This document provides a comprehensive survey of various techniques for detecting drowning and facilitating rescue. It discusses six papers that propose different methods using technologies like pressure sensors, image processing, RFID, heartbeat sensors, and LASER-LDR mechanisms to detect when swimmers are in distress. The techniques are compared based on factors such as system complexity, cost efficiency, reliability, and whether they enable detection only or both detection and rescue. Overall, the survey finds that an automatic waist airbag system that uses an accelerometer and pressure sensor to both detect drowning and deploy an inflatable vest provides the most suitable and reliable solution. The document also outlines future research opportunities in the domain of drowning prevention technology.
IRJET- Level Loop Measurement using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for remotely monitoring liquid levels in tanks using ultrasonic sensors, WiFi modules, and an Arduino board. Ultrasonic sensors attached to the tops of tanks measure the distance to the liquid surface. These measurements are sent wirelessly via WiFi modules to an Arduino board, which stores and displays the liquid level data over time. The system allows liquid levels in tanks spread across large areas to be monitored remotely without needing wires, which is important for processes involving hazardous liquids.
A review on Implementation Of Integrated System to Avoid Flood Like SituationIRJET Journal
This document presents a review of an integrated flood monitoring and warning system. It proposes using sensors to monitor water levels in reservoirs and dams. When water levels reach certain thresholds, an FPGA controller would send SMS alerts to authorities and residents via a GSM module. The system is intended to provide early warnings to help protect lives and property from flood risks. It analyzes previous flood monitoring research using microcontrollers and wireless transmission of alerts. The proposed system would use multiple level sensors connected to an FPGA to monitor water levels precisely and send customized SMS messages at different thresholds to coordinate emergency responses more effectively.
This document describes a proposed automated flood control system using wireless sensor networks. The system would use sensors to monitor water levels at various points, and a controller to automatically operate pumps and water channels based on the sensor readings and pre-programmed parameters. This closed-loop system would allow for real-time response to changing water levels to help prevent and reduce flooding in an area. The proposed system could help address the increasing problem of flooding in Nigeria and provide benefits over traditional open-loop control systems.
Distance Measurement Using Ultrasonic Sensor and NodemcuIRJET Journal
This document describes a distance measurement system using an ultrasonic sensor and NodeMCU microcontroller. The system is designed to remotely monitor and measure distances of obstacles for surveillance purposes. It works by sending ultrasonic pulses and measuring the echo return time to calculate distance. The NodeMCU transmits distance data from the ultrasonic sensor to a smartphone app via WiFi in real-time. The system allows remote monitoring of areas with obstacles detected and distance information sent automatically to a mobile device.
The document describes a proposed underwater drone capable of detecting and detonating naval mines. The drone would use sonar and cameras to detect mines and other objects underwater. It would be remotely controlled from a surface vessel via a long cable to allow it to cover large areas. The drone would be constructed from non-metallic PVC to avoid detection by mines that detect magnetic fields. It would have thrusters to maneuver and depth controls. Upon detecting a mine, it could either detonate itself next to the mine or detach the mine's cables to render it harmless. The drone aims to provide a safer alternative to existing minesweeping methods.
UWB radar can be used as an effective life detection system by detecting subtle movements from respiration and heartbeats. It works by transmitting radio pulses that reflect off objects and are modulated by movement. The reflected signals are integrated, filtered, and processed to detect vital signs even through walls. Detection has been demonstrated through gypsum, wood, and brick walls. The system has potential to detect multiple buried victims and help prioritize rescue efforts to save more lives.
IRJET- Obstacle Detection using Ultrasonic Sensor in MAV (Micro Air Vehicle)IRJET Journal
This document describes research on using an ultrasonic sensor for obstacle detection on a micro air vehicle (MAV). The ultrasonic sensor is connected to an Arduino Uno board to measure distances up to 4 meters. An algorithm is developed to detect obstacles and control the MAV servos to avoid collisions. The ultrasonic sensor and Arduino board connection is tested, with distances accurately detected through the serial monitor up to 3.15 meters. The ultrasonic sensor provides effective obstacle detection for indoor and outdoor MAV applications.
