This document summarizes research on reconstructing the structural design of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It discusses how logic block complexity, interconnect structure, hardwired logic blocks, and data path implementation can impact the area and speed of FPGAs. The document analyzes past studies that examined how varying the number of lookup table (LUT) inputs, routing flexibility between blocks, and use of hardwired connections affected the routability and timing of mapped circuits. It also describes how FPGAs can be optimized for logic emulation applications by multiplexing logic units over time through memory-based architectures. In general, the document reviews FPGA architectural parameters and how researchers have iteratively improved designs through simulation and
LOGIC OPTIMIZATION USING TECHNOLOGY INDEPENDENT MUX BASED ADDERS IN FPGAVLSICS Design
Adders form an almost obligatory component of every contemporary integrated circuit. The prerequisite of the adder is that it is primarily fast and secondarily efficient in terms of power consumption and chip area. Therefore, careful optimization of the adder is of the greatest importance. This optimization can be attained
in two levels; it can be circuit or logic optimization. In circuit optimization the size of transistors are manipulated, where as in logic optimization the Boolean equations are rearranged (or manipulated) to optimize speed, area and power consumption. This paper focuses the optimization of adder through technology independent mapping. The work presents 20 different logical construction of 1-bit adder cell in CMOS logic and its performance is analyzed in terms of transistor count, delay and power dissipation. These performance issues are analyzed through Tanner EDA with TSMC MOSIS 250nm technology. From this analysis the optimized equation is chosen to construct a full adder circuit in terms of multiplexer. This logic optimized multiplexer based adders are incorporated in selected existing adders like ripple carry
adder, carry look-ahead adder, carry skip adder, carry select adder, carry increment adder and carry save adder and its performance is analyzed in terms of area (slices used) and maximum combinational path delay as a function of size. The target FPGA device chosen for the implementation of these adders was Xilinx ISE 12.1 Spartan3E XC3S500-5FG320. Each adder type was implemented with bit sizes of: 8, 16, 32, 64 bits. This variety of sizes will provide with more insight about the performance of each adder in terms of area and delay as a function of size.
Design and Implementation Of Packet Switched Network Based RKT-NoC on FPGAIJERA Editor
In this Paper we proposed a new network on chip that handles accurate localization of the faulty parts of NoC. The proposed NoC is based on new error detection mechanism and modified xy routing algorithm. Error detection mechanism suitable for dynamic NoCs, where the number and position of the processor elements or faulty blocks vary during run time. This paper also presents a modified xy routing algorithm combined with a scheduler to be used on NoCs.This proposed method is fast way to transferring data via specific path between two nodes in the network and the scheduler further helps to avoid collision. More latency and fewer throughputs are obtained with contentation in network. As mesh size increases latency and throughputs increases accordingly. The proposed design implemented in SPARTAN III FPGA by using Xilinx ISE13.4and simulated in Questa sim 10.0b.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYBRID ADDERS FOR HIGH SPEED ARITHMETIC CI...VLSICS Design
Adder cells using Gate Diffusion Technique (GDI) & PTL-GDI technique are described in this paper. GDI technique allows reducing power consumption, propagation delay and low PDP (power delay product) whereas Pass Transistor Logic (PTL) reduces the count of transistors used to make different logic gates, by eliminating redundant transistors. Performance comparison with various Hybrid Adder is been presented. In this paper, we propose two new designs based on GDI & PTL techniques, which is found to be much more power efficient in comparison with existing design technique. Only 10 transistors are used to implement the SUM & CARRY function for both the designs. The SUM and CARRY cell are implemented in a cascaded way i.e. firstly the XOR cell is implemented and then using XOR as input SUM as well as CARRY cell is implemented. For Proposed GDI adder the SUM as well as CARRY cell is designed using GDI technique. On the other hand in Proposed PTL-GDI adder the SUM cell is constructed using PTL technique and the CARRY cell is designed using GDI technique. The advantages of both the designs are discussed. The significance of these designs is substantiated by the simulation results obtained from Cadence Virtuoso 180nm environment.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LOW POWER CARRY SAVE ADDER FOR VLSI APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
This report examines the subject of sub threshold leakage on carry save adder. When the gate to source voltage reduces to the threshold voltage at that place is yet some amount of current flow in the circuit and that is undesired. As the process technology advancing much rapidly the threshold voltage of MOS devices reduces very drastically, and it must be applied in lower power devices since it contributes to low amount of leakage current which confine increases the power consumption of the devices. Adders are the basic building blocks for any digital circuit design and used in almost all arithmetic’s. The CSA proves efficient adders due to its quick and precise computations. Hence this paper performs sub threshold analysis on CSA and the scrutinize results that the total average power is around 4.93µW, the propagation delay for complete operation is 16.3ns and since this design uses GDI cell so there is a reduction in area with 37%.
