth in wireless industry. Just within a decade, an evolution of wireless service people used every day can be completely dumbfounded from the roots of analog based first generation service 1G to today's truly broadband ready fourth generation networks. The ever growing demands for higher data rates, greater capacity and better quality of services triggered operations to come up with new network technologies. There are many improvements of mobile generations in the world of telecommunication. Mobile Switching Center can perform various types of function in mobile communication. It also connects VLR Visitor Location Register , HLR Home Location Register , AuC Authentication Center and EIR Equipment Identity Register and they are essential needing for mobile communication. This paper represents the introduction about evolution from 1G to 4G system and discusses about the main elements in Mobile Switching Center eventually it includes comparison of Mobile Switching Center in every mobile generations. Aye Myat Myat Myo | Zar Chi Soe "Comparative Study on Mobile Switching Center of Mobile Generations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26643.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26643/comparative-study-on-mobile-switching-center-of-mobile-generations/aye-myat-myat-myo
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
Ericsson Technology Review: Integrated access and backhaul – a new type of wi...Ericsson
Today millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum is valued mainly because it can be used to achieve high speeds and capacities when combined with spectrum assets below 6GHz. But it can provide other benefits as well. For example, mmWave spectrum makes it possible to use a promising new wireless backhaul solution for 5G New Radio – integrated access and backhaul (IAB) – to densify networks with multi-band radio sites at street level.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the IAB concept at a high level, presenting its architecture and key characteristics, as well as examining its advantages and disadvantages compared with other backhaul technologies. It concludes with a presentation of the promising results of several simulations that tested IAB as a backhaul option for street sites in both urban and suburban areas.
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-
Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and
service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks – GPRS –
Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-
combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
Ericsson Technology Review: Integrated access and backhaul – a new type of wi...Ericsson
Today millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum is valued mainly because it can be used to achieve high speeds and capacities when combined with spectrum assets below 6GHz. But it can provide other benefits as well. For example, mmWave spectrum makes it possible to use a promising new wireless backhaul solution for 5G New Radio – integrated access and backhaul (IAB) – to densify networks with multi-band radio sites at street level.
This Ericsson Technology Review article explains the IAB concept at a high level, presenting its architecture and key characteristics, as well as examining its advantages and disadvantages compared with other backhaul technologies. It concludes with a presentation of the promising results of several simulations that tested IAB as a backhaul option for street sites in both urban and suburban areas.
In next five years 5G is the most popular and anticipated mobile technology and beam forming is one of the important aspect of 5G networks Beam forming is a technique used by sensor arrays for a directional signal transmission or reception and is very important for number of applications like Radar, biomedicine, radio communications, SONAR The paper introduces beam forming technique sand its importance in the modern cellular society Irfan Nissar Bhat | Er. Harish Dogra "Beamforming for 5G Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18405.pdf
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
Satellite Mobile Communication covering the following topics:-
Introduction
Types of Satellite
Basics
How they Work??
Communication Technologies Used
Call Routing
Handoff Management
Road Map
Application
Loss of strength, A periodic reduction in the received strength of a radio transmission.
This is about the phenomenon of loss of signal in telecommunications.Fading refers to the
time variation of the received signal power caused by changes in the transmission medium or path.
Study on Infrastructure Developments of Mobile Generationsijtsrd
Nowadays, as Mobile communication systems have been developing in various ways, people can get better communications and mobility. A long way in a remarkably short time has been achieved in the history of wireless. The first generation 1G has fulfilled the basic mobile voice while the second generation 2G has introduced capacity and coverage. This is followed by the third generation 3G , which has requested data at higher speeds to open the gates for truly "mobile broadband" experience. Furthermore, the fourth generation will be realized as the next generation. 4G provides access to a wide range of telecommunication services, including advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed networks, which are increasingly packet based. This paper explains about the required components of infrastructure in mobile generations from 1G to 4G and also describes the performance of each portion in evolutions of 1G to 4G infrastructure. And then, people can study the introduction of the infrastructure requirements of 5G network technology. Aye Myat Myat Myo | Zar Chi Soe "Study on Infrastructure Developments of Mobile Generations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26570.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26570/study-on-infrastructure-developments-of-mobile-generations/aye-myat-myat-myo
An Efficient Call Admission Control Scheme for Handling Handoffs in Wireless ...pijans
Personal Communication Network (PCN) is an emerging wireless network that promises many new
services for the telecommunication industry. The proliferation of demands for extending wireless services
to integrated services, which supports the transmission of data and multimedia information, has resulted in
the need for broadband wireless systems that are able to provide service capabilities similar to those of
wire line networks. The ATM cell - relay paradigm is one possible approach to provide broadband wireless
transmission with PCN’s using the ATM switching networks for interconnection of PCN cells. As traffic in
these mobile cellular networks increases, Handoffs will become an increasingly important issue. As cell
sizes shrink to accommodate an increasingly large demand of services, newer more efficient handoff
schemes need to be used. In this paper, the authors describe the use of novel and efficient data structure
which dynamically allocates guard channel for handoffs and introduces the concept of channel borrowing
strategy. The proposed scheme allocates the guard channels for handoff requests dynamically, based on the
traffic load for certain time period. A new originating call in the cell coverage area also uses these guard
channels if they are unused. Our basic idea is to allow Guard channels to be shared between new calls and
handoff calls. This approach maximizes the channel utilization. The simulation results prove that the
channel borrowing scheme improves the overall throughput.
