Integration of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) result in ubiquitous connection for end users. In the integrated network, ensuring the quality of service to users and enhancing capacity of network are prominent issues. Bandwidth adaptation technique is one of the solutions to overcome these issues. Bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes were proposed for loosely coupled interworking network. In this paper, hybrid coupled UMTS and WLAN interworking network is analyzed with bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class schemes and the performances have been compared. Simulation result shows that the proposed hybrid coupled interworking network with bandwidth adaptation based on per class scheme performs better with enhanced quality of service and network capacity.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RELAY-BASED WIMAX NETWORKijwmn
Relay technology promises appreciable network throughput and coverage enhancement which is required
for high speed wireless cellular systems to function to their optimum. This paper is focused on analysing
the link performance of a relay-based WiMAX network under varying conditions. Comparison is made
between relay and direct link communication in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), spectral efficiency and
capacity. Effect of multipath fading and user speed on performance are investigated as well. The entire
study involves a hypothetical view as well as MATLAB simulations to predict the benefit of relay
deployment. This is aimed at solving pertinent issues such as coverage holes and cell edge problems which
are associated with traditional non-relay based cellular networks.
MULTI-HOP BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSIJMIT JOURNAL
An admission control scheme should play the role of a coordinator for flows in a data communication network, to provide the guarantees as the medium is shared. The nodes of a wired network can monitor the medium to know the available bandwidth at any point of time. But, in wireless ad hoc networks, a node must consume the bandwidth of neighboring nodes, during a communication. Hence, the consumption of bandwidth by a flow and the availability of resources to any wireless node strictly depend upon the neighboring nodes within its transmission range. We present a scalable and efficient admission control scheme, Multi-hop Bandwidth Management Protocol (MBMP), to support the QoS requirements
in multi-hop ad hoc networks. We simulate several options to design MBMP and compare the performances of these options through mathematical analysis and simulation results, and compare its effectiveness with the existing admission control schemes through extensive simulations.
Wimax technology has reshaped the framework of broadband wireless internet
service. It provides the internet service to unconnected or detached areas such as east South
Africa, rural areas of America and Asia region. Full duplex helpers employed with one of
the relay stations selection and indexing method that is Randomized Distributed Space Time
are used to expand the coverage area of primary Wimax station. The basic problem was
identified at cell edge due to weather conditions (rain, fog), insertion of destruction because
of multiple paths in the same communication channel and due to interference created by
other users in that communication. It is impractical task for the receiver station to decode
the transmitted signal successfully at the cell edges, which increases the high packet loss and
retransmissions. But Wimax is a outstanding technology which is used for improving the
quality of internet service and also it offers various services like Voice over Internet
Protocol, Video conferencing and Multimedia broadcast etc where a little delay in packet
transmission can cause a big loss in the communication. Even setup and initialization of
another Wimax station nearer to each other is not a good alternate, where any mobile
station can easily handover to another base station if it gets a strong signal from other one.
But in rural areas, for few numbers of customers, installation of base station nearer to each
other is costlier task. In this review article, we present a scheme using R-DSTC technique to
choose and select helpers (relay nodes) randomly to expand the coverage area and help to
mobile station as a helper to provide secure communication with base station. In this work,
we use full duplex helpers for better utilization of bandwidth.
A Cross Layer Based Scalable Channel Slot Re-Utilization Technique for Wirele...csandit
Due to tremendous growth of the wireless based application services are increasing the demand
for wireless communication techniques that use bandwidth more effectively. Channel slot reutilization
in multi-radio wireless mesh networks is a very challenging problem. WMNs have
been adopted as back haul to connect various networks such as Wi-Fi (802.11), WI-MAX
(802.16e) etc. to the internet. The slot re-utilization technique proposed so far suffer due to high
collision due to improper channel slot usage approximation error. To overcome this here the
author propose the cross layer optimization technique by designing a device classification
based channel slot re-utilization routing strategy which considers the channel slot and node
information from various layers and use some of these parameters to approximate the risk
involve in channel slot re-utilization in order to improve the QoS of the network. The simulation
and analytical results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach in term of channel slot
re-utilization efficiency and thus helps in reducing latency for data transmission and reduce
channel slot collision.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RELAY-BASED WIMAX NETWORKijwmn
Relay technology promises appreciable network throughput and coverage enhancement which is required
for high speed wireless cellular systems to function to their optimum. This paper is focused on analysing
the link performance of a relay-based WiMAX network under varying conditions. Comparison is made
between relay and direct link communication in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), spectral efficiency and
capacity. Effect of multipath fading and user speed on performance are investigated as well. The entire
study involves a hypothetical view as well as MATLAB simulations to predict the benefit of relay
deployment. This is aimed at solving pertinent issues such as coverage holes and cell edge problems which
are associated with traditional non-relay based cellular networks.
MULTI-HOP BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSIJMIT JOURNAL
An admission control scheme should play the role of a coordinator for flows in a data communication network, to provide the guarantees as the medium is shared. The nodes of a wired network can monitor the medium to know the available bandwidth at any point of time. But, in wireless ad hoc networks, a node must consume the bandwidth of neighboring nodes, during a communication. Hence, the consumption of bandwidth by a flow and the availability of resources to any wireless node strictly depend upon the neighboring nodes within its transmission range. We present a scalable and efficient admission control scheme, Multi-hop Bandwidth Management Protocol (MBMP), to support the QoS requirements
in multi-hop ad hoc networks. We simulate several options to design MBMP and compare the performances of these options through mathematical analysis and simulation results, and compare its effectiveness with the existing admission control schemes through extensive simulations.
Wimax technology has reshaped the framework of broadband wireless internet
service. It provides the internet service to unconnected or detached areas such as east South
Africa, rural areas of America and Asia region. Full duplex helpers employed with one of
the relay stations selection and indexing method that is Randomized Distributed Space Time
are used to expand the coverage area of primary Wimax station. The basic problem was
identified at cell edge due to weather conditions (rain, fog), insertion of destruction because
of multiple paths in the same communication channel and due to interference created by
other users in that communication. It is impractical task for the receiver station to decode
the transmitted signal successfully at the cell edges, which increases the high packet loss and
retransmissions. But Wimax is a outstanding technology which is used for improving the
quality of internet service and also it offers various services like Voice over Internet
Protocol, Video conferencing and Multimedia broadcast etc where a little delay in packet
transmission can cause a big loss in the communication. Even setup and initialization of
another Wimax station nearer to each other is not a good alternate, where any mobile
station can easily handover to another base station if it gets a strong signal from other one.
