Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids,
called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study
worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the
anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The heat transfer from
smaller area is achieved through microchannels. The heat transfer
principle states that maximum heat transfer is achieved in
microchannels with maximum pressure drop across it. In this
research work the experimental and numerical investigation for
the improved heat transfer characteristics of serpentine shaped
microchannel heat sink using Al2O3/water nanofluid is done. The
fluid flow characteristics is also analyzed for the serpentine
shaped micrchannel. The experimental results of the heat
transfer using Al2O3 nanofluid is compared with the numerical
values. The calculations in this work suggest that the best heat
transfer enhancement can be obtained by using a system with an
Al2O3–water nanofluid-cooled micro channel with serpentine
shaped fluid flow
Enhancement of rate of heat transfer using nano fluidsSharathKumar528
Nano fluids as coolants and lubricants is still very primitive in technology. This presentation explores the future of nano fluids for enhanced heat transfer.
NATURAL CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER BY Al2O3 &PbO NANOFLUIDSAlagappapandian M
In this presentation related about natural convective heat transfer incresed by using different nano particles. in this fluid is called nanofluids. Nanofluids improve the heat transfer rate of base fluid.
Enhancement of rate of heat transfer using nano fluidsSharathKumar528
Nano fluids as coolants and lubricants is still very primitive in technology. This presentation explores the future of nano fluids for enhanced heat transfer.
NATURAL CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER BY Al2O3 &PbO NANOFLUIDSAlagappapandian M
In this presentation related about natural convective heat transfer incresed by using different nano particles. in this fluid is called nanofluids. Nanofluids improve the heat transfer rate of base fluid.
a brief presentation of increasing efficiency of refrigerants using nanotechnology. its main objective is to reduce other pollution effects produced due to refrigerants.
EFFECT OF (AL2 O3) NANOFLUID ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR CIRCULAR FI...IAEME Publication
In the present work Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement in double tube heat exchanger and circular finned double tube heat exchanger. Experimental work included to design heat exchanger and manufacture eight circular fins made of copper of (66mm) outer diameter, (22mm) inner diameter, (1mm) thickness and (111.11mm) distance between fins.
It's a presentation prepared from a paper named "Latest developments on the viscosity of nanofluids." The original paper is an open-source content in ELSEVIER.
ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER IN SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGER USING NANO FLUIDS Vineeth Sundar
Nano fluid is a new engineering fluid which could improve the performance of heat exchanger.
The aim of this paper is to study the effect of different particle shapes (cylindrical, bricks, blades, and platelets) on the overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate and entropy generation of shell and tube heat exchanger with different baffle angles and segmental baffle.
Improving the Cooling Performance of Automobile Radiator with TiO2/Water Nano...ijsrd.com
In this paper, forced convective heat transfer in a water based nanofluid has experimentally beencompared to that of pure water in an automobile radiator. Five different concentrations of nanofluids inthe range of 0.1-1 vol.% have been prepared by the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles into the water. The test liquid flows through the radiator consisted of 34 vertical tubes with elliptical cross section and airmakes a cross flow inside the tube bank with constant speed. Liquid flow rate has been changed in therange of 90-120 l/min to have the fully turbulent regime. Results demonstrate that increasing the fluid circulating rate canimprove the heat transfer performance. Meanwhile, application of nanofluid with low concentrations can enhance heat transfer efficiency up to 45% in comparison with pure water.
To study the behavior of nanofluids in heat transfer applications a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Using nanofluids as an innovative kind of liquid blend including trivial volume fraction (in percent) of millimeter or nanometer size powdered particles with base fluids is fairly a novel arena or idea. The objective of this presented review paper is to inspect the performance of the nanofluid-based solar collector (NBSC). In past few years for a number of experimental and industrial thermal engineering systems solar energy has proven to be the best input energy source. Nanofluids are the fluid that has shown various developments in the thermal properties over the past decade. In the field of nanotechnology, nano fluids have a great potential to enhance the rheological properties like thermal conductivity of base fluid like water, ethanol etc. Nanofluids are the suspension of mainly the base fluid like water in nanoparticles such as alumina (Al2O3) of size micro or milimetre and shows distinctive features than that of conservative fluids used. Because of better rheological properties nanofluids are utilized to build up the performance of conventional solar thermal engineering systems. The presented literature review presents a detailed discussion about the solar collectors, applications of nanofluids in solar collector and their augmentation in thermo physical properties. Keywords: Nano fluids, Nanoparticles, Solar collector, Thermal conductivity
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nanofluid as Coolant on a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine with Spiral Radiator.
Team Members: Sandeep Raj Kanth, Viral Hitenkumar Naik, Rudra Ranjan Swain
Guide: Dr. G. Naga Srinivasulu, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, NIT Warangal
To study the behaviour of nanorefrigerant in vapour compression cycle a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Nanofluid is an advanced kind of fluid, which contain nanometer sized (10-9 m) solid particles that are known as nanoparticles. Nanoparticles enhance the property of normal fluid. In past five years, nanorefrigerant has become the input for large number of experimental and vapour compression systems because of shortage of energy and environmental considerations. The conventional refrigerants have major role in global warming and depletion of the ozone layer. Therefore, there is need to improve the performance of vapour compression refrigeartion system with the help of using suitable refrigerant. Nearly all the works carried out in relation with nanofluids in vapour compression is regarding their applications in systems like domestic refrigerators and industrial purposes etc. The present paper investigate the performance of the nanorefrigerant in vapour compression cycle and the challenges of using nanorefrigerants in vapour compression cycle. Keywords: Nanofluids, nanoparticles, nanometer, nanorefrigerants, vapour compression, ecofriendly, domestic refrigerator
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of
70% ethanolic crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L on mice
orgons . (In vivo),In vivo, the acute toxicity of 70 % ethanolic
extract of the plant on normal mice was studied. No toxic effect
was noted on normal mice even at 9500 mg /kg B.W S/C
injection.Histopathological changes due to ethanolic extract of
the plant in healthy mice were summarized in hyperplasia of
white pulp with amyloid deposition, proliferation of
megakaryocytes and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver and
kidney parenchyma. There were no significant lesions detected in
the brain, heart and ovary in all treated groups.
a brief presentation of increasing efficiency of refrigerants using nanotechnology. its main objective is to reduce other pollution effects produced due to refrigerants.
EFFECT OF (AL2 O3) NANOFLUID ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR CIRCULAR FI...IAEME Publication
In the present work Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement in double tube heat exchanger and circular finned double tube heat exchanger. Experimental work included to design heat exchanger and manufacture eight circular fins made of copper of (66mm) outer diameter, (22mm) inner diameter, (1mm) thickness and (111.11mm) distance between fins.
It's a presentation prepared from a paper named "Latest developments on the viscosity of nanofluids." The original paper is an open-source content in ELSEVIER.
ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER IN SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGER USING NANO FLUIDS Vineeth Sundar
Nano fluid is a new engineering fluid which could improve the performance of heat exchanger.
The aim of this paper is to study the effect of different particle shapes (cylindrical, bricks, blades, and platelets) on the overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate and entropy generation of shell and tube heat exchanger with different baffle angles and segmental baffle.
Improving the Cooling Performance of Automobile Radiator with TiO2/Water Nano...ijsrd.com
In this paper, forced convective heat transfer in a water based nanofluid has experimentally beencompared to that of pure water in an automobile radiator. Five different concentrations of nanofluids inthe range of 0.1-1 vol.% have been prepared by the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles into the water. The test liquid flows through the radiator consisted of 34 vertical tubes with elliptical cross section and airmakes a cross flow inside the tube bank with constant speed. Liquid flow rate has been changed in therange of 90-120 l/min to have the fully turbulent regime. Results demonstrate that increasing the fluid circulating rate canimprove the heat transfer performance. Meanwhile, application of nanofluid with low concentrations can enhance heat transfer efficiency up to 45% in comparison with pure water.
