This document discusses different types of operating systems categorized by their process management. It describes single-user OSs that can handle one user or one application at a time, as well as multi-user OSs that allow multiple simultaneous users. It also covers multitasking OSs that can run multiple applications concurrently by rapidly switching between them, multiprocessing OSs using multiple CPUs, and multithreading OSs where different parts of a program run concurrently. Other types discussed include real-time, embedded, batch processing, and distributed OSs. The document concludes with an overview of process management in operating systems.

1. TYPES OF OS
(ON THE BASIS OF PROCESSING)
AND
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
CREATED BY
SUBMITTED TOSUBMITTED TO

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION TO OS
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
 SINGLE USER OS
 MULTIUSER OS
 MULTITASKING OS
 MULTIPROCESSING
 MULTI PROGRAMMING
 MULTI THREADING
 EMBEDDED
 BATCH PROCESING
 REALTIME OS
 PROCESS MANAGEMENT
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3. INTRODUCTION TO OS
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An operating system (OS) is software that manages
computer hardware resources and provides common
services for computer programs. The operating system is an
essential component of the system software in a computer
system. Application programs usually require an operating
system to function.
For hardware functions such as input and output and
memory allocation, the operating system acts as an
intermediary between programs and the computer hardware.

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Operating systems can be found on almost
any device that contains a computer—from
cellular phones and video game consoles to
supercomputers and web servers.
Without an operating system, a computer is
just a collection of components heating up
the room as no-one would be able to make
any practical use of the machine.
A large number of operating systems have
been developed over the years; each
designed with a certain kind of computer in
mind.

5. TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
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6. SINGLE USER
Single user, single applicationSingle user, single application
This type of operating system only has to deal
with one person at a time, running one user
application at a time.
An example of a this kind of operating system
would be found on a mobile phone. There can
only be one user using the mobile and that
person is only using one of its applications at a
time.
Single user, multi-taskingSingle user, multi-tasking
You will find this kind of operating system on a
personal computer.
The operating system is designed mainly with a
single user in mind, but it can deal with many
applications running at the same time. For
example, you might be writing an essay, while
searching the internet, and also listening to a
piece of music.
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Single uSer operating SyStemS can be Split into two typeS:

7. Multi-user operating system
A multi-user operating system allows multiple users
to access a computer system at the same time. Time-
sharing systems and Internet servers can be classified
as multi-user systems as they enable multiple-user
access to a computer through the sharing of time.
Single-user operating systems have only one user but
may allow multiple programs to run at the same time.
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examples of multiuser OS are, Multiuser
DOS, Microsoft Windows XP, etc.

9. MULTITASKING
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screenshot of Debian Linux (version 7.1, "Wheezy") running the
GNOME desktop environment, Firefox, Tor, and VLC media
player, all at the same time.
Multitasking allows more than one program
to run concurrently.
The tasks share common processing
resources, such as a CPU and main
memory.
In multitasking, only one CPU is involved,
but it switches from one
program to another so quickly that it gives
the appearance of executing all the
programs at the same time.

10. MULTIPROCESSING
• Multiprocessing, in general, refers to the utilization of multiple
CPUs in a single computer system.
• Multiprocessing operating systems enable several programs to run
concurrently.
• Linux is one of the most widely used multiprocessing systems, but
there are many others, including OS/2 for high-end PCs.
• Operating system must allocated resources to competing
processes in a reasonable manner.
• It is also called parallel processing.
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11. MULTIPROGRAMMING
• A multiprogramming operating system is one that allows end-users to run more
than one program at a time. The development of such a system, the first type to
allow this functionality, was a major step in the development of sophisticated
computers. The technology works by allowing the central processing unit (CPU) of
a computer to switch between two or more running tasks when the CPU is idle.
• A multiprogramming operating system acts by analyzing the current CPU activity in
the computer. When the CPU is idle — when it is between tasks — it has the
opportunity to use that downtime to run tasks for another program. In this way, the
functions of several programs may be executed sequentially.
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12. MULTITHREADING OS
•Multithreading allows different parts of a single program to
run
concurrently.
• Multithreading is the ability of an operating system to
execute
different parts of a program, called threads,
simultaneously.
• Multithreading is generally done in Java programming.
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13. Distributed Operating System
• Distributed Operating System is an operating system that manages
a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a
single computer is known as a distributed operating system.
• The development of networked computers that could be linked and
communicate with each other, gave rise to distributed computing.
• Distributed computations are carried out on more than one
machine.
• When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a
distributed system.
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14. EMBEDDED
• Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer
systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less
autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They
are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and Minix
3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.
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15. Batch processing
• This os process the jobs in batches, known as batch processing system. In
this approach similar jobs were submitted to the CPU for processing and
were run together.
• The main function of a batch processing system is to automatically keep
executing the jobs in a batch. This is the important task of a batch
processing system i.e. performed by the 'Batch Monitor' resided in the low
end of main memory.
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Once the job loaded into primary memory,
it competes for the processor. When the
processor became available, the processor
scheduler selects job that was loaded in the
memory and execute it.
In batch strategy is implemented to provide
a batch file processing. So in this approach
files of the similar batch are processed to
speed up the task.

17. REAL TIME
• A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aims at
executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use
specialized scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic
nature of behavior. The main objective of real-time operating systems is
their quick and predictable response to events. They have an event-driven or
time-sharing design and often aspects of both. An event-driven system
switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events while
time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
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18. Multi-tasking vs. single-tasking
A multi-tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running at the
same time, from the point of view of human time scales. A single-tasking system has
only one running program. Multi-tasking can be of two types: pre-emptive and co-
operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and
dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems such as Solaris
and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking, as does AmigaOS. Cooperative
multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the other processes
in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-
tasking. 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used pre-emptive multi-
tasking.
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19. PROCESS MANAGEMENT
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When there are a no. of
processes running on
the computer system,
it is the job of
operating system to
ensure that every
process gets its fare
share of CPU allocated
time.

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24. SOURCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-multitasking-operating-system.htm
http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/tag/linux/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_management_(computing)
http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=zyOYs2EqZDgC&pg=PA131&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q
&f=false
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_processes.htm
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