But in rural areas, for few numbers of customers, installation of base station nearer to each
other is costlier task. In this review article, we present a scheme using R-DSTC technique to
choose and select helpers (relay nodes) randomly to expand the coverage area and help to
mobile station as a helper to provide secure communication with base station. In this work,
we use full duplex helpers for better utilization of bandwidth.
A Cross Layer Based Scalable Channel Slot Re-Utilization Technique for Wirele...csandit
Due to tremendous growth of the wireless based application services are increasing the demand
for wireless communication techniques that use bandwidth more effectively. Channel slot reutilization
in multi-radio wireless mesh networks is a very challenging problem. WMNs have
been adopted as back haul to connect various networks such as Wi-Fi (802.11), WI-MAX
(802.16e) etc. to the internet. The slot re-utilization technique proposed so far suffer due to high
collision due to improper channel slot usage approximation error. To overcome this here the
author propose the cross layer optimization technique by designing a device classification
based channel slot re-utilization routing strategy which considers the channel slot and node
information from various layers and use some of these parameters to approximate the risk
involve in channel slot re-utilization in order to improve the QoS of the network. The simulation
and analytical results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach in term of channel slot
re-utilization efficiency and thus helps in reducing latency for data transmission and reduce
channel slot collision.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Tight Coupling Internetworking Between UMTS and WLAN: Challenges, Design Arch...CSCJournals
To provide seamless internet connectivity anywhere at any time to the mobile users, there is a strong demand for the integration of wireless access networks for all-IP based Next Generation Networks (NGN). The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is capable of providing high data rate at low cost. However, its services are limited to a small geographical area. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks provide global coverage, however, cost is high and the provided data rate do not fulfill the requirements of bandwidth intensive applications. By integrating these two promising technologies; UMTS and WLAN several benefits can be achieved, i.e., load balancing, extension of coverage area, better Quality of Service (QoS), improved security features, etc. Therefore, the integration of these two technologies can provide ubiquitous connectivity and high data rate at low cost to wireless clients. In this paper different integration mechanisms of UMTS and WLAN are investigated. More precisely, an integrated mechanism for the integration of UMTS and WLAN based on two different variations of tight coupling, i.e., interconnecting WLAN with Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is designed and analyzed. The simulated results reveal that the GGSN-WLAN integration performance is better than the SGSN-WLAN integration for all the applied applications and measurement parameters.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
VEGAS: Better Performance than other TCP Congestion Control Algorithms on MANETsCSCJournals
The wireless communication TCP/IP protocol is an important role in developing communication systems and which provides better and reliable communication capabilities in almost all kinds of networking environment. The wireless networking technology and the new kind of requirements in communication systems need some extensions to the original design of TCP for on coming technology development. In this paper we have analyzed six TCP Congestion Control Algorithms and their performance on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). More specifically, we describe the performance behavior of BIC, Cubic, TCP Compound, Vegas, Reno and Westwood congestion control algorithms. The evaluation is simulated through Network Simulator (NS2) and the performance of these congestion control algorithms is analyzed with suitable metrics.
Performance analysis of economic model and radio resource management in heter...IJCNCJournal
Radio resource management (RRM) is the system level control of co-channel interference and other radio
transmission characteristics in wireless communication systems. In this paper we first analyze a utility
function based access selection (UFAS) method. Then we investigate a radio resource management and
network selection scheme in heterogeneous wireless network. We propose an economic model to allocate
radio resources for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Networks and Wireless local Area (WLAN)
networks. Moreover we formulate and solve the optimization problem in WLAN and CDMA networks and
simulate those equations using MATLAB. Simulated results show that the proposed scheme can achieve
more number of users and more social welfare which outperform the utility function based access selection
method.
Downlink beamforming and admissin control for spectrum sharing cognitive radi...acijjournal
n this paper, to detect the moving objects between frames in compressed video and to obtain the bes
t
compression video
and the noiseless video. We describe a video in which frames by classifying
macroblocks (MB), and describe motion estimation (ME), motion vector field (MV) and motion
compensation (MC). we propose to classify Macroblocks of each video frame into different
classes and use
this class information to describe the frame content based on the motion vector. MB class informatio
n
video applications such as shot change detection, motion discontinuity detection, Outlier rejection
for
global motion estimation. To reduc
e the noise and to improve the clarity of the compressed video by using
contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) Algorithm
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER AGGREGATION FOR VARIOUS MOBILE NETWORK IMPLEM...ijwmn
Carrier Aggregation (CA) is one of the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) features that allow mobile network operators (MNO) to combine multiple component carriers (CCs) across the available spectrum to create a wider bandwidth channel for increasing the network data throughput and overall capacity. CA has a potential to enhance data rates and network performance in the downlink, uplink, or both, and it can support aggregation of frequency division duplexing (FDD) as well as time division duplexing (TDD). The technique enables the MNO to exploit fragmented spectrum allocations and can be utilized to aggregate licensed and unlicensed carrier spectrum as well. This paper analyzes the performance gains and complexity level that arises from the aggregation of three inter-band component carriers (3CC) as compared to the aggregation of 2CC using a Vienna LTE System Level simulator. The results show a considerable growth in the average cell throughput when 3CC aggregations are implemented over the 2CC aggregation, at the expense of reduction in the fairness index. The reduction in the fairness index implies that, the scheduler has an increased task in resource allocations due to the added component carrier. Compensating for such decrease in the fairness index could result into scheduler design complexity. The proposed scheme can be adopted in combining various component carriers, to increase the bandwidth and hence the data rates.