Introduction to Cellular Mobile System,
Performance criteria,
uniqueness of mobile radio environment,
operation of cellular systems,
Hexagonal shaped cells,
Analog Cellular systems.
Digital Cellular systems
Satellite Mobile Communication covering the following topics:-
Introduction
Types of Satellite
Basics
How they Work??
Communication Technologies Used
Call Routing
Handoff Management
Road Map
Application
Loss of strength, A periodic reduction in the received strength of a radio transmission.
This is about the phenomenon of loss of signal in telecommunications.Fading refers to the
time variation of the received signal power caused by changes in the transmission medium or path.
Study on Infrastructure Developments of Mobile Generationsijtsrd
Nowadays, as Mobile communication systems have been developing in various ways, people can get better communications and mobility. A long way in a remarkably short time has been achieved in the history of wireless. The first generation 1G has fulfilled the basic mobile voice while the second generation 2G has introduced capacity and coverage. This is followed by the third generation 3G , which has requested data at higher speeds to open the gates for truly "mobile broadband" experience. Furthermore, the fourth generation will be realized as the next generation. 4G provides access to a wide range of telecommunication services, including advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed networks, which are increasingly packet based. This paper explains about the required components of infrastructure in mobile generations from 1G to 4G and also describes the performance of each portion in evolutions of 1G to 4G infrastructure. And then, people can study the introduction of the infrastructure requirements of 5G network technology. Aye Myat Myat Myo | Zar Chi Soe "Study on Infrastructure Developments of Mobile Generations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26570.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26570/study-on-infrastructure-developments-of-mobile-generations/aye-myat-myat-myo
An Efficient Call Admission Control Scheme for Handling Handoffs in Wireless ...pijans
Personal Communication Network (PCN) is an emerging wireless network that promises many new
services for the telecommunication industry. The proliferation of demands for extending wireless services
to integrated services, which supports the transmission of data and multimedia information, has resulted in
the need for broadband wireless systems that are able to provide service capabilities similar to those of
wire line networks. The ATM cell - relay paradigm is one possible approach to provide broadband wireless
transmission with PCN’s using the ATM switching networks for interconnection of PCN cells. As traffic in
these mobile cellular networks increases, Handoffs will become an increasingly important issue. As cell
sizes shrink to accommodate an increasingly large demand of services, newer more efficient handoff
schemes need to be used. In this paper, the authors describe the use of novel and efficient data structure
which dynamically allocates guard channel for handoffs and introduces the concept of channel borrowing
strategy. The proposed scheme allocates the guard channels for handoff requests dynamically, based on the
traffic load for certain time period. A new originating call in the cell coverage area also uses these guard
channels if they are unused. Our basic idea is to allow Guard channels to be shared between new calls and
handoff calls. This approach maximizes the channel utilization. The simulation results prove that the
channel borrowing scheme improves the overall throughput.
Intelligent location tracking scheme for handling user’s mobilityeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mobility Management Scheme for Mobile Communication Systems. A Reviewiosrjce
An intelligent mobility management scheme for mobile communication systems was studied. From
the result obtained, it was discovered that mobile to mobile call setup times showed a better performance as
compared to fixed network to mobile call setup and mobile to fixed call setup times. Moreover, increasing the
number of location areas within the switch does not affect inter-MSC handover and location updates since the
size of the switch coverage area remains the same. And when the location areas within the switch is increased,
intra-MSC location updates and handover also increases. Finally, user mobility directly affects the signaling
traffic for handover, location management, radio resource allocation and routing.
