This document reviews research on using nanofluids to improve the performance of flat plate solar collectors. Nanofluids are fluids containing nano-sized particles that can enhance heat transfer properties. Several studies have found that nanofluids can increase heat transfer coefficients and collector efficiencies compared to using plain water. Specifically, alumina, copper oxide, and carbon nanotubes dispersed in water have shown efficiency improvements of up to 29% relative to water alone. Higher nanofluid concentrations and lower flow rates tend to increase efficiency, up to an optimal point. Overall, the literature demonstrates that nanofluids have promising potential to enhance flat plate solar collector performance.
In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to study the performance of a parabolic trough collector (PTC). The proposed model consists of three parts. The first part is a solar radiation model that used to estimate the amount of solar radiation incident upon Earth by using equations and relationships between the sun and the Earth. The second part is the optical model; This part has the ability to determine the optical efficiency of PTC throughout the daytime. The last part is the thermal model. The aim of this part is to estimate the amount of energy collected by different types of fluids and capable to calculate the heat losses, thermal efficiency and the outlet temperature of fluid. All heat balance equations and heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation, have been incorporated. The proposed model is implemented in MATLAB. A new nanofluids like Water+PEO+1%CNT, PEO+1%CNT and PEO+0.2%CUO where tested and were compared with conventional water and molten salt during the winter and the summer to the city of Basra and good results were obtained in improving the performance of the solar collector. The results explained both the design and environmental parameters that effect on the performance of PTC. Percentage of improvement in the thermal efficiency at the summer when using nanofluids (Water+PEO+1%CNT, PEO+1%CNT and PEO+0.2%CUO) Nano fluids are (19.68%, 17.47% and 15.1%) respectively compared to the water and (10.98%, 8.93% and 6.7%) respectively compared to the molten salt, as well as the percentage decreases in the heat losses by using the Nano fluids through the vacuum space between the receiver tube and the glass envelope compared with water (86 %, 76 % and 66 %) and molten salt (79.15 %, 64.34 % and 48.47 % ) . As final a Water+PEO+1%CNT nanofluid gives the best performance
Comparative study of parabolic trough collector through MWCNT/H2o nanofluid a...Husain Mehdi
In this present work MWCNT nanofluid and water were used as working fluid to compare the thermal performance of solar parabolic trough collector. Both the fluids were flowing through receiver at different volume flow rates 160L/h and 100L/h. Experimental tests was performed only during sunny weather and temperature at outlet of receiver was measured through thermometer after every half an hour of total testing time period. MWCNT nanofluid with weight fraction 0.01% and 0.02% and water were used to find efficiency of system and it has been seen that MWCNT nanofluid 0.02wt% with 160L/h showed better results for overall thermal efficiency among other and also an application of surfactant Triton X-100 with in MWCNT nanofluid was used to enhance the quantity of heat absorption capability of base fluid
In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to study the performance of a parabolic trough collector (PTC). The proposed model consists of three parts. The first part is a solar radiation model that used to estimate the amount of solar radiation incident upon Earth by using equations and relationships between the sun and the Earth. The second part is the optical model; This part has the ability to determine the optical efficiency of PTC throughout the daytime. The last part is the thermal model. The aim of this part is to estimate the amount of energy collected by different types of fluids and capable to calculate the heat losses, thermal efficiency and the outlet temperature of fluid. All heat balance equations and heat transfer mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation, have been incorporated. The proposed model is implemented in MATLAB. A new nanofluids like Water+PEO+1%CNT, PEO+1%CNT and PEO+0.2%CUO where tested and were compared with conventional water and molten salt during the winter and the summer to the city of Basra and good results were obtained in improving the performance of the solar collector. The results explained both the design and environmental parameters that effect on the performance of PTC. Percentage of improvement in the thermal efficiency at the summer when using nanofluids (Water+PEO+1%CNT, PEO+1%CNT and PEO+0.2%CUO) Nano fluids are (19.68%, 17.47% and 15.1%) respectively compared to the water and (10.98%, 8.93% and 6.7%) respectively compared to the molten salt, as well as the percentage decreases in the heat losses by using the Nano fluids through the vacuum space between the receiver tube and the glass envelope compared with water (86 %, 76 % and 66 %) and molten salt (79.15 %, 64.34 % and 48.47 % ) . As final a Water+PEO+1%CNT nanofluid gives the best performance
Comparative study of parabolic trough collector through MWCNT/H2o nanofluid a...Husain Mehdi
In this present work MWCNT nanofluid and water were used as working fluid to compare the thermal performance of solar parabolic trough collector. Both the fluids were flowing through receiver at different volume flow rates 160L/h and 100L/h. Experimental tests was performed only during sunny weather and temperature at outlet of receiver was measured through thermometer after every half an hour of total testing time period. MWCNT nanofluid with weight fraction 0.01% and 0.02% and water were used to find efficiency of system and it has been seen that MWCNT nanofluid 0.02wt% with 160L/h showed better results for overall thermal efficiency among other and also an application of surfactant Triton X-100 with in MWCNT nanofluid was used to enhance the quantity of heat absorption capability of base fluid
Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids,
called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study
worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the
anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The heat transfer from
smaller area is achieved through microchannels. The heat transfer
principle states that maximum heat transfer is achieved in
microchannels with maximum pressure drop across it. In this
research work the experimental and numerical investigation for
the improved heat transfer characteristics of serpentine shaped
microchannel heat sink using Al2O3/water nanofluid is done. The
fluid flow characteristics is also analyzed for the serpentine
shaped micrchannel. The experimental results of the heat
transfer using Al2O3 nanofluid is compared with the numerical
values. The calculations in this work suggest that the best heat
transfer enhancement can be obtained by using a system with an
Al2O3–water nanofluid-cooled micro channel with serpentine
shaped fluid flow
Gasification of solid refuse fuel in a fixed bed reactorMd Tanvir Alam
The global energy demand is increasing rapidly with increasing human population, urbanization and modernization [1]. The world heavily relies on fossil fuel to meet its energy demand; in order to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, diversify the use of new and alternative fuels and to secure energy production routes, energy production from waste is inevitable [2]. Solid refuse fuel (SRF) is a well-known alternative fuel produced from the combustibles in MSW [3]. In this study an effort was endeavored to gasify SRF in a fixed bed reactor at various equivalence ratio (ER) to find out the optimum condition.
To study the behavior of nanofluids in heat transfer applications a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Using nanofluids as an innovative kind of liquid blend including trivial volume fraction (in percent) of millimeter or nanometer size powdered particles with base fluids is fairly a novel arena or idea. The objective of this presented review paper is to inspect the performance of the nanofluid-based solar collector (NBSC). In past few years for a number of experimental and industrial thermal engineering systems solar energy has proven to be the best input energy source. Nanofluids are the fluid that has shown various developments in the thermal properties over the past decade. In the field of nanotechnology, nano fluids have a great potential to enhance the rheological properties like thermal conductivity of base fluid like water, ethanol etc. Nanofluids are the suspension of mainly the base fluid like water in nanoparticles such as alumina (Al2O3) of size micro or milimetre and shows distinctive features than that of conservative fluids used. Because of better rheological properties nanofluids are utilized to build up the performance of conventional solar thermal engineering systems. The presented literature review presents a detailed discussion about the solar collectors, applications of nanofluids in solar collector and their augmentation in thermo physical properties. Keywords: Nano fluids, Nanoparticles, Solar collector, Thermal conductivity
Computational Analysis of CuO Nano Coolant in a Car RadiatorIOSRJMCE
Nanofluids are basically nanoparticles in base fluids. Nanofluids have unique features different from conventional solid-liquid mixtures in which nano sized particles of metals and nonmetals are dispersed. Due to improvement of mechanical properties, nanofluids are widely used in heat transfer industries. The coolant is used water-based, with the addition of glycols to prevent freezing and other additives to limit corrosion, erosion and cavitations. In this study 50-50 mixture of Ethylene Glycol with water (EGW) is tested and compared with another mixture by adding 2 percent Copper oxide (CuO). The geometric model of radiator is uploaded in Autodesk CFD software for its computational analysis. It is analyzed up to 100 iterations. Both the results are compared to find the improved heat transfer rate due to the addition of 2% CuO with Ethylene Glycol and water
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON IMPROVING THE COOLING PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOBILE...IAEME Publication
The convective heat transfer rate inside a flat tube radiator of an automobile using
CuO-Water nanofluids were investigated experimentally and numerically. Nanofluid
of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% volume concentrations were prepared using CuO nanoparticle
with water as base fluid. The effect of mass flow rate, volume concentration inlet
temperature on heat transfer rate with varied coolant mass flow rate ranging from
6LPM, 8LPM, 10LPM were examined. Results shows that heat transfer rate linearly
increases with increase in mass flow rate and volume concentration, the best heat
transfer rate is achieved at 0.3% volume fraction of CuO at 10LPM. A maximum
enhancement of 35% in heat transfer rate is obtained for 0.3% concentration of CuO
nanofluid
