The document provides a comprehensive overview of various injection methods, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and intradermal, detailing the techniques, equipment, and precautions involved in each type. It emphasizes the importance of patient safety, proper preparation, and adherence to the 'seven rights' of drug administration, ensuring effective delivery of medications. Complications and common medications for each injection type are also discussed, highlighting the necessity for careful execution and monitoring.

2. Introduction
• Most of the injection can be administrated by a variety of
routes, which depends on both drugs as well as patients
related factors.
• Routes can be :-
A. Localaction
B. Systemicaction

3. Local action Systemic action
• Topical
• Deeper tissue
• Arterial
• Oral
• Sub-lingual
• Rectal
• Cutaneous
• Inhalation
• Nasal
• Parenteral
i. Subcutaneous
ii. Intramuscular
iii. Intravenous
iv. Intradermal

4. Parenteral medications
• Administration of a medication by injection into body
tissues.
• Subcutaneous (SC)– into tissue belowdermis of skin
• Intramuscular (IM)– Into body muscle
• Intravenous (IV)– into a vein
• Intradermal (ID)– into dermis just underthe epidermis

6. Injection
• Sterile solution, emulsions or suspensions
• Prepared by dissolving, emulsifying an active
ingredient and any other substances in water for
injection
• Act of giving medication by use of syringe and
needle to obtain the desired
• therapeutic effect taking into account the pts.
Safety and comfort.

7. Drug in injection form ??
• Usually allow rapid absorption
• Produce blood levels comparable to those
of intravenous bolus injections
• Given from 1 ml and up to 2mls in the
deltoid and up to 3 mls in the gluteal
muscle in adults.
• Drugs that are altered or not absorbed
by other method of administration

8. Syringes
• 3 main parts:-
• Barrel – Chamber that holds the medication
• Plunger – Part within the barrel that moves
back and fourth to withdraw and still
medication.
• Tip(hub) – part that the needle is attached
to..

9. Consideration when choosing a syringe
needle
• Type od medication
• Depth of tissue penetration required
• Volume of medication
• viscosity of medication
• size of the client

10. Equipment for the administration
of injection
• Tray which include drug and equipment
• Syringe of appropriate size
• Swab saturated with isopropyl alcohol 70%
• sterile topical swab if drug is presented in
ampoule form drug to be administered
• Pts. Prescription to check dose, route and timing
• Notes available to record administration in
accordance with law
• Gloves , Apron

11. Reduce the risk of
infection
• Good hand washing
• Good hand drying
• Aseptic technique
• Good observation and questioning of client
• Skin preparation, if required

12. 7 Right of Drug administration
1. Right client
2. Right medication
3. Right dose
4. Right route
5. Right time
6. Right reason
7. Right documentation

13. Subcutaneous
injection
- Means under the skin

15. • It is a method of administering medication
• A short needle is used to inject a drug into the tissue layer
between the skin & muscle.
• Medication administered by subcutaneous injection include
drugs that can be given in small volumes.
• Insulin and hormones are commonly administered as
subcutaneous injections.
• Medication like morphine, hydromorphine,
metoclopramide/dexamethasone can also be administered.
• Most often used for PDD.
Introduction

16. Preparation for S.C. inj.
• Location of inj. Is important.
• Some areas of the body have a more easily accessible layer
of tissue , where a needle injected under the skin will not hit
muscle, bone, or blood vessels.

17. Most common site
• Abdomen – at or under the level of
the belly button, about 2 inch away
from naval.
• Arm – back or side of the upper arm
• Thigh - front of the thigh

19. Equipment used
• Medication Syringes
• Auto injector pen

20. How to administer
• Wash hand properly
• Gather supplies
• Clean the injection site
• Prepare for syringe with medication
o Remove the cap from the vial
o draw air into the syringe
o insert air into vial
o withdraw the medication
o remove any air bubbles
• Inject the medication
o Pinch the skin
o inject the needle
o insert the medication
o withdraw the needle
o apply pressure to the site

22. Complication
• Severe pain
• redness
• Swelling
• Warmth or drainage

23. Intramuscular
injection

24. Introduction
• It is a technique used to deliver a medication deep into the muscles.
• This allows the medication to be absorbed into the bloodstream
quickly.

