alluvial soil
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An alluvial river is a river whose channel and banks are composed of erodible soil and sediment materials. The shape and form of an alluvial river channel is determined by the river's natural processes of erosion, sediment transport, and deposition over time. Alluvial rivers can freely adjust their section, pattern, and profile in response to changes in water flow and sediment conditions. In contrast, non-alluvial channels are confined by bedrock or other rigid materials and cannot freely change their form.
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References.
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Okay, let me solve this step-by-step:
Given:
Discharge of canal (Q) = 50 cumec
Let's assume:
Bed width (B) = x meters
Depth of water (D) = y meters
Cross-sectional area (A) = B*D + 1.5D^2
Wetted perimeter (P) = B + 3.6D
Hydraulic mean depth (R) = A/P
From the economical section condition:
R = D/2
Equating the two expressions of R and solving:
(B*D + 1.5D^2) / (B + 3
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Hydrology.
Runoff Defn, need, Factors affecting runoff.
Runoff measurement methods.
Runoff measuring instruments.
Factors considered for site analysis.
Case study.
References.
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This document discusses various methods of artificially recharging groundwater. It describes techniques such as spreading water over permeable land or pits for it to infiltrate shallow aquifers. Other methods discussed are storing water in shallow ditches or low earth dykes, injecting water into boreholes, and using wells near riverbanks with radial collectors to increase the water table gradient. The key benefits of artificial groundwater recharge are augmenting the groundwater reservoir beyond natural replenishment rates and improving groundwater levels, yields, and quality.
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This document discusses key properties and concepts related to aquifers and groundwater flow. It defines terms like porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, and water table. It describes different types of aquifers such as unconfined, confined, and perched aquifers. Pumping from confined aquifers can create a cone of depression. Storativity describes how much water an aquifer can gain or lose from storage. Aquifer units can be homogeneous, heterogeneous, isotropic, or anisotropic depending on their properties.
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The document discusses hydraulic conductivity, which measures the ability of a material like soil or rock to transmit fluids through pores and fractures under an applied hydraulic gradient. It describes hydraulic conductivity as being important for calculating groundwater movement rates and outlines experimental and empirical methods for determining it in the field or laboratory, such as constant head tests, falling head tests, or correlations with soil properties. Hydraulic conductivity is the constant in Darcy's Law and is defined as the volume of water that will move through a porous medium per unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured perpendicular to flow.
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LECTURE 2- WATERSHED CLASSIFICATION AND MEASUREMENTS.pptx
LECTURE 2- WATERSHED CLASSIFICATION AND MEASUREMENTS.pptx
Hydrology, Runoff methods & instruments, Site selection
Hydrology, Runoff methods & instruments, Site selection
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Okay, let me solve this step-by-step:
Given:
Discharge of canal (Q) = 50 cumec
Let's assume:
Bed width (B) = x meters
Depth of water (D) = y meters
Cross-sectional area (A) = B*D + 1.5D^2
Wetted perimeter (P) = B + 3.6D
Hydraulic mean depth (R) = A/P
From the economical section condition:
R = D/2
Equating the two expressions of R and solving:
(B*D + 1.5D^2) / (B + 3
Rivers presentation
Rivers and streams begin as small tributaries that merge to form larger rivers as they flow downhill towards areas of lower elevation. They perform erosion by processes such as attrition, corrasion, hydraulic action, and chemical solution, and transport sediment through dissolution, suspension, and along the stream bed. A stream's competence and capacity determine the size of materials it can carry. Channel morphology depends on factors like gradient and sediment load, resulting in narrow channels in steep upper reaches and wider braided or meandering patterns downstream. Within channels, features like bars, point bars, and floodplains form through sediment deposition during times of changing flow.
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Lecture notes 04
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Sandy soil consists of large particles that allow for good drainage but can dry out plants. Clay soil is made of very fine particles that make it difficult to work with due to poor drainage and risk of waterlogging. Loamy soil balances sand, silt and clay for good texture, water retention and drainage. Chalky soil is alkaline with many stones and prone to dryness. Peaty soil is rich in organic matter but low in nutrients unless well fertilized and drained. The subsoil below the topsoil may not contain nutrients for plants.
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3. The investigation process involves a desk study of existing information, a site walkover, detailed tests and sampling which may include trial pits and boreholes to examine soil and groundwater conditions.
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alluvial soil
- 2. ALLUVIAL CHANNEL An alluvial river is river in which the bed and banks are made up of mobile sediment and soil. The river’s shape and size are determined by the river itself through the processes of erosion, sediment transport, sedimentation, and resuspension. Alluvial rivers are free to adjust section, pattern, and profile in response to hydraulic changes. Alluvial channel design approaches fall into five general categories: regime, analogy, hydraulic geometry, extremal, and analytical methods. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, depending on the stream reach being restored
- 3. CHARACTERSTICS • Self-formed morphology set by entrainment, transport, and deposition • They move unconsolidated sedimentary materials present in the valley fill, flood pain/bank or flow. • Their Form is dependent on Environmental controls like hydrology (how much water, when, how long? ), sediment character (how large/small, hard/soft, dense, rounding ) & tectonics
- 4. TYPES • Straight channels (single thread). • Braided channels ( multiple thread with many sand bars that migrate frequently). • Anastomosing ( multiple thread but do not migrate). • Meandering ( single thread having many curves)
- 5. IMPORTANCE It is important for• • • • • • Watershed management. River management. Recreational resources. Fisheries. Environmental management. Paleohydraulic and Sedimentological reconstruction.
- 7. NON-ALLUVIAL CHANNELS • In comparison with alluvial streams, nonalluvial streams are confined by bedrock or other materials and their channel dimensions cannot be modified. It is not free to adjust. In other conditions, such as in high mountain streams flowing in very coarse glacially deposited materials or significantly controlled by fallen timber would suggest a nonalluvial system
- 8. CHARACTERSTICS • bounded by bedrock or concrete. • deeply incised into hillslope deposits. • choked by relatively immovably objects such as large boulders. • rimmed with thick and deeply rooted bank vegetation.