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The process of photo thermal evaporation in nanofluids finds promising applications in solar energetics, medicine and process technology. Previous studies report highly efficient production of solar steam in fluids with gold nanoparticles. In this article, we establish the process in nanofluids with less expensive carbon black (CB) and iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles (NP). Screening the concentration of nanoparticles, we tailor the nanofluids to reach the efficiency maxima: 66% at 3% wt. (CBNP) and 75% at 10% wt (IONP); the steam was superheated up to 10 K (CBNP) and 16 K (IONP). It was also discovered that the IONPs-generated steam was contaminated with nanoparticles. In addition to experimental results, we have developed an empirical model of photo-thermal steam generation in nanofluids. The model agrees well with the experiments. D. Navilan"Photothermal Boiling in Aqueous Nanofluids" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/17114/photothermal-boiling-in-aqueous-nanofluids/d-navilan
Effect of Solar Daylighting on Indoor Visual Environment for an Office Spaceiskandaruz
Hyunjoo Han, Saffa B. Riffat
Institute of Sustainable Energy Technology, School of the Built Environment, University of Nottingham
University Park, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids,
called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study
worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the
anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The heat transfer from
smaller area is achieved through microchannels. The heat transfer
principle states that maximum heat transfer is achieved in
microchannels with maximum pressure drop across it. In this
research work the experimental and numerical investigation for
the improved heat transfer characteristics of serpentine shaped
microchannel heat sink using Al2O3/water nanofluid is done. The
fluid flow characteristics is also analyzed for the serpentine
shaped micrchannel. The experimental results of the heat
transfer using Al2O3 nanofluid is compared with the numerical
values. The calculations in this work suggest that the best heat
transfer enhancement can be obtained by using a system with an
Al2O3–water nanofluid-cooled micro channel with serpentine
shaped fluid flow
Gasification of solid refuse fuel in a fixed bed reactorMd Tanvir Alam
The global energy demand is increasing rapidly with increasing human population, urbanization and modernization [1]. The world heavily relies on fossil fuel to meet its energy demand; in order to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, diversify the use of new and alternative fuels and to secure energy production routes, energy production from waste is inevitable [2]. Solid refuse fuel (SRF) is a well-known alternative fuel produced from the combustibles in MSW [3]. In this study an effort was endeavored to gasify SRF in a fixed bed reactor at various equivalence ratio (ER) to find out the optimum condition.
To study the behavior of nanofluids in heat transfer applications a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Using nanofluids as an innovative kind of liquid blend including trivial volume fraction (in percent) of millimeter or nanometer size powdered particles with base fluids is fairly a novel arena or idea. The objective of this presented review paper is to inspect the performance of the nanofluid-based solar collector (NBSC). In past few years for a number of experimental and industrial thermal engineering systems solar energy has proven to be the best input energy source. Nanofluids are the fluid that has shown various developments in the thermal properties over the past decade. In the field of nanotechnology, nano fluids have a great potential to enhance the rheological properties like thermal conductivity of base fluid like water, ethanol etc. Nanofluids are the suspension of mainly the base fluid like water in nanoparticles such as alumina (Al2O3) of size micro or milimetre and shows distinctive features than that of conservative fluids used. Because of better rheological properties nanofluids are utilized to build up the performance of conventional solar thermal engineering systems. The presented literature review presents a detailed discussion about the solar collectors, applications of nanofluids in solar collector and their augmentation in thermo physical properties. Keywords: Nano fluids, Nanoparticles, Solar collector, Thermal conductivity
Computational Analysis of CuO Nano Coolant in a Car RadiatorIOSRJMCE
Nanofluids are basically nanoparticles in base fluids. Nanofluids have unique features different from conventional solid-liquid mixtures in which nano sized particles of metals and nonmetals are dispersed. Due to improvement of mechanical properties, nanofluids are widely used in heat transfer industries. The coolant is used water-based, with the addition of glycols to prevent freezing and other additives to limit corrosion, erosion and cavitations. In this study 50-50 mixture of Ethylene Glycol with water (EGW) is tested and compared with another mixture by adding 2 percent Copper oxide (CuO). The geometric model of radiator is uploaded in Autodesk CFD software for its computational analysis. It is analyzed up to 100 iterations. Both the results are compared to find the improved heat transfer rate due to the addition of 2% CuO with Ethylene Glycol and water
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON IMPROVING THE COOLING PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOBILE...IAEME Publication
The convective heat transfer rate inside a flat tube radiator of an automobile using
CuO-Water nanofluids were investigated experimentally and numerically. Nanofluid
of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% volume concentrations were prepared using CuO nanoparticle
with water as base fluid. The effect of mass flow rate, volume concentration inlet
temperature on heat transfer rate with varied coolant mass flow rate ranging from
6LPM, 8LPM, 10LPM were examined. Results shows that heat transfer rate linearly