To study the behavior of nanofluids in heat transfer applications a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Using nanofluids as an innovative kind of liquid blend including trivial volume fraction (in percent) of millimeter or nanometer size powdered particles with base fluids is fairly a novel arena or idea. The objective of this presented review paper is to inspect the performance of the nanofluid-based solar collector (NBSC). In past few years for a number of experimental and industrial thermal engineering systems solar energy has proven to be the best input energy source. Nanofluids are the fluid that has shown various developments in the thermal properties over the past decade. In the field of nanotechnology, nano fluids have a great potential to enhance the rheological properties like thermal conductivity of base fluid like water, ethanol etc. Nanofluids are the suspension of mainly the base fluid like water in nanoparticles such as alumina (Al2O3) of size micro or milimetre and shows distinctive features than that of conservative fluids used. Because of better rheological properties nanofluids are utilized to build up the performance of conventional solar thermal engineering systems. The presented literature review presents a detailed discussion about the solar collectors, applications of nanofluids in solar collector and their augmentation in thermo physical properties. Keywords: Nano fluids, Nanoparticles, Solar collector, Thermal conductivity
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nanofluid as Coolant on a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine with Spiral Radiator.
Team Members: Sandeep Raj Kanth, Viral Hitenkumar Naik, Rudra Ranjan Swain
Guide: Dr. G. Naga Srinivasulu, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, NIT Warangal
To study the behaviour of nanorefrigerant in vapour compression cycle a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Nanofluid is an advanced kind of fluid, which contain nanometer sized (10-9 m) solid particles that are known as nanoparticles. Nanoparticles enhance the property of normal fluid. In past five years, nanorefrigerant has become the input for large number of experimental and vapour compression systems because of shortage of energy and environmental considerations. The conventional refrigerants have major role in global warming and depletion of the ozone layer. Therefore, there is need to improve the performance of vapour compression refrigeartion system with the help of using suitable refrigerant. Nearly all the works carried out in relation with nanofluids in vapour compression is regarding their applications in systems like domestic refrigerators and industrial purposes etc. The present paper investigate the performance of the nanorefrigerant in vapour compression cycle and the challenges of using nanorefrigerants in vapour compression cycle. Keywords: Nanofluids, nanoparticles, nanometer, nanorefrigerants, vapour compression, ecofriendly, domestic refrigerator
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of
70% ethanolic crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L on mice
orgons . (In vivo),In vivo, the acute toxicity of 70 % ethanolic
extract of the plant on normal mice was studied. No toxic effect
was noted on normal mice even at 9500 mg /kg B.W S/C
injection.Histopathological changes due to ethanolic extract of
the plant in healthy mice were summarized in hyperplasia of
white pulp with amyloid deposition, proliferation of
megakaryocytes and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver and
kidney parenchyma. There were no significant lesions detected in
the brain, heart and ovary in all treated groups.
Cloud computing solves the problem of real
time demand information and visibility at different location by
which information can be delivered with reliability, scalability
and flexibility between the supplier and customer. Logistics
network requires effective information flow for technical support
by which logistics infrastructures can be totally utilized and
tracked the information collection, transmission and operation.
Cloud is fast growing technology which can effectively reduce the
intermediate cost of flow of information and improve the link
between the logistics partners and customers. This paper
analyzes the advantages of cloud based logistics network and
defines in which way a logistics network manages Information
Flow Control (IFC) over the cloud, which allows the logistics
network to do work effectively.
On the surface a packet is a chunk of information
but at the deeper level a packet is one unit of binary data capable
of being transferred through a network. Delivering data packets
for highly dynamic mobile ad hoc networks in a reliable and
timely manner. Driven by this issue, an efficient Position-based
Opportunistic Routing (POR) protocol which takes advantage of
the stateless property of geographic routing. In proactive routing
protocols the route discovery and recovery procedures are time
and energy consuming process. Once the path breaks, data
packets will get lost or be delayed for a long time until the
reconstruction of the route, causing transmission interruption.
but Geographic routing (GR) uses location information to
forward data packets, in a hop-by-hop routing fashion. Greedy
forwarding is used to select next hop forwarder with the largest
positive progress toward the destination while void handling
mechanism is triggered to route around communication voids. No
end-to-end route need to be maintained, leading to GR’s high
efficiency and scalability. In the operation of greedy forwarding,
the neighbour which is relatively far away from the sender is
chosen as the next hop. If the node moves out of the sender’s
coverage area, the transmission will fail. In GPSR (a very famous
geographic routing protocol), the MAC-layer failure feedback is
used to offer the packet another chance to reroute.
Bio-char can be produced by thermal conversion of
biomass. Palm shells were obtained from palm fruits (palmira).
They were air-dried to remove moisture. The dried palm shells
were ground to become powder and heated at 600ºC, 800ºC and
1000ºC for 2 h respectively. After heating, bio-char was obtained.
Structural properties of palm shell powder and bio-char were
examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was used to observe microstructure of biochar.
Properties such as hydration capacity, pH were also
evaluated.
-In the field of Agriculture most important things
are fertility of soil, nutrition’s available in soil, water availability
in that area, atmospheric conditions .All these parameters are
playing the measure roll regarding the productivity of crop .In
this paper we are trying to go through the techniques which will
show us how to improve productivity with the minimum use of
natural resources like water, and avoid leaching of soil by using
fertilizers through drip. This can be used in greenhouse or open
environments to efficiently monitor soil moisture and
temperature, ambient temperature, and humidity. Wired
communications, sensor networks, and other complementary
technologies provide the necessary tools to compile and processes
physical variables, including temperature, humidity, and soil
moisture, pH of soil, fertilizer concentrations. Greenhouse and
precision agricultural, in general, demand real-time precise
measurement of these parameters in order to avoid unnecessary
exposure to unhealthy ambient conditions, assure maximum
productivity and provide value-added quality. This paper aims to
implement the basic application of automizing the irrigation field
by programming the components and building the necessary
hardware with ARM7 Processor. This is used to find the exact
field condition and maintaining their levels in the soil
A supply chain consists of all parties involved
directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. The supply
chain includes not only the manufacturers and suppliers, but also
transporters, workhouse, retailers and even customers
themselves. Within each organization, such as a manufactures,
the supply chain includes all functions involved in receiving and
filling a customer request. These functions include, but are not
limited to, new product development, marketing operations,
distributions, finance, and customer service. Supply chain
management (SCM) is the management of an interconnected or
interlinked between network, channel and node businesses
involved in the provision of product and service packages
required by the end customers in a supply chain. Supply chain
management spans the movement and storage of raw materials,
work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of
origin to point of consumption. It is also defined as the "design,
planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain
activities with the objective of creating net value, building a
competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics,
synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance
globally.
The combination of steganography and
cryptography is considered as one of the best security methods
used for message protection, due to this reason, in this paper, a
data hiding system that is based on image steganography and
cryptography is proposed to secure data transfer between the
source and destination. Animated GIF image is chosen as a
carrier file format for the steganography due to a wide use in web
pages and a LSB (Least Significant Bits) algorithm is employed to
hide the message inside the colors of the pixels of an animated
GIF image frames. To increase the security of hiding, each frame
of GIF image is converted to 256 color BMP image and the
palette of them is sorted and reassign each pixels to its new index,
furthermore, the message is encrypted by LZW ( Lempel _
Ziv_Welch) compression algorithm before being hidden in the
image frames. The proposed system was evaluated for
effectiveness and the result shows that, the encryption and
decryption methods used for developing the system make the
security of the proposed system more efficient in securing data
from unauthorized users. The system is therefore, recommended
to be used by the Internet users for establishing a more secure
communication
To help corporations survive amidst worldwide
quality competition, the authors have focused on the strategic
development of a Higher-Cycled Product Design CAE Model
employing a Highly Reliable CAE Analysis Technology
Component Model. Their efforts are part of principle-based
research aimed at evolving product design and CAE development
processes to ensure better quality assurance. To satisfy the
requirements of developing and producing high quality products
while also reducing costs and shortening development times, the
effectiveness of this model was verified by successfully applying it
to the technological problems of loosening bolts and other
product design bottlenecks at auto manufacturers.
When a ductile material with a crack is loaded in
tension, the deformation energy builds up around the crack tip
and it is understood that at a certain critical condition voids are
formed ahead of the crack tip. The crack extension occurs by
coalescence of voids with the crack tip. The “characteristic
distance” (Lc) defined as the distance b/w the crack tip & the void
responsible for eventual coalescence with the crack tip. Nucleation
of these voids is generally associated with the presence of second
phase particles or grain boundaries in the vicinity of the crack tip.
