FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Heat treatment defects &and its remediesNIAJ AHMED
Heat Treatment involves various heating and cooling procedures performed to effect structural changes in a material, which turn affect its mechanical properties
Heat treatment defects &and its remediesNIAJ AHMED
Heat Treatment involves various heating and cooling procedures performed to effect structural changes in a material, which turn affect its mechanical properties
Topic related to material science and metallurgy, Includes basic information about steel.Also the Iron-Iron Carbon Diagrams and its structures with various features of fe-c diagram.
Part a). Pearlite - Pearlite is a two-phased, lamellar (or l.pdfannaelctronics
>> Part a).
>> Pearlite :- Pearlite is a two-phased, lamellar (or layered) structure composed of alternating
layers of ferrite (88 wt%) and cementite (12 wt%) that occurs in some steels and cast irons. In
fact, the lamellar appearance is misleading since the individual lamellae within a colony are
connected in three dimensions; a single colony is therefore an interpenetrating bicrystal of ferrite
and cementite. In an iron-carbon alloy, during slow cooling pearlite forms by a eutectoid reaction
as austenite cools below 727 °C (1,341 °F) (the eutectoid temperature). Pearlite is a
microstructure occurring in many common grades of steels.
>> Cementite :- Cementite, also known as iron carbide, is an interstitial compound of iron and
carbon, more precisely an intermediate transition metal carbide with the formula Fe3C. By
weight, it is 6.67% carbon and 93.3% iron. It has an orthorhombic crystal structure. It is a hard,
brittle material, normally classified as a ceramic in its pure form, though it is more important in
ferrous metallurgy. While iron carbide is present in most steels and cast irons, it is produced as a
raw material in the Iron Carbide process, which belongs to the family of alternative ironmaking
technologies.
>> Austenite :- Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic
allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron, with analloying element. In plain-carbon steel,
austenite exists above the critical eutectoid temperature of 1,000 K (1,340 °F; 730 °C); other
alloys of steel have different eutectoid temperatures. It is Face Centred Cubic Configuration
(FCC).
>> Eutectoid Phase :- When the solution above the transformation point is solid, rather than
liquid, an analogous eutectoid transformation can occur. For instance, in the iron-carbon system,
the austenite phase can undergo a eutectoidtransformation to produce ferrite and cementite, often
in lamellar structures such as pearlite and bainite.
>> Proeutectoid :- When a hot steel with carbon content very close to 0.8%, is cooled down
slowly, there is a temperature (723 deg C) at which a constant-temperature transformation takes
place. This is called eutectoid transformation. And this results in formation of alternate layers of
Ferrite and Iron-Carbide (Fe3C).
But if the carbon content in this hot steel is much less than 0.8%, and it is cooled down slowly,
then till the temperature reduces to 723 deg C, a part of Austenite (also called gamma iron) gets
transformed to Ferrite by rejecting carbon from the solution. This is not a constant-temperature
process and occurs over a range of temperature. The ferrite so formed is called Proeutectoid...At
723 deg C, all the remaining Austenite get converted to Pearlite at this constant temperature -
which is nothing but alternate layers of Ferrite and cementite
>> Martensite :- Martensite, most commonly refers to a very hard form of steel crystalline
structure, but it can also refer to any crystal structure that is form.
Thermodynamic Property Relations
Properties of pure substances
Maxwell Relations
P-v diagram of a pure substance
pvt surface diagram
How to read steam table using an example
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
The selection of a foundry furnace depends upon the following factors:
Initial cost of the furnace
Fuel cost
Kind of metal or alloy to be melted
Melting and pouring temperature of the metal to be cast
Quantity of metal to be melted
Cost of furnace repair and maintenance
Cost of melting per unit weight of the metal
Chances of metal to absorb impurities during melting
Quantity of the finished product desired
CUPOLA FURNACE
INDUCTION FURNACE
TYPES OF FURNACES
A mould is a hollowed-out block that is filled with a liquid like plastic, glass, metal, or ceramic raw materials .The liquid hardens or sets inside the mould, adopting its shape. A mould is the counterpart to a cast.
Mould or Mould cavity contains molten metal and is essentially a negative of the final product.
Mould is obtained by pattern in moulding material (sand).
Mould material should posses refractory characteristics and withstand the pouring temperature.
Production Technology Lecture Notes as per GGSIPU SYLLABUS FOR UNIT 1.
Casting is a process in which molten metal is allowed to solidify in a predefined mould cavity. After the solidification by breaking the mould the component is taken out. This is known as CASTING.
Pattern is a replica of a object to be made with some modifications.