LOGIC OPTIMIZATION USING TECHNOLOGY INDEPENDENT MUX BASED ADDERS IN FPGAVLSICS Design
Adders form an almost obligatory component of every contemporary integrated circuit. The prerequisite of the adder is that it is primarily fast and secondarily efficient in terms of power consumption and chip area. Therefore, careful optimization of the adder is of the greatest importance. This optimization can be attained
in two levels; it can be circuit or logic optimization. In circuit optimization the size of transistors are manipulated, where as in logic optimization the Boolean equations are rearranged (or manipulated) to optimize speed, area and power consumption. This paper focuses the optimization of adder through technology independent mapping. The work presents 20 different logical construction of 1-bit adder cell in CMOS logic and its performance is analyzed in terms of transistor count, delay and power dissipation. These performance issues are analyzed through Tanner EDA with TSMC MOSIS 250nm technology. From this analysis the optimized equation is chosen to construct a full adder circuit in terms of multiplexer. This logic optimized multiplexer based adders are incorporated in selected existing adders like ripple carry
adder, carry look-ahead adder, carry skip adder, carry select adder, carry increment adder and carry save adder and its performance is analyzed in terms of area (slices used) and maximum combinational path delay as a function of size. The target FPGA device chosen for the implementation of these adders was Xilinx ISE 12.1 Spartan3E XC3S500-5FG320. Each adder type was implemented with bit sizes of: 8, 16, 32, 64 bits. This variety of sizes will provide with more insight about the performance of each adder in terms of area and delay as a function of size.
Design and Implementation Of Packet Switched Network Based RKT-NoC on FPGAIJERA Editor
In this Paper we proposed a new network on chip that handles accurate localization of the faulty parts of NoC. The proposed NoC is based on new error detection mechanism and modified xy routing algorithm. Error detection mechanism suitable for dynamic NoCs, where the number and position of the processor elements or faulty blocks vary during run time. This paper also presents a modified xy routing algorithm combined with a scheduler to be used on NoCs.This proposed method is fast way to transferring data via specific path between two nodes in the network and the scheduler further helps to avoid collision. More latency and fewer throughputs are obtained with contentation in network. As mesh size increases latency and throughputs increases accordingly. The proposed design implemented in SPARTAN III FPGA by using Xilinx ISE13.4and simulated in Questa sim 10.0b.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYBRID ADDERS FOR HIGH SPEED ARITHMETIC CI...VLSICS Design
Adder cells using Gate Diffusion Technique (GDI) & PTL-GDI technique are described in this paper. GDI technique allows reducing power consumption, propagation delay and low PDP (power delay product) whereas Pass Transistor Logic (PTL) reduces the count of transistors used to make different logic gates, by eliminating redundant transistors. Performance comparison with various Hybrid Adder is been presented. In this paper, we propose two new designs based on GDI & PTL techniques, which is found to be much more power efficient in comparison with existing design technique. Only 10 transistors are used to implement the SUM & CARRY function for both the designs. The SUM and CARRY cell are implemented in a cascaded way i.e. firstly the XOR cell is implemented and then using XOR as input SUM as well as CARRY cell is implemented. For Proposed GDI adder the SUM as well as CARRY cell is designed using GDI technique. On the other hand in Proposed PTL-GDI adder the SUM cell is constructed using PTL technique and the CARRY cell is designed using GDI technique. The advantages of both the designs are discussed. The significance of these designs is substantiated by the simulation results obtained from Cadence Virtuoso 180nm environment.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LOW POWER CARRY SAVE ADDER FOR VLSI APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
This report examines the subject of sub threshold leakage on carry save adder. When the gate to source voltage reduces to the threshold voltage at that place is yet some amount of current flow in the circuit and that is undesired. As the process technology advancing much rapidly the threshold voltage of MOS devices reduces very drastically, and it must be applied in lower power devices since it contributes to low amount of leakage current which confine increases the power consumption of the devices. Adders are the basic building blocks for any digital circuit design and used in almost all arithmetic’s. The CSA proves efficient adders due to its quick and precise computations. Hence this paper performs sub threshold analysis on CSA and the scrutinize results that the total average power is around 4.93µW, the propagation delay for complete operation is 16.3ns and since this design uses GDI cell so there is a reduction in area with 37%.