Although approximate, Lc assumes a special significance since it
links the fracture toughness to the microscopic mechanism
considered responsible for ductile fracture. The knowledge of the
“characteristic distance” is also crucial for designing the size of
mesh in the finite element simulations of material crack growth
using damage mechanics principles. There is not much work
(experimental as well as numerical) available in the literature
related to the dependency of “characteristic distance” on the
fracture specimen geometry. The present research work is an
attempt to understand numerically, the geometry dependency of
“characteristic distance” using three-dimensional FEM analysis.
The variation of “characteristic distance” parameter due to the
change of temperature across the fracture specimen thickness was
also studied. The work also studied the variation of “characteristic
distance”, due to the change in fracture specimen thickness.
Finally, the ASTM requirement of fracture specimen thickness
criteria is evaluated for the “characteristic distance” fracture
parameter. “Characteristic distance” is found to vary across the
fracture specimen thickness. It is dependent on fracture specimen
thickness and it converges after a specified thickness of fracture
specimen. “Characteristic distance” value is also dependent on the
temperature of ductile material. In Armco iron material, it is
found to decrease with the increase in temperature.
This research deals with study of Degradation
behavior of starch blended with different percentage of
polypropylene (PP) .Twin screw extruder at 160- 190 °C and 50
rpm is used for manufacture of blend sheet. Degradation test
achieved according to ASTM standard (D 638 IV and D570-98).
Studies on their degradation properties were carried out by Soil
burial test, Water absorption test and Hydrolysis test. The
morphology test of the polypropylene / starch blend samples
was obviously seen in the (Dino- Light- Digital Microscope),
Results of soil burial test show that tensile strength and
percentage of elongation of polypropylene / starch blend
decrease with increasing the starch content and burial time. The
hydrolysis test show the weight losses increasing with the
increasing amount of starch. High percent of polypropylene
found to decrease the amount of water absorption of the blend.
The physical appearance and morphology studies of
polypropylene / starch blend after burial test in soil and
hydrolysis in water environment showed that all blend samples
was obviously changed after 90-day study period, whereas the
pure polypropylene samples remained unchanged
RFID-based public transport ticketing systems
rely on widespread networks of RFID readers that locate
the user within the transport network in real time to be
able to verify whether he can travel at that time with the
ticket he holds. This paper presents a system that uses that
same RFID-based location information to give the user
navigation indications depending on his current location
provided that the user has indicated beforehand the places
he intends to visit. The system was designed to be costeffectively
deployable on the short term but open for easy
extension. This paper is based on ticketing and
identification of the passenger in the public transport. In
the metropolitan city like Mumbai, Kolkata we have a
severe malfunction of public transport and various
security problems. Firstly, there is a lot of confusion
between the passengers regarding fares which lead to
corruption, Secondly due to mismanagement of public
transport the passengers faces the problem of traffic jam,
thirdly nowadays we have severe security problems in
public transport due anti-social elements.The entire
network comprises of three modules; Base Station Module,
In-Bus Modules and Bus Stop Module. The base station
module consists of monitoring system which includes GSM
and a PC. The In-Bus Modules consists of two
Microcontrollers, GSM Modem, GPS, Zigbee, RFID, LCD
and infrared sensor. RFID for ticketing purpose, GSM,
GPS is used for mobile data transmission and tracking
location. The Zigbee module is also interfaced with the
microcontroller which is used to send the bus information
to bus stop and to get the information from the bus stop to
bus. The Bus Stop Module is fixed at every bus stop
consists of Zigbee node which is interfaced with the
Microcontroller.
The technical study had been performed on
many foreign languages like Japanese; Chinese etc. but the
efforts on Indian ancient script is still immature. As the Modi
script language is ancient and cursive type, the OCR of it is still
not widely available. As per our knowledge, Prof. D.N.Besekar,
Dept. of Computer Science, Shri. Shivaji College of Science,
Akola had proposed a system for recognition of offline
handwritten MODI script Vowels. The challenges of
recognition of handwritten Modi characters are very high due
to the varying writing style of each individual. Many vital
documents with precious information have been written in
Modi and currently, these documents have been stored and
preserved in temples and museums. Over a period of time these
documents will wither away if not given due attention. In this
paper we propose a system for recognition of handwritten
Modi script characters; the proposed method uses Image
processing techniques and algorithms which are described
below.
General Terms
Preprocessing techniques: Gray scaling, Thresholding,
Boundary detection, Thinning, cropping, scaling, Template
generation. Other algorithms used- Average method, otsu
method, Stentiford method, Template-based matching method
—Stochastic processes have many useful applications
and are taught in several university programmers. In this paper
we are using stochastic process with complex concept on Markov
chains which uses a transition matrix to plot a transition diagram
and there are several examples which explains various type of
transition diagram. The concept behind this topic is simple and
easy to understand.
A young astronomer’s by now ten years old
results are re-told and put in perspective. The implications are
far-reaching. Angular-momentum shows its clout not only in
quantum mechanics where this is well known, but is also a
major player in the space-time theory of the equivalence
principle and its ramifications. In general relativity, its
fundamental role was largely neglected for the better part of a
century. A children’s device – a friction-free rotating bicycle
wheel suspended from its hub that can be lowered and pulled
up reversibly – serves as an eye-opener. The consequences are
embarrassingly far-reaching in reviving Einstein’s original
dream
In current year, endurable and entire renewable
energy resources are extensively used in electrical energy
generation system. Mainly, solar energy conservation systems
are apply in stand -alone system. Solar panels covert solar
radiation into direct electrical energy. Solar panels are one of
the most potential renewable energy technologies for refreshing
building. In this study, responsibility analysis of a solar system
installed in my collage academic block and hostel is
investigated. The system includes solar panel, battery,
generator, converter and loads. In this study we calculate
overall load in academic block (Electrical engineering
department and round building) and only boy hostel. After
knowing overall loads result for these buildings we simulate
this data through HOMER tool and we obtain the best result
which is presented in this paper.
The result obtained from the optimization gives the initial
capital cost as 296.000$ while operating cost is 2,882$/yr. Total
net present cost (NPC) is 332,846$ and the cost of energy
(COE) is 0.212$/kWh.
The main purpose of this research paper is that the
maximum demand of energy consumption for both academic
block and hostel are simulated through solar panel, for this
purpose which amount of solar panel and battery is required.
Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is a signal
processing technique most commonly used in radar systems where
interference is a problem. The radar signal processor is used to
remove the unintentional cluttering effects caused by ground
reflections and echoes due to sea, desert, forest, etc. and intentional
jamming and make the received signal useful. In this paper a new
approach to STAP based on subspace projection has been described
in detail. According to linear algebra and three dimensional
geometry, if we project a range space on to a subspace spanned by
linearly independent vectors, we can suppress data which is
perpendicular to that subspace. In subspace based technique, the
received data is projected on to a subspace which is orthogonal to
clutter subspace to remove the clutter. The probability of target
detection can be find out in order to analyse the performance of the
proposed algorithm. Two existing algorithms, SMI and DPCA are
chosen to do the comparison. while plotting the detection Probability
against SINR , the results obtained are better for subspace technique
than DPCA and SMI. We got the SINR improved for subspace based
technique for same detection probability. The effect of subspace rank
on SINR was also analysed for understanding the computational load
caused by the technique. We also analysed the convergence of the
algorithm by taking plots of SINR against range snapshots.
This paper focuses on the numerous techniques that
have been proposed over the years for metamaterial
characterization. These techniques are categorized into
analytical, field averaging and experimental methods, which
provide various methods to determine the complex permittivity,
complex permeability and refractive index of metamaterials.
Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
The Application Programming Interface restricts
the types of queries that the Web service can answer. For
instance, a Web service might provide a method that returns the
books of a given author in fast manner, but it might not provide a
method that returns the authors of a given book. If the user asks
for the author of some specific book, then the Web service cannot
be called – even though the underlying database might have the
preferred piece of information, this scenario is called asymmetry.