A SURVEY ON OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN CELLULAR NETWORK FOR MOBILE DA...ijwmn
Currently cellular networks are overloaded, due to rapid growth of various smartphone applications. With
the arrival of 3G and 4G network technologies mobile data traffic has been growing at an unprecedented
pace and increasingly surpassing the network capacity. Mobile data offloading is an effective network
congestion demotion approach to solve the overload issue through opportunistic communication. It is a
beneficiary approach, because there is no monetary cost for it. Subscribe Send Architecture and
Opportunistic forwarding protocol plays a vital role during offloading by allowing users to subscribe the
contents but does not download the subscribed content on the Content Service Provider thereby network
traffic reduces up to a greater extent. A quantitative study on performance evaluation of opportunistic
routing protocols like Epidemic, Spray and Wait, ProPhet and MaxProp are discussed in this paper. We
have compared these protocols based on few performance metrics like overhead ratio, delivery probability
and average latency. Our simulation results verify that MaxProp performs well and can offload cellular
traffic effectively.
A Grouped System Architecture for Smart Grids Based AMI Communications Over LTE ijwmn
A smart grid based Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), is a technology that enables the utilities to
monitor and control the electricity consumption through a set of various smart meters (SMs) connected via
a two way communication infrastructure. One of the key challenges for smart grids is how to connect a
large number of devices. On the other hand, 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE), the latest standard for mobile
communications, was developed to provide stable service performance and higher data rates for a large
number of mobile users. Therefore, LTE is considered a promising solution for wide area connectivity for
SMs. In this paper, a grouped hierarchal architecture for SMs communications over LTE is introduced.
Then, an efficient grouped scheduling technique is proposed for SMs transmissions over LTE. The
proposed architecture efficiently solves the overload problem due to AMI traffic and guarantees a full
monitoring and control for energy consumption. The results of our suggested solution showed that LTE can
serve better for smart grids based AMI with particular grouping and scheduling scheme. In addition, the
presented technique can able to be used in urban areas having high density of SMs.
Wireless and Mobile Computing Build Secure and Maintain Wireless SolutionsYogeshIJTSRD
Today’s fast growing world needs faster communication. Technology is making rapid progress and is making many things easier. The innovative idea’s that have been emerged from the tender minds of young scientists led to the evolution of many techniques where our present topic -˜MOBILE COMPUTING’ fits in. “MOBILE COMPUTING- and COMMUNICATIONS is a major part of wireless communication technology. Mobile computing in means computing done by intermittently connected users who access network resources. It requires a wireless medium such as cellular radio, radio nets and low orbit satellites. It incorporates wireless adapters using cellular telephone technology to connect portable computers with the cabled network. Mobile voice communication is widely established throughout the world and had a very rapid increase in the number of subscribers to the various cellular networks over the last few years. An extension of this technology is the ability to send and receive data across these cellular networks. This is the principle of mobile computing. Mobile data communication has become a very important and rapidly evolving technology as it allows users to transmit data from remote locations to other remote or fixed locations. This proves to be the solution to the biggest problem of business people on the move mobility. We in this paper describes about the Mobility Services Architecture which supports applications by a middleware stub. Mobile Computing evolved during the last few years as a result of shrinking portables and growing wireless networks. It enlarges the usability of computers, but raises demanding challenges. The paper describes about the methodology, problems in wireless industry, and how J2SE is used in this technology .The paper concludes with the pros and cons of this mobile computing and its future. Akhilesh Bholanath Patel "Wireless and Mobile Computing: Build Secure and Maintain Wireless Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43757.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/43757/wireless-and-mobile-computing-build-secure-and-maintain-wireless-solutions/akhilesh-bholanath-patel
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MOBILE CROWD SENSING RPL-BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR SMART CITY IJCNCJournal
Recently, Mobile Crowd Sensing (MCS) has been used in many smart city monitoring applications, leveraging the latest smartphone features of sensing and networking. However, most of these applications use a direct internet connection for sending the collected data to the server through a 3G or 4G (LTE) network.This type of communication leads to higher bandwidth, battery consumption, and higher data plan cost. In this paper, we presenta new ad-hoc tree-based routing protocol named MCS-RPL based on theIoT RPL protocol for the smart city context. The proposed protocol aims to utilize smartphone and Mobile CrowdSensing (MCS) opportunistically to support static Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and to cover more sensing areas with less routing overhead and power consumption. MCS-RPL usesa grid-based cluster head to address mobility issues and reduce control packets. The conducted performance evaluation reveals that the proposed protocol outperforms RPL in terms of packet delivery ratio and power consumption due to control packet overhead reduction, which reached more than 75% in the tested scenarios.