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITYARBITER BASED ROUTER DESIGN FOR NOC SYSTEMSIAEME Publication
An efficient Priority-Arbiter based Router is designed along with 2X2 and 3X3 mesh
topology based NOC architecture are designed. The Priority –Arbiter based Router
design includes Input registers, Priority arbiter, and XY- Routing algorithm. The
Priority-Arbiter based Router and NOC 2X2 and 3X3 Router designs are synthesized
and implemented using Xilinx ISE Tool and simulated using Modelsim6.5f. The
implementation is done by Artix-7 FPGA device, and the physically debugging of the
NOC 2X2 Router design is verified using Chipscope pro tool. The performance results
are analyzed in terms of the Area (Slices, LUT’s), Timing period, and Maximum
operating frequency. The comparison of the Priority-Arbiter based Router is made
concerning previous similar architecture with improvements.
With advancement in CMOS technology, a lot of research has been done to develop various logic styles to improve the performance of logic circuits. D flip-flops (DFF) are fundamental building blocks in almost every sequential logic circuit. Hence, in sequential logic circuits, the overall performance of the circuit is affected by the performance of constituent DFFs. In recent years, the focus has been towards incorporating higher clock rates in a processor for better performance. To achieve high clock rates, fine granularity pipelining techniques are used, which implies that there are relatively a fewer levels of logic in each pipeline stage. A major consequence of this design trend is that the pipeline overhead has becoming more significant. The primary cause of pipeline overhead is the latency of the flip-flop or latch used to design the processor and the clock skew of the system. This calls out for the need of incorporating the logic functionality within the architecture of flip-flop. The new family of flip-flops are called Embedded Logic Flip Flops. In this Paper, we have reviewed various Flip-flop architectures which have been proposed so far. Our attempt is to do a qualitative analysis and comparison of the proposed Embedded logic flip-flop designs.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
EFFICIENT ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE CIRCUIT FOR SAD COMPUTATION ON FPGAVLSICS Design
Video Compression is very essential to meet the technological demands such as low power, less memory and fast transfer rate for different range of devices and for various multimedia applications. Video compression is primarily achieved by Motion Estimation (ME) process in any video encoder which contributes to significant compression gain.Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) is used as distortion metric in ME process.In this paper, efficient Absolute Difference(AD)circuit is proposed which uses Brent Kung Adder(BKA) and a comparator based on modified 1’s complement principle and conditional sum adder scheme. Results shows that proposed architecture reduces delay by 15% and number of slice LUTs by 42 % as compared to conventional architecture. Simulation and synthesis are done on Xilinx ISE 14.2 using Virtex 7 FPGA.
EFFICIENT ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE CIRCUIT FOR SAD COMPUTATION ON FPGAVLSICS Design
Video Compression is very essential to meet the technological demands such as low power, less memory
and fast transfer rate for different range of devices and for various multimedia applications. Video
compression is primarily achieved by Motion Estimation (ME) process in any video encoder which
contributes to significant compression gain.Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) is used as distortion metric
in ME process.In this paper, efficient Absolute Difference(AD)circuit is proposed which uses Brent Kung
Adder(BKA) and a comparator based on modified 1’s complement principle and conditional sum adder
scheme. Results shows that proposed architecture reduces delay by 15% and number of slice LUTs by 42
% as compared to conventional architecture. Simulation and synthesis are done on Xilinx ISE 14.2 using
Virtex 7 FPGA.
