Intravenous (IV) therapy delivers liquid substances directly into a vein. IV injections and infusions are commonly used to quickly deliver medications and fluids throughout the body. An IV injection involves inserting a small needle into a vein to introduce a drug. The main purposes of IV injections are for fast-acting medications in emergencies, drugs that are irritating or ineffective by other routes, and drugs that act on the bloodstream. Proper technique and monitoring for side effects is important when giving IV injections. Complications can include infiltration of fluid into surrounding tissue, hematoma, air embolism, phlebitis, and allergic reactions. Nurses are responsible for ensuring proper administration and monitoring patients for any adverse effects.
Intravenous Anaesthetics are a group of fast-acting
compounds that are used to induce a state of impaired
awareness of complete sedation.
These are drugs that, when given intravenously in an
appropriate dose, cause a rapid loss of consciousness.
Lars Medicare is a mass manufacturer of IV Infusion set and a diverse range of medical disposable devices. we manufacture as well as export products to 70+ countries.
Intravenous
Cannulation
A intravenous cannula is a flexible tube which when inserted
into the body is used either to withdraw fluid or insert
medication.
• IV Cannula normally comes with a trocar ( a sharp pointed
needle ) attached which allows puncture of the body to get
into the intended space.
Intravenous Anaesthetics are a group of fast-acting
compounds that are used to induce a state of impaired
awareness of complete sedation.
These are drugs that, when given intravenously in an
appropriate dose, cause a rapid loss of consciousness.
Lars Medicare is a mass manufacturer of IV Infusion set and a diverse range of medical disposable devices. we manufacture as well as export products to 70+ countries.
Intravenous
Cannulation
A intravenous cannula is a flexible tube which when inserted
into the body is used either to withdraw fluid or insert
medication.
• IV Cannula normally comes with a trocar ( a sharp pointed
needle ) attached which allows puncture of the body to get
into the intended space.
This presentation is about Iv injection which is used by all health professionals to the patients. This presentation includes definition, purpose, types, equipment with procedure and role of nurse all are included.. this is very helpful demonstration for health care settings.
Parenteral route of Medication Administration. In this Intramuscular & Intravenous Injection is a part, here Explained about the sites, needed articles, Indication, Contra Indication, Complications & step wise Procedure was explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. INTRODUCTION
Intravenous therapy (IV) is a therapy that delivers
liquid substances directly into a vein (intra- + ven-
+ -ous). The intravenous route of administration
can be used for injections (with a syringe at higher
pressures) or infusions (typically using only the
pressure supplied by gravity). Intravenous infusions
are commonly referred to as drips. The intravenous
route is the fastest way to deliver medications and
fluid replacement throughout the body.
3. DEFINITION
Intravenous injection is the introduction of the
small quantity of the drug into the vein by venous
puncture. Introduction of the medicine directly
into the blood stream is called intravenous
injection.
4. PURPOSE
• To have fast action of the drug as in
emergency.
• To give medications that are irritating or
ineffective when given by other routes.
• To have the actions of medicines on the
blood stream or the blood vessels.
5. COMMON SITES OF IV INJECTION
• Ventral aspect of elbow or forearm median cubical,
basilica or cephalic veins.
• Dorsal aspect of hand – brachial, cephalic or
metacarpal veins. In the infants the scalp vein is
used.
6.
7.
8. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
• Expel the air from the syringe before giving the
injection by upholding it in upright position and
gently pressing the piston until a drop of solution
comes to the tip of the needle.
• Always dissolve the drug in correct amount of
fluid to minimize the risk of adverse effect of the
medicine.
• Observe the patient closely for the signs of
adverse reaction of the medicine and have
emergency drugs and the antidote in hand while
injecting the medicine.
9. CON
T..
• Do not give the medicine if the injection site
shows any edema or iv solution is not
following properly to avoid accidental
administration of medicine into the
surrounding tissues.
• When giving iron preparation always confirms
that the patient is not sensitive to it by giving a
test dose.
10. TYPE OF IV ADMINISTRATION
• Adding the medicine in iv solution bottle
(intravenous infusion)
• Existing iv line for continuous infusion.
• Bolus-direct iv push for immediate or fast action.
SELECTION OF SYRINGEAND NEEDLE
• The size of syringe used for iv infusion depends
upon the amount of fluids to be injected.
• Size of the needle used are 18 to 21 gauge or 1 to 2
inches.
11.
12. PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
CHECK
• The diagnosis and age of the patient.
• The purpose of injection.
• The doctors order for the type, dosage, time and
route of administration.