A Distributed Three-hop Routing Protocol to Increase the Capacity of Hybrid W...1crore projects
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3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
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A distributed three hop routing protocol to increase the capacity of hybrid w...LeMeniz Infotech
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A small vessel detection using a co-located multi-frequency FMCW MIMO radar IJECEIAES
Small vessels detection is a known issue due to its low radar cross section (RCS). An existing shore-based vessel tracking radar is for long-distance commercial vessels detection. Meanwhile, a vessel-mounted radar system known for its reliability has a limitation due to its single radar coverage. The paper presented a co-located frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) maritime radar for small vessel detection utilising a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The radar behaviour is numerically simulated for detecting a Swerling 1 target which resembles small maritime’s vessels. The simulated MIMO configuration comprised two transmitting and receiving nodes. The proposal is to utilize a multi-frequency FMCW MIMO configuration in a maritime environment by applying the spectrum averaging (SA) to fuse MIMO received signals for range and velocity estimation. The analysis was summarised and displayed in terms of estimation error performance, probability of error and average error. The simulation outcomes an improvement of 2.2 dB for a static target, and 0.1 dB for a moving target, in resulting the 20% probability of range error with the MIMO setup. A moving vessel's effect was observed to degrade the range error estimation performance between 0.6 to 2.7 dB. Meanwhile, the proposed method was proven to improve the 20% probability of velocity error by 1.75 dB. The impact of multi-frequency MIMO was also observed to produce better average error performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
EFFICIENT PACKET DELIVERY APPROACH FOR ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORKS cscpconf
A wireless ad-hoc network is a collection of nodes which are selfconfiguring,
connected by wireless links. The nodes are free to move randomly and
organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network's topology may change rapidly and
unpredictably. These kinds of networks are very flexible and they do not require any
existing infrastructure. Therefore, ad-hoc wireless networks are suitable for temporary
communication links. The biggest challenge in these kinds of networks is to find a path
between the communication end points of nodes that are mobile. Due to the limited
transmission range of wireless interfaces, the communication traffic has to be relayed
over several intermediate nodes to enable the communication between two nodes.
Therefore, these kinds of networks are also called multi-hop ad-hoc networks. The
proposed model is designed to improve the problems of real-time event-based
communication. It improves the packet delivery ratio by prior prediction and reduces
end-to-end packet delay. This in turn improves performance of the routing process
significantly and increases the Quality of Service (QoS).
LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RELAY-BASED WIMAX NETWORKijwmn
Relay technology promises appreciable network throughput and coverage enhancement which is required
for high speed wireless cellular systems to function to their optimum. This paper is focused on analysing
the link performance of a relay-based WiMAX network under varying conditions. Comparison is made
between relay and direct link communication in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), spectral efficiency and
capacity. Effect of multipath fading and user speed on performance are investigated as well. The entire
study involves a hypothetical view as well as MATLAB simulations to predict the benefit of relay
deployment. This is aimed at solving pertinent issues such as coverage holes and cell edge problems which
are associated with traditional non-relay based cellular networks
A Survey of Various Routing and Channel Assignment Strategies for MR-MC WMNsijsrd.com
One fundamental problem of WMNs with a limited number of radio interfaces and orthogonal channels is that the performance degrades significantly as the network size grows. This results from increased interference between nodes and diminished spatial reuse over the network. A WMN node needs to share a common channel with each of its neighbours in the communication range, requiring it to set up a virtual link. Moreover, to reduce network interference, a node should minimize the number of neighbours that it shares a common channel with. The objective of a channel assignment strategy is to ensure efficient utilization of the available channels (e.g., by minimizing interference) while maximizing connectivity in the network. However, since these two requirements are conflicting with each other, the goal is to achieve a balance between these two. The major constraints which need to be satisfied by a channel assignment scheme include fixed number of channels in the network, limited number of radios in mesh nodes, common channel between two communicating nodes, and limited channel capacity. Also, a channel assignment scheme should take the amount of traffic load supported by each mesh node into consideration.
A QUALITY OF SERVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR RESOURCE PROVISIONING AND RATE CONTROL ...ijasuc
Prioritized flow control is a type of QoS provisioning in which each class is provided a different QoS by
assigning priority to one class over another in terms of allocating resources. It is an effective means to
provide service differentiation to different class of service in mobile ad hoc networks. So the objective is to
achieve a desired level of service to high-priority flows so that the wireless medium is completely utilized
using adaptive rate control. In this paper, we propose to design QoS architecture for Bandwidth
Management and Rate Control in MANET. Our proposed QoS architecture contains an adaptive
bandwidth management technique which measures the available bandwidth at each node in real-time and
it is then propagated on demand by the QoS routing protocol. The source nodes perform call admission
control for different priority of flows based on the bandwidth information provided by the QoS routing.
The network bandwidth utilization is monitored continuously and network congestion is detected in
advance. Then a rate control mechanism is used to regulate best-effort traffic.
A QUALITY OF SERVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR RESOURCE PROVISIONING AND RATE CONTROL ...ijasuc
Prioritized flow control is a type of QoS provisioning in which each class is provided a different QoS by
assigning priority to one class over another in terms of allocating resources. It is an effective means to
provide service differentiation to different class of service in mobile ad hoc networks. So the objective is to
achieve a desired level of service to high-priority flows so that the wireless medium is completely utilized
using adaptive rate control. In this paper, we propose to design QoS architecture for Bandwidth
Management and Rate Control in MANET. Our proposed QoS architecture contains an adaptive
bandwidth management technique which measures the available bandwidth at each node in real-time and
it is then propagated on demand by the QoS routing protocol. The source nodes perform call admission
control for different priority of flows based on the bandwidth information provided by the QoS routing.
The network bandwidth utilization is monitored continuously and network congestion is detected in
advance. Then a rate control mechanism is used to regulate best-effort traffic.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Tight Coupling Internetworking Between UMTS and WLAN: Challenges, Design Arch...CSCJournals
To provide seamless internet connectivity anywhere at any time to the mobile users, there is a strong demand for the integration of wireless access networks for all-IP based Next Generation Networks (NGN). The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is capable of providing high data rate at low cost. However, its services are limited to a small geographical area. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks provide global coverage, however, cost is high and the provided data rate do not fulfill the requirements of bandwidth intensive applications. By integrating these two promising technologies; UMTS and WLAN several benefits can be achieved, i.e., load balancing, extension of coverage area, better Quality of Service (QoS), improved security features, etc. Therefore, the integration of these two technologies can provide ubiquitous connectivity and high data rate at low cost to wireless clients. In this paper different integration mechanisms of UMTS and WLAN are investigated. More precisely, an integrated mechanism for the integration of UMTS and WLAN based on two different variations of tight coupling, i.e., interconnecting WLAN with Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is designed and analyzed. The simulated results reveal that the GGSN-WLAN integration performance is better than the SGSN-WLAN integration for all the applied applications and measurement parameters.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
VEGAS: Better Performance than other TCP Congestion Control Algorithms on MANETsCSCJournals
The wireless communication TCP/IP protocol is an important role in developing communication systems and which provides better and reliable communication capabilities in almost all kinds of networking environment. The wireless networking technology and the new kind of requirements in communication systems need some extensions to the original design of TCP for on coming technology development. In this paper we have analyzed six TCP Congestion Control Algorithms and their performance on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). More specifically, we describe the performance behavior of BIC, Cubic, TCP Compound, Vegas, Reno and Westwood congestion control algorithms. The evaluation is simulated through Network Simulator (NS2) and the performance of these congestion control algorithms is analyzed with suitable metrics.