This document describes a student project to build a distance meter using ultrasonic transducers. It includes an abstract, table of contents, and sections on background, literature review, and methodology. The project will use an ultrasonic reflection method to measure distance, which is simpler than laser methods. An Arduino board will control an ultrasonic sensor module to emit and receive ultrasonic pulses and calculate distance based on time of flight.
IRJET- Level Loop Measurement using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for remotely monitoring liquid levels in tanks using ultrasonic sensors, WiFi modules, and an Arduino board. Ultrasonic sensors attached to the tops of tanks measure the distance to the liquid surface. These measurements are sent wirelessly via WiFi modules to an Arduino board, which stores and displays the liquid level data over time. The system allows liquid levels in tanks spread across large areas to be monitored remotely without needing wires, which is important for processes involving hazardous liquids.
A review on Implementation Of Integrated System to Avoid Flood Like SituationIRJET Journal
This document presents a review of an integrated flood monitoring and warning system. It proposes using sensors to monitor water levels in reservoirs and dams. When water levels reach certain thresholds, an FPGA controller would send SMS alerts to authorities and residents via a GSM module. The system is intended to provide early warnings to help protect lives and property from flood risks. It analyzes previous flood monitoring research using microcontrollers and wireless transmission of alerts. The proposed system would use multiple level sensors connected to an FPGA to monitor water levels precisely and send customized SMS messages at different thresholds to coordinate emergency responses more effectively.
This document describes a proposed automated flood control system using wireless sensor networks. The system would use sensors to monitor water levels at various points, and a controller to automatically operate pumps and water channels based on the sensor readings and pre-programmed parameters. This closed-loop system would allow for real-time response to changing water levels to help prevent and reduce flooding in an area. The proposed system could help address the increasing problem of flooding in Nigeria and provide benefits over traditional open-loop control systems.
Distance Measurement Using Ultrasonic Sensor and NodemcuIRJET Journal
This document describes a distance measurement system using an ultrasonic sensor and NodeMCU microcontroller. The system is designed to remotely monitor and measure distances of obstacles for surveillance purposes. It works by sending ultrasonic pulses and measuring the echo return time to calculate distance. The NodeMCU transmits distance data from the ultrasonic sensor to a smartphone app via WiFi in real-time. The system allows remote monitoring of areas with obstacles detected and distance information sent automatically to a mobile device.
The document describes a proposed underwater drone capable of detecting and detonating naval mines. The drone would use sonar and cameras to detect mines and other objects underwater. It would be remotely controlled from a surface vessel via a long cable to allow it to cover large areas. The drone would be constructed from non-metallic PVC to avoid detection by mines that detect magnetic fields. It would have thrusters to maneuver and depth controls. Upon detecting a mine, it could either detonate itself next to the mine or detach the mine's cables to render it harmless. The drone aims to provide a safer alternative to existing minesweeping methods.
UWB radar can be used as an effective life detection system by detecting subtle movements from respiration and heartbeats. It works by transmitting radio pulses that reflect off objects and are modulated by movement. The reflected signals are integrated, filtered, and processed to detect vital signs even through walls. Detection has been demonstrated through gypsum, wood, and brick walls. The system has potential to detect multiple buried victims and help prioritize rescue efforts to save more lives.
IRJET- Obstacle Detection using Ultrasonic Sensor in MAV (Micro Air Vehicle)IRJET Journal
This document describes research on using an ultrasonic sensor for obstacle detection on a micro air vehicle (MAV). The ultrasonic sensor is connected to an Arduino Uno board to measure distances up to 4 meters. An algorithm is developed to detect obstacles and control the MAV servos to avoid collisions. The ultrasonic sensor and Arduino board connection is tested, with distances accurately detected through the serial monitor up to 3.15 meters. The ultrasonic sensor provides effective obstacle detection for indoor and outdoor MAV applications.
This document describes a student project to build a distance meter using ultrasonic transducers. It includes an abstract, table of contents, and sections on background, literature review, and methodology. The project will use an ultrasonic reflection method to measure distance, which is simpler than laser methods. An Arduino board will control an ultrasonic sensor module to emit and receive ultrasonic pulses and calculate distance based on time of flight.
