Waste to Energy

1. Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNIVERSITY
Study on a Fixed Bed Gasification of Polyurethane SRFStudy on a Fixed Bed Gasification of Polyurethane SRF
from Electronic Wastefrom Electronic Waste
M. T. Alam, J. S. Lee, W. S. Yang, S. W. Park, J. J. Kang, H. S. Choi, Y. C. Seo, Y. S. Yun, J. H. Gu, K. Vinoth
Kumar, A. Saravanakumar

2. Air & Waste Engineering Laboratory
YONSEI UNIVERSITY
1. Introduction
2. Experiment Methods
3. Experiment Results
4. Conclusion
ContentContent

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1. Introduction
 E-waste generation

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YONSEI UNIVERSITY
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1. Introduction
 Polyurethane Waste (PW) generation
 Waste appliances were generated about 11,173 ton per
year
 0.2 kg PW waste generated from 1 kg refrigerator
RC
Generation in 2010
(ton/yr)
Working day
(day)
Generation in 2012
(ton/yr)
Metropolitan Recycling Center(MRC) 2,337 291 1,726
Kyeonggi Recycling Center(KRC) 513 100 1,420
Asan Recycling Center(ARC) 2,140 276 2,337
Chilseo Recycling Center(CRC) 2,123 318 1,700
Yeongcheon Recycling Center(YRC) 120 100 748
Honam Recycling Center(HRC) 2,779 313 1,854
Jeju Recycling Center(JRC) 127 240 124
Narae Recycling Center(NRC) 1,649 275 582
[Generated ratio of PW with each RC]

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1. Introduction
 Disposal and cost status of PW with each RC
 Disposal process of PW
RC
Disposal cost
(won/ton)
Transport cost
(won/ton)
Total cost
(won/ton)
Disposal method
Metropolitan Recycling Center(MRC) - - 145,000 Incineration(consignment)
Kyeonggi Recycling Center(KRC) 100,000 40,000 140,000 Incineration(consignment)
Asan Recycling Center(ARC) 84,000 36,000 120,000 Incineration(consignment)
Chilseo Recycling Center(CRC) - - 240,000 Incineration & derived fuel
Yeongcheon Recycling Center(YRC) 150,000 62,000 212,000 Incineration(consignment)
Honam Recycling Center(HRC) - - 186,000 Incineration, RPF test
Jeju Recycling Center(JRC) - - - Landfill(local government)
Narae Recycling Center(NRC) 120,000 20,000 140,000 Incineration(consignment)
Pretreatment
(Safety recovery
hazardous
materials)
Crushing
& shredding
Urethane
Pressured
urethane
Pressured
urethane IncinerationIncineration
 Disposal method and cost of PW with each RC

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YONSEI UNIVERSITY
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1. Introduction
 Waste to energy(gases, fuels, chemicals) by gasification
Syngas
Clean-up
Synthesis Gas
Gasification
Reactor
Slag,
Vitrified Slag,
and/or Ash
Wast
e
Power Generation
+ Electrical Energy
+ Steam
Biochemical
Process
Fuels & Chemicals such as for example
Ethanol, Methanol, Methane, and Others
Chemistry
Options
Catalyst Hydrogen
Catalyst
Ethanol
Mixed Alcohols
Catalyst Olefins
Catalyst
Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG)
Naphtha
Kerosene/Diesel
Lubes
Catalyst
Waxes
Gasoline
Catalyst
Oxo chemicals
e.g., Ketones
Catalyst Synthetic Natural Gas
Catalyst Ammonia
Power
Options
Biochemistry
Options
Source: Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Conversion Processes, Gary C. Young

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1. Introduction
 Purpose of research
 To assess whether PW could be use as fuel or not
 To analyze the gasification characteristics of PW in a fixed-bed reactor
 To measure the gaseous pollutant

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 Physicochemical characteristics analysis
2. Experiment Methods
Experiment Instrument Standard Method
Ultimate analysis EA 1110/1108,
Thermofinnigan Co.
ASTM D5373
Proximate analysis TGA-701, LECO Co. ASTM D3172
TG Analysis TGA-701, LECO Co. ASTM E1131
HHV analysis AC-600, LECO Co. ASTM D4809
AC6000AC-600, Leco co. TGA-701, Leco co. Polyurethane SRF

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2. Experiment Methods
 Schematic diagram of lab-scale fixed bed reactor

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2. Experiment Methods
 Photographs of experiment units
[4-Feeder] [6-Reactor] [8-Bag Filter]
[10-Fitering system] [11-Gas pump] [12-Micro GC]
[7-Cyclone]
[Gas analyzer]

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2. Experiment Methods
 Operating condition of gasification experiment
Feedstock Polyurethane waste
Temperature 1000 o
C
ER(Equivalent Ratio) 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6
Feeding rate 10 g/min
Particle size of feedstock < 1 cm
Gasification agent Air
 Data processing equations
* Equivalent ratio was calculated as the ratio of air supplied to air required for complete stoichiometric combustion of feedstock
)50.22380.15370.8570.2435.30()/( 836242
3
×+×+×+×+×= HCHCCHHCONmkcalLHV
)/()/(Pr)/( 33
hrkgratemassfeedstockInputhrNmrateflowgasoductkgNmGy ÷=
)4.22(100)32(12(%) 836242 CHCHCCHCOCOGC yc ×÷××+×+++××=
100)/()/(Pr(%) ×÷= kgkcalfeedstockofLHVkgkcalgasoductofLHVCGE

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3. Experiment Results
 Result of physicochemical characteristics analysis
Ultimate analysis (wt.%)
C 63.88
H 6.34
O 15.21
N 6.59
S ND
Cl (ppm) 1350
Proximate analysis (wt.%)
Moisture 1.86
Volatile 82.91
Fixed Carbon 10.18
Ash 5.05
Higher Heating Value (kcal/kg) 6128~7542

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3. Experiment Results
 Gas composition and LHV with ER

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 Carbon conversion and cold gas efficiency with ER
3. Experiment Results

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YONSEI UNIVERSITY
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 Concentrations of nitrogenous gas pollutants with ER
3. Experiment Results

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4. Conclusion
- The characteristics of PW generated from e-waste recycling centers were analyzed, and the feasibility
of its use as a fuel for thermal processes was evaluated.
- Due to a higher heating value of 6,900 kcal/kg, high contents of volatile matter and fixed carbon as
combustibles of over 80% with less moisture and ash contents, it was good as a fuel except for its high
composition of nitrogen, which may convert into nitrogenous pollutants, such as HCN and NH3
- Utilizing PW in the gasification process, the experiment of PW in a lab-scale fixed-bed gasification
system was conducted with varying ERs from 0.3 to 0.6.
- LHV of syngas showed around 2,500 kcal/m3
with high contents of H2/CO, and these values tended to
decrease with ER, so the lowest ER of 0.3 was the optimum condition in which to produce syngas.
- Carbon efficiency and cold gas efficiency showed 50–60 % with good gasification performances. Due
to the high composition of nitrogen in PW SRF, the nitrogenous gaseous pollutants, such as HCN and
NH3, are emitted with syngas at the concentrations of 160 ppm and 40 ppm, respectively, so it is
advisable to install a cleaning unit for these pollutant gases.
 Syngas characteristics of gasification
 Emission of gaseous pollutant

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