This asymmetry is particularly problematic if the service is used
in a Web service orchestration system. In this survey, we propose
to use on-the-fly information extraction (IE).IE used to collect
values, and then the value can be used as parameter Bindings for
the Web service. This survey shows how the information
extraction can be integrated into a Web service orchestration
system. The proposed approach is fully implemented in a
prototype called Search Using Services and Information
Extraction (SUSIE). Real-life data and services are used to
demonstrate the practical viability and good performance of our
approach
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fvm Analysis for Thermal and Hydraulic Behaviour of Circular Finned Mpfhs by ...IJERA Editor
In this exploration the influence of using two types of Nano fluids (Ag-water and Al203-water) as a coolant at volumetric concentration is taken (c= 4%) in micro pin fin heat sink with circular fins in addition to the un-finned micro-channel heat sink is deliberated with the help of commercially available computational fluid dynamics software Fluent 14. The evaluation of flow and heat transfer characteristics of MPFHS and cooling fluids has been made under the similar boundary condition; at the range of Reynolds number used is (100-500). The gotten outcomes is exemplified that, Ag-water Nano fluid is gives the minimum pressure drop and slightly maximum heat transfer rate compared to Al203-water Nano fluid. And circular finned heat sink is dissipating more amount of heat compared to un-finned micro-channel heat sink. But it is also gives the maximum pressure drop due to finned area.
Computational Analysis of CuO Nano Coolant in a Car RadiatorIOSRJMCE
Nanofluids are basically nanoparticles in base fluids. Nanofluids have unique features different from conventional solid-liquid mixtures in which nano sized particles of metals and nonmetals are dispersed. Due to improvement of mechanical properties, nanofluids are widely used in heat transfer industries. The coolant is used water-based, with the addition of glycols to prevent freezing and other additives to limit corrosion, erosion and cavitations. In this study 50-50 mixture of Ethylene Glycol with water (EGW) is tested and compared with another mixture by adding 2 percent Copper oxide (CuO). The geometric model of radiator is uploaded in Autodesk CFD software for its computational analysis. It is analyzed up to 100 iterations. Both the results are compared to find the improved heat transfer rate due to the addition of 2% CuO with Ethylene Glycol and water
CFD Analysis of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger by using Fluid Based Nanomaterialsijtsrd
Double pipe heat exchanger design is a device which we using for heat transfer applications straightforward. This maintains one heat exchanger pipe inside another. After determining the required heat exchanger surface area, for either counter flow or parallel flow, the pipe sizes and number of bends for the double pipe heat exchanger can be selected. In double pipe heat exchanger design, an important factor is the type of flow pattern in the heat exchanger. A double pipe heat exchanger will typically be either counterblow or parallel flow. Cross flow just doesnt work for a double pipe heat exchanger. The flow pattern and the required heat exchange duty allow calculation of the log mean temperature difference. That together with an estimated overall heat transfer coefficient allows calculation of the required heat transfer surface area. Then pipe sizes, pipe lengths and number of bends can be determined. The convective heat transfer, friction factor and effectiveness of different volume concentrations of Fe3O4 Nano fluid flow in an inner tube of double pipe heat exchanger with return bend has been estimated experimentally and turbulent flow conditions. The test section used in this study is of double pipe type in which the inner tube diameter is 0.019 m, the annulus tube diameter is 0.05m and the total length of inner tube is 5 m. At a distance of 2.2mfromthe inlet of the inner tube the return bend is provided. The hot Nanofluids flows through an inner tube, whereas the cold water flows through an annulus tube. The volume concentrations of the nanoparticles used in this study are 0.03 and 8 lpm ,10 lpm mass flow rate with Reynolds number range from 9,000 to 30,000.in the process analyze the CFD analysis is performed in Ansys Fluent 15.0 workbench and its used different nanofluids used, which nanofluids better heat transfer rate find base on the results.In this process choose different nanofluids Al2o3, Cuo ,Fe3o4 this nanofluids properties taken by different base papers. Golkonda Venkata Apparao | K. Srinivasa Rao "CFD Analysis of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger by using Fluid Based Nanomaterials" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20306.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/20306/cfd-analysis-of-a-double-pipe-heat-exchanger-by-using-fluid-based-nanomaterials/golkonda-venkata-apparao
Abstract: Nanotechnology is concerned with the materials and systems whose structures and components reveal novel and significantly improved physical, chemical, and biological properties, phenomena, and processes due to their micro size. Workforce development is needed to achieve the benefits of nanotechnology development along with technology transfer. The intensity should be on hands-on educational experiences by developing nano-tech laboratory demonstration experiments that could be adaptable and combined into existing courses in engineering and engineering technology. Theoretical heat transfer rates were calculated using existing relationships in the literature for conventional fluids and nano fluids. Experiments were conducted to determine the actual heat transfer rates under operational conditions using nanofluids and the heat transfer enhancement determined compared to fluids without nanoparticles.
Critical heat flux enhancement in pool boiling with al2 o3 water nanofluideSAT Journals
Abstract Boiling is an important phase change phenomena as it plays a crucial role in the design of high heat flux system like boilers, heat exchangers, microscopic heat transfer devices. However boiling phenomenon is limited by critical heat flux. At critical heat flux material of heated surface suffers physical damage due to lower heat transfer resulting from thin film formed over the surface. Now a days Nanofluid which is colloidal suspension of nanoparticle in base fluid is highlighted as innovative techniques to enhance critical heat flux. In the present study Al2O3 nanoparticles were characterized by using SEM and XRD analysis. From SEM images it was seen that nanoparticle has spherical morphology, and from XRD analysis average nanoparticle size determined was 29.48 nm. Five different nanofluids of concentration range from 3 gram/liter to 15 gram/liter were prepared. Critical heat flux (CHF) of each Al2O3-water nanofluid in pool boiling is determined on NiCr wire of SWG 28. The minimum critical heat flux enhancement is 30.53% at 3 gram/liter nanofluid compared to critical heat flux of distilled water. The highest critical heat flux enhancement is 72.70 % at 12 gram/liter nanofluid. Critical heat flux of nanofluid increases with increase in concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticle in distilled water up to 12 gram/liter nanofluid. Surface roughness of bare wire was 0.126 μm. Surface roughness of wire sample used in pool boiling of 3 gram/liter nanofluid is 0.299μm and highest surface roughness was 0.715 μm of heater used in pool boiling of 12 gram/liter nanofluid. The Surface roughness measurement results show the evidence of nanoparticle deposition on wire surface and its effect on Critical Heat Flux enhancement. Keywords: Critical heat flux, Nanoparticle, Nanofluid, Concentration, Surface roughness.
Increasing Thermal Conductivity of a Heat Exchanger Using Copper Oxide Nano F...IJERA Editor
A Nano fluid is the evolving concept which is very rarely used in the many core industries. Nano fluids have
found a great application in heat exchangers by increasing the thermal conductivity. We have aimed to
increasing the heat transfer co-efficient by using copper oxide Nano fluid. The Nano particles are formed by
using precipitation method and their fluids are formed by adding surfactants to the base fluid. The comparative
study on the Heat exchanger is made by using the CuO Nano Fluid and Hot water. The analysis and the results
shows that the overall heat transfer rate increases when subjected to Nano Fluids. The ethylene glycol fluid used
along with copper oxide Nano fluid will offer resistance to fouling.
