This document discusses the process of interception, where precipitation is retained on vegetation like leaves and grass before evaporating. Around 10-20% of annual precipitation is typically intercepted by vegetation. Interception losses are especially high under dense forest stands, which can intercept up to 25% of annual precipitation. The factors that determine interception include storm characteristics, type of prevailing plants and trees, and season. Interception is an important consideration in hydrologic modeling depending on the time frame and volume of precipitation being analyzed.
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
It is a topic from Engineering Hydrology authored by Raghunath. It was my report when I took up this subject on 2nd semester, 2014-2015 during my 4th year level. It was under my instructor, Engr. Bernadeth V. Dapun, MERIE
Hydrological cycle- Meteorological measurements – Requirements, types and forms of Precipitation-Rain Gauges-Spatial analysis of rainfall data using Thiessen and Isohyetal methods Infiltration-Infiltration Index-Interception-Evaporation, Watershed, catchment and basin - Catchment characteristics - factors affecting runoff – Runoff estimation using empirical
It is a topic from Engineering Hydrology authored by Raghunath. It was my report when I took up this subject on 2nd semester, 2014-2015 during my 4th year level. It was under my instructor, Engr. Bernadeth V. Dapun, MERIE
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
1. Ground Water Occurrence
2. Types of Aquifers
3. Aquifer Parameters
4. Darcy’s Law
5. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil
6. Types of Wells
7. Well Construction
8. Well Development
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
2 0 Éruptions ectopiques_Management chirurgical des canines inclusesDr Sylvain Chamberland
Description des différentes approches chirurgicales d'exposition de canines incluses, Prise en charge orthodontique avec appareils fixes et appareil amovibles
Hydrologic Cycle is also called as Water Cycle. It basically deals with transformation of water in different forms starting from gaseous stage (water vapor) to liquid state (water on earth's surface), and water inside soil as underground water.and again back to gaseous stage. The cycle has no starting or end.
Effects of Climatic Changes on Surface and Groundwater Resources in the North...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— During the last 5 decades precipitation records in Jordan have shown a general decreasing trend. Such decreases have certainly their impacts on the availability of surface and groundwater, on soil moisture contents (green water) and on the surface and groundwater qualities.
In this article the impacts of decreasing precipitation on the availability of surface and groundwater will be analyzed.
The results show that a decrease in precipitation of 10% will result in the reduction of flood runoff by about 39%, and a reduction in groundwater recharge of 16% in rain rich areas receiving more than 500mm/yr increasing to 59% in areas receiving moderate precipitation of around 300mm/yr.
Influence of microclimate, plant, soil and cultural factors on ET; techniques...Abhilash Singh Chauhan
INTRODUCTION
The deficiencies and surpluses of water are often the most important of the various factors influencing plant growth.
They are, at the same time, the most difficult to control.
At present adequate theory and measuring techniques for predicting the rate of soil water loss by evapotranspiration exist for only a few special combinations of plant and climatic conditions.
A better understanding of the factors influencing this process is necessary to help pave the way for the development of methods for increasing the efficiency of water utilization by crops.
The rate of water loss by the processes of evaporation and transpiration is the resultant of five controlling factors, viz:
Climate
Soil Moisture
Plant Cover
Soil Texture and Structure
Soil and Crop Management
Drought refers to a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water. A drought can last for several months or years. Sometimes, droughts are declared for a full district for a few years.
It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and harm to the local life and economy. This module highlights the basics of climatic drought.
MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL MOISTURE AND GROUNDWATER LEVEL IN A LO...IAEME Publication
Agriculture, which used to be the mainstay of the economy of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, was abandoned because of the discovery of oil in the 1950s. Oil exploration has, however, left a trail of sorrow as a result of environmental pollution. There is now a new awakening in the realization that oil is not a renewable resource an d, hence, effort needs to be diverted to revitalize the agricultural sector. Farmers in this region rely en tirely on rain-fed cropping. Since this area is characterized by distinct dry and wet seasons, cropping activities are scewed towards the wet season, thus resulting in subsistence level of production.
This is the talk I gave at MUSE (the museum of Science) in Trento 21st of March 2016. I talked about interaction between hydrology and forests at various scales. Presentation includes a nice set of review papers (with links to pdfs).
Day 1 (14.00)
AGU
(http://events.globallandscapesforum.org/agenda/bonn-2017/day-1/discussion-forums-2-parallel-sessions/landscape-lab-griffith-university-climate-change-response-program/)
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Interception can be defined as that
segment of the gross precipitation
input which wets and adheres to
aboveground objects until it is
returned to the atmosphere through
evaporation
3. Precipitation striking vegetation may be
retained on leaves or blades of grass, flow
down the stems of plants and become stem
flow, or fall off the leaves to become part of the
through fall. The modifying effect that a forest
canopy can have on rainfall intensity at the
ground (the through fall) can be put to
practical use in watershed management
schemes.
