This document summarizes research on various bacteria that have been used for self-healing cementitious materials. It discusses eight types of bacteria from the genus Bacillus that have shown potential for crack healing in concrete, including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sphaericus, and Bacillus megaterium. For each bacteria, it describes the cultivation and preparation process, and how studies have shown they can precipitate calcium carbonate to fill cracks. It also reviews different methods researchers have used to encapsulate bacteria and promote calcium carbonate precipitation in cracked areas. The overall goal of the research is to develop sustainable self-healing concrete using bacteria that can extend the lifespan of concrete structures.
IRJET- Bacteria based Self-Healing Concrete: ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews bacteria-based self-healing concrete. It discusses how certain bacteria like Bacillus pasteurii can seal microcracks in concrete through calcium carbonate precipitation. The document summarizes different studies that found bacteria can increase concrete's compressive strength and reduce permeability. Specifically, it was found that bacterial concrete demonstrated improved strength and durability compared to conventional concrete. The conclusion is that bacterial self-healing provides environmental and economic benefits but also has limitations and health risks if certain pathogenic bacteria are used.
Application of bio-based material for concrete repair: case study leakage on ...yane100498
This document summarizes a study that investigated using bio-based materials to repair cracks in concrete. Specifically, it tested using a mixture of yeast, glucose, and calcium acetate to precipitate calcium carbonate and seal cracks in concrete specimens. Water permeability tests were conducted on specimens with 0.6 mm cracks to evaluate the effectiveness of the bio-based materials in sealing the cracks and reducing water leakage. Analysis using FT-IR and XRD confirmed the precipitation of calcium carbonate from the microbial metabolic processes involved in the bio-based materials.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Application of Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria for Improv...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the application of Bacillus subtilis bacteria for improving properties and healing cracks in concrete. It discusses how bacterial concrete, which contains Bacillus subtilis, is able to self-heal cracks as the bacteria metabolize nutrients and precipitate calcite to fill cracks when they are exposed to water and air. The document provides background on bacterial concrete and Bacillus subtilis, reviews several relevant studies that have shown bacterial concrete can increase compressive strength and reduce permeability, and discusses how microbial induced calcite precipitation via Bacillus subtilis can improve the durability and remediate cracks in concrete.
A Study on the Strength of the Bacterial Concrete Embedded with Bacillus Mega...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on how adding the bacteria Bacillus megaterium to concrete affects its strength properties. Concrete cylinders and prisms were cast with and without the bacteria. Testing found that adding the bacteria led to increases in both the split tensile strength and flexural strength of the concrete. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicated that pores in the concrete were partially filled by material growth from the addition of the bacteria. The maximum compressive strength was achieved with a bacteria cell concentration of 105 cells per ml of mixing water. Overall, the addition of B. megaterium was found to significantly improve the strength characteristics of concrete compared to conventional concrete without bacteria.
This study experimentally investigated the effects of Millenium 21 internal curing admixture on the durability and strength of concrete. Compressive strength, carbonation, and water absorption tests were performed on conventionally cured and internally cured concrete specimens at various ages. The results showed that internally cured concrete specimens had higher compressive strength at 7, 28, and 120 days compared to conventionally cured specimens. Carbonation depth was also lower in internally cured specimens at 120 days. Additionally, internally cured specimens exhibited reduced water absorption compared to conventionally cured specimens, indicating improved durability. The findings demonstrate that internal curing with Millenium 21 can enhance long-term strength and durability of concrete.
Effect of Relative Proportion of Pozzolana on Compressive Strength of Concret...CSCJournals
In this experimental and analytic research, the effect of curing regime on various combinations of silica fume and fly ash was investigated in terms of development of compressive strength. Over 24 mixes were prepared with the water-to-binder ratios of 0.45, 0.35 and 0.25 and with differing percentage of additives used as a combination of 2 or 3 binders. The specimens were subjected to five different curing regimes ranging from continuously water cured to continuously air cured. Results show that it is economical to use a combination of silica fume and fly ash rather than using only silica fume for attaining the same strength level. Poor curing condition adversely affect the strength characteristics of pozzolanic concrete than that of OPC concrete. For silica fume concrete, it is necessary to apply water curing for the initial 7 days to explore pozzolainc activity but it is imperative to cure the fly ash concrete for an extended period to utilize its full potential.
Bacteria as a biological admixture in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The main objective of the present study deals with the execution of the concrete by the microbiologically prompted unique growth/filler. One such thought has prompted the advancement of an extremely special concrete known as Bacterial Concrete where microscopic organisms is incited in the mortars and concrete to heal up the issues with various bacterium proposed at various bacterial concrete. Here a study was made by utilizing the microscopic organisms "Escherichia coli". Calcite arrangement by Escherichia coli is a model research facility bacterium, which can create calcite precipitates on suitable media supplemented with a Calcium source.Concrete cubes with and without addition of bacteria are studied and it is observed that there is an improvement in the compressive strength for the cubes with the addition of bacteria. Concrete cylinders with and without addition of bacteria was considered and it is observed that there is an improvement in the Split tensile strength for the cylinders with the addition of bacteria. Keywords: Escherichia Coli, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength.
This document presents an experimental study on microbial fiber concrete. Various types of concrete (controlled, bacterial, and bacterial fiber) were cast and tested to determine their compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths at different curing periods. Reed fiber was added to bacterial concrete as a natural fiber. Testing showed that bacterial fiber concrete had higher strengths than conventional concrete, with compressive strength increasing up to 14% and split tensile strength increasing up to 12% for concrete made with ordinary Portland cement. Flexural strength of beams also increased by 13% with the addition of bacteria and fiber. The study concluded that bacterial fiber concrete has improved strength properties compared to conventional concrete and can be a more economical and sustainable alternative.