This document summarizes a mini project report on an ultrasonic distance meter submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes an introduction, history of distance measurement techniques, circuit diagram, implementation details of the ultrasonic distance meter using an ATmega8 microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, LCD display and buzzer. It also includes the block diagram, sample output, advantages, source code, conclusion and outlook for future improvements. The project involves designing and developing an ultrasonic distance measurement system to measure distances up to 4 meters without contact.
IRJET- Improving Network Life Time using High Populated Harmony Search Al...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving network lifetime in underwater acoustic sensor networks using a multi-population harmony search algorithm. It proposes using the algorithm to elect leader nodes which can efficiently route data from sensor nodes to a base station, avoiding collisions. The document describes the network architecture, implementation of AODV routing combined with a round robin scheduling method, and analyzing results showing reduced delay when using the multi-population search algorithm. Improving underwater sensor network lifetime, reliability and efficiency through optimized routing techniques is the overall goal.
IRJET- Water Level Control, Monitoring and Altering System by using GSM i...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system that uses sensors and GSM technology to monitor and control water levels for irrigation purposes. The system uses a PIC microcontroller connected to water level, temperature, and moisture sensors. It can monitor levels, temperatures, and soil moisture in real-time. If parameters exceed thresholds, it sends alerts by SMS. It can automatically open and close dam shutters to control water flow based on sensor readings. The system aims to reduce water wastage and ensure efficient water use for irrigation based on seasonal needs.
The document describes the design of an ultrasonic radar system for short range object detection. It discusses using ultrasonic frequencies instead of microwaves to make a more cost effective radar. The system uses an Arduino board, ultrasonic sensor, servo motor, LEDs and buzzer. It works by sending and receiving ultrasonic pulses and measuring the time delay to determine distance. The servo motor rotates to scan in different angles. Code and algorithms are provided to control the hardware and calculate distance measurements at various angles for object detection.
This document discusses the working of an ultrasonic sensor security system. It contains sections on the history of ultrasound, how ultrasonic sensors work, and the key components of an ultrasonic sensor system including the transmitting unit, receiver unit, and microcontroller. The transmitting unit sends out ultrasonic pulses and the receiver unit detects echoes which are used by the microcontroller to calculate the distance to objects. Potential applications are discussed like intruder alarms, automatic doors, and parking assistance.
IRJET- Real Time Monitoring of Air PollutionIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for real-time monitoring of air pollution using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Sensors are used to collect data on air pollutant levels, which is then sent to the cloud via an Arduino microcontroller and WiFi module. This allows the pollution data to be accessible from anywhere via the internet. The goal is to provide information to help reduce air pollution and promote worker health and safety in industries.
IRJET- Wave Ultrasonic Testing and how to Improve its Characteristics by Vary...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of wave ultrasonic testing and how varying operational parameters can improve its characteristics. It discusses how guided wave testing using low frequencies below 100 kHz can be used to inspect pipes over long distances for corrosion detection. Commercial systems have been developed that use arrays of piezoelectric transducers to generate and control axially symmetric modes to identify non-symmetric features indicating defects. Varying the test frequency affects sensitivity, resolution, and range, with lower frequencies providing longer ranges but reduced resolution.
This document is a project report submitted by Kaushlendra Singh for the partial fulfillment of an M.Sc. degree in Electronics from the University Institute of Engineering and Technology, CSJMU, Kanpur. The report describes the development of a short range radar system called "RANGEFINDER". It includes certificates of submission, acknowledgements, contents, and the introduction which describes the background and motivation for developing such a system.
The document describes the design and implementation of an ultrasonic distance measurement system. It uses the pulse echo method to measure distance. An ultrasonic transducer transmits pulses which are reflected by an object and received by another transducer. The time delay between the transmitted and received pulses corresponds to the distance. The system is divided into a digital section containing a microcontroller and LCD, and an analog section comprising ultrasonic transducers, amplifiers, comparator. It measures distance by calculating the time of flight of ultrasonic pulses and displaying it on an LCD screen.