• The patient’s name and bed number.
• The nurses record to find out the time at which the
last dose was given.
• The symptoms of over dose or allergic reaction.
• The form of the medicine available and correct
method of administration.
13. EQUIPMENT
ATRAY CONTAINING:
• Syringe and needles of various sizes according to
the need in a covered tray (sterile).
• Transfer forceps in a jar containing antiseptic
solution.
• Sterile cotton swabs and gauze pieces in sterile
containers.
• Methylated spirit in a container.
• Bowl with water
• Tourniquet
14. CON
T..
• Water for injection.
• Drug order sheet.
• File to cut open the ampoules.
• Small covered tray (sterile).
15. PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT AND
ENVIRONMENT
🠜 Identify the patient correctly
🠜 Explain the procedure to the patient
🠜 Provide privacy
🠜 Place the patient in comfortable and relaxed
position suitable of iv injection.
🠜 Select a site suitable for the route of administration,
quantity of medication to be given, and characteristics
of medication.
16. PROCEDURE
• Read the doctors order and select the
medication
• Wash hands
• Select appropriate syringe and needle and check
whether they are in good working order
• Recheck the order, medicine card with the label
of the medicine, expiry date, etc
• Mix well and take out the required amount of
solution in the syringe
• Apply a tourniquet on the upper arm
17. Cont..
• Ask the patient to clench and unclench the hand
• Pull the skin taut and place the needle in line
• with vein at a 10 to 30 degree angle
• Insert the needle a bit below the point where the
needle will pierce the vein.
• When the back flow of blood occurs into the
syringe release the tourniquet and inject the
medicine very slowly
• Pressure with swab at the puncture site after the
needle is withdrawn.
18. AFTER CARE
• Provide the patient comfortable position
• Observe the area for bleeding if bleeding occurs
apply pressure but do not massage
• Wash hands
• Replace all the articles and dispose off the
disposable articles
• Ask the patient to take rest at least 15 to 30 minutes
so that you can observe him for any reaction
• Observe the patient for any allergic reaction
• Do proper recording and reporting maintain
19. ADVANTAGES OF IV INJECTION
• The therapeutic effect of the drug is seen as
soon as it is administered to the patient.
• IV medication also increases the chances of
removal of toxins from the body cells,
accelerating the healing process
• It also prevents the growth and spread of
cancerous cells. Chemotherapy is given through
IV route so that the drug can move about the
body and destroy the harmful cancerous cell.
20. DISADVANTAGES OF IV INJECTION
• Very slim chances of drug recall, when the drug
given to patient shows adverse effect
• As the drug moves towards the target area quicker
than the other methods the concentration of the red
blood cells present in the area can get dilated leading
to anemia.
• IV medications sometimes causes precipitate
formation that causes embolism myocardial damage.
21. IN
COMPLICATIONS WITH
TRAVENOUS INJECTIONS
• Infiltration
• Hematoma
• Air embolism
• Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis
• Extravascular injection
• Intra-arterial injection
• Allergic reaction
• Sepsis
• Speed shock
22. Local complication
Infiltration: Infiltration occurs when I.V. fluid or
medications leak into the surrounding
tissue. Infiltration can be caused by
improper placement or dislodgment of the
catheter.
23. LOCAL COMPLICATION
:
ExtravasationExtravasation injury is defined as the damage
caused by the efflux of solutions from a vessel
into surrounding tissue spaces during
intravenous infusion. The damage can extend
to involve nerves, tendons, and joints and can
continue for months after the initial insult.
27. NURSING RESPONSIBILITY
• To verify meds and dosage against the patient's chart
and ascertain if the prescribed injection will be
harmful or the prescription is misstated, and to make
certain the med prescribed is viable for injection site
• To make sure the injection site is sterile.
• To ascertain if the injection site is viable
• To make sure the volume of the injection is
compatible with the site of injection.
28. CON
T..
• To maintain sterile field and bandage properly
post injection
• To monitor patient's reaction post injection to
RO anaphylactic or synergistic drug reaction.
• To do proper reporting and recording
29. given by
Medications
administered intermittently
IV are
to treat
usually
emergent
concerns. Medications administered by direct IV
route are given very slowly over Atleast 1 minute.
Administering a medication intravenously
eliminates the process of drug absorption and
breakdown by directly depositing it into the blood.
This results in the immediate elevation of serum
levels and high concentration in vital organs, such
as the heart, brain,and kidneys. Both therapeutic
and adverse effects can occur quickly with direct
intravenous administration.