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
Similar to Comparative Study on Mobile Switching Center of Mobile Generations (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26643 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1344
B. Introduction to MSC in Mobile Generations
The author aims to study theevolution of MSCdevelopments
in mobile generations. So this paper will be described the
performance of MSC in each generation. In literature views,
MSC is the main part in the telecommunication network.
GSM network system also contains MSC as a main part. GSM
network system contains the following:
MS (Mobile Station)
BSS (Base Station Subsystem)
NSS (Network Subsystem)
NMS (Network Management System) or
OSS (Operation Station Subsystem)
NSS is the main component of the public mobile network
that carries out mobility management functions for mobile
phones roaming on the network of base stations. The NSS
originally consisted of the circuit switched (core network),
used for traditional GSM servicessuch as voicecalls,SMSand
circuit switch calls. It was extended with overlay
architecture to provide packet switch data services. This
allows mobile phones to have access to service suchasWAP,
MMS and the Internet [3].
The Network SwitchingSystem(NSS),themain partofwhich
is the mobile switching center(MSC),performstheswitching
of calls between the mobile and other fixed or mobile
network users, as well the management of mobile services
authentication. It also includes Home Location Register
(HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR) and Equipment
Identity Register (HLR).
The MSC is the central element of a mobile
telecommunication network, which is also called a Public
Land Mobile Network (PLMN) in the standard. In a classic
switched network, all connections between subscribers are
managed by the MSC and are always routed over the
switching matrix even if two subscribers that have
established a connection communicate over the same radio
cell.
II. MAIN ELEMENTS IN MOBILE SWITCHING
CENTER
Fig 2. is the main components of GSM network system.
Among them, the author will study mainly the components
connected to MSC such as HLR, VLR, EIR and AuC. The most
important responsibilities of the NSS are call establishment.
Figure2. Main Components of GSM Network System [4]
A. Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
A mobile switching center (MSC) is the centerpiece of a
network switching subsystem (NSS). The MSC is mostly
associated with communicationsswitchingfunctions,such as
call set-up, release, and routing. However, it also performs a
host of other duties, including routing SMS message,
conference calls, fax and service billing as well as interfacing
with other networks, such as the public switched telephone
network (PSTN).
The MSC is structured so that base stations connect to it,
while it connects to the PSTN. As cell phones connect to
these base stations, all forms of communication, whether
between two cell phones or between a cell phone and a
landline telephone, travel through the MSC [5].The Mobile
Switching Center (MSC) database contains critical
subscription data about each network user.
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AuC) and
Equipment Identification Register (EIR)
B. Home Location Register (HLR)
The Home Location Register (HLR) is the main database of
permanentsubscriber information foramobilenetwork. The
HLR is an integral component CDMA (CodeDivision Multiple
Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communications) networks. The
HLR contains pertinent user information including address,
account status and preferences. The HLR interacts with the
Mobile Switching Center (MSC), which is a switch used for
call control and processing. The MSC also servesas apoint of
access to the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN). The
third integral element is the Visiting Location Register(VLR)
requests from subscribers who are out of the area covered
by their home system.
When a user initiates a call, the switching equipment
determines whether or not. The call is coming from the
device’s home area. If the user is out of the home area, the
area VLR sends out a request for information required to
process the call. An MSC queries the HLR identified by the
call for information, which it relays it to the VLR. The VLR
sends routing information back to the MSCwhich allowsit to
find the station where the call originated, and finally the
mobile device to connect Communication between the
elements are based on Signaling System (SS7) protocolsand
signaling [6].
Figure3. Network Diagram of Home Location Register
C. Visitor Location Register
A visitor location register is a database that contains
information about the subscribers roaming within a mobile
switching center’s (MSC) location area. The primary role of
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD26643 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 1345
the VLR is to minimize the number of queriesthatMSCs have
to make to the home location register (HLR), which holds
permanent data regarding the cellular network’s
subscribers. Ideally, there should beonlyone visitor location
register per MSC, but it is also possible for a single VLR to
serve multiple MSCs. The VLR also holds the international
mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) and the mobile subscriber
integrated services digital network isdesigned suchthatone
VLR serves each MSC’s location area, there will be fewer
records in the VLR than the HLR.As soon as a subscriber
moves into an MSC’s location area, corresponding record is
updated the VLR. Subsequently, the subscriber’s HLR is
automatically informed of the changed. A visitor location
register may also perform the following functions:
Monitor the subscriber’s location within the VLR’s
jurisdiction
Determine whether a subscribermayaccessaparticular
service
Allocate roaming numbers during incoming calls
Delete the records of inactive subscribers
Accept information passed to it by the HLR [7]
Figure4. Network Diagram of Visitor Location Register
D. Authentication Center (AuC)
The Authentication Center (AuC) is a key component of a
global system for mobile communications (GSM) home
locator register (HLR). The AuC validates any security
information management (SIM) card attempting network
connection when a phone has a live network signal. TheAuC
provides security to ensure that third parties are unable to
use network subscriber services.