Automated Drowning Detection and Security in Swimming PoolIRJET Journal
This document describes an automated system to detect drowning incidents in swimming pools. The system uses differential pressure sensing to monitor pressure changes when someone enters the water. A pressure sensor worn on the wrist transmits data to a receiver module at the pool site via RF. When pressure exceeds a threshold, indicating the person is submerged, the receiver sounds an alarm and activates a motor to lift an acrylic plate and bring the person to the surface of the pool for safety. The system aims to detect drowning incidents earlier than human lifeguards to save lives.
The document describes a student's homework on designing a real-time feedback system for swimmers. The student investigated using an infrared optical wireless sensor with an IrDA link and wrist-mounted accelerometer to transmit the time duration of each stroke to the swimmer. Experiments were conducted in a glass tank to test the maximum transmission range in air and water and found the system could transmit over 2 meters in air and 70 centimeters in still water. The design was intended to provide swimmers with real-time feedback on their stroke rate to help optimize swimming performance.
Water Level and Leakage Detection System with its Quality Analysis based on S...IRJET Journal
The document describes a water level and leakage detection system for home use that uses sensors to monitor water level in a tank, detect leaks, and analyze water quality. The system notifies users via mobile phone calls or SMS if the water level is low, a leak is detected, or water quality is abnormal. It aims to save water and electricity by preventing overflow and indicating issues early. The system uses a microcontroller, pressure sensors to detect leaks, and sensors to measure chlorine concentration and salinity of the water. If any readings are outside normal levels, the user is notified by phone to address the issue.
This document discusses safety measures for swimming pools. It proposes installing a laser safety device around swimming pools to prevent accidents. The device would use lasers, light detectors, and a microcontroller system. Lasers would be placed around the pool and light detectors on the opposite side would detect if a person blocks the laser for 10 seconds, triggering an alarm to alert others. This system could minimize deaths from people sinking in deep areas of pools without being noticed. A risk assessment is important to identify hazards and control risks at pools. Signage and emergency equipment are also important for pool safety.
This document describes an ultrasonic sensor-aided intelligent walking stick designed to assist visually impaired individuals. It uses a single ultrasonic sensor mounted on a stepper motor to detect obstacles in multiple directions, reducing costs. The sensor rotates 180 degrees to scan the area. Vibrators on the arm and finger alert the user to the obstacle's direction. It has two modes for indoor and outdoor use and costs $35-45, aiming to be affordable. The design provides safety and navigation assistance while minimizing complexity and expense through innovative components and mechanisms.
An Early Drowning Detection System for Internet of Things (IoT) ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drowning is the leading cause of injury or death for children and teenagers. Designing a drowning
detection device by implementing an Internet of Thing (IoT) is needed. An Early Drowning Detection
System (EDDS) is a system that gives an early alarm to the guardians (parents and lifeguard) if the
detector triggered an abnormal heartbeat and the victims are submerged under the water for a long time. A
microcontroller was used to control the signal received from a pulse sensor and time for the signal lost
under the water before it is transmitted to the access point. The access point acts as a data forwarding to
the database via an internet connection. Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) 433MHz
radio frequency transceiver has been used to create the wireless communication between drowning
detection device and monitoring hub. A triggered warning signal will be transmitted to the guardians via
Android apps and web page.
Intelligent Navigation System for Fishing Boats Using GPSIRJET Journal
1) The document describes an intelligent navigation system using GPS and GSM to alert fishermen when their boats approach national borders.
2) The system uses a GPS receiver to determine the boat's location via latitude and longitude, which is sent to a microcontroller.
3) The microcontroller compares the boat's position to predefined border coordinates. If the boat enters a warning zone near the border, the system triggers an alarm and reduces the boat's speed to prevent accidental border crossing.
This document describes a smart saline bottle that monitors fluid levels and alerts medical staff when levels get too low. It uses a non-contact capacitive sensor to detect fluid levels in the bottle. When levels drop below a threshold, the sensor notifies a microcontroller which then sends text messages and phone calls to specified numbers. It also activates a buzzer near the patient's bed to alert anyone present. This is meant to save time for medical staff and prevent errors from low fluid levels going unnoticed.
