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IRJET- Real Time Monitoring of Air Pollution
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 08 | Aug 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 956 Real Time Monitoring of Air Pollution Nikhesh Muralidharan1, Praveen S2 1,2UG Scholar, PSG College of Technology, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Air pollution is a common issue faced in industries which releases a mixture of various toxic gases and particulates of various sizes. These gases when inhaled causes damage to lung parenchyma and the micro-particlessettlesin the lung inducing inflammation and damage to lung tissues. This makes an individual proneforoccupationallung diseases. Industry pollution is a mixture of various gases including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. These gases inhaledoverperiodoftimecompromises the pulmonary functions and causes pulmonary diseases. Periodic assessment of these gas levels in the industry is mandatory to maintain health of the individuals. The instrument devised worksbasedonairsensingtechnology. The instrument could be installed intheindustryworkingareaand the data collected through the instrument will be transferred to virtual data storage (CLOUD). These data couldbeaccessed anywhere through internet connected mobile which could be used by Government agencies, Safety officers and industriesto assess air pollution level which acts an alarm and helps in taking adequate protective measures to reduce air pollution level in the environment. As industrial safety is veryimportant for workers, inventing afast, easilyaccessibleinstrumenthelps in monitoring the air pollution level, which in turn helps to take adequate steps to promote worker’s health and productivity of the industry. Key Words: Air Pollution, Monitoring, IoT, Access, Sustainable Development 1. INTRODUCTION According to a report published earlier this year by the World Health Organization, air pollution now kills approximately seven million people annually, worldwide. This accounts for as much as one in eight deaths, and is by far the single biggest environmental health risk. In order to counteract this alarming statistic and take action to clean up air around the globe, it’simportanttofirstunderstand where the pollution is most concentrated, how it occurs, what elements are involved and how we can neutralize them. In order to do this, comprehensive air monitoring must be undertaken on a national and international scale. In developing countries,asthetechnologyincreases day by day at the same rate pollution is also getting increasing. Because of this problem people who are surviving in the nearby areas and the people who were working in the industries especially which are emitting pollution are affected at a higher rate. So it posesforcausing various health problems in humans. At an initial stage it affects the people by causing respiratory problem. Due to Prolonged exposure to pollutionitcausesdamagetothelung parenchyma and it causes inflammation in the lung tissues. Among other pollutants, air monitors assess the amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3) and particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5). This project allows us to see where and why pollution occurs, so that we can not only actively avoid overly contaminated areas in our daily routines but also try to implement measures to curb such pollution. 2. PROPOSAL Nowadays, air pollutionismonitoredbynetworksof static measurement stations operated by official authorities. These stations are highlyreliableandcanaccuratelymeasure a wide range of air pollutants using traditional analytic instruments, such as mass spectrometers. However, the extensive cost of acquiring and operating those stations severely limits the number of installations and results in a limited spatial resolutionofthepublishedpollutionmaps.We have done our project in such a way that the acquired data are made centralized so each and every citizen can able to know how much the air is polluted. It can be made possible by using IoT. The data acquired from the hardware component are updated to the cloud which can be made accessible to people by providing our channel ID. Using our channel ID, one can make useof it and get toknowthequality of the air. As a result, everyone can access the pollution level and each can take some effort to reduce it as much as he/she can which results in sustainable development. 3. PROCESS IN BRIEF The system consists of three modules i. Data Collection ii. Data Transfer to Cloud iii. Cloud Computing Data Collection: Sensors are primarily used for collection of pollutant levels in the atmosphere under various environmental conditions. These data can be acquired through Arduino for further analysis. Data Transfer to Cloud: The acquired data is transferred to the cloud database via a microcontroller and a Wi-Fimodule in order to make it accessible to everyone.