Performance analysis of economic model and radio resource management in heter...IJCNCJournal
Radio resource management (RRM) is the system level control of co-channel interference and other radio
transmission characteristics in wireless communication systems. In this paper we first analyze a utility
function based access selection (UFAS) method. Then we investigate a radio resource management and
network selection scheme in heterogeneous wireless network. We propose an economic model to allocate
radio resources for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Networks and Wireless local Area (WLAN)
networks. Moreover we formulate and solve the optimization problem in WLAN and CDMA networks and
simulate those equations using MATLAB. Simulated results show that the proposed scheme can achieve
more number of users and more social welfare which outperform the utility function based access selection
method.
Downlink beamforming and admissin control for spectrum sharing cognitive radi...acijjournal
n this paper, to detect the moving objects between frames in compressed video and to obtain the bes
t
compression video
and the noiseless video. We describe a video in which frames by classifying
macroblocks (MB), and describe motion estimation (ME), motion vector field (MV) and motion
compensation (MC). we propose to classify Macroblocks of each video frame into different
classes and use
this class information to describe the frame content based on the motion vector. MB class informatio
n
video applications such as shot change detection, motion discontinuity detection, Outlier rejection
for
global motion estimation. To reduc
e the noise and to improve the clarity of the compressed video by using
contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) Algorithm
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER AGGREGATION FOR VARIOUS MOBILE NETWORK IMPLEM...ijwmn
Carrier Aggregation (CA) is one of the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) features that allow mobile network operators (MNO) to combine multiple component carriers (CCs) across the available spectrum to create a wider bandwidth channel for increasing the network data throughput and overall capacity. CA has a potential to enhance data rates and network performance in the downlink, uplink, or both, and it can support aggregation of frequency division duplexing (FDD) as well as time division duplexing (TDD). The technique enables the MNO to exploit fragmented spectrum allocations and can be utilized to aggregate licensed and unlicensed carrier spectrum as well. This paper analyzes the performance gains and complexity level that arises from the aggregation of three inter-band component carriers (3CC) as compared to the aggregation of 2CC using a Vienna LTE System Level simulator. The results show a considerable growth in the average cell throughput when 3CC aggregations are implemented over the 2CC aggregation, at the expense of reduction in the fairness index. The reduction in the fairness index implies that, the scheduler has an increased task in resource allocations due to the added component carrier. Compensating for such decrease in the fairness index could result into scheduler design complexity. The proposed scheme can be adopted in combining various component carriers, to increase the bandwidth and hence the data rates.
A Distributed Three-hop Routing Protocol to Increase the Capacity of Hybrid W...1crore projects
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A distributed three hop routing protocol to increase the capacity of hybrid w...LeMeniz Infotech
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A small vessel detection using a co-located multi-frequency FMCW MIMO radar IJECEIAES
Small vessels detection is a known issue due to its low radar cross section (RCS). An existing shore-based vessel tracking radar is for long-distance commercial vessels detection. Meanwhile, a vessel-mounted radar system known for its reliability has a limitation due to its single radar coverage. The paper presented a co-located frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) maritime radar for small vessel detection utilising a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The radar behaviour is numerically simulated for detecting a Swerling 1 target which resembles small maritime’s vessels. The simulated MIMO configuration comprised two transmitting and receiving nodes. The proposal is to utilize a multi-frequency FMCW MIMO configuration in a maritime environment by applying the spectrum averaging (SA) to fuse MIMO received signals for range and velocity estimation. The analysis was summarised and displayed in terms of estimation error performance, probability of error and average error. The simulation outcomes an improvement of 2.2 dB for a static target, and 0.1 dB for a moving target, in resulting the 20% probability of range error with the MIMO setup. A moving vessel's effect was observed to degrade the range error estimation performance between 0.6 to 2.7 dB. Meanwhile, the proposed method was proven to improve the 20% probability of velocity error by 1.75 dB. The impact of multi-frequency MIMO was also observed to produce better average error performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
EFFICIENT PACKET DELIVERY APPROACH FOR ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORKS cscpconf
A wireless ad-hoc network is a collection of nodes which are selfconfiguring,
connected by wireless links. The nodes are free to move randomly and
organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network's topology may change rapidly and
unpredictably. These kinds of networks are very flexible and they do not require any
existing infrastructure. Therefore, ad-hoc wireless networks are suitable for temporary
communication links. The biggest challenge in these kinds of networks is to find a path
between the communication end points of nodes that are mobile. Due to the limited
transmission range of wireless interfaces, the communication traffic has to be relayed
over several intermediate nodes to enable the communication between two nodes.
Therefore, these kinds of networks are also called multi-hop ad-hoc networks. The
proposed model is designed to improve the problems of real-time event-based
communication. It improves the packet delivery ratio by prior prediction and reduces
end-to-end packet delay. This in turn improves performance of the routing process
significantly and increases the Quality of Service (QoS).
LINK-LEVEL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF RELAY-BASED WIMAX NETWORKijwmn
Relay technology promises appreciable network throughput and coverage enhancement which is required
for high speed wireless cellular systems to function to their optimum. This paper is focused on analysing
the link performance of a relay-based WiMAX network under varying conditions. Comparison is made
between relay and direct link communication in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), spectral efficiency and
capacity. Effect of multipath fading and user speed on performance are investigated as well. The entire
study involves a hypothetical view as well as MATLAB simulations to predict the benefit of relay
deployment. This is aimed at solving pertinent issues such as coverage holes and cell edge problems which
are associated with traditional non-relay based cellular networks
A Survey of Various Routing and Channel Assignment Strategies for MR-MC WMNsijsrd.com
One fundamental problem of WMNs with a limited number of radio interfaces and orthogonal channels is that the performance degrades significantly as the network size grows. This results from increased interference between nodes and diminished spatial reuse over the network. A WMN node needs to share a common channel with each of its neighbours in the communication range, requiring it to set up a virtual link. Moreover, to reduce network interference, a node should minimize the number of neighbours that it shares a common channel with. The objective of a channel assignment strategy is to ensure efficient utilization of the available channels (e.g., by minimizing interference) while maximizing connectivity in the network. However, since these two requirements are conflicting with each other, the goal is to achieve a balance between these two. The major constraints which need to be satisfied by a channel assignment scheme include fixed number of channels in the network, limited number of radios in mesh nodes, common channel between two communicating nodes, and limited channel capacity. Also, a channel assignment scheme should take the amount of traffic load supported by each mesh node into consideration.