Performance of water and diluted ethylene glycol as coolants for electronic c...IJERA Editor
As the number of transistors increases with new generation of microprocessor chips, the power draw and heat load to dissipate during operation increases. As a result of increasing the heat loads and heat fluxes the Conventional cooling technologies such as fan, heat sinks are unable to absorb and heat transfer excess heat dissipated by these new microprocessor. So, new technologies are needed to improve the heat removal capacity. In the present work single phase liquid cooling system with mini channel is analyzed and experimentally investigated. Mini channels are chosen as to provide higher heat transfer co-efficient than conventional channel. Copper pipes of 0.36 mm diameter are taken to fabricate heat sink and heat exchanger. A pump is used to circulate the fluid through heat sink and heat exchanger. A solid heated aluminium block to simulate heat generated electronic component is used and electrical input is supplied to the heated aluminium block and cooling system is placed over the heated block. The performance of the cooling system is analyzed from the experimental data obtained. It is experimentally observed that the mini channel liquid cooling system with water as a coolant has better performance than diluted ethylene glycol as coolant at different flow rates. The surface temperature of the heated aluminium block with convective heat transfer co-efficient is observed
Performance Evaluation of U-Tube Pulsating Heat Pipe with Water-Based Nanofl...Adib Bin Rashid
The safety and efficiency of electronic equipment are becoming increasingly
critical as modern technologies progress significantly. The size of electronic
equipment is shrinking as it becomes more integrated. Hence, the heat load per
unit area increases, and the standard heat dissipation method may not fulfill their
requirements. Therefore, Pulsating Heat Pipe plays an essential role in efficiently
removing heat from congested surfaces to satisfy the requirement. To find
optimized parameters for a PHP, various investigations are conducted in this work
to help performance up-gradation of PHP. As the equipment gets smaller by size
and more heat has to be removed from smaller surfaces, nanoparticles can
significantly increase heat transfer performance. Furthermore, they can augment
the heat transfer ability of fluids inside the PHP by providing capillary wicking,
increased thermal effusivity, hydrodynamic instabilities, and structural disjoining
pressure. In this work, various experiment is carried out with water-based
Aluminum Oxide, Zinc Oxide, and Graphene Oxide Nanofluids. This work will help
upgrade PHP's performance and thus help enhance heat transfer performance
from smaller surfaces like Processor of Computers.
In the recent research activities, the nanofluids have involved a great deal
attention since their superior report in thermal performance and many other
applications. Now a days cooling process is a great challenge in most of the chemical
process, Nuclear reactor, automobile radiator, micro electronics systems. To meet out
this, a novel coolant (Nano fluids) was developed by choi.S.U.S 1995 at Argonne
National lab. USA. In continuation to his work, water based alumina Nano fluids was
prepared and applied in shell and tube heat exchanger to analyze the heat transfer
rate. The same analysis is discussed with conventional base fluid of water and
alumina nanofluid also this presents the characterization of Alumina Nano particle by
means of XRD and SEM.
Esign and thermal evaluation of shell and helical coil heat exchangereSAT Journals
Abstract
Heat exchangers are the important engineering equipments used for transferring heat from one fluid to another. Heat exchangers are widely used in various kinds of application such as power plants, nuclear reactors, refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, heat recovery systems, petrochemical, mechanical, biomedical industries. Helical coil heat exchangers are gaining wide importance now-a-days because it can give high heat transfer coefficient in small footprint of surface area. This paper focuses on the designing of shell and helical coil heat exchanger and its thermal evaluation with counter flow configuration. The thermal analysis is carried out considering the various parameters such as flow rate of cold water, flow rate of hot water, temperature, effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient.
Keywords— Helical coil heat exchanger, Counter flow, Flow rate, effectiveness, heat transfer coefficient etc.
Evaluation of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Performance by Using ZnO/Water Na...Barhm Mohamad
To examine and investigate the impact of nanofluid on heat exchanger performance, including the total heat transfer, the effect of friction factor, the average Nusselt number, and the thermal efficiency, the output heat transfers of a shell and tube heat exchanger using ZnO nanoparticles suspended in water has been conducted numerically. The governing equations were solved using finite volume techniques and CFD simulations with ANSYS/FLUENT Solver 2021. The nanoparticles volume fractions adopted are 0.2% and 0.35% that used in numerical computations under 200 to 1400 Reynolds numbers range. The increasing of temperature is approximately 13% from the bottom to the top of heat exchanger, while the maximum enhancement of Nusselt number is about 10%, 19% for volume fractions 0.2% and 0.35% respectively. The elevated values of the friction factor at the volumetric ratios of 0.2% and 0.35% are 0.25% and 0.47% respectively. The findings demonstrate that the performance efficiency of shell and tube heat exchanger is enhanced due to the increase in Nusselt number.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM CIRCULAR CYL...IAEME Publication
In the present work, the enhancement of natural convection heat transfer utilizing nanofluids as working fluid from horizontal circular cylinder situated in a square enclosure is investigated numerically. The type of the nanofluid is the water-based copper Cu. A model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nanofluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersionrs on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The study uses different Raylieh
numbers (104 , 105 , and 106 ), different enclosure width to cylinder diameter ratios W/D (1.667, 2.5 and 5) and volume fraction of nanoparticles between 0 to 0.2. The work included the solution of the governing equations in the vorticity-stream function formulation which were transformed into body fitted coordinate system
Similar to HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT OF SERPENTINE SHAPED MICRO CHANNEL HEAT SINK WITH AL2O3/WATER NANOFLUID (20)
Recent joint surgery studies reveal increased
revisions and resurfacing of the metal on metal hip joints. Metal
on metal hip implants were developed more than thirty years ago
and their application has been refined because of availability of
advanced manufacturing techniques and partly by advancements
in material science and engineering. Development of composite
materials may provide greater durability to metal-on-metal hip
implants .This review article is a study of the latest literature of
metal-on-metal hip implants and its various modeling techniques.
Numbers of methods are used for convergence and numerical
solution to investigate the performance of metal-on-metal hip
implant for accurate stable solution. This paper presents analysis
done by various researchers on metal-on-metal hip implants for
wear, lubrication, fatigue, bio-tribo-corrosion, design, toxicity
and resurfacing. After in vivo and in vitro studies, it is found that
all these methods have limitations. There is a need of more
insight for lubrication analysis, geometry of bearings, materials
and input parameters. The information provided in this work is
intended as an aid in the assessment of metal-on-metal hip joints.
Background Hospital contributes significantly tangible and intangible resources on a concurred plan by the scheduling of surgery on the OT list. Postponement decreases efficiency by declining throughput leads to wastage of resources hence burden to the nation. Patients and their family face economic and emotional implication due to the postponement. Postponement rate being a quality indicator controls check mechanism could be developed from the results. Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of the operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families are also caused by postponements. Moreover, the day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extent of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology A cross-sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from March 1st to September 30th, 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing Officer) and they were further evaluated time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for moving average technique. Results Total 958 surgeries were scheduled and 772 surgeries performed were and 186 surgeries were postponed with a postponement rate of 19.42% in the cardiac surgery department during the study period. Month-wise postponement Rate exponential smoothing of time series data shows the dynamic of operating suits. To test throughput Postponement rate was plotted the postponed surgeries and on regression analysis is in a perfect linear relationship.
Introduction: Postponement of elective scheduled operations results in inefficient use of operating room (OR) time on the day of surgery. Inconvenience to patients and families also caused by postponements. Moreover, day of surgery (DOS) postponement creates logistic and financial burden associated with extended hospital stay and repetitions of pre-operative preparations to an extend of repetition of investigations in some cases causing escalated costs, wastage of time and reduced income. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in the operation theaters of a tertiary care hospital in which total ten operation theaters of General Surgery Data of scheduled, performed and postponed surgeries was collected from all the operation theater with effect from march 1st to September 30th 2018. A questionnaire was developed to find out the reasons for the postponement for all hospital’s stakeholders (Surgeons, Anesthetist, Nursing officer) and they were further evaluated Time series analysis of scheduling of Operation Theater for Moving average Technique. Results: total 2,466 surgeries were scheduled and 1,980 surgeries were performed and 486 surgeries were postponed in the general surgery department during the study period. Month wise postponement forecast was in accordance with the performed surgeries and on regression analysis postponed surgeries were in perfect linear relationship with the postponement Rate.
In the present paper the experimental study of
Nanotechnology involves high cost for Lab set-up and the
experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
been made to discuss the contributions towards the societal
change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
nanotechnology alone. As such, the Computer- simulations and
modeling are one of the foundations of computational
nanotechnology. The computer modeling and simulations
were also referred as computational experimentations. The
accuracy of such Computational nano-technology based
experiment generally depends on the accuracy of the following
things: Intermolecular interaction, Numerical models and
Simulation schemes used. The essence of nanotechnology is
therefore size and control because of the diversity of
applications the plural term nanotechnology is preferred by
some nevertheless they all share the common feature of control
at the nanometer scale the latter focusing on the observation
and study of phenomena at the nanometer scale. In this paper,
a brief study of Computer-Simulation techniques as well as
some Experimental result
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
Multilevel inverters play a crucial part in the
areas of high and medium voltage applications. Among the three
main multilevel inverters used, the capacitor clamped multilevel
inverter(CCMLI) has advantage with respect to voltage
redundancies. This work proposes a switching pattern to improve
the performance of chosen H-bridge type CCMLI over
conventional CCMLI. The PWM technique used in this work is
Phase Opposition Disposition PWM(PODPWM). The
performance of proposed H-bridge type CCMLI is verified
through MATLAB-Simulink based simulation. It has been
observed that the THD is low in chosen CCMLI compared to
conventional CCMLI.