IRJET- Bacteria based Self-Healing Concrete: ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews bacteria-based self-healing concrete. It discusses how certain bacteria like Bacillus pasteurii can seal microcracks in concrete through calcium carbonate precipitation. The document summarizes different studies that found bacteria can increase concrete's compressive strength and reduce permeability. Specifically, it was found that bacterial concrete demonstrated improved strength and durability compared to conventional concrete. The conclusion is that bacterial self-healing provides environmental and economic benefits but also has limitations and health risks if certain pathogenic bacteria are used.
Application of bio-based material for concrete repair: case study leakage on ...yane100498
This document summarizes a study that investigated using bio-based materials to repair cracks in concrete. Specifically, it tested using a mixture of yeast, glucose, and calcium acetate to precipitate calcium carbonate and seal cracks in concrete specimens. Water permeability tests were conducted on specimens with 0.6 mm cracks to evaluate the effectiveness of the bio-based materials in sealing the cracks and reducing water leakage. Analysis using FT-IR and XRD confirmed the precipitation of calcium carbonate from the microbial metabolic processes involved in the bio-based materials.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Application of Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria for Improv...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the application of Bacillus subtilis bacteria for improving properties and healing cracks in concrete. It discusses how bacterial concrete, which contains Bacillus subtilis, is able to self-heal cracks as the bacteria metabolize nutrients and precipitate calcite to fill cracks when they are exposed to water and air. The document provides background on bacterial concrete and Bacillus subtilis, reviews several relevant studies that have shown bacterial concrete can increase compressive strength and reduce permeability, and discusses how microbial induced calcite precipitation via Bacillus subtilis can improve the durability and remediate cracks in concrete.
A Study on the Strength of the Bacterial Concrete Embedded with Bacillus Mega...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on how adding the bacteria Bacillus megaterium to concrete affects its strength properties. Concrete cylinders and prisms were cast with and without the bacteria. Testing found that adding the bacteria led to increases in both the split tensile strength and flexural strength of the concrete. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicated that pores in the concrete were partially filled by material growth from the addition of the bacteria. The maximum compressive strength was achieved with a bacteria cell concentration of 105 cells per ml of mixing water. Overall, the addition of B. megaterium was found to significantly improve the strength characteristics of concrete compared to conventional concrete without bacteria.
This study experimentally investigated the effects of Millenium 21 internal curing admixture on the durability and strength of concrete. Compressive strength, carbonation, and water absorption tests were performed on conventionally cured and internally cured concrete specimens at various ages. The results showed that internally cured concrete specimens had higher compressive strength at 7, 28, and 120 days compared to conventionally cured specimens. Carbonation depth was also lower in internally cured specimens at 120 days. Additionally, internally cured specimens exhibited reduced water absorption compared to conventionally cured specimens, indicating improved durability. The findings demonstrate that internal curing with Millenium 21 can enhance long-term strength and durability of concrete.
Effect of Relative Proportion of Pozzolana on Compressive Strength of Concret...CSCJournals
In this experimental and analytic research, the effect of curing regime on various combinations of silica fume and fly ash was investigated in terms of development of compressive strength. Over 24 mixes were prepared with the water-to-binder ratios of 0.45, 0.35 and 0.25 and with differing percentage of additives used as a combination of 2 or 3 binders. The specimens were subjected to five different curing regimes ranging from continuously water cured to continuously air cured. Results show that it is economical to use a combination of silica fume and fly ash rather than using only silica fume for attaining the same strength level. Poor curing condition adversely affect the strength characteristics of pozzolanic concrete than that of OPC concrete. For silica fume concrete, it is necessary to apply water curing for the initial 7 days to explore pozzolainc activity but it is imperative to cure the fly ash concrete for an extended period to utilize its full potential.
Bacteria as a biological admixture in concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The main objective of the present study deals with the execution of the concrete by the microbiologically prompted unique growth/filler. One such thought has prompted the advancement of an extremely special concrete known as Bacterial Concrete where microscopic organisms is incited in the mortars and concrete to heal up the issues with various bacterium proposed at various bacterial concrete. Here a study was made by utilizing the microscopic organisms "Escherichia coli". Calcite arrangement by Escherichia coli is a model research facility bacterium, which can create calcite precipitates on suitable media supplemented with a Calcium source.Concrete cubes with and without addition of bacteria are studied and it is observed that there is an improvement in the compressive strength for the cubes with the addition of bacteria. Concrete cylinders with and without addition of bacteria was considered and it is observed that there is an improvement in the Split tensile strength for the cylinders with the addition of bacteria. Keywords: Escherichia Coli, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength.
This document presents an experimental study on microbial fiber concrete. Various types of concrete (controlled, bacterial, and bacterial fiber) were cast and tested to determine their compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths at different curing periods. Reed fiber was added to bacterial concrete as a natural fiber. Testing showed that bacterial fiber concrete had higher strengths than conventional concrete, with compressive strength increasing up to 14% and split tensile strength increasing up to 12% for concrete made with ordinary Portland cement. Flexural strength of beams also increased by 13% with the addition of bacteria and fiber. The study concluded that bacterial fiber concrete has improved strength properties compared to conventional concrete and can be a more economical and sustainable alternative.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Behavior of Bacteria in ConcreteIRJET Journal
1) The study experimentally analyzed the effect of Bacillus sphaericus bacteria on the properties of concrete with grades M20, M25, and M30.