Each network SIM card is assigned an individual
authentication key (Ki). A matching Ki is contained in the
AuC. The SIM and the AuC store the Ki in an unreadable
format. The Ki even remains hidden from the SIM card
owner to protect network operators from fraud, such asSIM
cloning, through enabling user identity verification and
ensuring call confidentiality.
During the authentication process, the Ki is used with the
subscriber identity (IMSI) number. Network and service
subscriber validity is determined by successful
authentication between the mobile device and the core
network. The entire process is completed during a wireless
connection. If the numbers do match, the authentication is
invalidated as a failed function request [8].
Figure5. Block Diagram of Authentication Center
E. Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
A handset theft problem exists in GSM networks in many
countries. A person obtains a legitimate subscription to a
network to a network, and then obtains a legitimate IMSI,
MSISDN, and SIM card. The person initially buys an
inexpensive handset and then steals a better handset from
another subscriber.
Once the handset is stolen, the thief replaces the SIM card
with users own legitimate, the phone will operate and the
network operator has no way to determine that the
subscriber is using a stolen handset. In additiontoindividual
handset theft, organized groups have begun stealing entire
shipments of mobile handsets from warehouses and selling
these handsets on the black market.
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a network entity
used in GSM networks that stores lists of IMEI numbers,
which correspond to physicalhandsets(notsubscriber). The
IMEI is used to identify the actual handsets and is not
dependentupon theInternationalMobileSubscriberIdentity
(IMSI), Mobile Station International ISDNnumber(MSISDN)
and SIM are all subscribers specific and move with the
subscriber when he or she buys a new handset. The IMEI is
handset specific. The Equipment Identity Register is often
integrated to the HLR.
Black-Mobile Station (MS) on the Black List are denied
access to the network
Gray-MSs on the Fray List are allowed on the network,
but may be tracked
White-MSs on the White List are allowed access to the
network. The EPAP Real Time Database (RTDB) stores
the White, Gray, and Black Lists of IMEI numbers.
Figure6. Block Diagram of Equipment Identity
Register (EIR)
The RTDB (Real Time Data Base) is downloaded to Service
Module cards in the EAGLE5 ISS.When asubscriber roamsto
a new MSSC or VLR location, the handset attempts
registration with the MSC or VLR. Before the MSC registers
the subscriber with the VLR, it may send a handset a query
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to the EAGLE 5 ISS returnsa responseindicatingwhether the
IMEI is allowed, disallowed, or not valid. If the IMEI is
allowed, the MSC completes registration; otherwise,
registration is rejected. The RTDB may contain associations
between individual IMEIs and IMSIs. This can provide a
further level of screening by directly associating a particular
IMEI with a particular IMSI. This association is used in
follow.
If an IMEI is found on a Black List, an additional check of the
IMSI could then be made. If the IMSI from the handset
matches the IMSI provisioned with the IMEI, this would
override the Black List condition, and allow registration to
continue. This could be used to protect against mistaken
Black List entries in thedatabase,ortopreventunauthorized
“handset sharing”. This association could also be used in
other way [9].
III. PERFORMANCCE OF MOBILE SWITCHING
CENTER IN MOBILE GENERATIONS
Mobile communication has become more popularinlastfew
years due to fast reform from 1G to 5G technology. This
reform is due to requirement of service compatible
transmission technology and high increase in telecoms
customers. Generation refers change in nature of service
compatible transmission technology and new frequency
bands.
A. First Generation Analog System
1G refers to the first generation of wireless system of mobile
telecommunications. The first commercially automated
cellular network (the firstgeneration)waslaunchedinJapan
by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in 1979, initially
in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within fiveyears,theNTT
network had been expanded to cover the whole population
of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network.
Figure7. Architecture of First Generation System
1. Mobile Switching Center in First Generation
Wireless System The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is the
switching service delivery node for analog system for voice
calls. The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end
connection, handles mobility and handover requirements
during the call and takes care of charging and real time
prepaid account monitoring.