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITYARBITER BASED ROUTER DESIGN FOR NOC SYSTEMSIAEME Publication
An efficient Priority-Arbiter based Router is designed along with 2X2 and 3X3 mesh
topology based NOC architecture are designed. The Priority –Arbiter based Router
design includes Input registers, Priority arbiter, and XY- Routing algorithm. The
Priority-Arbiter based Router and NOC 2X2 and 3X3 Router designs are synthesized
and implemented using Xilinx ISE Tool and simulated using Modelsim6.5f. The
implementation is done by Artix-7 FPGA device, and the physically debugging of the
NOC 2X2 Router design is verified using Chipscope pro tool. The performance results
are analyzed in terms of the Area (Slices, LUT’s), Timing period, and Maximum
operating frequency. The comparison of the Priority-Arbiter based Router is made
concerning previous similar architecture with improvements.
With advancement in CMOS technology, a lot of research has been done to develop various logic styles to improve the performance of logic circuits. D flip-flops (DFF) are fundamental building blocks in almost every sequential logic circuit. Hence, in sequential logic circuits, the overall performance of the circuit is affected by the performance of constituent DFFs. In recent years, the focus has been towards incorporating higher clock rates in a processor for better performance. To achieve high clock rates, fine granularity pipelining techniques are used, which implies that there are relatively a fewer levels of logic in each pipeline stage. A major consequence of this design trend is that the pipeline overhead has becoming more significant. The primary cause of pipeline overhead is the latency of the flip-flop or latch used to design the processor and the clock skew of the system. This calls out for the need of incorporating the logic functionality within the architecture of flip-flop. The new family of flip-flops are called Embedded Logic Flip Flops. In this Paper, we have reviewed various Flip-flop architectures which have been proposed so far. Our attempt is to do a qualitative analysis and comparison of the proposed Embedded logic flip-flop designs.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
EFFICIENT ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE CIRCUIT FOR SAD COMPUTATION ON FPGAVLSICS Design
Video Compression is very essential to meet the technological demands such as low power, less memory and fast transfer rate for different range of devices and for various multimedia applications. Video compression is primarily achieved by Motion Estimation (ME) process in any video encoder which contributes to significant compression gain.Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) is used as distortion metric in ME process.In this paper, efficient Absolute Difference(AD)circuit is proposed which uses Brent Kung Adder(BKA) and a comparator based on modified 1’s complement principle and conditional sum adder scheme. Results shows that proposed architecture reduces delay by 15% and number of slice LUTs by 42 % as compared to conventional architecture. Simulation and synthesis are done on Xilinx ISE 14.2 using Virtex 7 FPGA.
EFFICIENT ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE CIRCUIT FOR SAD COMPUTATION ON FPGAVLSICS Design
Video Compression is very essential to meet the technological demands such as low power, less memory
and fast transfer rate for different range of devices and for various multimedia applications. Video
compression is primarily achieved by Motion Estimation (ME) process in any video encoder which
contributes to significant compression gain.Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) is used as distortion metric
in ME process.In this paper, efficient Absolute Difference(AD)circuit is proposed which uses Brent Kung
Adder(BKA) and a comparator based on modified 1’s complement principle and conditional sum adder
scheme. Results shows that proposed architecture reduces delay by 15% and number of slice LUTs by 42
% as compared to conventional architecture. Simulation and synthesis are done on Xilinx ISE 14.2 using
Virtex 7 FPGA.