2) Compressive, split tensile, and flexural tests were performed on control concrete and bacterial concrete specimens at 7 and 28 days.
3) The results showed that bacterial concrete had higher compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths than control concrete at both ages, with the percentage increase in strengths ranging from 1-15% depending on the grade and test.
EFFECTS OF ACIDIC CURING ON THE PROPERTIES OF UNTREATED AND TREATED POLYESTER...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to study the effect of acidic water on fibre reinforced concrete. The acidic water was prepared by using concentrated Hydrochloric acid in deionised water. The Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) samples were cured in normal water and acidic water for 56 days. The concrete samples were studied for Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength. The untreated & treated polyester fibre was added 0%, 0.20%, 0.25% & 0.30% by weight of cement in M25 grade of concrete. A comparison has been done between normal water curing and acidic curing of fibre reinforced concrete
Self-healing dental polymer:mechanism and uses in dentistry.
This presentation discusses briefly the definition ,mechanism and uses of self-healing polymers in dentistry.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Self Healing Concrete Beams using BacteriaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on self-healing concrete beams using bacteria. Bacillus Subtilis bacteria was added to concrete mixes to induce calcite precipitation and healing of cracks. Beams were cast with conventional concrete and bacterial concrete. The bacterial concrete beams exhibited higher flexural strength compared to conventional concrete beams after 28 days, demonstrating the self-healing effect of the bacteria. Specifically, the bacterial concrete beams showed flexural strengths that were 10.69%, 11.80%, and 11.25% higher than the conventional concrete beam, indicating the bacteria successfully precipitated calcite to heal cracks and improve strength. The study demonstrated the potential of bacteria to provide self-healing properties to concrete and extend the lifespan of
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF NANO SILICA ON THE SELF HEALING ABILITY OF HIGH STRENG...IAEME Publication
The aim of this study is analyzing the self-healing capability of high strength concrete (M70) with nano silica and crystalline admixture in three types of environmental exposures i.e. water immersion, wet/dry cycles and water contact. The percentage replacements of cement with nano silica were 1%, 2%, 3% with addition of 1.1% crystalline admixture. The specimens were pre-cracked at 28 days in the range of 0.10-0.40mm and the time set for healing was 42 days. The result shows that all the mixes have considerable amount of closing ability and strength regaining capacity for all exposure conditions. The concrete with 2% nano silica and 1.1% crystalline admixture (CA) has complete crack closing ability and strength regaining capacity for water immersion and wet/dry cycle conditions.
IRJET- Performance and Characteristics of Bacterial ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses bacterial concrete, which is a type of self-healing concrete that uses bacteria to fill cracks. It describes how bacteria are added to concrete through direct application or encapsulation in lightweight concrete. When cracks form, the bacteria metabolize nutrients like calcium lactate to precipitate minerals like calcium carbonate, filling the cracks. The document outlines the advantages of bacterial concrete like reducing environmental impacts and repairing structures without additional cement. It also identifies common bacteria used like Bacillus pasteurii and mechanisms to prolong bacterial viability when embedded in concrete matrices.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IRJET- Evaluation of Water Absorption and Sorptivity Properties of Fly Ash, G...IRJET Journal
1) The document evaluates the water absorption and sorptivity properties of fly ash and GGBS based geopolymer concrete with different volume fractions of glass fibers added.
2) Specimens were tested for water absorption at 30 minutes and 24 hours by measuring their saturated and dry masses. Addition of glass fibers decreased absorption rates compared to control geopolymer concrete.
3) Sorptivity testing involved measuring mass changes of specimens exposed to water over time. Sorptivity values, calculated from the slope of mass change vs square root of time, decreased with glass fiber addition, indicating a denser microstructure with fewer interconnected pores.
Bacterial concrete uses special bacteria and nutrients embedded in concrete that can precipitate minerals to self-heal cracks. When cracks form and water enters, dormant bacterial spores germinate, consuming the nutrients and precipitating minerals to fill the cracks without external repair. This improves concrete's durability and strength over time by sealing cracks that normally allow chemical intrusion. Bacterial concrete is more expensive than traditional concrete but offers self-repair abilities and longer structure lifespan by preventing corrosion and degradation from cracks.
This study examined the effect of two bacteria - Bacillus sphaericus and Sporosarcina pasteurii - on cement composites. The bacteria were added to cement paste, mortar, and concrete at a concentration of 106 cells/ml. Compressive strength was found to increase by 39.8% and 33.07% for paste, 50% and 28.2% for mortar, and 18.3% and 12.2% for concrete when using the two bacterial strains respectively. SEM and XRD analysis revealed the presence of calcium carbonate precipitated by the bacterial activity, which improved the strength and durability of the cement composites.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on High Strength Bacterial Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on high-strength bacterial concrete with partial replacement of coarse aggregates with recycled aggregates. The study aims to develop self-healing concrete by adding the bacteria Bacillus subtilis. Recycled aggregates from demolished concrete are used to replace natural coarse aggregates at rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The bacteria and varying percentages of recycled aggregates are added to concrete mixtures to study their effects on mechanical properties such as compressive and split tensile strength compared to conventional concrete. Material properties including cement, aggregates, and bacteria are tested to ensure mixture design specifications are met.