increases with increase in mass flow rate and volume concentration, the best heat
transfer rate is achieved at 0.3% volume fraction of CuO at 10LPM. A maximum
enhancement of 35% in heat transfer rate is obtained for 0.3% concentration of CuO
nanofluid
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The process of photo thermal evaporation in nanofluids finds promising applications in solar energetics, medicine and process technology. Previous studies report highly efficient production of solar steam in fluids with gold nanoparticles. In this article, we establish the process in nanofluids with less expensive carbon black (CB) and iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles (NP). Screening the concentration of nanoparticles, we tailor the nanofluids to reach the efficiency maxima: 66% at 3% wt. (CBNP) and 75% at 10% wt (IONP); the steam was superheated up to 10 K (CBNP) and 16 K (IONP). It was also discovered that the IONPs-generated steam was contaminated with nanoparticles. In addition to experimental results, we have developed an empirical model of photo-thermal steam generation in nanofluids. The model agrees well with the experiments. D. Navilan"Photothermal Boiling in Aqueous Nanofluids" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/17114/photothermal-boiling-in-aqueous-nanofluids/d-navilan
Effect of Solar Daylighting on Indoor Visual Environment for an Office Spaceiskandaruz
Hyunjoo Han, Saffa B. Riffat
Institute of Sustainable Energy Technology, School of the Built Environment, University of Nottingham
University Park, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
Characterization of a flat plate solar water heating system using different n...Barhm Mohamad
Flat-plate solar collectors (FPSCs) are the most effective and environmentally friendly heating systems available. They are frequently used to convert solar radiation into usable heat for a variety of thermal applications. Because of their superior thermo-physical features, the use of Nano-fluids in FPSCs is a useful technique to improve FPSC performance. Nano-fluids are advanced colloidal suspensions containing Nano-sized particles that have been researched over the last two decades and identified a fluid composed of strong nanoparticles with a diameter of smaller than (100 nm). These micro-particles aid in improving the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer of liquids when mixed with the base fluid. The current study provides an in-depth review of the scientific advances in the field of Nano-fluids on flat-plate solar collectors. Previous research on the usage of Nano-fluids in FPSCs shows that Nano-fluids can be used successfully to improve the efficiency of flat-plate collectors. Though several Nano-fluids have been reviewed as solar collector operatin fluids. Nano-fluids have greater pressure drops than liquids, and their pressure drops andhence pumping power rise as the volume flow rate increases. Additionally, the article discusses the concept of Nano-fluids, the different forms of nanoparticles, the methods for preparing Nano-fluids, and their thermos-physical properties. The article concludes with a few observations and suggestions on the usage of Nano-fluids in flat-plate solar collectors. This article summarizes the numerous research studies conducted in this region, which may prove useful for future experimental studies.
Review of water-nanofluid based photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systemsIJECEIAES
Solar energy is secure, clean, and available on earth throughout the year. The PV/T system is a device designed to receive solar energy and convert it into electric/thermal energy. Nanofluid is a new generation of heat transfer fluid with promising higher thermal conductivity and improve heat transfer rate compared with conventional fluids. In this review, the recent studies of PV/T using nanofluid is discussed regarding basic concept and theory PV/T, thermal conductivity of nanofluid and experimentally and theoretically study the perfromance of PV/T using nanofluid. A review of the literature shows that many studies have evaluated the potential of nanofluid as heat transfer fluid and optical filter in the PV/T system. The preparations of nanofluid play an essential key for high stability and homogenous nanofluid for a long period. The thermal conductivity of nanofluid is depending on the size of nanoparticles, concentration and preparation of nanofluids.
ENHANCEMENT OF THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF NANOFLUID FLOWS IN A FLAT SOLAR COLLECTO...Barhm Mohamad
Flat plate solar collector (FPSC) is popular for their low cost, simplicity, and ease of installation and operation. In this work, FPSC thermal performance was analyzed. It's compared to diamond/H2O nanofluids. The volume percentage and kind of nanoparticles are analyzed numerically that validation with experimental data available in the literature. The hot climate of Iraq is employed to approximate the model. The numerical study is performed by using ANSYS/FLUENT software to simulate the case study of problem. Due to less solar intensity after midday, temperatures reduction. The greatest collector thermal efficiency is 68.90% with 1% ND/water nanofluid, a 12.2% increase over pure water. The efficiency of 1% nanofluid is better than other concentrations because of a change in physical properties and an increase in thermal conductivity. Since the intensity of radiation affects the outlet temperature from the solar collector and there is a direct link between them, this increases the efficiency of the solar collector, especially around 12:30 pm at the optimum efficiency.
Similar to IRJET- Application of Nanofluids to Improve Performance of a Flat Plate Solar Collector: A Review (20)
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.