The document proposes an intelligent urban traffic control system for Kajang, Malaysia to address traffic congestion issues. It analyzes 4 intersections experiencing long queues and delays during peak hours. Data collection and traffic surveys were conducted to determine optimum cycle times, green splits, and offsets. A proposed advanced traffic management system is described using sensors, variable message signs, and centralized control to monitor traffic flow, detect incidents, and disseminate real-time information to drivers. Upgrading existing controllers with new technologies and coordination is recommended to optimize traffic flow in Kajang.

1. KKKA6424
Intelligent Urban Traffic Control
System
PROPOSED KAJANG URBAN TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.
Supervised By
Ir. Dr. Riza Atiq Abdulla O.K. Rahmat
PREPARED BY :
1-ALAA.H.MOUSA P 71081
2-MOHANAD JAAFAR TALIB P 71085
3-WAEL SAAD HAMEEDI P 71062

2. Introduction
• kajang is located in the eastern part of selangor, Malaysia. Its
away 21 km to the south from the Malaysian capital city kuala
Lumpur Kajang town has grown rapidly in the past several
decades.
• Continuous traffic growth through developed areas and
difficulties in building new transportation infrastructure have
caused a need for careful monitoring of operating conditions
on existing transportation facilities.

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
• The major problems in Kajang are traffic congestions
and long queues at intersections during peak hours.
• Increasing of traveling times due to increasing numbers
of road users and limited resources provided by current
infrastructures.
• Inability of existing method in determining traffic
demand and provide suitable time split when the traffic
volume exceeds its capacity is another main factor which
lead to traffic congestion.
• these problems are mainly due to poor coordination

4. STUDY OBJECTIVE
o To propose solution to traffic congestion in Kajang
by optimizing traffic flows along a few selected
arterial routes.
The solution shall include:
• To upgrade current situation of traffic flow in
Kajang town
• To ensure the safety of the traffic users
• To give real time information to the users
• To propose mechanism of action during
incident/breakdown
• To have better service of traffic in Kajang town

5. STUDY FOCUS AREA
The study has focus on the locations are recognized as the followings:
• Intersection 1: near to kajang stadium and kajang satay restaurant
• Intersection 2: near to kajang police station
• Intersection 3: near to prescot hotel
• Intersection 4: near to kajang hospital and metro point mall

6. Site Visit and Visual Appraisal
• in order to get first hand knowledge
• to evaluate the actual site problems.
• Existing traffic data, documents and drawings was
examined to obtain the information of the selected
intersections.
• Preliminary data such as number of lanes, distance between
intersection, phasing sequences, signal timing, and traffic
volume are collected during the site visit.

7. Traffic Survey & Analysis
• Determine the best control methodology for the
intersection.
• Determine the optimum cycle time, green time split and
offset time.
Time of study:
• We started to collect the data by visiting the intersections
evening (5:30 __ 6:30PM), which is the peak hour
volume.

8. Output
The output of the study consists of the followings:
• To set a suitable Cycle Time and Offset Time for the
purpose of regulating travel speed.
• To introduce solution for upgrading existing traffic
control system which would optimize traffic flows in
Kajang.

9. STUDY METHODOLOGY
The study consists of five main activities as shown below:

10. DATA COLLECTION (TRAFFIC SURVEY)
• The survey has been carried out manually at the selected
intersection.
Two types of traffic count
• Peak Hours Junction Classified Volumetric Count
• Mid-block 16-hours Classified Volumetric Count
to determine optimum cycle timing and green time split
plan. In addition, Travel Time Survey and Queue Length
and Delay survey are required to determine the optimum
offset.

11. Adopted Passenger Car Unit (pcu) factors.

12. Phase 1
3736
Phase 2
590
Phase 2
1263
Phase 3
1056
Phase 3
497
Phase 4
296
Phase 1
1398
Phase 3
788
Phase 1
1078
138 m 388 m
Intersection
2
Phase 1
1020
Phase 2
991
Phase 2
1173
Phase 3
2002
Intersection
1
Intersection
3
Intersection
4
283 m

13. DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM CYCLE
TIME & OPTIMUM GREEN TIME SPLIT:
• For optimum time, Webster method is used for
calculation as it is a widely used and easily understood
method. The Webster formula is given as follows
(Webster & Cobbe 1966):
𝐶𝑜.=1.5 𝐿+5/1− 𝑌
• Where;
• Co = Optimum cycle time in second.
• L = Lost time in one cycle which includes all red time
and start up delay.
• For Malaysian condition, 3 to 4 seconds per phase can be
used.
• Y= Summation of critical flow ratio with saturation flows
at all approaches.