This document summarizes a student project on bio concrete. It includes an abstract stating that bacteria are added to concrete to improve its properties and durability by allowing it to self-heal cracks. It then reviews literature on bacterial concrete and describes the methodology, preparation, composition, and testing of bio concrete. The tests show that bio concrete has higher compressive, tensile, and flexural strength than conventional concrete. Applications discussed include using bio concrete to line irrigation canals in Ecuador to improve water retention.
Investigation Review of Self Curing Concrete Experiment ResultsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation into the physical properties of self-curing concrete using different admixtures. The study tested concrete with lightweight aggregates (LECA) ranging from 0-20% by volume and polyethylene glycol ranging from 1-3% by weight of cement. Tests measured volumetric water absorption, water permeability, water sorptivity, and mass loss at 28 days. Results showed LECA up to 15% and polyethylene glycol at 2% improved properties by retaining more moisture for hydration. Higher cement content, lower water-cement ratio, and addition of silica fume also improved durability. The study concluded self-curing agents along with silica fume can enhance physical properties of concrete compared to
IRJET- Comparative Study on Quality of Bacterial Concrete with Normal ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the quality of bacterial concrete compared to normal concrete. The study aims to determine the optimum dosage of bacterial solution needed in concrete mixtures to improve strength and durability. Five concrete mixtures were prepared with varying amounts of Bacillus Subtilis bacteria solution from 0-50 ml added per cubic meter of concrete. The mixtures were tested for properties such as compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and microstructure analysis. Results showed that the bacterial concrete outperformed normal concrete and the mixture with 40ml of bacteria solution per cubic meter achieved maximum strength, beyond which strength did not further increase.
The document reviews bioactive materials for tissue engineering applications, discussing the tissue response to inert, porous, bioactive, and resorbable implants. It also examines the general theory of biomaterials, classes of bioactive materials including ceramics and composites, and mechanisms of bioactive bonding between implants and tissue. The goal is to understand factors that influence bioactivity and how to achieve a strong interface between implants and host tissues.
The objective of the present investigation is to obtain the influence of facultative bacteria (Bacillus Cereus) on the strength of concrete made with and without bacteria. Three different cell concentrations (102,107, 1010 cells/ml) of bacteria are used in making the concrete mixes. In making concrete, one control specimen is prepared and three more mixes are also prepared by voluntarily replacing of 10, 20 and 30 litres of bacterial nutrient medium with water. Split Tensile strength test is performed at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days. Test results indicate that inclusion of Bacillus Cereus in concrete enhances the compressive strength. Maximum 25.64% increase in compressive strength is observed with 107 cells/ml of bacteria. The improvement in strength takes place due to microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP). MICP is a layer of highly impermeable calcite deposition on the surface of already existing concrete layer. The effect of MICP is quantified by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
biodegradable ceramics polymer matrix composite for bio medical applicationRanju M Ramachandran
The document discusses biodegradable ceramic-polymer composites for biomedical applications. It introduces biopolymers and biodegradable materials. Common issues with permanent implants like stress shielding and inflammation are described. The need for biodegradable implants that can degrade over time without issues is explained. Different types of biodegradable ceramic-polymer composites are summarized, including those based on silica, bioglass, wollastonite and calcium phosphates. These composites can provide controlled properties for tissue engineering by combining ceramics and polymers. In conclusion, biodegradable ceramic-polymer composites offer advantages over isolated ceramics or polymers for regenerative medicine applications.
study on comparison of self curing of concrete by using normal coarse aggreg...Ijripublishers Ijri
Curing is the name given to the procedure used for promoting the hydration of the cement and consist a control of temperature
and moisture movement from the concrete. Curing allows continuous hydration of cement and consequently
continuous gain in the strength, once curing stops strength gain of the concrete also stops. Proper moisture conditions
are critical because the hydration of the cement virtually ceases when the relative humidity within the capillaries drops
below 80%. Proper curing of concrete structures is important to meet performance and durability requirements. In conventional
curing this is achieved by external curing applied after mixing, placing and finishing. Self-curing or internal
curing is a technique that can be used to provide additional moisture in concrete for more effective hydration of cement
and reduced self-desiccation. When concrete is exposed to the environment evaporation of water takes place and loss of
moisture will reduce the initial water cement ratio which will result in the incomplete hydration of the cement and hence
lowering the quality of the concrete.
This document discusses the Hindustan Latex Limited (HLL) Lifecare company and its effluent treatment plant. HLL Lifecare operates two factories in Trivandrum, India - one in Peroorkada that produces condoms and one in Akkulam that produces other medical products. The effluent treatment plant at Peroorkada uses various tanks and processes like lime mixing, FeCl3 mixing, aeration, settling, and filtration to treat wastewater before recycling or disposal. Sludge from the treatment plant is dried on beds and could potentially be used to make bricks.
Critical Literature Review on Improvement of Concrete Properties by Bacterial...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review of research on improving concrete properties using bacterial solutions. It summarizes 15 previous studies that investigated how adding various bacteria like Bacillus pasteurii and Bacillus subtilis to concrete affects mechanical properties and durability. The studies found that bacterial concrete has higher compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, and lower water absorption and permeability compared to normal concrete. The bacteria are able to precipitate calcium carbonate in concrete cracks, potentially providing a self-healing effect. Bacterial solutions from 105-107 cells/ml were found to be most effective. Using fly ash or slag cement along with bacterial solutions can further enhance concrete properties. Overall, the literature demonstrates that bacterial solutions have potential to
IRJET- A Review on Self-Healing ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on self-healing concrete that uses bacteria to naturally heal cracks. It discusses how certain bacteria like Bacillus can lie dormant in concrete for years and then become active when cracks form, precipitating minerals like calcium carbonate to seal the cracks. This self-healing process improves the durability and strength of concrete structures over time while reducing maintenance costs. The document surveys several studies that have found bacterial self-healing concrete can increase compressive, tensile, and flexural concrete strengths by 10-25% compared to traditional concrete. It identifies Bacillus Megaterium as an effective bacteria for self-healing at an optimum concentration of 30 x 10^5 cfu/ml.