A QUALITY OF SERVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR RESOURCE PROVISIONING AND RATE CONTROL ...ijasuc
Prioritized flow control is a type of QoS provisioning in which each class is provided a different QoS by
assigning priority to one class over another in terms of allocating resources. It is an effective means to
provide service differentiation to different class of service in mobile ad hoc networks. So the objective is to
achieve a desired level of service to high-priority flows so that the wireless medium is completely utilized
using adaptive rate control. In this paper, we propose to design QoS architecture for Bandwidth
Management and Rate Control in MANET. Our proposed QoS architecture contains an adaptive
bandwidth management technique which measures the available bandwidth at each node in real-time and
it is then propagated on demand by the QoS routing protocol. The source nodes perform call admission
control for different priority of flows based on the bandwidth information provided by the QoS routing.
The network bandwidth utilization is monitored continuously and network congestion is detected in
advance. Then a rate control mechanism is used to regulate best-effort traffic.
A QUALITY OF SERVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR RESOURCE PROVISIONING AND RATE CONTROL ...ijasuc
Prioritized flow control is a type of QoS provisioning in which each class is provided a different QoS by
assigning priority to one class over another in terms of allocating resources. It is an effective means to
provide service differentiation to different class of service in mobile ad hoc networks. So the objective is to
achieve a desired level of service to high-priority flows so that the wireless medium is completely utilized
using adaptive rate control. In this paper, we propose to design QoS architecture for Bandwidth
Management and Rate Control in MANET. Our proposed QoS architecture contains an adaptive
bandwidth management technique which measures the available bandwidth at each node in real-time and
it is then propagated on demand by the QoS routing protocol. The source nodes perform call admission
control for different priority of flows based on the bandwidth information provided by the QoS routing.
The network bandwidth utilization is monitored continuously and network congestion is detected in
advance. Then a rate control mechanism is used to regulate best-effort traffic.
Spectrum Sharing between Cellular and Wi-Fi Networks based on Deep Reinforcem...IJCNCJournal
Recently, mobile traffic is growing rapidly and spectrum resources are becoming scarce in wireless networks. Due to this, the wireless network capacity will not meet the traffic demand. To address this problem, using cellular systems in an unlicensed spectrum emerged as an effective solution. In this case, cellular systems need to coexist with Wi-Fi and other systems. For that, we propose an efficient channel assignment method for Wi-Fi AP and cellular NB, based on the DRL method. To train the DDQN model, we implement an emulator as an environment for spectrum sharing in densely deployed NB and APs in wireless heterogeneous networks. Our proposed DDQN algorithm improves the average throughput from 25.5% to 48.7% in different user arrival rates compared to the conventional method. We evaluated the generalization performance of the trained agent, to confirm channel allocation efficiency in terms of average throughput under the different user arrival rates.
Spectrum Sharing between Cellular and Wi-Fi Networks based on Deep Reinforcem...IJCNCJournal
Recently, mobile traf ic is growing rapidly and spectrum resources are becoming scarce in wireless
networks. Due to this, the wireless network capacity will not meet the traf ic demand. To address this
problem, using cellular systems in an unlicensed spectrum emerged as an ef ective solution. In this case,
cellular systems need to coexist with Wi-Fi and other systems. For that, we propose an ef icient channel
assignment method for Wi-Fi AP and cellular NB, based on the DRL method. To train the DDQN model,
we implement an emulator as an environment for spectrum sharing in densely deployed NB and APs in
wireless heterogeneous networks. Our proposed DDQN algorithm improves the average throughput from
25.5% to 48.7% in dif erent user arrival rates compared to the conventional method. We evaluated the
generalization performance of the trained agent, to confirm channel allocation ef iciency in terms of
average throughput under the dif erent user arrival rates
A CROSS-LAYER BASED SCALABLE CHANNEL SLOT RE-UTILIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR WIRELE...cscpconf
Due to tremendous growth of the wireless based application services are increasing the demand for wireless communication techniques that use bandwidth more effectively. Channel slot reutilization in multi-radio wireless mesh networks is a very challenging problem. WMNs have been adopted as back haul to connect various networks such as Wi-Fi (802.11), WI-MAX (802.16e) etc. to the internet. The slot re-utilization technique proposed so far suffer due to high collision due to improper channel slot usage approximation error. To overcome this here the author propose the cross layer optimization technique by designing a device classification based channel slot re-utilization routing strategy which considers the channel slot and node information from various layers and use some of these parameters to approximate the risk involve in channel slot re-utilization in order to improve the QoS of the network. The simulation and analytical results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach in term of channel slot re-utilization efficiency and thus helps in reducing latency for data transmission and reduce
channel slot collision.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER AGGREGATION FOR VARIOUS MOBILE NETWORK IMPLEM...ijwmn
Carrier Aggregation (CA) is one of the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) features that allow mobile
network operators (MNO) to combine multiple component carriers (CCs) across the available spectrum to
create a wider bandwidth channel for increasing the network data throughput and overall capacity. CA has
a potential to enhance data rates and network performance in the downlink, uplink, or both, and it can
support aggregation of frequency division duplexing (FDD) as well as time division duplexing (TDD). The
technique enables the MNO to exploit fragmented spectrum allocations and can be utilized to aggregate
licensed and unlicensed carrier spectrum as well.
This paper analyzes the performance gains and complexity level that arises from the aggregation of three
inter-band component carriers (3CC) as compared to the aggregation of 2CC using a Vienna LTE System
Level simulator. The results show a considerable growth in the average cell throughput when 3CC
aggregations are implemented over the 2CC aggregation, at the expense of reduction in the fairness index.
The reduction in the fairness index implies that, the scheduler has an increased task in resource allocations
due to the added component carrier. Compensating for such decrease in the fairness index could result into
scheduler design complexity. The proposed scheme can be adopted in combining various component
carriers, to increase the bandwidth and hence the data rates.