18. DETERMINATION OF OFFSET
• McShane et. al. has modified the formula by taking into
account the initial start-up delay and also the existing
vehicle waiting for the green light. The ideal offset has to
be modified as follows:
• 𝑡- 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙.= ( 𝐿/ 𝑆)-(Qh+Loss1).
Where;
• Q = number of vehicles queued per lane, vehicle
• H = discharge hadway of queue vehicle in
seconds/vehicle.
• L = distance between intrsections in meter
• S = speed in m/s
• Loss1= loss time associated with vehicles starting from
rest at the first downstream signal

20. Intersection 4
Intersection 1
Intersection 2
Intersection 3

21. Traffic Control system
Proposed Advanced Traffic control
Systems
Overview:
• the application of advanced and emerging technologies (computers,
sensors, control, communications, and electronic devices) in
transportation to save lives, time, money, energy and the environment.
• The goal of ITS in road transport is to achieve improvements in mobility,
safety, and the productivity of the transportation system
• Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) have proven to be one of
the most successful components in accomplishing these objectives.

22. types of systems and functionality that can be
provided through Advanced Traffic Management
Systems.
Information Collection
Strategic traffic management and control requires information about
the operational state and characteristics of traffic flow.
• Traffic Flow or Volume – the number of vehicles passing a point per
unit of time;
• Vehicle Speed – the distance traveled by a vehicle per unit of time,
usually expressed in km/h;
• Traffic Density – the number of vehicles occupying a road lane per
unit of length at a given point in time;

23. Occupancy
similar to traffic density, usually expressed as a percentage
representing the percentage of time a detection zone on the road is
occupied
Incident
• an unplanned event that occurs within a roadway (on the traveled
portion, shoulder or roadside)
• Relevant details of an incident include date/time, location,
direction of travel, type of impact

24. Weather Conditions
Relevant details on current Weather Conditions such as:
• wind speed, humidity, temperature, visibility, etc.
• many different types of detectors/sensors are available, including
roadway sensors and vehicle probes.

25. Roadway Sensors
Roadway sensors can be divided into several categories:
• embedded or intrusive (i.e., embedded in the pavement),
• non-intrusive (i.e., installed off the pavement), and environmental.
The following is a list of the more commonly used sensors:
Inductive Loop Magnetometer Road Surface Sensors

26. Surface Street Control
monitoring, control and management of
traffic operations on municipal streets and
arterials.
• The primary application of ITS within Surface Street Control is
the management of signalized intersection control and the
assignment of right-of-way for all users of the transportation
network including vehicles (e.g., passenger cars, trucks, transit
vehicles, emergency response vehicles, maintenance vehicles,
etc.), cyclists and pedestrians.

27. Highway Control
Highway Control uses roadside equipment and
communications to monitor traffic conditions on the
highway network for traffic management, incident
detection and management and access control.

28. Regional Traffic Control
The major objectives of Regional Traffic
Control Systems are to:
• Reduce delays and collision risks
• Disseminate information to motorists about the freeway/arterial
corridor condition to improve safety and mobility, and enable
diversion
• Maintain the freeway/arterial corridor at an operating level by
efficient implementation of traffic control strategies

29. Traffic Information Dissemination

30. Smart surveillance system
Sensing technologies
• Sensing systems for ITS are vehicle and infrastructure
based networked systems
Video vehicle detection
• video detection systems such as those used in automatic number
plate recognition do not involve installing any components directly
into the road surface

31. Junction Electronic Eyes (J-Eyes)
• Operators watching the video images can intervene to
avoid congestion-causing situations such as illegal
parking.
Acoustic – Acoustic detectors
• Use microphones and signal processing technology to listen for
sounds made by passing vehicles to determine the presence of a
vehicle.

32. Video Image Processing (VIP)
• Video image processing utilizes images provided by video cameras
installed near the roadway. “Machine Vision” algorithms are
combined with computerized pattern recognition software to detect
passing vehicles
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Cameras
cameras are used to monitor traffic flow conditions and verify traffic
congestion and incidents.

33. Variable message signs (vms)
• Message signs are used to communicate different types of
information: about recurring events, such as alternate routes
around bottlenecks during rush hours;
• About non-recurring events, such as construction, lane closures or
detours;
• About roadside facilities and attractions such as parking availability
and recommended routes for sporting and entertainment events;
• Weather and other natural events such as rockslides or floods;
• Traffic management operations such as the activation of HOV or
HOT lanes, ramp meters or the presence of tolls and;
• The speed of a vehicle.

34. How They Affect Driver Behavior
• A study conducted showed that message signs could cause a significant
number of drivers to change their routes.
For example, the longer the queue length posted on the message sign, the
greater the number of drivers who diverted. Credibility and clarity are
very important if variable message signs are to have an effect on drivers'
behavior.
Where are they implemented?
• As with highway advisory radio, the frequent companion technology for
variable message signs,
• variable signs are often used to tell drivers about conditions in closed
or fixed systems such as turnpikes, tunnels, bridges, airports and
causeways.

36. Public Transport Management system
Advance public transport system APTS technologies are a collection
of technologies that increase the efficiency and safety of public
transportation systems and offer users greater access to information
on system operations.

37. Automatic Vehicle Location Systems
• Improved dispatch and operational efficiency;
• Improved overall reliability of service;
• Quicker responses to disruptions in service, such as vehicle failure
or unexpected congestion;
• Quicker response to threats of criminal activity (via silent alarm
activation by the driver); and
• Extensive information provided at a lower cost for future planning
purposes.