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 08 | Aug 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 957 Cloud Computing: It is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Interne to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. 4. HARDWARE CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Arduino Uno TheArduinoUnoisamicrocontrollerboardbasedon the ATmega328 as shown in Fig -1. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everythingneededtosupportthemicrocontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmedas a USB-to-serial converter. Fig -1: Arduino Uno 4.2 MQ2 Sensor The Grove - Gas Sensor (MQ2) module as shown in Fig -2 is useful for gas leakage detection. It is suitable for detecting H2, LPG, CH4, CO, Alcohol, Smoke or Propane. Due to its high sensitivity and fast response time, measurement can be taken as soon as possible. The sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted by potentiometer. The specifications of MQ2 Sensor is shown in Table -1. Fig -2: MQ2 Sensor Table -1: MQ2 Sensor Specifications This is an Analog output sensor. It needs to be connected to any one Analog socket in Grove Base Shield. The examples used in this tutorial make uses of A0 analog pin. Connect this module to the A0 port of Base Shield. It is possible to connect the Grove module to Arduino directly by using jumper wires, refer to the connection in Table -2. The output voltage from the Gas sensor increases when the concentration of gas increases.Sensitivitycan beadjustedby rotating the potentiometer. Note that the best preheat time for the sensor is above 24 hours. Table -2: Arduino to MQ2 Sensor Connection 4.3 MQ7 Sensor The Gas Sensor (MQ7) module is suitable for detecting CO Due to its high sensitivity and fast response time, measurements can be taken as soon as possible. The sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted by using the potentiometer. The MQ7 sensor is shown in Fig -3. The specifications of MQ7 Sensor is shown in Table -3. Fig -3: MQ7 Sensor
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 08 | Aug 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 958 Table -3: MQ7 Sensor Specifications This is an Analog output sensor. This needs to be connected to any one Analog socket in Grove Base Shield. The examples used in this tutorial makes uses of A0 analog pin. Connect this module to the A0 port of Base Shield. It is possible to connect the Grove module to Arduino directly by using jumper wires by using the connection as shown in Table -4. Table -4: Arduino to MQ7 Sensor Connection 4.4 ESP 8266 Wi-Fi MODULE The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchipwithfull TCP/IP stack and microcontroller capability produced by Shanghai-based Chinese manufacturer, Espressif Systems. The Wi-Fi Module is shown in Fig -4. Fig -4: Wi-Fi Module - ESP 8266 The chip first came to the attention of western makers in August 2014 with the ESP-01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer, Ai-Thinker. This small module allows microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes style commands. However, at the time there was almost no English-language documentation on the chip and the commands it accepted. The very low price and the fact that there were very few external components on the module which suggested that it could eventuallybeveryinexpensive in volume, attracted many hackers to explore the module, chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate the Chinese documentation. The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built-in flash, allowing for single-chipdevicescapable of connecting to Wi-Fi. The successor to these microcontroller chips is the ESP32. 5. THINGSPEAK CLOUD PLATFORM ThingSpeak is an open source Internet of Things (IoT) application and API to store and retrieve data from things using the TCP protocol over the Internetorvia a Local Area Network. ThingSpeak enables the creation of sensor logging applications, location tracking applications, and a social network of things with status updates. ThingSpeak was originally launched by ioBridge in 2010 as a service in support of IoT applications. ThingSpeak has integrated support from the numerical computing software MATLAB from MathWorks, allowing ThingSpeak users to analyzeand visualize uploadeddata usingMATLABwithoutrequiring the purchase of a MATLAB license from Mathworks.ThingSpeak has a close relationship with Mathworks, Inc. In fact, all of the ThingSpeak documentation is incorporated into the Mathworks' MATLAB documentation site and evenenabling registered Mathworks user accounts as valid login credentials on the ThingSpeak website. The terms of service and privacy policy of ThingSpeak.com are between the agreeing user and Mathworks, Inc. The project’sThingSpeak channel is shown in Fig -5. Fig -5: ThingSpeak Cloud Computing 6. FLOW DIAGRAM AND PROTOTYPE The Flow Diagram and the prototype of the project is shown in Fig -6 and Fig -7 respectively.