2. Various Types of MSC
There are various different names for MSCs in different
contexts which reflect their complex role in the network; all
of these terms though could refer to thesameMSC,butdoing
different things at differenttimes.ThegatewayMSC(G-MSC)
is the MSC that determines which “visited MSC” (V-MSC) the
subscriber who is being called is currently located at. It also
interfaces with the PSTN. All mobile to mobile calls are
routed through a G-MSC. The term is onlyvalidinthe context
of one call, since any MSC may provide both the gateway
function and the visited MSC function. However, some
manufacturers design dedicated high capacity MSCs which
do not have any base station subsystem (BSS) connected to
them. These MSCs will then be the gateway MSC for many of
the calls they handle.
The Visited MSC (V-MSC) is the MSC where a customer is
currently located. The visitor location register (VLR)
associated with this MSC will have the subscriber’sdatainit.
The Anchor MSC is the MSC from which a handover has been
initiated. The target MSC is the MSC toward which a
handover should take place.
The Mobile Switching Center Server is a soft switch variant
(thereforeitmaybe referred asmobilesoftswitch,MSS) of the
mobileswitchingcenter,whichprovidescircuitswitchedcalling
mobility management, and GSM services to the mobile phones
roamingwithintheareathatitserves.MSSfunctionallyenables
split between controls this guarantees better placement of
network elements within the network [11].
3. Home Location Register (HLR) in First Generation
Network
The Home Location Register (HLR) is a central databasethat
contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is
authorized to use the network. There can be several, logical
and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN)
though one international mobile subscriber identity(IMSI)/
MSISDN pair can be associated with only one logical HLR
(which can span several physical node) at a time.
The HLRs store details of every SIM (Subscriber Identity
Module) card issued by the mobilephoneoperator.Each SIM
has a unique identifier called an IMSI which is the primary
key to each HLR record. Another important item if data
associated with the SIM are the MSISDNs(MobileSubscriber
Integrated Service Digital Network),which arethetelephone
number used by mobile phone to make and receive calls.
The primary MSISDN is the number used for making and
receiving voice calls, but it is possible for a SIM to have other
secondary MSISDNs associated with it for fax and data calls.
Each MSISDN is also a primary key to the HLR record. The
HLR data is stored for as long as a subscriber remains with
the mobile phone operator.
4. Visitor Location Register (VLR) in First Generation
Network
The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a database of the
mobile station that had roamed into the jurisdiction of the
MSC (Mobile Switching Center) which it serves. Each main
base station in the network is served by exactly one VLR;
hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR
at a time [14].
B. GSM/GPRS Wireless Network System
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a
standard developed by the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for
second-generation network used by mobile device.
2G networks developed as a replacementforfirstgeneration
(1G) analog networks, and the GSM standard originally
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described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for
full duplex voice telephony. This expanded over time to
include data communications, first by circuit-switched
transport, then by packet data transport via GPRS (General
Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for
GSM) [16].
Figure8. GSM Network Architecture
1. Performance of MSC in 2G Network
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is the primary service
delivery node for GSM, responsible for routing voice calls
and SMS as well as other services. The Mobile Switching
Center sets up and releases the end-to-end connection,
handles mobility and handover requirementsduringthe call
and takes care of charging and real time pre-paid account
monitoring.
In the GSM mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier
analogue services, fax and data information is sent directly
digitally encoded to the Mobile Switching Center. Only atthe
Mobile Switching Center is the coded into an “analogue”
signal (although actually this will almost certainly mean
sound encoded digitally as PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
signal in a 64-kbit/s timeslot.
The Mobile Switching Center connects to the following
elements:
Home Location Register (HLR) for obtaining data about
the SIM and mobile services ISDN number (MSISDN;i.e.,
the telephone number)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS) which handles the radio
communication with 2G and 2.5G mobile phones
Visitor Location Register (VLR) provides subscriber
information when the subscriber is outside its home
network [15].
2. Performance of Home Location Register(HLR)in 2G
Network
The HLR interacts with the mobile switching center (MSC),
which is a switch used for call control and processing. The
MSC also serves as a point-of-access to the Public Switch
Telephone Network (PSTN).Thethirdintegral elementisthe
Visitor Location Register (VLR), which maintainstemporary
user information to manage requests from subscriber who
are out of the area covered by their home system.
3. Performance of VLR (Visitor Location Register) for
2G Network
The main difference between data storedintheVLRand that
found in the HLR is that the some of the data in the latter is
more permanent, while the data in the former changesmore
frequently. As soon as a subscriber moves into an MSC’s
location area, the corresponding record is updated in the
VLR. Subsequently, the subscriber’s HLR is automatically
informed of the change [15].
C. UMTS/WCDMA Network Technology
The 3G UMTS/ WCDMA network technology including the
User Equipment (UE), the radio network subsystem, and the
core network. The UMTS 3G is required to provide a greater
level of performance to that of the original GSM network.