38. Transit Operations Software
This software helps the operator monitor the fleet’s effectiveness in
meeting demand, identify incidents, manage response, and restore
service more effectively.
Geographic Information Systems
. A GIS is a special type of computerized database management
system in which geographic databases are related to one another to
allow an operator to immediately locate bus stops or subway
stations or to determine the best route from one point to another
when assisting transit passengers.

39. Automatic Passenger Counters
• collect data on passenger boardings and alightings by time and location. APCs
may contain mechanisms for delivering this information to the transit
operations center for monitoring the level of demand in real time.
Traffic Signal Priority Systems
• is a technology by which a traffic signal may be held green (or made
green earlier than scheduled) so that a vehicle may pass through the
intersection more quickly.
• Applying this technology to buses allows for an increased number
of people to pass through an intersection during a light cycle
• .It also helps with the management of bus routes that have short
headways and helps to alleviate “bunching”— a situation where one
or more buses find themselves too closely following one another.

40. Traveler Information Systems
• Combine computer and communications technologies to provide
vehicle information to travelers at home, at work, on the roadside,
or at bus and rail transit stations.
• The information allows travelers to choose the most efficient and
convenient modes of travel.
• Travelers can access real-time schedules and congestion
information through telephones, cable television, variable message
signs, kiosks, or personal computers.

41. Transportation Demand Management
• The goal of demand management is to maximize the capacity of the
current transportation network in order to meet the increase in the
demand for transportation services.
The Transit Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI)
• Advanced safety and information systems are applied to help drivers
operate transit vehicles more safely and effectively.
• The current focus of Transit IVI is to test these technologies on
buses and transit vehicles; rail vehicles will be considered in the
future.

42. Communications
Internet Access
• In Kajang Municipal area, Municipal Council and JKR (together get
the budget) need to extend the webpage facilities to enable the
traffic information updated hourly or more frequent to their existing
webpage.
• The webpage also can provides information on incidents, reports of
road closures, road works or any events impacting on traffic flows in
the Kajang City
Car Navigation System
• in Malaysia recently the Navigation system become popular to the car
user, nevertheless the system is not interacting with the life traffic at
the road.
• at this time the navigation system only guide the user to the
destination either faster, nearest, toll highway and non toll highway.
• The new technology in this system, allow the system to link to the
traffic website. From there, they can access the information about the
traffic condition and guide the user to the smooth route.

44. Call Centre
• Kajang Municipal Council and JKR suggested to set-up
one medium size call centre or control centre to provide
information and control the traffic in Kajang area
especially at Kajang City Centre.
• It can provide automated half-hourly to hourly reports of
traffic situation as well as reporting of major situation in
Kajang City.
• Traffic information on main route is also automatically
updated to the interactive voice response system.
• If the traveller require more personal response call agents
at the Call Centre will also be on hand to answer specific
queries within the Kajang city.

45. Radio / TV Station
• Traveller can also get the information of the current traffic condition
from the radio and TV station.
• Nowadays, many radio and TV station concern about their listener
and viewer demand that wish to know about the traffic condition at
the morning and evening peak hours.
• the radio and TV can collaborate with Traffic Control Centre for the
Kajang City as example below:-

46. SMS/MMS System or Personal Digital
Assistant
• By cooperating with the telecommunication service provider, the
traffic condition can be attained by the communication tools which
are hand phone and personal digital assistant (PDA).
• The traveller can send SMS or MMS to get the information about
traffic flow.
• They also can subscribe the information about traffic flow at the
peak hours for monthly payment from the telecommunication
service provider.

47. Cost

48. Cost

50. CONCLUSION
• Most of the existing traffic controllers are based on vehicle-actuated
system.
• This system is good for isolated intersection if the maximum time of each
phase is calculated to optimize traffic flows.
• Multi-plan timing system could be set based on computed timing that gives
optimum traffic flows.
• The optimization procedure includes individual controller setting and offset
timing to minimize stopping and maximize flows that give progressive
flows with maximum bandwidth.
• Optimizing existing traffic controllers are relatively easy although it
requires surveys and on site setting.
• However to maintain optimum operation, constant monitoring is needed
especially if power supply is not stable.
• It is undeniable that setting up a ITS system in this Kajang town area would
be a very wise decision as it will help to lessen the congestion in Kajang and
also will benefits the town here as has smoother traffic flow.

51. RECOMMENDATIONS
Initial and maintenance works to optimize existing traffic controllers consume
a great deal of time and energy. the traffic flows could be optimized in real
time automatically. Our recommends are:
• Upgrade the existing controllers with microprocessors
• Install advanced sensors
• Install communication system to facilitate data exchanges between traffic
controllers to optimizing traffic flows.
Other recommendation if the congestion still cannot be manage by this system
are stated below:
• Introduce Response team during peak hour by Municipal Council or JKR to
control the traffic during accident happen at site and as part of the reported
team from site to Control centre or caller room
• To introduce of prohibition for heavy vehicles through the highway at peak
times especially backhoe and industrial/construction machine.