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 08 | Aug 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 959 Fig -6: Project Flow Diagram Fig -7: Project Prototype 7. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Carbon Monoxide ppm values displayed intheField 1 chart of the ThingSpeak platform is shown in Chart -1 below. Chart -1: MQ7 Measurements Propane ppm values displayed in the Field 2 chart of the ThingSpeak platform is shown in Chart -2 below. Chart -2: MQ2 Measurements The data displayed in the ThingSpeak platform can be downloaded offline in the form of .xml and .xls format and the history of the data uploaded to the cloud can be seen which is shown in Table -5. Table -5: Data History in Cloud The data displayed in the ThingSpeak platform can be downloaded offline and MATLAB analysis can be done. 2- D line plot analysis of Carbon Monoxide (CO) ppm levels obtained from the cloud platformisdisplayedinthe below in Chart -3. Chart -3: MATLAB Analysis - CO Measurements 2-D line plot analysis of Propane ppm levels obtained from the cloud platform is displayed in the below Chart -4.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 08 | Aug 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 960 Chart -4: MATLAB Analysis - Propane Measurements 8. CONCLUSIONS A wireless distributed mobile air pollution monitoring system was designed, implemented and tested using the Wi-Fi network. The system can be placed in the places where we intend to measurethepollutionlevelsof CO and Hydrocarbons. The pollution data from various mobile sensor arrays is transmitted to a central server that make this data available on the Internet through a web channel using the channel ID. The data showsthepollutantlevelsand their conformance to local air quality standards. It is worth mentioning that much more work is required to commercialize the system. This project uses small, low-cost and simple hardware to monitor the CO and propane concentrations. Finally, it is proved that it is feasible to use hardware in participatory sensing applications to increase public awareness and for sustainable development. Mobile phones are used in a wide range of application scenarios to facilitate data collection, such as visibility monitoring traffic conditions surveillance, sensing individual emotions, and bicycle localization. In future, it is possible to create an application to access the pollution levels directly on the smartphones using GSM module. The hardware can also be placed in various polluted cities and the pollutants can be monitored continuously and controlledwithsuitablecontrol systems. REFERENCES [1] Piedrahita R and Xiang Y, Masson N, Ortega J, Collier A, “The next generation of low-costpersonal airqualitysensors for quantitative exposure monitoring”, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Vol 2, pp, 3325 – 3335, March 2013 [2] David Hasenfratz, Olga Saukh, Silvan Sturzenegger, and Lothar Thiele, ”Participatory Air Pollution Monitoring Using Smartphones”, Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory ,ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Vol 34, pp,35-39,April 2014 [3] Johnson, L., Adams Becker, S., Cummins, M., Estrada, V., Freeman, A., & Ludgate H, “Technology outlook for community, technical, and junior colleges 2013-2018: An NMC horizon project sector analysis. Austin,Texas.Vol 3, pp, 67-72, June 2013 [4] Bora, U. J., & Ahmed, M, “E-learning using cloud computing”, International Journal of Science and Modern Engineering, Vol 1(2), pp, 9-12, May 2013 [5] Nagel, D, “Cloud Computing “, Journal of Applied Computing, Vol 9, pp, 5-8, June 2013 [6] AlCattan, R. F, “Integration of Cloud Computing and Web2.0 Collaboration Technologies in E-Learning” International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology, Vol 12(1), pp, 34-42, April 2015 [7] Dong, B., Zheng, Q., Yang, J., Li, H., & Qiao, M, “An e- learning ecosystem based on cloud computing infrastructure”, ICALT Ninth IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, Vol 36, pp, 125-127, August 2009 [8] Nikhesh Muraludharan, “Raspberry Pi and NodeMCU based Home Automation System”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, ACM UbiComp, Vol 6- Issue 8, pp 543*547, Aug 2019 [9] https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/jeffpar0721/add- wifi-to-arduino-uno-663b9e [10]…….http://www.instructables.com/id/ESP8266-Wi-fi- module-explain-and-connection/ [11]https://www.geekstips.com/esp8266-arduino-tutorial- iot-code-example/ [12]https://randomnerdtutorials.com/getting-started-with- esp8266-wifi-transceiver-review/
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