IRJET- Arduino based Aquarium Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an Arduino-based aquarium monitoring system that allows users to remotely monitor and maintain their fish aquarium through a server and database. The system uses sensors to monitor water temperature, turbidity levels, and other parameters. It includes a servo motor for automated fish feeding. An Arduino Uno board collects sensor data and uploads it to a database and website, allowing remote monitoring via smartphones and laptops. This allows users to check parameters and feed fish even when away. The system aims to automate aquarium maintenance tasks like feeding and monitoring water quality.
This document proposes a smart water quality monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks. It discusses using IEEE 1451 standards-based smart transducers that contain electronic transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS) with sensor metadata. The system would allow for real-time monitoring of various water quality parameters like temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, and turbidity across a distributed sensor network. It aims to provide continuous, high resolution spatial and temporal data to help detect water quality events and issues more quickly than traditional periodic monitoring methods.
This paper proposes a low-cost system to alert Indian fishermen when they cross maritime boundaries and prevent their boats from illegally entering neighboring countries' waters. The system uses GPS to determine the boat's location and sends alerts when it nears the boundary. It also includes an engine control unit connected to the boat's fuel injector. When the boat crosses into foreign waters, the system cuts off the fuel supply to stop the boat. This allows fishermen to be warned and monitored to prevent smuggling while avoiding high-cost alternatives.
IRJET- Flood Alerting System through Water Level MeterIRJET Journal
This document describes a flood alerting system that uses sensors to measure water levels in rivers and lakes. A micro-model is designed using a programmable electronic board connected to electrical resistances placed at different heights in a water container. When the water level reaches a resistance, the sensor transmits the information via WiFi to computers and smartphones so users can see the water level. The system aims to provide timely information to residents in low-lying areas about changes in water levels and predict safe water levels to save lives during floods. Experimental tests of the micro-model produced acceptable results.
IOT Based Water Level Monitoring System For LakeIRJET Journal
The document describes an Internet of Things (IoT) based water level monitoring system for lakes. The system uses a Raspberry Pi controller connected to an ultrasonic water level sensor to monitor water levels. It sends water level data via GSM to users' phones and displays it on a web portal. This allows remote monitoring of available water levels in lakes, helping with efficient water management and allocation. The system aims to reduce water wastage through automated monitoring and control of water resources.
This document summarizes a mini project report on an ultrasonic distance meter submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes an introduction, history of distance measurement techniques, circuit diagram, implementation details of the ultrasonic distance meter using an ATmega8 microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, LCD display and buzzer. It also includes the block diagram, sample output, advantages, source code, conclusion and outlook for future improvements. The project involves designing and developing an ultrasonic distance measurement system to measure distances up to 4 meters without contact.
IRJET- Improving Network Life Time using High Populated Harmony Search Al...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving network lifetime in underwater acoustic sensor networks using a multi-population harmony search algorithm. It proposes using the algorithm to elect leader nodes which can efficiently route data from sensor nodes to a base station, avoiding collisions. The document describes the network architecture, implementation of AODV routing combined with a round robin scheduling method, and analyzing results showing reduced delay when using the multi-population search algorithm. Improving underwater sensor network lifetime, reliability and efficiency through optimized routing techniques is the overall goal.
IRJET- Water Level Control, Monitoring and Altering System by using GSM i...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system that uses sensors and GSM technology to monitor and control water levels for irrigation purposes. The system uses a PIC microcontroller connected to water level, temperature, and moisture sensors. It can monitor levels, temperatures, and soil moisture in real-time. If parameters exceed thresholds, it sends alerts by SMS. It can automatically open and close dam shutters to control water flow based on sensor readings. The system aims to reduce water wastage and ensure efficient water use for irrigation based on seasonal needs.