However as many networks had migratedthrough theuseof
GPRS and EDGE.
Figure9. Block Diagram of UMTS Network
The UMTS core network may be split into two different
areas:
Circuit switched elements:These elements areprimarily
based on the GSM network entities and carry data in a
circuit switch manner
Packet switched elements: These network entities are
designed to carry packet data.
1. Operation of Mobile Switching Center in UMTS
Technology
The circuit switched elements of the UMTS core network
architecture include the following network entities. Mobile
Switching Center (MSC) is essentiallythesameasthat within
GSM, and it manages the circuit switched calls under way.
Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC) is effectively the
interface to the external networks. The packet switched
elements of the 3G UMTS core network architecture include
the following network entities: Serving GPRS Support Node
(SGSN) as the name implies, this entity was first developed
when GPRS was introduced and its usehas been carried over
into the UMTS network architecture.
Mobility Management
Session Management
Interaction with other areas of the network
Billing [18].
2. Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) in UMTS
Network Technology
Like the SGSN, this entity was also first introduced into the
GPRS network. The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is
the central element within the UMTS packet switched
network. It handles inter-workingbetweentheUMTSpacket
switched network and external packet switched networks,
and can be considered as a very sophisticated router. In
operation, when the GGSN serving the particular UE. The
SGSN has been logically separated from the radio network
and its cell-based architecture. The SGSN contain HLR, EIR
and AuC in UMTS network. The UMTS SGSN is no longer
aware of the cell in which a subscriber is currently located.
3. Visitor Location Register in UMTS Network
Technology
Whenever a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) detects a new
mobile in its network, in addition to creating a new record in
the VLR, it also updates the HLR of the mobile subscriber. The
MSC address received during a HLR look up for a particular
mobile number is useful for identifying number roaming in
another country [21].
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D. Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network System
LTE is an abbreviation for Long Term Evolution. LTE is a 4G
wireless communication standard developed by the 3rd
Generation that’s designed to provide up to 10x the speeds
of 3G networks for mobile devices such as smart phones,
tablets, notebooksandwirelesshotspots.4Gtechnologies are
designed to provide IP- based voice, data and multimedia
streaming at speeds of at least 100Mbit per second andup to
as fast as 1Gbit per second.
Fig10. LTE Network System Architecture
1. The Mobility Management Entity (MME)
While the eNode-Bs autonomously handles users and their
radio bearers once they are established, overall user control
is centralized in the core network. This is necessary as need
to be a single point over which data flow the internet.
Further, a centralized user database is required, which can
be accessed from anywhere in the home network and also
from networks abroad in case the user is roaming.
The network node responsible for all signaling exchanges
between the base stations and core networks and between
the users and core networks is the Mobility Management
Entity (MME). In large network, there are usually many
MMEs to cope with the amount of signaling and for
redundancy reasons. As the MMEs are not involved in air
interface matters, the signaling it exchanges with the radio
network is responsible for the following tasks:
Authentication
Establishment of bearers
NAS mobility management
Handover support [23].
2. The Serving Gateway (S-GW)
The S-GW is responsible for managing user data tunnels
between the eNode-Bs in the radio network and the Packet
Data Network Gateway PDN-GW, which is the gateway
router to the Internet. On the radio network side, it
terminates the S1-UP GTP tunnels, and on the core network
side, it terminates the S5-UP GTP tunnels to the gateway to
the Internet [23].
3. The PDN- Gateway (PGW)
The third LTE core network node is thePDN-GW.Inpractice,
this node is the gateway to the Internet and some network
operators also use it to interconnect to intranets of large
companies over networks. The PDN-GW terminates the S5
interface. On the user plane, this means that data packets for
a user are encapsulated into an S5 GTP tunnel and
forwarded to the S-GW, which is currently responsible for
this user. The S-GW then forwards the data packets over the
S1 interface to the eNode-B that currently serves the user,
from which it is then sent over the air interface to the user’s
mobile device.
The PDN-GW is also responsible for assigning IP addresses
to mobile devices. When a mobile device connects to the
network after being switched on, the eNode-B contacts the
MME. The MME then authenticates the subscriber and
requests an IP address from the PDN-GW for the device. For
this purpose, the S5 control plane protocol is used.
In practice, a mobile device can be assigned several IP
address simultaneously. Several IP addresses might be
necessary in cases where the device uses services that are
part of the network operator’s internal network. A mobile
device can also request the assignment of simultaneousIPv4
and IPv6 addresses.
4. The Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
LTE shares its subscriber database with GSM and UMTS. In
these systems, the database is referred to as the Home
Location Register (HLR) and the mobile Application Part
(MAP) is used as the protocol between the MSC and SGSN on
the one side and the HLR on the other side [24].