An Experimental Investigation of Sustainable Bacterial Concrete: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on sustainable bacterial concrete. It discusses using bacteria and ceramic waste to improve the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. The literature review covers research using various bacteria like Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium at concentrations around 105 cells/ml to induce calcite precipitation and heal cracks in concrete. It also discusses partial replacement of cement with ceramic waste up to 20% to enhance properties. The major findings are that bacterial concrete and ceramic waste concrete can both improve physical and mechanical properties of concrete.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Behavior of Bacteria in ConcreteIRJET Journal
1) The study experimentally analyzed the effect of Bacillus sphaericus bacteria on the properties of concrete with grades M20, M25, and M30.
2) Compressive, split tensile, and flexural tests were performed on control concrete and bacterial concrete specimens at 7 and 28 days.
3) The results showed that bacterial concrete had higher compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths than control concrete at both ages, with the percentage increase in strengths ranging from 1-15% depending on the grade and test.
EFFECTS OF ACIDIC CURING ON THE PROPERTIES OF UNTREATED AND TREATED POLYESTER...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to study the effect of acidic water on fibre reinforced concrete. The acidic water was prepared by using concentrated Hydrochloric acid in deionised water. The Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) samples were cured in normal water and acidic water for 56 days. The concrete samples were studied for Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength. The untreated & treated polyester fibre was added 0%, 0.20%, 0.25% & 0.30% by weight of cement in M25 grade of concrete. A comparison has been done between normal water curing and acidic curing of fibre reinforced concrete
Self-healing dental polymer:mechanism and uses in dentistry.
This presentation discusses briefly the definition ,mechanism and uses of self-healing polymers in dentistry.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Self Healing Concrete Beams using BacteriaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on self-healing concrete beams using bacteria. Bacillus Subtilis bacteria was added to concrete mixes to induce calcite precipitation and healing of cracks. Beams were cast with conventional concrete and bacterial concrete. The bacterial concrete beams exhibited higher flexural strength compared to conventional concrete beams after 28 days, demonstrating the self-healing effect of the bacteria. Specifically, the bacterial concrete beams showed flexural strengths that were 10.69%, 11.80%, and 11.25% higher than the conventional concrete beam, indicating the bacteria successfully precipitated calcite to heal cracks and improve strength. The study demonstrated the potential of bacteria to provide self-healing properties to concrete and extend the lifespan of
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF NANO SILICA ON THE SELF HEALING ABILITY OF HIGH STRENG...IAEME Publication
The aim of this study is analyzing the self-healing capability of high strength concrete (M70) with nano silica and crystalline admixture in three types of environmental exposures i.e. water immersion, wet/dry cycles and water contact. The percentage replacements of cement with nano silica were 1%, 2%, 3% with addition of 1.1% crystalline admixture. The specimens were pre-cracked at 28 days in the range of 0.10-0.40mm and the time set for healing was 42 days. The result shows that all the mixes have considerable amount of closing ability and strength regaining capacity for all exposure conditions. The concrete with 2% nano silica and 1.1% crystalline admixture (CA) has complete crack closing ability and strength regaining capacity for water immersion and wet/dry cycle conditions.
IRJET- Performance and Characteristics of Bacterial ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses bacterial concrete, which is a type of self-healing concrete that uses bacteria to fill cracks. It describes how bacteria are added to concrete through direct application or encapsulation in lightweight concrete. When cracks form, the bacteria metabolize nutrients like calcium lactate to precipitate minerals like calcium carbonate, filling the cracks. The document outlines the advantages of bacterial concrete like reducing environmental impacts and repairing structures without additional cement. It also identifies common bacteria used like Bacillus pasteurii and mechanisms to prolong bacterial viability when embedded in concrete matrices.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IRJET- Evaluation of Water Absorption and Sorptivity Properties of Fly Ash, G...IRJET Journal
1) The document evaluates the water absorption and sorptivity properties of fly ash and GGBS based geopolymer concrete with different volume fractions of glass fibers added.
2) Specimens were tested for water absorption at 30 minutes and 24 hours by measuring their saturated and dry masses. Addition of glass fibers decreased absorption rates compared to control geopolymer concrete.
3) Sorptivity testing involved measuring mass changes of specimens exposed to water over time. Sorptivity values, calculated from the slope of mass change vs square root of time, decreased with glass fiber addition, indicating a denser microstructure with fewer interconnected pores.
Bacterial concrete uses special bacteria and nutrients embedded in concrete that can precipitate minerals to self-heal cracks. When cracks form and water enters, dormant bacterial spores germinate, consuming the nutrients and precipitating minerals to fill the cracks without external repair. This improves concrete's durability and strength over time by sealing cracks that normally allow chemical intrusion. Bacterial concrete is more expensive than traditional concrete but offers self-repair abilities and longer structure lifespan by preventing corrosion and degradation from cracks.