The document describes the design of an ultrasonic radar system for short range object detection. It discusses using ultrasonic frequencies instead of microwaves to make a more cost effective radar. The system uses an Arduino board, ultrasonic sensor, servo motor, LEDs and buzzer. It works by sending and receiving ultrasonic pulses and measuring the time delay to determine distance. The servo motor rotates to scan in different angles. Code and algorithms are provided to control the hardware and calculate distance measurements at various angles for object detection.
This document discusses the working of an ultrasonic sensor security system. It contains sections on the history of ultrasound, how ultrasonic sensors work, and the key components of an ultrasonic sensor system including the transmitting unit, receiver unit, and microcontroller. The transmitting unit sends out ultrasonic pulses and the receiver unit detects echoes which are used by the microcontroller to calculate the distance to objects. Potential applications are discussed like intruder alarms, automatic doors, and parking assistance.
IRJET- Real Time Monitoring of Air PollutionIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for real-time monitoring of air pollution using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Sensors are used to collect data on air pollutant levels, which is then sent to the cloud via an Arduino microcontroller and WiFi module. This allows the pollution data to be accessible from anywhere via the internet. The goal is to provide information to help reduce air pollution and promote worker health and safety in industries.
IRJET- Wave Ultrasonic Testing and how to Improve its Characteristics by Vary...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of wave ultrasonic testing and how varying operational parameters can improve its characteristics. It discusses how guided wave testing using low frequencies below 100 kHz can be used to inspect pipes over long distances for corrosion detection. Commercial systems have been developed that use arrays of piezoelectric transducers to generate and control axially symmetric modes to identify non-symmetric features indicating defects. Varying the test frequency affects sensitivity, resolution, and range, with lower frequencies providing longer ranges but reduced resolution.
This document is a project report submitted by Kaushlendra Singh for the partial fulfillment of an M.Sc. degree in Electronics from the University Institute of Engineering and Technology, CSJMU, Kanpur. The report describes the development of a short range radar system called "RANGEFINDER". It includes certificates of submission, acknowledgements, contents, and the introduction which describes the background and motivation for developing such a system.
The document describes the design and implementation of an ultrasonic distance measurement system. It uses the pulse echo method to measure distance. An ultrasonic transducer transmits pulses which are reflected by an object and received by another transducer. The time delay between the transmitted and received pulses corresponds to the distance. The system is divided into a digital section containing a microcontroller and LCD, and an analog section comprising ultrasonic transducers, amplifiers, comparator. It measures distance by calculating the time of flight of ultrasonic pulses and displaying it on an LCD screen.
Automated Drowning Detection and Security in Swimming PoolIRJET Journal
This document describes an automated system to detect drowning incidents in swimming pools. The system uses differential pressure sensing to monitor pressure changes when someone enters the water. A pressure sensor worn on the wrist transmits data to a receiver module at the pool site via RF. When pressure exceeds a threshold, indicating the person is submerged, the receiver sounds an alarm and activates a motor to lift an acrylic plate and bring the person to the surface of the pool for safety. The system aims to detect drowning incidents earlier than human lifeguards to save lives.
The document describes a student's homework on designing a real-time feedback system for swimmers. The student investigated using an infrared optical wireless sensor with an IrDA link and wrist-mounted accelerometer to transmit the time duration of each stroke to the swimmer. Experiments were conducted in a glass tank to test the maximum transmission range in air and water and found the system could transmit over 2 meters in air and 70 centimeters in still water. The design was intended to provide swimmers with real-time feedback on their stroke rate to help optimize swimming performance.
Water Level and Leakage Detection System with its Quality Analysis based on S...IRJET Journal
The document describes a water level and leakage detection system for home use that uses sensors to monitor water level in a tank, detect leaks, and analyze water quality. The system notifies users via mobile phone calls or SMS if the water level is low, a leak is detected, or water quality is abnormal. It aims to save water and electricity by preventing overflow and indicating issues early. The system uses a microcontroller, pressure sensors to detect leaks, and sensors to measure chlorine concentration and salinity of the water. If any readings are outside normal levels, the user is notified by phone to address the issue.