- In this paper, we introduce a practical mechanism of
compressing a binary phase code modulation (BPCM) signal
according to Barker code with 13 chips in presence of additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) by using a digital matched filter
(DMF) corresponding to time domain convolution algorithm of
input and reference signals using Cyclone II EP2C70F896C6
FPGA from ALTERA placed on education and development
board DE2-70 with the following parameters: frequency of
BPCM signal fIF=2 MHz, sampling frequency
f MHz SAM 50
,pulse period
T 200s
, pulse width
S 13sc
, chip width
CH 1sc
, compressing factor
KCOM 13
, SNRinp=1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 and processing
gain factor SNRout/SNRinp=11.14 dB.
The results of filter operation are evaluated using a digital
oscilloscope GDS-1052U to display the input and output signals
for different SNRinp.
Flooding is one of the most devastating natural
disasters in Nigeria. The impact of flooding on human activities
cannot be overemphasized. It can threaten human lives, their
property, environment and the economy. Different techniques
exist to manage and analyze the impact of flooding. Some of these
techniques have not been effective in management of flood
disaster. Remote sensing technique presents itself as an effective
and efficient means of managing flood disaster. In this study,
SPOT-10 image was used to perform land cover/ land use
classification of the study area. Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image of 2010 was
used to generate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The image
focal statistics were generated using the Spatial Analyst/
Neighborhood/Focal Statistics Tool in ArcMap. The contour map
was produced using the Spatial Analyst/ Surface/ Contour Tools.
The DEM generated from the focal statistics was reclassified into
different risk levels based on variation of elevation values. The
depression in the DEM was filled and used to create the flow
direction map. The flow accumulation map was produced using
the flow direction data as input image. The stream network and
watershed were equally generated and the stream vectorized. The
reclassified DEM, stream network and vectorized land cover
classes were integrated and used to analyze the impact of flood on
the classes. The result shows that 27.86% of the area studied will
be affected at very high risk flood level, 35.63% at high risk,
17.90% at moderate risk, 10.72% at low risk, and 7.89% at no
risk flood level. Built up area class will be mostly affected at very
high risk flood level while farmland will be affected at high risk
flood level. Oshoro, Imhekpeme, and Weppa communities will be
affected at very high risk flood inundation while Ivighe, Uneme,
Igoide and Iviari communities will be at risk at high risk flood
inundation level. It is recommended among others that buildings
that fall within the “Very High Risk” area should be identified
and occupants possibly relocated to other areas such as the “No
Risk” area.
Without water, humans cannot live. Since time began,
we have lived by the water and vast tracts of waterless land have
been abandoned as it is too difficult to inhabit. At any given
moment, the earth’s atmosphere contains 4,000 cubic miles of
water, which is just 0.000012% of the 344 million cubic miles of
water on earth. Nature maintains this ratio via evaporation and
condensation, irrespective of the activities of man.
There is a certain need for an alternative to solve the water
scarcity. Obtaining water from the atmosphere is nothing new -
since the beginning of time, nature’s continuous hydrologic cycle
of evaporation and condensation in the form of rain or snow has
been the sole source and means of regenerating wholesome water
for all forms of life on earth.
An effective method to generate water is by the separation of
moisture present in air by condensation. In this study, the water
present in air is condensed on the surface of a container and then
collected in an external jacket provided on the container.
Insulations are provided to optimize the inner temperature of the
container.
The method is although uncommon but has certain advantages
which make it a success. The process is economical and does not
require a lot of utilities. It also helps in further reducing the
carbon footprint.
In every moment of functioning the Li-Ion
battery must provide the power required by the user, to have a
long operating life and to and to provide high reliability in
operation. The methods for analysis and testing batteries are
ensuring that all these conditions imposed to the batteries are
met by being tested depending on their intended use.
The success rate of real estate project is
decreasing as there is large scale of project and participation of
entities. It is necessary to study the risk factors involved in the
project. This paper focused on types of risks involved in the
project, risk factors, risk management tools & techniques.
Identification of risk of the project in terms of the total cost of the
project has been divided under Technical, Financial, Sociopolitical
and Statutory cost centers. Large real estate projects
have to tackle the following issues: land acquisition, skilledlabour
shortage, non-availability of skilled project managers, and
mechanization of the construction process to cater to the growing
demands. Non- availability of supporting infrastructure, political
issues like instability of the government leading to regulatory
issues, social issues, marketing forms an important part in these
projects as this is a onetime investment and the purchase cycle is
long , long development period makes the same project be at
different points in the real estate value cycle.
- In the present scenario carbon emission and sand
mining are major concern due to its hazardous effect to
environment and making serious imbalance to the ecosystem.
Various studies have been conducted to reduce severe effect on
environment, using byproducts like copper slag as partial
replacement of fine aggregate. Different researchers have also
revealed numerous uses of copper slag as a replacing agent in
determining the strength of concrete. A comprehensive review of
studies has been presented in this paper for scope of replacement
of fine aggregate from copper slag in concrete
- Security is a concept similar to being cautious
or alert against any danger. Network security is the condition of
being protected against any danger or loss. Thus safety plays a
important role in bank transactions where disclosure of any data
results in big loss. We can define networking as the combination
of two or more computers for the purpose of resource sharing.
Resources here include files, database, emails etc. It is the
protection of these resources from unauthorized users that
brought the development of network security. It is a measure
incorporated to protect data during their transmission and also
to ensure the transmitted is protected and authentic.
Security of online bank transactions here has been
improved by increasing the number of bits while establishing the
SSL connection as well as in RSA asymmetric key encryption
along with SHA1 used for digital signature to authenticate the
user
Background: Septoplasty is a common surgical
procedure performed by otolaryngologists for the correction of
deviated nasal septum. This surgery may be associated with
numerous complications. To minimize these complications,
otolaryngologists frequently pack both nasal cavities with
different types of nasal packing. Despite all its advantages,
nasal packing is also associated with some disadvantages. To
avoid these issues, many surgeons use suturing techniques to
obviate the need for packing after surgery.
Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of trans-septal
suture technique in preventing complications and decreasing
morbidity after septoplasty in comparison with nasal packing.
Patients and methods: Prospective comparative study. This
study was conducted in the department of Otolaryngology -
Head and Neck Surgery, Rizgary Teaching Hospital - Erbil,
from the 6th of May 2014 to the 30th of November 2014.
A total of 60 patients aged 18-45 years, undergoing septoplasty,
were included in the study. Before surgery, patients were
randomly divided into two equal groups. Group (A) with transseptal
suture technique was compared with group (B) in which
nasal packing with Merocel was done. Postoperative morbidity
in terms of pain, bleeding, postnasal drip, sleep disturbance,
dysphagia, headache and epiphora along with postoperative
complications including septal hematoma, septal perforation,
crustation and synechiae formation were assessed over a follow
up period of four weeks.
Results: Out of 60 patients, 37 patients were males (61.7%)
and 23 patients were females (38.3%). Patients with nasal
packing had significantly more postoperative pain (P<0.05)><0.05). There was no significant difference between
the two groups with respect to nasal bleeding, septal
hematoma, septal perforation, crustation and synechiae
formation.
Conclusion: Septoplasty can be safely performed using transseptal
suturing technique without nasal packing.
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
The cable-hoisting method and rail cable-lifting
method are widely used in the construction of suspension bridge.
This paper takes a suspension bridge in Hunan as an example,
and expounds the two construction methods, and analyzes their
respective merits and disadvantages.