This study examined the effect of two bacteria - Bacillus sphaericus and Sporosarcina pasteurii - on cement composites. The bacteria were added to cement paste, mortar, and concrete at a concentration of 106 cells/ml. Compressive strength was found to increase by 39.8% and 33.07% for paste, 50% and 28.2% for mortar, and 18.3% and 12.2% for concrete when using the two bacterial strains respectively. SEM and XRD analysis revealed the presence of calcium carbonate precipitated by the bacterial activity, which improved the strength and durability of the cement composites.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on High Strength Bacterial Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on high-strength bacterial concrete with partial replacement of coarse aggregates with recycled aggregates. The study aims to develop self-healing concrete by adding the bacteria Bacillus subtilis. Recycled aggregates from demolished concrete are used to replace natural coarse aggregates at rates of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The bacteria and varying percentages of recycled aggregates are added to concrete mixtures to study their effects on mechanical properties such as compressive and split tensile strength compared to conventional concrete. Material properties including cement, aggregates, and bacteria are tested to ensure mixture design specifications are met.
This document summarizes a student project on bio concrete. It includes an abstract stating that bacteria are added to concrete to improve its properties and durability by allowing it to self-heal cracks. It then reviews literature on bacterial concrete and describes the methodology, preparation, composition, and testing of bio concrete. The tests show that bio concrete has higher compressive, tensile, and flexural strength than conventional concrete. Applications discussed include using bio concrete to line irrigation canals in Ecuador to improve water retention.
Investigation Review of Self Curing Concrete Experiment ResultsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation into the physical properties of self-curing concrete using different admixtures. The study tested concrete with lightweight aggregates (LECA) ranging from 0-20% by volume and polyethylene glycol ranging from 1-3% by weight of cement. Tests measured volumetric water absorption, water permeability, water sorptivity, and mass loss at 28 days. Results showed LECA up to 15% and polyethylene glycol at 2% improved properties by retaining more moisture for hydration. Higher cement content, lower water-cement ratio, and addition of silica fume also improved durability. The study concluded self-curing agents along with silica fume can enhance physical properties of concrete compared to
IRJET- Comparative Study on Quality of Bacterial Concrete with Normal ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the quality of bacterial concrete compared to normal concrete. The study aims to determine the optimum dosage of bacterial solution needed in concrete mixtures to improve strength and durability. Five concrete mixtures were prepared with varying amounts of Bacillus Subtilis bacteria solution from 0-50 ml added per cubic meter of concrete. The mixtures were tested for properties such as compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and microstructure analysis. Results showed that the bacterial concrete outperformed normal concrete and the mixture with 40ml of bacteria solution per cubic meter achieved maximum strength, beyond which strength did not further increase.
The document reviews bioactive materials for tissue engineering applications, discussing the tissue response to inert, porous, bioactive, and resorbable implants. It also examines the general theory of biomaterials, classes of bioactive materials including ceramics and composites, and mechanisms of bioactive bonding between implants and tissue. The goal is to understand factors that influence bioactivity and how to achieve a strong interface between implants and host tissues.
The objective of the present investigation is to obtain the influence of facultative bacteria (Bacillus Cereus) on the strength of concrete made with and without bacteria. Three different cell concentrations (102,107, 1010 cells/ml) of bacteria are used in making the concrete mixes. In making concrete, one control specimen is prepared and three more mixes are also prepared by voluntarily replacing of 10, 20 and 30 litres of bacterial nutrient medium with water. Split Tensile strength test is performed at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days. Test results indicate that inclusion of Bacillus Cereus in concrete enhances the compressive strength. Maximum 25.64% increase in compressive strength is observed with 107 cells/ml of bacteria. The improvement in strength takes place due to microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP). MICP is a layer of highly impermeable calcite deposition on the surface of already existing concrete layer. The effect of MICP is quantified by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
biodegradable ceramics polymer matrix composite for bio medical applicationRanju M Ramachandran
The document discusses biodegradable ceramic-polymer composites for biomedical applications. It introduces biopolymers and biodegradable materials. Common issues with permanent implants like stress shielding and inflammation are described. The need for biodegradable implants that can degrade over time without issues is explained. Different types of biodegradable ceramic-polymer composites are summarized, including those based on silica, bioglass, wollastonite and calcium phosphates. These composites can provide controlled properties for tissue engineering by combining ceramics and polymers. In conclusion, biodegradable ceramic-polymer composites offer advantages over isolated ceramics or polymers for regenerative medicine applications.
study on comparison of self curing of concrete by using normal coarse aggreg...Ijripublishers Ijri
Curing is the name given to the procedure used for promoting the hydration of the cement and consist a control of temperature
and moisture movement from the concrete. Curing allows continuous hydration of cement and consequently
continuous gain in the strength, once curing stops strength gain of the concrete also stops. Proper moisture conditions
are critical because the hydration of the cement virtually ceases when the relative humidity within the capillaries drops
below 80%. Proper curing of concrete structures is important to meet performance and durability requirements. In conventional
curing this is achieved by external curing applied after mixing, placing and finishing. Self-curing or internal
curing is a technique that can be used to provide additional moisture in concrete for more effective hydration of cement
and reduced self-desiccation. When concrete is exposed to the environment evaporation of water takes place and loss of
moisture will reduce the initial water cement ratio which will result in the incomplete hydration of the cement and hence
lowering the quality of the concrete.
This document discusses the Hindustan Latex Limited (HLL) Lifecare company and its effluent treatment plant. HLL Lifecare operates two factories in Trivandrum, India - one in Peroorkada that produces condoms and one in Akkulam that produces other medical products. The effluent treatment plant at Peroorkada uses various tanks and processes like lime mixing, FeCl3 mixing, aeration, settling, and filtration to treat wastewater before recycling or disposal. Sludge from the treatment plant is dried on beds and could potentially be used to make bricks.