A CELLULAR BONDING AND ADAPTIVE LOAD BALANCING BASED MULTI-SIM GATEWAY FOR MO...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
A Cellular Bonding and Adaptive Load Balancing Based Multi-Sim Gateway for Mo...pijans
As it is well known, the QoS(quality of service) provided by mobile Internet access point devices is far from
the QoS level offered by the common ADSL modem-router due to several reasons: in fact, mobile Internet
access networks are not designed to support real-time data traffic because of several drawbacks
concerning the wireless medium such as resource sharing, traffic congestion, radio link coverage etc.,
which impact directly such parameters as delay, jitter, and packet loss rate that are strictly connected to
the quality of user experience. The main scope of the present paper is to introduce a dual USIM HSPA
gateway for ad hoc and sensors networks thanks to which it will be possible to guarantee a QoS suitable
for a series of network-centric application such as real-time communications and monitoring, video
surveillance, real-time sensor networks, telemedicine, vehicular and mobile sensor networks and so on. The
main idea is to exploit multiple radio access networks in order to enhance the available end-to-end
bandwidth and the perceived quality of experience. The scope has been reached by combining multiple
radio access with dynamic load balancing and the VPN (virtual private network) bond technique.
Energy Behavior in Ad Hoc Network Minimizing the Number of Hops and Maintaini...CSCJournals
Wireless ad-hoc mesh network is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. The topology of the network changes as the nodes are in the proximity of each other. Ad-hoc networks are generally self-configuring no stable infrastructure takes a place. In this network, each node should help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism. This mechanism is needed to reach far destination nodes to solve problem of dead communication. This multiple traffic "hops" within a wireless mesh network caused dilemma. Wireless mesh network that contain multiple hops become increasingly vulnerable to problems such as energy degradation and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides a generic routing framework that balances energy efficient broadcast schemes in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network and maintaining connectivity of nodes (mobile terminals). Typically, each node’s activities will consume energy, either for sending packets, receiving or preparing/processing packets. Number of hops, distance of nodes, and size of packet will determine the consumption of energy. The framework is based on the principle that additional relay nodes with appropriate energy and routing metric between source and final destination significantly reduces the energy consumption necessary to deliver packets in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network while keep the connectivity of dynamic nodes. Using the framework, the average network connectivity is kept 18% higher and the lifetime of network lasting more than 2.38% compared with network with Link State Routing mechanism. The simulation notes that the end-to-end delay may increase rapidly if relay nodes are more than five.
Constellation Shared Multiple Access - A Noma Scheme for Increased User Capac...IJCNCJournal
While the legacy cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiple access is retained as the preferred multiple access scheme for 5G enhanced mobile broadband the research is now focussed on the multiple access schemes for massive machine type communication (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency communication .Though orthogonal multiple access schemes provide simple reception, they limit number of simultaneous user equipment as against the primary requirement of mMTC. On the other hand, the various non-orthogonal multiple access schemes which have been proposed so far as the likely solution, need complex successive interference cancellation receivers. So a simplified scheme named constellation shared multiple access is proposed here which substantially increases the number of simultaneous users to be served within a single resource block (RB) in LTE or 5G New Radio, thus aiding the massive connectivity requirement of mMTC. This is achieved by differentiating among the users in constellation domain. Moreover, the simple architecture compatible with 5G eMBB makes it a strong contender multiple access contender for 5G mMTC.
CONSTELLATION SHARED MULTIPLE ACCESS - A NOMA SCHEME FOR INCREASED USER CAPAC...IJCNCJournal
While the legacy cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiple access is retained as the preferred
multiple access scheme for 5G enhanced mobile broadband the research is now focussed on the multiple
access schemes for massive machine type communication (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low latency
communication .Though orthogonal multiple access schemes provide simple reception, they limit number
of simultaneous user equipment as against the primary requirement of mMTC. On the other hand, the
various non-orthogonal multiple access schemes which have been proposed so far as the likely solution,
need complex successive interference cancellation receivers. So a simplified scheme named constellation
shared multiple access is proposed here which substantially increases the number of simultaneous users to
be served within a single resource block (RB) in LTE or 5G New Radio, thus aiding the massive
connectivity requirement of mMTC. This is achieved by differentiating among the users in constellation
domain. Moreover, the simple architecture compatible with 5G eMBB makes it a strong contender multiple
access contender for 5G mMTC.
Channel Capacity Maximization using NQHN Approach at Heterogeneous NetworkIJECEIAES
In present scenario, the high speed data transmission services has pushed limits for wireless communication network capacity, at same time multimedia transmission in real-time needs provision of QoS, therefore the network capacity and small cell coverage has comes with lots of challenges. Improving the channel capacity and coverage area within the available bandwidth is necessary to provide better QoS to users, and improved channel capacity for the FCUs and MCUs in network. In this paper, we are proposing an NQHN approach that incorporate with efficient power allocation, improving the channel capacity by optimized traffic scheduling process in a small cell HetNets scenario. This work efficiently handle the interference with maintaining the user QoS and the implemented power controller uses HeNB power as per the real time based approach for macro-cell and femto-cell. Moreover, we consider the real traffic scenario to check the performance of our proposed approach with respect to existing algorithm.
Duplexing mode, ARB and modulation approaches parameters affection on LTE upl...IJECEIAES
The next generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile networks. LTE is the first technology designed explicitly for the Next Generation Network NGN and is set to become the de-facto NGN mobile access network standard. It takes advantage of the NGN's capabilities to provide an always-on mobile data experience comparable to wired networks. In this paper LTE uplink waveforms displayed with various duplexing mode, Allocated Resources Blocks ARB, Modulation types and total information per frame, QPSK and 16 QAM used as modulation techniques and tested under AWGN and Rayleigh channels, similarity and interference of the generated waveforms tested using auto-correlation and cross-correlation respectively.