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
This paper presents the details on the
experimental investigation carried out to get the desired fresh
properties of the SCC. Tests were performed on various mixtures
to obtain the required SCC. In the present research work we
have replaced 15% of cement with class F fly ash. By varying the
quantity of water and sand the mortar mix was prepared. Later
varying percentage of coarse aggregate was added to the mortar
to obtain the desired SCC.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
This project aims at using (PD-MCPWM) Phase
disposition multi carrier pulse width modulation technique to
reduce leakage current in a transformerless cascaded multilevel
inverter for PV systems. Advantages of transformerless PV
inverter topology is as follows, simple structure, low weight and
provides higher efficiency , but however this topology provides a
path for the leakage current to flow through the parasitic
capacitance formed between the PV module and the ground.
Modulation technique reduces leakage current with an added
advantage without adding any extra components.
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HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT OF SERPENTINE SHAPED MICRO CHANNEL HEAT SINK WITH AL2O3/WATER NANOFLUID
1. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 4 (July-Aug 2014), PP. 112-116
112 | P a g e
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT OF
SERPENTINE SHAPED MICRO CHANNEL HEAT
SINK WITH AL2O3/WATER NANOFLUID
Mr. A. Sivakumar, Dr.N. Alagumurthi and Dr.T.Senthilvelan
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry
Abstract— Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids,
called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study
worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the
anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The heat transfer from
smaller area is achieved through microchannels. The heat transfer
principle states that maximum heat transfer is achieved in
microchannels with maximum pressure drop across it. In this
research work the experimental and numerical investigation for
the improved heat transfer characteristics of serpentine shaped
microchannel heat sink using Al2O3/water nanofluid is done. The
fluid flow characteristics is also analyzed for the serpentine
shaped micrchannel. The experimental results of the heat
transfer using Al2O3 nanofluid is compared with the numerical
values. The calculations in this work suggest that the best heat
transfer enhancement can be obtained by using a system with an
Al2O3–water nanofluid-cooled micro channel with serpentine
shaped fluid flow.
Key words— Serpentine shaped,Microchannel Heat sink, Heat
Transfer, Friction factor, Nanofluid Al2O3.
I.INTRODUCTION
The application of micro channels in heat transfer was first
proposed by Tuckerman and Pease [1] in the electronic chip
which could be effectively cooled by means of water flow in
microchannels fabricated on the circuit board on which the
chips are mounted. The need for thermal management in high
end power electronic workstations cooling, application servers
and data centers [2] is an exceedingly demanding area that
requires continuous research efforts to develop efficient and
cost competitive cooling solutions. Some of the commonly
used heat transfer fluids are the Air, ethylene glycol and engine
oil for the past some decades[3].
The nanofluids were first introduced by Choi[4] in the
Argonne National Laboratory, USA, who found that nano
particles increases the thermal conductivity of the working
fluid, thus improving the heat transfer performance. The
researchers S. Lee, J. Koo[5,6] proved that nano particles has
enhanced thermal conductivity than the base fluids which
shows the nano sized particles has good potential in the thermal
area.
Nanofluids are defined as suspension of nanoparticles in a
basefluid. Some typical nanofluids are ethylene glycol based
copper nanofluids and water based copper oxide nanofluids,
Nanofluid are dilute suspensions of functionalized nanoparticles
composite materials developed about a decade ago with the
specific aim of increasing the thermal conductivity of heat
transfer fluids, which have now evolved into a promising
nanotechnological area. Such thermal nanofluids for heat
transfer applications represent a class of its own difference from
conventional colloids for other applications. Compared to
conventional solid–liquid suspensions for heat transfer
intensifications, nanofluids possess the following advantages
[7].
Increased surface area therefore more heat transfer
surface between particles and fluids
High dispersion stability with predominant Brownian
motion of particles.
The pumping power is reduced as compared to pure
liquid due to heat transfer intensification
There is no particle clogging compared to
conventional slurries which results in system
miniaturization
Adjustable properties, including thermal conductivity
and surface wettability, by varying particle
concentrations to suit different applications.
The Al2O3 water nano fluids was formulated by Lee et al [8]
without any chemical dispersants and performed experiments to
show that Al2O3 water nanofluids have good suspension and
dispersion characteristics and high thermal conductivities. The
importance of micron size mechanical devices are emphasized
both in commercial and scientific application [9,10]. Kandlikar
et al[11]. also insisted the the need of micro system in for heat
transfer enhancement in micro scale devices.
Jung-Yeul et al [12] have reported that the Nusselt number
increases with increasing Reynolds number in laminar regime
in his experimental study. Nanofluids have a higher single
phase heat transfer coefficient, especially for laminar flow, due
to increased thermal conductivity [13,14].
Microchannel heat exchangers are classified as micro,
meso, compact and conventional heat exchanger based on
channel diameters [15]. In this study the heat transfer
characteristics of water / Al2O3 flowing through serpentine
MC and hydraulic diameter of 0.81mm is investigated.
II.TEST SECTION
The micro channel is fabricated using the material copper.
The copper is chosen for its improved corrosion resistance,
thermal conductivity and smooth surface finishing. The copper
plates are faced to for its required thickness. The plate is
grinded in a bed type surface-grinding machine in order to get a
2. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 4 (July-Aug 2014), PP. 112-116
113 | P a g e
Density: ρnf = (1−φ)ρbf + φρp (1)
Heat capacity: (ρcp)nf= (1−φ)(ρcp)bf+φ( ρcp)p (2)
smooth surface. The machining is done on the surface of the
bottom plate. The inlet and outlet sumps are machined using
milling process, then the channels are cut on the surface of the
bottom plate using EDM process according to the dimensions
shown in the fig (1). The map of the microchannel with fin core
section is presented in section (2). To have circulation of the
working fluid the hole is drilled on the on the surfaces of the
bottom plate connecting the inlet sump with inlet surface and the
outlet sump with outlet surface respectively.
Hydraulic pipe of standard dimension is brazed in the inlet
and outlet surfaces of the microchannel, which is used as a
connecting medium between the micro channel and the
components of the experimental set-up. The square plate of
side 75 mm and thickness 55mm is taken as top plate of the
micro channel. Convection fins are machined on the top surface
of the plate to enhance the heat transfer rate. This plate is used
to cover the machined surface of the bottom plate. The EDM is
considered to be a non-conventional machining technique. It is
a process whereby the material is removed through the erosive
action of electrical discharge (sparks) provided by a generator.
With a precision EDM dimensional tolerances up to 0.5μm
could be obtained. A high speed EDM technique enables a
dimensional tolerance up to 1.5 micro meter and a machining
speed of 5 μ/ sec to be obtained. The smaller electrode used has
a diameter of 30 micro meter, subsequent to this pioneering
work. The interest in micro EDM machining remained sedate
until micro-electronics era emanated. Even 3D shapes (that
prove difficult for etching) are done easily with EDM
(Reymaerts et al.,). Inlet and out conduits were attached
together with the two plates and brazed in vacuum furnace at 5-
10 torr and about 1000°C.
Fig.2. Core section of the microchannel with fin
III.EXPERIMENT STUDY
A. Preperation of Nanofluid
Gamma Copper oxide was used for the preperation of γ
Al2O3 Nanofluid with water as the Base material. γ Al2O3 nano
particales were dispersed in 3.5 lits of ultra pure double distilled
water under sonification at different volume fraction say
0.01,0.02,0.03,0.1,0.2,0.3 and tested for the heat trasfer
property of the material in the microchannel.
B. Characterisation of Nanofluid
Characterisation Analysis were carried out using Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive Atomic X
Ray( EDAX) .
C. Heat transfer experimental setup
A schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus is
shown in Fig. (3). The test loop consists of a Ultrasonic vibration
Bath, Pump, Filter, Flow meter ,Micro-channel,
Heater and Air cooled heat exchange. In the present study, Al2O3
nanofluids are stored in the ultrasonic vibration bath. This bath
acts as a reservoir and sonificator.A heater is fixed on the surface
of the microchannel. A pump is attached between the bath and
the microchannel to circulate nanofluids through the entire
circuit. The unwanted micron size particle are removed using
filters. Flow meter is placed between the pump and micro
channel. Fluid flow rate is controlled by the valve and it is placed
between the pump and channel. The pressure gauges are fixed at
the inlet and outlet of the micro channel and used to measure the
pressure drop of the channel. When the nano fluid passes
through microchannel, it absorbs some amount of heat supplied
by the heater. The excess heat carried by the nano fluid is
released when it passes through the air cooled heat exchanger
Then the fluid moves to the bath and the cycle is repeated. The
entire set-up is kept airtight in order to prevent any leakage of
the fluid.