25. Used for?
• Common practice in modern medicine
• Used to deliver drugs and vaccines
• Some time it may be used instead fir I.V. inj. Because drugs
are irritating to veins , or because a suitable vein can not be
located.
• Absorption rate are faster then subcutaneous inj. Because
muscle tissue has a greater blood supply than the tissue
just under the skin.
• It can hold a larger volume of medication than
subcutaneous tissue.

26. Most common site
• Deltoid muscle of the arm
• Vastus lateralis muscle of thigh
• Ventrogluteal muscle of the hip
• Dorsogluteal muscles of the buttocks

28. Method of administration
• Needle size and injection site will depend on many
factors.
• These include age, size of the person receiving the
medication and the volume and the type of medication
• The needle should be long enough to reach the muscle
without penetrating the nerves the blood vessels
underneath.
• Generally, needles should be 1 inch- 1.5 inch for an
adults.
• 22 G – 25 G thick, noted as 22G on the packaging

30. Steps for I.M. inj.
• Wash hands properly
• Gather all needle supplies
• Locate the injection site
• Clean injection site
• Proper syringe with medication
• Self injection withy a syringe
o Insert the needle
o Check for blood
• Inject the medication
• Remove the needle
• Apply pressure to the injection site

31. Complication
 Severe pain at the injection site
 tingling or numbness
 Redness, swelling or warmth at the
injection site
 Drainage at the injection site
 Prolonged bleeding
 Signs of an allergic reactions like-
difficulty in breathing, facial swelling

32. Intravenous
injection

34. • Medication are directly administer into vein using a
needle or tube.
• With I.V. administration , a thin plastic tube called an
IV catheter is inserted into vein.
• It allows to provide safe doses of medication
without needling to poke with a needle each time.

35. • IV medication is often used because of the control if provides over doses
• For instance, in some situation people must receive medication very quickly.
• This includes emergencies such as a heart attack, stroke or poisoning.
• Medications may need to be given slowly but constantly.
• IV administration can also be a controlled way to give drugs overtime.

36. • Typically used for short- term needs.
• It may be used to administer medication during surgery or
to give pain medications or antibiotics.
• A needle is usually inserted into a vein in wrist, elbow, or
back of the hand.
• The catheter is then pushed over needle
• The needle is removed and the catheter remain in vein.

37. • Some are commonly given by this
methods-
• Chemotherapy drugs- doxorubicin,
vincristine, cisplantin, paclitaxel
• Antibiotics – such as ; vancomycin,
meropenem
• Antifungal drugs
• Anti inflammatory drugs
• Drugs for low blood pressure
• Immunoglobulin medication (IVIG)

39. Intradermal
injection

40. Introduction

41. Indication
Diagnostic
• Identify skin allergy to any drugs
• Intradermal allergy test
• Tuberculin skin test/ Montoux test
• Xylocaine sensivity test
Therapeutic
• Administration of local
anesthesia prior to
invasive procedure.

42. Most common site

43. Examples of Intradermal
injection

44. Procedure

45. Implementation
1. Gather an equipment needed
2. Explain the procedure to patients
3. Wash hands and don the gloves
4. Prepare the medication in the nurse station and discard all unwanted
equipment's.
5. Position the client and select the appropriate site for the injection
6. Cleanse the site with the alcohol swab in circular motion
7. Remove the needle cap with non-dominant hand by pulling straight away.
8. Now spread the skin taut and place the needle almost flat against pts. Skin
9. Insert 1/8 inch bevel up so that needle can be seen through the skin.
10. Slowly inject during watching for a bleb to develop
11. Withdraw the needle from the same angles as it was inserted
12. Don't recap the needle, discards syringe & needle into appropriate by.
13. Remove the gloves and gloves an do wash the hands
14. Perform documentation
15. Draw circle using pen or marker around the injection site.
16. Write the date and time of medication administration.

47. Golden rules