EFFICIENT ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE CIRCUIT FOR SAD COMPUTATION ON FPGAVLSICS Design
Video Compression is very essential to meet the technological demands such as low power, less memory and fast transfer rate for different range of devices and for various multimedia applications. Video compression is primarily achieved by Motion Estimation (ME) process in any video encoder which contributes to significant compression gain.Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) is used as distortion metric in ME process.In this paper, efficient Absolute Difference(AD)circuit is proposed which uses Brent Kung Adder(BKA) and a comparator based on modified 1’s complement principle and conditional sum adder scheme. Results shows that proposed architecture reduces delay by 15% and number of slice LUTs by 42% as compared to conventional architecture. Simulation and synthesis are done on Xilinx ISE 14.2 using Virtex 7 FPGA.
Designing and Characterization of koggestone, Sparse Kogge stone, Spanning tr...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
MF-RALU: design of an efficient multi-functional reversible arithmetic and l...IJECEIAES
Most modern computer applications use reversible logic gates to solve power dissipation issues. This manuscript uses an efficient multi-functional reversible arithmetic and logical unit (MF-RALU) to perform 30 operations. The 32-bit MF-RALU includes arithmetic, logical, complement, shifters, multiplexers, different adders, and multipliers. The multi-bit reversible multiplexers are used to construct the MF-RALU structure. The Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processor is designed to realize the functionality of the MF-RALU. The MF-RALU can perform its operation in a single clock cycle. The 1-bit RALU is developed and compared with existing approaches with improvements in performance metrics. The 32-bit reversible arithmetic units (RAUs) and reversible logical units (RLUs) are constructed using 1-bit RALU. The MF-RALU and RISC processor are synthesized individually in the Vivado environment using Verilog-HDL and implemented on Artix-7 field programmable gate array (FPGA). The MFRALU utilizes a <11% chip area and consumes 332 mW total power. The RISC processor utilizes a <3% chip area and works at 483 MHZ frequency by consuming 159 mW of total power on Artix-7 FPGA.
Design and implementation of Parallel Prefix Adders using FPGAsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Adders are known to have the frequently used in VLSI designs. In digital design we have half adder and full adder, main adders by using these adders we can implement ripple carry adders. RCA use to perform any number of addition. In this RCA is serial adder and it has commutation delay problem. If increase the ha&fa simultaneously delay also increase. That’s why we go for parallel adders(parallel prefix adders). IN the parallel prefix adder are ks adder(kogge-stone),sks adder(sparse kogge-stone),spaning tree and brentkung adder. These adders are designd and implemented on FPGA sparton3E kit. Simulated and synthesis by model sim6.4b, Xilinx ise10.1.
Implementation and Comparison of Efficient 16-Bit SQRT CSLA Using Parity Pres...IJERA Editor
In Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) outlines, Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the quickest adder utilized as a part of numerous data processing processors to perform quick number crunching capacities. In this paper we proposed the design of SQRT CSLA using parity preserving reversible gate (P2RG). Reversible logic is emerging field in today VLSI design. In conventional circuits, the logic gates such as AND gate, OR gate is irreversible in nature and computing with irreversible logic results in energy dissipation. This problem can be circumvented by using reversible logic. In ideal condition, the reversible logic gate produces zero power dissipation. The proposed design is efficient in terms of delay as compare to irreversible SQRT CSLA. The simulation is done using Xilinx.
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITYARBITER BASED ROUTER DESIGN FOR NOC SYSTEMSIAEME Publication
An efficient Priority-Arbiter based Router is designed along with 2X2 and 3X3 mesh
topology based NOC architecture are designed. The Priority –Arbiter based Router
design includes Input registers, Priority arbiter, and XY- Routing algorithm. The
Priority-Arbiter based Router and NOC 2X2 and 3X3 Router designs are synthesized
and implemented using Xilinx ISE Tool and simulated using Modelsim6.5f. The
implementation is done by Artix-7 FPGA device, and the physically debugging of the
NOC 2X2 Router design is verified using Chipscope pro tool. The performance results
are analyzed in terms of the Area (Slices, LUT’s), Timing period, and Maximum
operating frequency. The comparison of the Priority-Arbiter based Router is made
concerning previous similar architecture with improvements.
https://technoelectronics44.blogspot.com/
GDI TECHNOLOGY, here you get GDI implementation and design of GDI based gates AND, OR, XOR, and Adders like CLA, CIA, CSKA, performance analysis of CMOS And GDI
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com