Abstract The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol uses a short request-to-send (RTS) and clear-to-send (CTS) control packets prior of actual data packet transmission. The function of the CSMA/CA based MAC protocol in wireless communication is to facilitate wireless nodes (i.e. laptop, PC, smart phones and etc) to access a wireless medium efficiently. Besides, it is also efficiently manage the wireless medium when more wireless nodes involving in transmission activity in the network. This protocol allows all wireless nodes in the network to communicate between each other without collision. Since collisions may only occurred on the RTS control packets thus it can reduce the actual data collision on the medium. The RTS/CTS control handshake provides better performance and reduce the duration of collision especially when long data packets are transmitted over wireless medium. However, even though the CSMA/CA based MAC protocol working effectively and provides better throughput performance over single hop communication but it performance degrade significantly when directly applied in multihop Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). The reason behind this poor performance is due to the inefficient packet delivery of CSMA/CA based MAC protocol in multihop network. The exchange of RTS and CTS signaling that required at each hop throughout the multihop network eventually will cause the large overheads and subsequently degrade network throughput. Therefore, in this paper, an enhancement of RTS/CTS handshake has been proposed in order reduces the signaling overheads and ultimately allows a smooth packet delivery in the multihop network without any collision. In this work, the multihop network performances are evaluated analytically in terms of throughput and overhead. It is proven that the new method of RTS/CTS handshake provides significant improvement in throughput and overhead. Keywords: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol; Signaling; Overheads; Multihop communication
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Similar to Quality of Service in bandwidth adapted hybrid UMTS/WLAN interworking network (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, snake optimization algorithm (SOA) is used to find the optimal gains of an enhanced controller for controlling congestion problem in computer networks. M-file and Simulink platform is adopted to evaluate the response of the active queue management (AQM) system, a comparison with two classical controllers is done, all tuned gains of controllers are obtained using SOA method and the fitness function chose to monitor the system performance is the integral time absolute error (ITAE). Transient analysis and robust analysis is used to show the proposed controller performance, two robustness tests are applied to the AQM system, one is done by varying the size of queue value in different period and the other test is done by changing the number of transmission control protocol (TCP) sessions with a value of ± 20% from its original value. The simulation results reflect a stable and robust behavior and best performance is appeared clearly to achieve the desired queue size without any noise or any transmission problems.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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integrated WLAN and cellular networks, because of the unbalanced capacity of the two
systems, issues raised by handover and the unreliable communication in wireless media [9]. To
enable efficient use of the scarce resources provided by the cellular networks while maintaining
strong QoS guarantees, a generic reservation based QoS model has been proposed for
the loosely coupled integrated cellular and WLAN network [10]. Bandwidth adaptation based on
per flow algorithm adjusts the QoS to maintain ongoing sessions at a satisfactory level with
efficient use of the system resources [11]. The QoS management with bandwidth adaptation
based on per class algorithm provides better fairness than bandwidth adaptation based on per
flow algorithm [12]. By adapting the bandwidth, as and when demand arises, a greater number
of users could be served with acceptable level QoS [13-15]. In this paper, hybrid coupled
UMTS/WLAN interworking network with bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class
algorithm is analysed, their performances are compared with the existing non adaptative
scheme via simulation. The rest of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 reviews
the adaptive QoS framework. Bandwith adaptation based on per class algorithm is analysed in
section 3. Performance analysis in section 4 describes the simulation scenario and discusses
the simulation results. Finally, section 5 summarises this study and gives concluding remarks.
Figure 1. Loose coupling architecture Figure 2. Tight coupling architecture
Figure 3. Hybrid coupled UMTS/WLAN interworking architecture
2. Adaptive QoS Framework
WLAN and UMTS networks have different transmission capacities; Consider
the significant difference in transmission capacity between the two systems especially when
user handoff takes place therefore, handoff between the two systems makes it very hard to
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maintain the enough QoS for on going connections. Also, WLAN operates on ISM band and has
a lot of uncontrollable interference. The spread spectrum technique is used to reduce
the interference. To support QoS, in packet switching networks the network load must be kept
under a threshold. The third problem is that the achievable QoS levels in WLAN and UMTS do
not match each other. UMTS is very well designed with careful network planning and mature
admission control algorithms. Therefore, the achievable QoS level is relatively high in UMTS,
while 802.11e WLAN works within a less controlled environment and it is difficult to achieve
hard QoS. The QoS framework based on an adaptive approach [9] for integrated WLAN and
UMTS addresses the above issues and provides practical and user-satisfied QoS. It adapts
the long duration calls in the system based on their state information, because they have
a greater probability of quitting the system thus leaving fewer adapted connections in
the system. Use of adaptation profile can guarantee the satisfied QoS level to the end user and
adapting the long duration calls can minimise the QoS reduction of the entire system. Figure 4
describes the bandwidth adaptation algorithm based on per flow scheme.
Figure 4. Pseudo code of per flow adaptation algorithm, where Bi represents
the required bandwidth, Di denotes the minimum bandwidth request defined
in the connection degradation profile, RBW is requested bandwidth,
SAB is system available bandwidth, and GB is guard bandwidth
3. A Dynamic Bandwidth Management Scheme
In wireless communication networks, negotiation between different network flows is
an effective way to improve overall system performance. The bandwidth adaptation algorithm as
the key factor of the adaptive QoS framework decides how to adjust the QoS connections, since
mobile users should be able to seamlessly maintain their ongoing sessions at a satisfied level.
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This can be done in two ways. One is to adapt a flow to its same level, when it migrates from
one system into another. Ideally, each call in the system should be allocated the maximum
allowable bandwidth. However, WLAN and UMTS have different transmission capacity;
a session that consumes a moderate amount of bandwidth in WLAN system can be greedy and
therefore could be rejected in the UMTS. A connection switched from cellular network to WLAN
needs to level up its bandwidth otherwise it will lose the meaning of the integration. The other
way is to adapt flows to use the system resource more efficiently in a single system or both to
accommodate more new arrivals and handoff calls. The bandwidth adaptation based on per flow
method adapts the long duration calls in the system based on their state information with a good
hope that those flows have a bigger probability to quit the system and leave fewer adapted
connections in the system [10]. The management of per flow algorithm is very complex as
the Call Admission Control (CAC) must search for the longest duration call in the system each
time. It can create unfairness because if the system state does not change frequently, it can
have some connections adapted for long time while others are going at full or at high speed.
In the bandwidth adaptation scheme, which is based on per class degradation [12],
when a new user arrives and there are no enough resources in the system, the system should
ask all connections in the lowest priority level to adapt until they reach their minimum acceptable
level and if the resources is still not enough the process continues with the next priority level
(class). If all connections that have lower or equal priority to the new connection have adapted
to their minimum and still there is no enough resource, this new connection will be rejected.
The adaptation algorithm based on per class scheme is described in Figure 5. By using this per
class method, better fairness is ensured between the connections of the same class. The above
idea also can improve the scalability of the scheme and reduce the computation complexity.
Figure 5. Pseudo code of per class adaptation algorithm
4. Performance Analysis
The simulations are carried out in OPNET 14.5 [16] with the simulation parameters
mentioned in Table 1. Simulation network created for hybrid coupled WLAN and UMTS
interworking network is shown in Figure 6. AP of WLAN is connected to Internet server through
IP backbone which is routed through a router. Node B of UMTS is connected to the server
through RNC, Serving Gateway Support Node (SGSN) and GPRS Gateway Support Node
(GGSN) of UMTS network that is connected to IP backbone, which is path of a loosely coupled
architecture. Also, WLAN AP is connected to server through GGSN of UMTS, which is the path
of tight coupled architecture. Thus, in hybrid coupled architecture the WLAN AP is connected to
Internet server through the paths present in loose coupled as well as tight coupled scenarios.