Pattern Materials
Difference between Pattern and Casting
Types of Patterns
Pattern Design Considerations
Pattern Allowances
Pattern Making
Pattern Layout
Properties of moulding sand
Testing of Moulding Sand
Special casting process
“Refrigerant is the media (fluid) used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that absorbs heat during evaporation from the region of low temperature and pressure, and releases heat during condensation at a region of higher temperature and pressure.”
Jet propulsion means the propulsion or movement of the bodies such as ships, aircrafts, rocket etc. with the help of jet.
It is well known from Newton’s Law that to change momentum of fluid, a force is required. Similarly, when momentum of fluid is changed, a force is generated. This principle is made use in hydraulic turbine.
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft
The various forces acts on the reciprocating parts of an engine.
The resultant of all the forces acting on the body of the engine due to inertia forces only is known as unbalanced force or shaking force.
Sales Forecasting
Sales forecasting is the process of a company predicting what its future sales will be. This forecast is done for a particular period of time in the near future, usually the next fiscal year. Accurate sales forecasting enables a company to make informed business decisions. Sales forecasting is easier for established companies that have been operating for a few years than for newer companies. Established companies have years of sales records and can base their forecasts on that past sales data. Newly founded companies have to base their forecasts on less verified information, such as market research and competition analysis to forecast their future business.
Why is Sales Forecasting important?
Sales Forecasting gives insight on whether a company should expand, information about cash flow, and the ability to effectively manage its resources. Without forecasting, a company would be unsure of what inventory level to maintain, unsure on how it should allocate resources across the company, and it would have a hard time predicting future success. Forecasting sales is a crucial business practice, because in addition to helping a company allocate its internal resources effectively, having this data is important for acquiring investment capital. Often, investors want to know what a company’s future expected sales are before making an investment.
Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat, and biomass including farm and animal waste is known as non-conventional energy. All these sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental pollution. More over they do not require heavy expenditure.
Natural resources that can be replaced and reused by nature are termed renewable. Natural resources that cannot be replaced are termed nonrenewable.
Renewable resources are replaced through natural processes at a rate that is equal to or greater than the rate at which they are used, and depletion is usually not a worry.
Nonrenewable resources are exhaustible and are extracted faster than the rate at which they formed. E.g. Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas).
Arc welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with a constricted arc between an electrode and the work piece (transferred arc) or between the electrode and the water-cooled constricting nozzle (non transferred arc) .
Plasma: A gaseous mixture of positive ions, electrons and neutral gas molecules
The Metro Man of India, Elattuvalapil Sreedharan was
born on 12 July 1932 in Kerala. Sreedharan was given
the sobriquet of Metro Man by the media. In 2005, he
was awarded the Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur
(Knight of the Legion of Honour) by the government of
France. For him, the job at hand is not just his duty but
also his dharma. He is hardly ever seen in public and
rarely gives interviews or attends public functions, yet
his honesty and integrity are legendary.
Electron Beam Welding is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to the material to be joined. The work-piece melt as the kinetic energy of the electrons is transformed into heat upon impact. The EBW process is well-positioned to provide industries with highest quality welds and machine designs that have proven to be adaptable to specific welding tasks and production environments.
Just in time (JIT) is a production strategy that strives to improve a business' return on investment by reducing in-process inventory and associated carrying costs. Just in time is a type of operations management approach which originated in Japan in the 1950s. It was adopted by Toyota and other Japanese manufacturing firms, with excellent results: Toyota and other companies that adopted the approach ended up raising productivity (through the elimination of waste) significantly.
More from ANKIT SAXENA Asst. Prof. @ Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology and Management, New Delhi (17)
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
7. • Hypo-eutectoid steels: Steels having less than 0.8% carbon are
called hypo-eutectoid steels (hypo means "less than").
• Consider the cooling of a typical hypo-eutectoid alloy along line y-
y‘.
• At high temperatures the material is entirely austenite.
• Upon cooling it enters a region where the stable phases are
ferrite and austenite.
• The low-carbon ferrite nucleates and grows, leaving the
remaining austenite richer in carbon.
• At 723°C, the remaining austenite will have assumed the
eutectoid composition (0.8% carbon), and further cooling
transforms it to pearlite.
• The resulting structure, is a mixture of primary or proeutectoid
ferrite (ferrite that forms before the eutectoid reaction) and
regions of pearlite.
8.
9. • Hyper-eutectoid steels (hyper means "greater than") are those
that contain more than the eutectoid amount of Carbon.
• When such a steel cools, as along line z-z' , the process is similar
to the hypo-eutectoid steel, except that the primary or pro-
eutectoid phase is now cementite instead of ferrite.
• As the carbon-rich phase nucleates and grows, the remaining
austenite decreases in carbon content, again reaching the
eutectoid composition at 723°C.
• This austenite transforms to pearlite upon slow cooling through
the eutectoid temperature.