This document discusses safety measures for swimming pools. It proposes installing a laser safety device around swimming pools to prevent accidents. The device would use lasers, light detectors, and a microcontroller system. Lasers would be placed around the pool and light detectors on the opposite side would detect if a person blocks the laser for 10 seconds, triggering an alarm to alert others. This system could minimize deaths from people sinking in deep areas of pools without being noticed. A risk assessment is important to identify hazards and control risks at pools. Signage and emergency equipment are also important for pool safety.
This document describes an ultrasonic sensor-aided intelligent walking stick designed to assist visually impaired individuals. It uses a single ultrasonic sensor mounted on a stepper motor to detect obstacles in multiple directions, reducing costs. The sensor rotates 180 degrees to scan the area. Vibrators on the arm and finger alert the user to the obstacle's direction. It has two modes for indoor and outdoor use and costs $35-45, aiming to be affordable. The design provides safety and navigation assistance while minimizing complexity and expense through innovative components and mechanisms.
An Early Drowning Detection System for Internet of Things (IoT) ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drowning is the leading cause of injury or death for children and teenagers. Designing a drowning
detection device by implementing an Internet of Thing (IoT) is needed. An Early Drowning Detection
System (EDDS) is a system that gives an early alarm to the guardians (parents and lifeguard) if the
detector triggered an abnormal heartbeat and the victims are submerged under the water for a long time. A
microcontroller was used to control the signal received from a pulse sensor and time for the signal lost
under the water before it is transmitted to the access point. The access point acts as a data forwarding to
the database via an internet connection. Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) 433MHz
radio frequency transceiver has been used to create the wireless communication between drowning
detection device and monitoring hub. A triggered warning signal will be transmitted to the guardians via
Android apps and web page.
Intelligent Navigation System for Fishing Boats Using GPSIRJET Journal
1) The document describes an intelligent navigation system using GPS and GSM to alert fishermen when their boats approach national borders.
2) The system uses a GPS receiver to determine the boat's location via latitude and longitude, which is sent to a microcontroller.
3) The microcontroller compares the boat's position to predefined border coordinates. If the boat enters a warning zone near the border, the system triggers an alarm and reduces the boat's speed to prevent accidental border crossing.
This document describes a smart saline bottle that monitors fluid levels and alerts medical staff when levels get too low. It uses a non-contact capacitive sensor to detect fluid levels in the bottle. When levels drop below a threshold, the sensor notifies a microcontroller which then sends text messages and phone calls to specified numbers. It also activates a buzzer near the patient's bed to alert anyone present. This is meant to save time for medical staff and prevent errors from low fluid levels going unnoticed.
IRJET- Arduino based Aquarium Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an Arduino-based aquarium monitoring system that allows users to remotely monitor and maintain their fish aquarium through a server and database. The system uses sensors to monitor water temperature, turbidity levels, and other parameters. It includes a servo motor for automated fish feeding. An Arduino Uno board collects sensor data and uploads it to a database and website, allowing remote monitoring via smartphones and laptops. This allows users to check parameters and feed fish even when away. The system aims to automate aquarium maintenance tasks like feeding and monitoring water quality.
This document proposes a smart water quality monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks. It discusses using IEEE 1451 standards-based smart transducers that contain electronic transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS) with sensor metadata. The system would allow for real-time monitoring of various water quality parameters like temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, and turbidity across a distributed sensor network. It aims to provide continuous, high resolution spatial and temporal data to help detect water quality events and issues more quickly than traditional periodic monitoring methods.
This paper proposes a low-cost system to alert Indian fishermen when they cross maritime boundaries and prevent their boats from illegally entering neighboring countries' waters. The system uses GPS to determine the boat's location and sends alerts when it nears the boundary. It also includes an engine control unit connected to the boat's fuel injector. When the boat crosses into foreign waters, the system cuts off the fuel supply to stop the boat. This allows fishermen to be warned and monitored to prevent smuggling while avoiding high-cost alternatives.