IV.DATA ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING
A. Thermophysical properties of nanofluids
Since we use nanofluids for the heat removal their thermo
physical property and the governing equation involved are
calculated using the following equation[16]
Thermal conductivity: κnf = kbf (3)
Viscosity: μnf = μbf (1 + 2.5) φ (4)
V.DATA PROCESSING
The Reynolds number is defined in the conventional way,
Re = ρvd/μ. The velocity is calculated from flow rate based on
the cross-sectional area of the channel. The velocity is evaluated
using the mass flow rate and the equivalent diameter Dh = 2
WH/ (W+H). The mass flow rate was evaluated based on the
density at inlet condition.
The balance between the energy supplied and energy
absorbed by the flowing liquid is established using the following
equations:
Qs = V x I (heat supplied) (5)
Q= m Cpnf (Tout – Tin) nf (heat absorbed) (6)
Experimental convective heat transfer coefficient and
Nusselt number for nanofluid were calculated from the
following equations: [17]
3. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 4 (July-Aug 2014), PP. 112-116
114 | P a g e
S.N Reynolds
No
,Re
Flow
Velocity
(m/s)
Friction
Factor
(f)
Pressure
Drop
(Bar)
Nusselt
No.
Nu
Heat
transfer
coefficient
(W/m2k)
1 100 0.1271 0.6400 0.4673 2.703794 7572.313
2 200 0.2542 0.3200 0.9346 4.707578 13184.16
3 300 0.3814 0.2133 1.4019 6.511343 18235.83
4 400 0.5085 0.1600 1.8692 8.196371 22954.96
5 500 0.6356 0.1280 2.3364 9.798274 27441.29
6 600 0.7627 0.1067 2.8037 11.33691 31750.42
7 700 0.8899 0.0914 3.2710 12.82484 35917.57
8 800 1.0170 0.0800 3.7383 14.27071 39966.91
9 900 1.1441 0.0711 4.2056 15.68078 43915.98
10 1000 1.2712 0.0640 4.6729 17.05979 47778.06
11 1100 1.3984 0.0582 5.1402 18.41144 51563.53
12 1200 1.5255 0.0533 5.6075 19.7387 55280.7
h (Exp) = (7)
Nu (Exp) = (8)
The liquid reference temperature Tm is arithmetic mean of
the inlet temperature and outlet temperature, that is
Tm = (9)
The mean heat flux q relative to the base plate area A is as
follows
q = h(Exp) . (Tw –Tm) (10)
In general, for total length of the micro channel with ‘n’
vertical passage and (n-1) circumferential passage is given by
Lch = nl + (n-1) (2πr) + 2r (11)
The hydraulic performance of the heat sink can be
evaluated by means of the friction factor
defined as [18]
= (12)
Experimental friction factor is compared with the
theoretical values obtained using Hagen-
Poiseuille equation given by
(13)
Reynolds and prandtl number are calculated using
following equations:
Re = (14)
Prnf = (15)
Experimental heat transfer coefficient is compared with the
theoretical heat transfer coefficient values obtained using
Dittus-Boelter given by [18]
Nu the = 0.024Re 0.8
Pr.0.4
(16)
Nu (the) =
ℎ(𝑡ℎ𝑒) 𝐷ℎ
𝑘
(17)
h (the)=
𝑁 𝑢(𝑡ℎ𝑒).𝑘
𝐷ℎ
(18)
Thermal resistance is calculated as, R = (19)
Table (1) Theoretical values for different Reynolds number
in microchannel
Note: (1) properties of water are evaluated at 25o
C: Cp =
4187 J/kgo
C,ρ = 997kg/m3,k = 0.613 W/mo
C (2) properties of
Al2O3 are evaluated at 25o
C: Cp = 765 J/kgo
C,ρ =
3970kg/m3
,k = 36 W/mo
C. [20]
VI.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. SEM&EDAX Analysis
Fig.(4) SEM analysis revealed that the Al2O3 particles
were spherical in nature with a diameter of around 15 nm.Fig.(5)
EDAX report conformed the presence of Copper and oxygen
with the weigh % of 50.12 and 49.88 respectively.
Fig.4 SEM of Al2O3 particle Fig.5 EDAX of Al2O3 particle
The thermo physical properties of 0.3% Al2O3 / water
nanofluid were estimated as follows:
Density = 1888.9 kg/m3, Heat capacity = 3160.4 J/kg-K,
Thermal conductivity = 2.2405 W/mK,
Viscosity = 0.00149625 Cp.
B. Pressure drop analysis
The pressure drop is calculated experimentally for the Al2O3
water nanofluid for the serpentine shaped microchannel to
investigate two caharacteristics of the nanofluids. Friction factor
obtained for the microchannel heat sink using the pure water
(φ=0.01 to 0.3vol. %) as well as nanofluid (φ=0.01 to
0.3vol.%) as coolant are done Substituting the measured
pressure drop into equation (13), the Darcy friction f =64/Re is
calculated.
VII.HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS
The convective heat transfer coefficient shown in fig 6.
Clearly states that the heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3
nanoparticle when suspended in the water has enhanced heat
4. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 4 (July-Aug 2014), PP. 112-116
115 | P a g e
transfer property in the micro channel heat sink. All though the
volume fraction of nano particles is very low range from 0.01
to 0.3vol.%. The convective heat transfer coefficient of water-
based Al2O3 nanofluids increases with volume fraction of Al2O3
nano particles. Similar finding was reported in previous
experiment work [21].
1) Nu correlations
The relation between the Nusselt number (Nu) and
Reynolds (Re) is based on the channel hydraulic diameter
which is shown in Fig (7).For 0.3 vol.%, maximum value of
18.30 Nu was achieved at highest Re of 1233.77. The
experimental results show an appreciable fluid dependence.
The experimental data from the present work had been used
to determine the following relation
Nu=C Re . Pr n (20)
The values in equation (20) for correlation coefficient C and
indices a and n are obtained.
An empirical relation is obtained for Nusselt Number in
terms of Reynolds number and prandtl as below
Nu=0.83Re0.92. Pr0.2 (21)
Fig.6. Experimental heat transfer coefficient is
compared with the theoretical heat transfer coefficient
values obtained using Dittus-Boelter, shown in table (1).
Fig.7. Comparison of experimental Nusselt with the
theoretical values obtained using the Dittus-Boelter, shown
in Table (1).
Fig 8.Total heat transfer versus Reynolds number and
concentration of nanofluid
Fig. 9.Thermal conductivity versus volume fraction and
concentration of nanofluid.
VIII.CONCLUSIONS
In this research work the heat transfer characteristics of
serpentine shaped microchannel heat sink with Al2O3/water
nanofluid is experimented and its enhanced thermal conductivity
is compared with the base fluid. Based on the heat transfer
enhancement and fluid flow characteristics the various plots
showing the relation is plotted for the conclusion. The
flow and heat transfer characteristics of the heat sink cooled by
0.01,0.02,0.03, 0.1,0.2 and 0.3 vol % nanofluids have been
presented. The following conclusions are drawn from this
research:
Based on the pressure drop the for the Al2O3 water nanofluid
the friction factors is measured and it has good coordination with
theoretical results of the Darcy friction factor correlation for the
fully developed laminar flow The convective heat transfer
coefficient for the low volume percentage there is considerable
enhanced thermal comductivity for the Al2O3/water nanofluid.
Thermal performance of nanofluids in all concentration
study showed better efficiency than pure water.Temperature
distributions on the serpentine MC were very much lower using
nanofluid compared to pure water.
Thermal Resistance of the MC heat sink was decreased when
using Al2O3. When the volume fraction is increased in the water-
Al2O3 ranges from 0.01 - 0.3, then the nanofluid thermal
conductivity increases considerably and also heat
5. International Journal of Technical Research and Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163,
www.ijtra.com Volume 2, Issue 4 (July-Aug 2014), PP. 112-116
116 | P a g e
transfer performance has been enhanced, which is shown in
fig.(8) and fig.(9)
The experimental performance study of MC load with
nanofluids proved its potential as an alternative working fluid
compared to conventional pure water.
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