Critical Literature Review on Improvement of Concrete Properties by Bacterial...IRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review of research on improving concrete properties using bacterial solutions. It summarizes 15 previous studies that investigated how adding various bacteria like Bacillus pasteurii and Bacillus subtilis to concrete affects mechanical properties and durability. The studies found that bacterial concrete has higher compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, and lower water absorption and permeability compared to normal concrete. The bacteria are able to precipitate calcium carbonate in concrete cracks, potentially providing a self-healing effect. Bacterial solutions from 105-107 cells/ml were found to be most effective. Using fly ash or slag cement along with bacterial solutions can further enhance concrete properties. Overall, the literature demonstrates that bacterial solutions have potential to
IRJET- A Review on Self-Healing ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on self-healing concrete that uses bacteria to naturally heal cracks. It discusses how certain bacteria like Bacillus can lie dormant in concrete for years and then become active when cracks form, precipitating minerals like calcium carbonate to seal the cracks. This self-healing process improves the durability and strength of concrete structures over time while reducing maintenance costs. The document surveys several studies that have found bacterial self-healing concrete can increase compressive, tensile, and flexural concrete strengths by 10-25% compared to traditional concrete. It identifies Bacillus Megaterium as an effective bacteria for self-healing at an optimum concentration of 30 x 10^5 cfu/ml.
An Experimental Investigation of Sustainable Bacterial Concrete: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on sustainable bacterial concrete. It discusses using bacteria and ceramic waste to improve the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. The literature review covers research using various bacteria like Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium at concentrations around 105 cells/ml to induce calcite precipitation and heal cracks in concrete. It also discusses partial replacement of cement with ceramic waste up to 20% to enhance properties. The major findings are that bacterial concrete and ceramic waste concrete can both improve physical and mechanical properties of concrete.
IRJET- Study of Compressive Strength of Self Healing ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document studies the compressive strength of self-healing concrete that uses bacteria solution in place of water. Cubes of concrete with different percentages of bacteria solution (0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 100%) in place of water were tested. Results showed compressive strength increased up to 70% bacteria solution, but decreased at 100%. At 28 days, concrete with 70% bacteria solution had the highest compressive strength at 33.95 MPa, an increase of 25% over normal concrete. The bacteria may increase strength by filling pores and precipitating calcium carbonate through microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation.
1) The document discusses self-healing concrete that uses bacteria to heal cracks and improve the properties of concrete. It summarizes previous research on the topic and outlines an experimental study.
2) The study examines the effect of different concentrations of Bacillus subtilis bacteria on the compressive strength of M-25 grade concrete. Specimens were tested after 3, 7, and 28 days of curing.
3) The results showed that cracks in concrete specimens were healed after 30 days when treated with a paste of Bacillus subtilis bacteria and water. Higher bacterial concentrations also led to higher compressive strengths.
- The document discusses self-healing concrete that uses bacteria to heal cracks. Bacteria like Bacillus subtilis are added to concrete and produce minerals that fill cracks.
- Tests were conducted on concrete cubes with different bacteria concentrations. Compressive strength increased with higher bacteria levels and longer curing times. Cracks in specimens were observed to decrease in width after 30 days when treated with bacterial paste.
- The study concluded self-healing concrete can increase structure life and reduce repair/maintenance costs, providing an affordable sustainable option for the construction industry. Bacteria-treated concrete was found to self-heal cracks and increase compressive strength compared to conventional concrete.
The Self Healing Concrete By Using Bacillus Megaterium de Bary (ATCC 14581)IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on self-healing concrete using Bacillus Megaterium de Bary bacteria. The bacteria is added to concrete mixtures and seals cracks through a chemical process. Tests showed that concrete with a 10-1 bacterial solution had 30% higher compressive strength than standard concrete after curing. Concrete with a 10-3 solution had 23% higher strength. Cracks in test specimens were up to 75% healed by the bacteria consuming calcium carbonate and precipitating limestone to fill the cracks. The research demonstrates that bacteria can improve the strength and durability of concrete structures by autonomously repairing cracks over time.
STUDY ON SELF-HEALING CONCRETE TYPES – A REVIEWIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of different types of self-healing concrete. It discusses two main types: autogenous healing concrete and autonomous healing concrete. Autogenous healing occurs through continued hydration of unreacted cement particles in cracks. Autonomous healing uses encapsulated healing agents like bacteria, polymers or minerals that fill cracks when the capsules rupture. The document examines various mechanisms and factors for bacterial self-healing concrete specifically, including different bacteria types used and how they precipitate minerals to seal cracks. It also reviews capsule-based self-healing concrete using microcapsules filled with substances like epoxy or polyurethane that react to fill cracks when released.
1. The document discusses self-healing concrete, also known as bio-concrete, which uses bacteria to autonomously repair cracks in concrete.
2. The bacteria and nutrients used to produce calcium carbonate are embedded in expanded clay pellets distributed throughout the concrete mix. When cracks form and water enters, the pellets rupture, releasing the bacteria which metabolize the nutrients to precipitate calcium carbonate and seal the cracks.