IV. COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MOBILE SWITCHING
CENTER
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) connectsandmanageswhen
a user calls another user. The First generation of wireless
telecommunication technology used analog transmission
techniques which were basically used for transmitting voice
signals.1G use frequency modulation techniques for voice
signals and all the handover decisions were taken at the Base
Station(BS).Thespectrumwithincellwasdividedintonumber
of channels and every call is allotted a dedicated pair of
channels. Data transmission between the wire part of
connection and PSTN (Packet Switched Telephone) was done
using packet-switched network [22].
In the author view, MSC in 1G system is very simple. Itworks
mainly in only switching. There is a problem of call drop
when the user talks each other becausetheswitchingsystem
is not very good. The connecting devices are more than 1G
system in MSC. So, other features can be used in 2G network.
Compare 1G and 2G, the features of MSC in 2G are better
than 1G system.
Table1. Evolution of MSC, VLR and HLR
MSC VLR HLR Voice Tone
1G
Switching when connects
each user
Connect with MSC Connect with MSC Bad
2G
Call set up route Mobility
management Roaming
Temporary stores
subscriber’s data eg. IMSI
Permanently stores
subscriber’s data eg. IMSI
Fair
3G
Media Gate Way and
connect to MSC
Same with 2G System Same with 2G system Good
4G
Combine with VLR, AuC
and call MME
Combine with MSC and
call MME
Combine with EIR and call HSS Very Good
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UMTS is a third generation (3G) broadband, packet-based
transmission of text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia.
UMTS offers a consistent set of services to mobile computer
and phone users, no matter where they are located in the
world. UMTS is based on the GSM communication standard.
It is also endorsed by major standards bodies and
manufacturers as the planned standard for mobile users
around the world.
Once UMTS is fully available, computerand phonesusers can
be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel
and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.User
will have access through a combination of terrestrial
wireless and satellite transmissions. Until UMTS is fully
implemented, users can use multimode devices that switch
to the currently available technology. In 3G system, Mobile
Switching Center (MSC) contains Media Gateway (MGW).
Media Gateway (MGW) performs different network to same
network and sends to MSC. Data come from SGSN (Serving
GPRS Support Node)switch toGGSN(GatewayGPRSSupport
Node). Handovers are contains and connect with MSC.
In the author view, internet can be used initially in 2G
system by connecting with MSC. There is no change in the
part of MSC absolutely.
The general LTE network architecture is similar to that of
GSM and UMTS. In this principle, the network is separated
into a radio network part and a core network part. The
number of logical network nodes, however, has been
reduced to streamline the overall architecture and reduce
cost and latency in the network. In 4G network, MSC
combine with visitor location register (VLR) and call
Mobility Manage Entity (MME). Home Location Register
(HLR) combines with AuC and connects to Mobile Switching
Center (MSC).
In this evolution from 3G to 4G, accordingtotheresearcher’s
view, the features that are used by connecting with MSC in
4G are more advanced. The author thinks that 4G system is
completely same with 3G system.
A. Evolution of HLR, VLR, AuC and EIR
Home Location Register (HLR) is joins with Authentication
Center and then this is called Home Subscriber System
(HSS). Visitor Location Register (VLR), Mobile Switching
Center (MSC) and Equipment Identity Register (EIR) are
combined in 4G system. This combination called Mobility
Management Entity (MME). Although their names change,
their performances are not different.
V. CONCLUSION
The author had course of examining the performance of
Mobile Switching Center in this study, discovered that MSC
perform switching process in firstgeneration analogsystem.
It connected Home Location Register(HLR),VisitorLocation
Register (VLR), Authentication Center (AuC)and Equipment
Identity Register (EIR) in 2G network and also performed
roaming, handover, postpaid and prepaid service, call set up
route.
MSC connected SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) for Public Data
Network (PDN) in Third GenerationSystem. InLTEnetwork,
MSC combine with VLR and AuC and this is known as called
Mobility Management. And then, MME connected to Serving
Gateway (SGW) and PDN Gateway (PGW) for Data Service.
Finally nowadays, wireless technologyisgettingpopular and
important in the network and the internet field. Trend of
mobile generations were introduced briefly in this thesis.
MSC was described detail from 1G to 4G and compare the
performance of MSC in mobile generations. Therefore,
everyone can know about MSC easily and get the much
knowledge about the network elements concerned with
Mobile Switching Center.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to acknowledge the many colleagues at Pyay
Technological University who have contributed to the
passing this research paper.
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