IRJET- Flood Alerting System through Water Level MeterIRJET Journal
This document describes a flood alerting system that uses sensors to measure water levels in rivers and lakes. A micro-model is designed using a programmable electronic board connected to electrical resistances placed at different heights in a water container. When the water level reaches a resistance, the sensor transmits the information via WiFi to computers and smartphones so users can see the water level. The system aims to provide timely information to residents in low-lying areas about changes in water levels and predict safe water levels to save lives during floods. Experimental tests of the micro-model produced acceptable results.
IOT Based Water Level Monitoring System For LakeIRJET Journal
The document describes an Internet of Things (IoT) based water level monitoring system for lakes. The system uses a Raspberry Pi controller connected to an ultrasonic water level sensor to monitor water levels. It sends water level data via GSM to users' phones and displays it on a web portal. This allows remote monitoring of available water levels in lakes, helping with efficient water management and allocation. The system aims to reduce water wastage through automated monitoring and control of water resources.
IRJET- IoT based Water Management System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based water management system using Arduino that monitors water quality and controls water flow. The system uses various sensors to measure parameters like water level, flow rate, pH and conductivity. It then sends this sensor data to a server via an ESP8266 WiFi module. An Arduino microcontroller integrates the sensors and controls water valves using solenoid valves. This automation allows real-time remote monitoring of water usage and quality, helping reduce wastage and ensure an equitable water supply.
Advanced Detectable And Foldable Blind Stick.IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed advanced detectable and foldable blind stick to help visually impaired individuals safely navigate obstacles. The stick uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles in front and on both sides, providing audio warnings to the user. It also includes a GPS tracker to locate the user, a pit sensor to detect potholes, a copper probe sensor to detect water levels, and a vibration motor for additional feedback. The stick is powered by a rechargeable battery and controlled using an Arduino microcontroller. Its goals are to allow independent navigation, detect obstacles from multiple directions, and locate users if needed.
IRJET- Smart Real Time Manhole Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed smart real-time manhole monitoring system that uses sensors to detect issues in underground drainage systems like blockages, high temperatures, toxic gas leaks, overflow, and open manhole lids and sends alerts to authorities. Sensors transmit data via a wireless network to controllers that analyze the information and send automatic emails or display alerts if thresholds are exceeded. The system aims to improve drainage maintenance and public safety through remote monitoring to avoid risks of manual inspection and cleaning of manholes.
IRJET- Multi-Sensor based Water Quality Monitoring in IoT EnvironmentIRJET Journal
This document presents a multi-sensor system for real-time monitoring of water quality parameters in an Internet of Things (IoT) environment. The system uses sensors to measure temperature, turbidity, pH, and conductivity of water samples. An Arduino Mega microcontroller collects data from the sensors via Wi-Fi and displays it on a web page. Over 50 water samples were collected from various locations and their properties analyzed. The results help determine suitable uses for the water, such as for drinking, washing, watering plants, or other purposes. This low-cost system provides a means to continuously monitor water quality and transmit sensor data in real-time over the internet.
This document proposes a mobile ICU system using an Android device that allows for continuous remote patient monitoring and treatment. The system measures various vital signs like heart rate, body temperature, ECG, blood glucose levels, and more using sensors. The data is sent to a doctor's Android device, allowing them to remotely monitor and treat patients from home or during disasters when medical resources are limited. The system aims to ease the workload of hospitals and allow patients to be monitored even after discharge to prevent reinfection.
This document summarizes a hull monitoring system for submarines. It uses two ARM microcontrollers as a master and slave that communicate via UART. The slave monitors sensors like temperature, smoke, ultrasound, and controls motors/buzzers. It sends sensor data to the master via UART. The master displays the data, controls hull motors based on sensors and RF commands, and can send commands back to the slave. The system aims to remotely monitor a submarine's hull conditions and control systems for safety.
The document discusses a hydrologic monitoring system assessment being conducted to help a World Bank borrower develop technical specifications for tendering a hydrologic monitoring project. It reviews common hydrologic measurement methods and requests information from the borrower on measurement sites and parameters to fully design the monitoring system. The goal is to produce clear specifications that will lead to more competitive bidding and a cost-effective, sustainable hydrologic monitoring system.
Similar to IRJET- Comprehensive Survey of Drowning Detection and Rescue Techniques (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.