3. Experiments found this bacterial self-healing method could fully heal cracks up to 0.5mm wide by producing calcium carbonate through the bacteria's metabolic activity. This self-healing improved the concrete's water tightness and durability.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF SELF HEALING CON...IAEME Publication
Cracking in concrete is irresistible when the load applied is more than its limit and the treatment of cracks is very expensive. This phenomenon also affects the reinforcement in the structure by means of carbon dioxide and water through the cracks. One of the ways to arrest this cracking phenomenon is mixing of bacteria into the concrete. In the present study, an attempt is made to arrest the cracks in concrete using bacteria and calcium lactate. The percentages of bacteria selected for the study are 3.5% and 5% by weight of cement. In addition, calcium lactate was used at 5% and 10% replacement of cement by weight. Bacteria produce calcium carbonate crystals which blocks the micro cracks and pores in the concrete after reacting with calcium lactate.
“A STUDY ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS BACTERIAL...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the strength and durability properties of concrete containing Bacillus subtilis bacteria. Concrete mixtures were prepared with bacterial concentrations of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. Specimens were tested after 7 and 28 days of curing. The 20% bacterial concrete achieved the highest compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength at both curing ages. Additionally, the 20% bacterial concrete performed best in durability testing where specimens were immersed in HCL for 30 days, maintaining the highest residual compressive strength. The results indicate that Bacillus subtilis bacteria can improve the strength and durability of concrete, with an optimal concentration of 20%.
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
BACTERIAL CONCRETE - A SOLUTION TO CRACK FORMATIONAM Publications
Concrete is a homogenous mixture and cracks in concrete are inevitable so there is a need for repair which affects the economic life of any structure. To overcome this problem an inherent biomaterial is developed, a self-repairing material which can remediate the cracks in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a technique which is highly desirable because the calcium precipitation is induced as a result of microbial activities. This helps in increasing the strength and durability of concrete. As per the results, it is clearly observed that there is increase in compressive strength, tensile strength and durability in bacterial concrete as compared with normal concrete. This is the main objective of the bacterial concrete for which it was introduced. Various tests which are carried out to study these properties of concrete are compressive strength test, Split tensile test. Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M) is used to study the growth of bacteria in the concrete. It is observed that for bacterial proportion 105 cells (24 ml of bacteria in 1000ml), there is significant increase in compressive strength of the bacterial concrete i.e. around 25% increase in strength as compared with normal concrete. For this purpose bacteria used is Bacillus Subtilis.
This document discusses bacterial concrete as a self-remediating material where microorganisms like Bacillus pasteurii are added to concrete to continuously precipitate calcite to fill cracks. The process is called Microbiologically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP). Several studies on MICCP and bacterial concrete are referenced from 2001-2009. The methodology involves casting concrete beams, inducing cracks, injecting bacteria, curing in different media, and testing compressive strength over time. Bacillus pasteurii is used to precipitate calcite to repair cracks through bacterial action and improve strength.
This document discusses bacterial concrete as a self-remediating material where microorganisms like Bacillus pasteurii are added to concrete to continuously precipitate calcite to fill cracks. The process is called Microbiologically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICCP). Several studies on MICCP and bacterial concrete are referenced from 2001-2009. The methodology discusses casting concrete beams, inducing cracks, injecting Bacillus pasteurii, curing in different media, and testing compressive strength over time. The goal is to repair cracks through bacterial action and study the repairing effect.
This document describes research on isolating and characterizing bacteria for use in self-healing concrete. Bacillus subtilis strain BH3 was found to be most effective at precipitating calcite via its urease enzyme activity. Experiments optimized growth conditions like temperature (35°C) and urea concentration (5%). BH3 was mixed with concrete cracks at cell concentrations of 104-106 CFU/ml along with calcium lactate and silica gel. This resulted in autogenous crack healing through bacterial calcite precipitation.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Improving Durability of Self Healing ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving the durability of self-healing concrete through the use of bacteria. It discusses how bacteria like Bacillus subtilis that are added to concrete can precipitate calcium carbonate to seal cracks up to 0.5mm wide through their metabolic processes. This self-healing mechanism is more effective and environmentally friendly than traditional crack repair methods. The document also reviews the preparation process for bacterial concrete, the working principles of how bacteria facilitate self-healing after cracks form, and prior literature that has found bacterial treatment can increase the strength, stiffness, and durability of concrete.
A Review On Self Healing Concrete By Using Bacillus MegateriumIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of self-healing concrete that uses Bacillus Megaterium bacteria. It discusses how cracks in concrete allow water and chemicals to enter and corrode reinforcement, reducing the lifespan of concrete structures. The study found that concrete containing B. Megaterium had improved compressive strength and reduced water absorption compared to normal concrete. The mechanism of self-healing is that bacterial spores and calcium nutrients encapsulated in the concrete activate when cracks form, precipitating calcium carbonate to seal the cracks. The document also examines various materials used in self-healing concrete and different methods of achieving self-healing, such as autogenous, vascular, and cementitious approaches.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH BASED BAC...AM Publications
The present investigation deals with the influence of Bacillus Subtilis bacteria on strength properties of fly ash concrete. In fly ash concrete, cement was partially replaced with 10%, 20% and 30% with fly ash by weight and optimizes the percentage of fly ash for making bacterial concrete. The bacteria Bacillus Subtilis of different cell concentrations 103, 105 and 107 cells/ml were used for making bacterial concrete. The experimental investigations were carried out for 28 and 56 days. Tests conducted include Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. In fly ash concrete, maximum strength properties observed for 10% replacement of cement with fly ash and the percentage of fly ash is fixed as 10% for making bacterial concrete. In bacterial concrete, maximum strength properties obtained for the bacteria cell concentration of 105cells/ml. The improvement in the strength properties of fly ash concrete is due to the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the micro environment by the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis.
Similar to IRJET- Bacteria based Self-Healing Cementitious Material - A Review (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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