• The resulting structure consists of primary cementite and
pearlite.
• The continuous network of primary cementite will cause the
material to be extremely brittle.
14. Austenite
• Austenite is an interstitial
solid solution of Carbon
dissolved in F.C.C. iron.
• Maximum solubility is 2.0
% C at 1130°C.
• High formability, most of
heat treatments begin
with this single phase.
• It is normally not stable at
room temperature. But,
under certain conditions
it is possible to obtain
austenite at room
temperature.
15. Ferrite
• Ferrite is known as α solid solution.
• It is an interstitial solid solution of a small amount of carbon
dissolved in α (BCC) iron. stable form of iron below 912 °C.
• The maximum solubility is 0.025 % C at 723°C and it dissolves
only 0.008 % C at room temperature.
• It is the softest structure that appears on the diagram.
Pearlite
• Pearlite is the eutectoid mixture containing 0.80 % C and is
formed at 723°C on very slow cooling.
• It is a very fine plate like or lamellar mixture of ferrite and
cementite.
• The white ferritic background or matrix contains thin plates of
cementite (dark).
16. Cementite or iron carbide
• Cementite or iron carbide, is very hard, brittle intermetallic
compound of iron & carbon, as Fe3C, contains 6.67 % C.
• It is the hardest structure that appears on the diagram, exact
melting point unknown. Its crystal structure is orthorhombic. It is
has low tensile strength (approx. 5,000 psi), but high compressive
strength.
Ledeburite
• Ledeburite is the eutectic mixture of austenite and cementite. It
contains 4.3 percent C and is formed at 1130°C.
17. Martensite
• Martensite - a super-saturated solid solution of carbon in ferrite.
It is formed when steel is cooled so rapidly that the change from
austenite to pearlite is suppressed.
• The interstitial carbon atoms distort the BCC ferrite into a BC-
tetragonal structure (BCT).; responsible for the hardness of
quenched steel.
18. TTT DIAGRAM
• T.T.T. shows relation between temperature & time taken for
decomposition transformations to take place in a metal
when the transformation is isothermal.
• Assess decomposition of austenite in a heat treatable
steel.
• Provides information for the process of austenite
decomposition under non-equilibrium conditions.
(Transformation of austenite to the time & temperature
conditions.)
19. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
IRON-CARBON & TTT
• Study of Fe-C diagram shows study of cooled steels under non-
equilibrium conditions.
• Doesn’t involve reaction condition during heat treatment of steel.
• It only shows phases & resulting microstructure corresponding to
equilibrium conditions.
• Fixing to austenitizing temperature & predicting phases
eventually obtained at given % of C & temperature.
• Microstructure & properties of steel depends upon rate of
cooling.
• As cooling rate increases transformation temperatures are
lowered & metastable (non-equilibrium) phases are formed.
• At a very high rate of cooling of steel produces Martensite (non-
equilibrium phase)
20. STEPS TO CONSTRUCT TTT DIAGRAM
• Obtain large number of relatively small specimens. Place the
sample in a molten salt bath held at the austeniting temperature
of 1080°C. Specimen are kept in a salt bath for a long period of
time to form complete austenite.
• When austenitized, specimen is transferred to other salt bath at
temperature of 810°C.
• After specimen react isothermally, quenched in cold water/ iced
brine.
• As the specimen is quenched in cooled water, isothermal
reaction stops & remaining austenite suddenly transforms into
martensite.
• Reaction curve forms when large no. of specimen isothermally
reacted for veriying time periods.
• Finally data obtained from a series of isothermal reaction curves
(TTT) for the whole temperature range of austenite instability for
a given composition of steel.
21.
22. • The transformation rate is inversely
proportional to time at any temperature.
• Tangent to C-curves (TTT Curves) gives us the
cooling rate.
• Based on the above curves the time required to
transformation of Austenite-pearlite can be
determined.
• TTT diagram denotes that it is drawn at
different cooling rates, hence it is not recorded
as an equilibrium diagram as Iron carbide
diagram.
23. HEAT TREATMENT
• An operation or combination of operations which involves
heating & cooling of a metal/alloy in solid state to obtain
desirable conditions & properties.
Heat treatment
Annealing Normalising Hardening Tempering Martempering Austempering
24. PURPOSE OF HEAT TREATMENT
Heat treatment is carried out to
(1) Cause relief of internal stresses developed during cold working,
welding, casting, forging etc.
(2) Harden & strengthen metals
(3) Improve machinability
(4) Change grain Size
(5) Soften metals for further working as in wire drawing or cold rolling
(6) Improve ductility & toughness
(7) Increase heat, wear & corrosion resistance of materials
(8) Improve electrical & magnetic properties
(9) Homogenize the structure