Table 1. Simulation Parameters
Sl. No Parameter Value Sl. No Parameter Value
1 UMTS Capacity (U) 2Mb/s 4 WLAN to UMTS Handoff 0.01
2 WLAN Capacity (W) 11Mb/s 5 Session Time 180s
3 UMTS to WLAN Handoff 0.05 6 Simulation Time 180s
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Figure 6. Hybrid coupled UMTS and WLAN integrated network
Call arrivals in the simulation follow an independent Poisson process and the session
time of each connection is exponentially distributed. It is well known that dropping an
established communication is worse than rejecting a new call. Therefore, UMTS reserve
a guard bandwidth for the handoff calls to reduce the handoff dropping probability. The reserved
guard bandwidth can be either static or dynamic [17, 18]. The dynamic approach often
outperforms the static at the expense of generating more control overheads [19-22]. However,
the static approach is often attractive in practice owing to its design simplicity. In the simulation,
a static guard bandwidth, 5% of the system capacity is employed to deal with handoff calls.
The integrated network in the simulation consists of one UMTS and one WLAN hotspot.
As WLAN has higher capacity and is cheaper than UMTS, handoff probability from UMTS to
WLAN is 5 times as much as that from WLAN to UMTS. The simulation results demonstrate
the effectiveness of the bandwidth adaptation in the interworking network. The hybrid coupled
interworking network that works under same traffic load and normal operation condition with
non-adaptive, per flow and per class framework respectively were simulated. Each simulation
was executed until the system reaches its stable state. To measure the system performance
merits, throughput and delay [23-27] were observed. QoS parameters such as call blocking
probabilities and data blocking probabilities were also examined.
4.1. Throughput
The throughput of existing hybrid coupled interworking network with non-adaptive
bandwidth and the network with proposed adaptive bandwidth schemes is shown in Figure 7.
It is observed from the figure that the hybrid architecture with per class adaptation offers high
throughput compared to non-adaptive and per flow counterparts.
It is due to the traffic of users flow through two paths present between the users and
internet. Moreover, the per class hybrid coupled architecture offered traffic, for considerably
more users with higher bandwidth than per flow and non-adaptive schemes, it is observed that
the throughput in per class is 5% and 7% higher than non-adaptive and per flow adaptive
schemes respectively. The throughput is moderate in non-adaptive scheme as it accommodates
fewer users whose bandwidth is not modified than per flow and per class counter parts. It is due
to increased users with less bandwidth in the network, per flow scheme has least throughput.
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Figure 7. Throughput comparison
4.2. Delay
The end to end delay of existing hybrid coupled interworking network with non-adaptive
bandwidth and the network with proposed adaptive bandwidth schemes is shown in Figure 8,
it is evident from the figure that the delay is moderate in per class scheme which is 1.4% lesser
and 2.8% higher than per flow and non-adaptive schemes respectively, as it takes
comparatively lesser time for adaptation in per class than per flow scheme and in
non-adaptation hybrid coupling time is not required. It is also evident that delay is 4.2% higher in
per flow than non-adaptive scheme as in per flow more complex algorithm is involved which
search for the flow that are present in the system for longer duration.
Figure 8. Delay comparison
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4.3. Call Blocking Probability (CBP)
Blocking probability represents the amount of traffic blocked by the network, when users
attempt to get the service from the network. Ratio of total voice calls served to total voice calls
attempted, in the network is known as Call Blocking Probability (CBP). Figure 9 shows
the evaluated CBP with respect to users, based on Erlang B for 1200 users. From the figure, it
is evident that as many as 800 users can be accommodated in the network with non-adaptive
scheme without any blocking whereas it is possible to accommodate 1000 users in the case of
per flow method with zero blocking probability, also it is observed that more than 1000 users
can be accommodated in per class scheme with very less blocking probability. It is observed
that the per class hybrid coupling has 27.2% lesser CBP than non-adaptive network and it is
12.9% less than per flow hybrid coupling. The better performance of per class hybrid coupling is
due to the offered capacity is large as compared to per flow and non-adaptive architectures.
In per flow hybrid coupling, the CBP is 14.3% less compared to non-adaptive scheme of hybrid
network, thus it can accommodate lesser number of users than per class hybrid coupled
network and higher number of user than non-adaptive hybrid network.
Figure 9. CBP
4.4. Data Blocking Probability (DBP)
DBP is the ratio of total data served by the network to the total data attempted in
the network. Figure 10 shows the analyzed DBP against number of users. From the figure, it is
observed that the per class hybrid coupled network offered lesser DBP due to its increased
capacity compared to per flow and non-adaptive hybrid architectures. From the figure, it is
evident that more than 850 data users can be accommodated in the network with non-adaptive
scheme without any blocking whereas it is possible to accommodate 1000 users in the case of
per flow method with zero blocking probability, also it is observed that more than 1000 users
can be accommodated in per class scheme with very less blocking probability. Thus,
the network with per class scheme has 18.2% lesser DBP than non-adaptive network and
9% less than per flow hybrid coupling. In per flow adaptation, the DBP is 9% less compared to
non-adaptive hybrid coupling, as it can accommodate lesser number of users than per class
hybrid coupling network and higher number of user than non-adaptive network.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Number of users
Callblockingprobability
Hybrid PC
Hybrid PF
Hybrid Non adaptive
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TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 6, December 2019: 2803-2811
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Figure 10. DBP
5. Conclusion
Integrating WLAN and UMTS networks efficiently with QoS support is a challenging
task. Proposed hybrid coupled interworking network is efficient compared to loosly and tight
coupled network. The generic reservation based QoS model for the loosly coupled cellular and
WLAN interworking network uses bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class
mechanism for ensuring enhanced QoS. In this paper, hybrid coupled UMTS and WLAN based
interworking network with bandwidth adaptation based on per flow and per class algorithm are
analysed and their performance is compared. The results show that per class method adapts all
the flows in certain class and offered better performance than per flow. It is evident from
the higher throughput which is 5 and 7 percent higher, than per flow and non-adaptive schemes.
It also provides computation simplicity and executes faster, which is important for an admission
control component that can be understood from the moderate end to end delay present that is
1.4 percent lesser delay than in per flow scheme. Per class method uses the system resources
more efficiently than the per flow method since it adapted the connections based on
requirement of the new connection, which is observed from the least call and data blocking
probability which are 27.2, 12.9 percent and it is 18.2, 9 percent lesser than non-adaptive and
bandwidth adaptation based on per flow scheme respectively.
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