4. The amount of water intercepted is a function of:
(1) the storm character,
(2) the species, age and density of prevailing plants and trees,
(3) the season of the year.
Usually about 10-20 percent of the precipitation that
falls during the growing season is intercepted and
returned to the hydrologic cycle by evaporation.
Water losses by interception are especially
pronounced under dense closed forest stands-as
much as 25 percent of the total annual precipitation
5. Additional information given in Table 3.1 includes some data on interception
measurements obtained in Maine from a mature spruce-fir stand, a moderately
well stocked white and gray birch stand, and an improved pasture.
6.
7.
8.
9. It is important to recognize that forms of vegetation
other than trees can also intercept large quantities of
water. Grasses, crops, and shrubs often have leaf-area
to ground-area ratios that are similar to those
for forests. Intercepted amounts are about the same
as those for forests, but since some of these types of
vegetation exist only until harvest, their annual
impact on interception
is generally less than that of forested areas
10. Table3.2 summarizes some observations that have been made on
crops during growing seasons and on a variety of grasses
11. Factors that serve to determine interception losses
• Precipitation type,
• rainfall intensity and duration,
• wind
• atmospheric conditions
affecting evaporation
Snow interception , while highly visible, usually is not a
major loss since much of the intercepted snowfall is
eventually transmitted to the ground by wind action
and melt. Interception during rainfall events is
commonly greater than for snowfall events. In both
cases, wind velocity is an important factor.
12. The importance of interception in hydrologic
modeling is tied to the purpose of the model.
Estimates of loss to gross precipitation through
interception can be significant in annual or long-term
models, but for heavy rainfalls during
individual storm events, accounting for interception
may be unnecessary. It is important for the
modeler to assess carefully both the time frame of
the model and the volume of precipitation with
which one must deal.
13. Equation 3.1 Equation 3.2
Equations3 .1 and 3.2 can be used to estimate total interception
losses but for detailed analysis of individual storms, it is
necessary to deal with the areal variability of such losses.
General equations for estimating such losses are not available,
however. Most research has been related to particular species or
experimental plots strongly associated with a given locality. In
addition, the loss function varies with the storm's character. If
adequate experimental data are available, the nature of the
variance of interception versus time might be inferred.
Otherwise, common practice is to deduct the estimated volume
entirely from the initial period of the storm( initial abstraction).
14.
15.
16. Precipitation that reaches the ground may infiltrate, flow over
the surface, or become trapped in numerous small
depressions from which the only escape is evaporation or
infiltration. The nature of depressions as well as their size, is
largely a function of the original land form and local land-use
practices. Because of extreme variability in the nature of
depressions and the paucity of sufficient measurements, no
generalized
relation with enough specified parameters for all cases is
feasible. A rational model
can, however, be suggested.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. Figure 3.3 illustrates a plot of this function versus the mass
overland flow and depression storage supply( P - F), where F is
the accumulated mass infiltration and P is the gross
precipitation. In the plot mean depths of 0.25 in. for turf and
0.0625 in. for pavements were assumed. Maximum depths were
0.50 and0 .125 in. respectively.
The figure also depicts the effect on estimated overland flow
supply rate, which is derived from the choice of the depression
storage model. Three models are shown in the figure: the first one
assumes that all depressions are full before over land flow begins.
For a turf area having depressions with a mean depth of 0.25 in.
The figure shows that for P - F values less than 0.25 in., there is
no overland flow supply, while for P - F values greater than 0.25
in., the overland flow supply is equal to i - f .
23. Depression storage deductions are usually made from
the first part of the storm as illustrated in Fig. 3.2. The
amount to be deducted is a function of topography,
ground cover, and extent and type of land development.
During major storms this loss is often considered to be
negligible. Some guidelines for estimating depression
storage losses have been developed based on studies of
experimental and other watershed.
24. Values for depression storage losses from intense storms
reported by Hicks are 0.20 in. for sand, 0 .15 in. for
loam and 0.10 in. for clay. Tholin and Kiefer have used
values of 0.25 in. in pervious urban areas and 0.0625 in.
for pavements. Studies of four small impervious
drainage areas by Viessman yielded the information
shown in Fig.3.4, where mean depression storage loss is
highly correlated with slope. This is easily understood
since a given depression will hold its maximum volume
if horizontally oriented
25.
26. Using very limited data from a small, paved-street section, Turner
revised the curves shown in Fig. 3.5. Other sources of data related to
surface storage are available in the literature.