The document explains the Internet Protocol (IP), detailing its history, versions (IPv4, IPv5, and IPv6), and their functionalities. It emphasizes the limitations of IPv4, such as a diminishing address space, and advocates for the transition to IPv6, which offers a significantly larger address space, enhanced security features, and improved routing efficiency. The document also outlines the benefits of IPv6, including autoconfiguration, better support for quality of service, and interoperability among devices on the internet.

2. What is IP?
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the
method or protocol by which data is
sent from one computer to another
Number / Address on the Internet.
Eg:- 172.27.176. 126
Internet History
Protocol In 1978, the Office of the Secretary of
Defence (OSD) mandated the use of
IPv4 for all “host-to-host” data
Number / Address exchange enabling IPv4 to become
the mechanism for the military to
create integrated versus stove piped
communications.

3. 3 ways a machine can be identified in N/W
 System Name (Needs to be unique in Network)
 abc@xyz.com
 MAC Address
 Also called as Physical Address
 Defined by Manufacturer

4.  IP Address-Logical Address
 Generally of 2 types
 IPv4 & IPv6

5.  Source IP Address
 Destination IP Address
 Protocol (Whether to pass up to TCP or UDP)
 Checksum (Verify that the packet arrives intact)
 Time to Live(TTL) (Designates the number of second the
datagram is allowed to stay in the network before it is
discarded -- NT defaults at 128 Seconds

7. * IP Version 1 - 3 were not formally assigned
* IP Version 4 - TCP/IP -- 32 bit IP address, currently used
* IP Version 5 -- Streamed Protocol(ST), a connection-oriented
internet-level protocol
* IP Version 6 -- Designed to Replace IPv4 - 128 bit IP address.

9. * Connectionless Protocol & Best effort based
* Create virtual layer over diversified Devices
* Simplicity
It is simpler , easy to remember
Require less memory
* Familiarity
Millions are devices are already knowing it
Existing infrastructure already support it

10. * Classful addressing
* Classless addressing
* Special Address
* NATing

12. 13

13. * Millions of class A addresses are wasted.
* Many class B addresses are wasted.
* Not so many organizations are so small to have a class C
block.
* The only block of class E addresses was reserved for future
purposes.
* The range of addresses allocated to an organization in classful
addressing was a block of addresses in Class A, B, or C.

14. * Subnetting and supernetting in classful addressing did not
really solve the address depletion problem. With the growth of
the Internet, it was clear that a larger address space was
needed as a long-term solution. Although the long-range
solution has already been devised and is called IPv6, a short-
term solution was also devised to use the same address space
but to change the distribution of addresses to provide a fair
share to each organization. The short-term solution still uses
IPv4 addresses, but it is called classless

16. * Widely supported
* Shorter the sweeter (header)
* Support of All OS
* All Commonly used protocols are supported

17. * PCs
* Server
* Modem
* Routers
* Cameras
* Printers
* Smartphone's,
* Tablets, Gaming systems and just about everything else
connecting to the Internet

19. * IPv4 Has Been in Use Since 1978
- No substantial updates/improvement
* Exhaustion of IPv4 Address Space
- Explosive growth of the commercial internet
- Increase of IP-enabled devices
* Integrated Security
- Originally IPv4 specification did not identify any security
mechanism
- IPsec was a later addition for IP
* Scalability
- Internet backbone routers maintaining large Routing Tables
- Quality of Service Concern

20. * Version 5 of the IP family was an Experimental
Protocol developed in the 1980s
* Internet Stream Protocol
* Never introduced for public use
* Number 5 was already allocated, this number was
not considered for the successor to IPv4

21. Source: Geoff Huston
*About 10,000 new entries per year
*In theory, less instability at the edges (why?)

22. T. Hain, “A Pragmatic Report on IPv4 Address Space Consumption”, Cisco IPJ, September 2005
Claim: remaining /8s will be exhausted within the next 5-10 years.

23. * IPv6 provides a platform for new Internet functionality that
will be needed in the immediate future, and provide flexibility
for further growth and expansion.
* Benefits of IPv6
* New header format
* Large address space
* Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing
infrastructure
* Stateless and state-full address configuration
* Built-in security
* Better support for quality of service (QoS)
* New protocol for neighboring node interaction
* Extensibility

24. The recommended proposal was SIPP with 126 bit address size.
IPv6 Introduction 25

25. IPv6 Introduction 26

26.  New header format
 Large address space
 Efficientand hierarchical addressing and routing
infrastructure
 Stateless and state-full address configuration
 Built-in security
 Better support for quality of service (QoS)
 New protocol for neighboring node interaction
 Extensibility

27. Feature IPv4 IPv6
Networks must be configured manually or with
IPv6 networks provide autoconfiguration
Easier management of DHCP. IPv4 has had many overlays to handle
capabilities. They are simpler, flatter and more
networks Internet growth, which demand increasing
manageable, especially for large installations.
maintenance efforts.
Widespread use of NAT devices means that a
Direct addressing is possible due to vast address
End-to-end connective single NAT address can mask thousands of
space - the need for network address translation
integrity non-routable addresses, making end-to-end
devices is effectively eliminated.
integrity unachievable.
4.29 x 109 = 4.2 billion addresses - far less 3.4 x 1038 = 340 trillion trillion trillion addresses -
Unconstrained address
than even a single IP address per person on about 670 quadrillion addresses per square
abundance
the planet. millimetre of the Earth's surface.
IPv4 was designed as a transport and Given the numbers of addresses, scalability and
Platform for innovation communications medium, and increasingly any flexibility of IPv6, its potential for triggering
and collaboration work on IPv4 is to find ways around the innovation and assisting collaboration is
constraints. unbounded.
Integrated Relatively constrained network topologies IPv6 provides interoperability and mobility
interoperability and restrict mobility and interoperability capabilities capabilities which are already widely embedded
mobility in the IPv4 Internet. in network devices.
Improved security Security is dependent on applications - IPv4 IPSEC is built into the IPv6 protocol, usable with
features was not designed with security in mind. a suitable key infrastructure.

28. IP Next Generation Protocol
IPv6
New header format More attractive for
future Internet applications
compared to IPv4
Potential socio-economic
benefits for Multi Access:
ubiquity of the Internet ; Enhanced life mobility

29. The basic IPv4 packet header has 12 fields with
a total size of 20 octets (160 bits).
The basic IPv6 packet header has 8 fields
with a total size of 40 octets (320 bits).

30.  Large address space –32 bit vs. 128 bit
 Although only a small percentage of possible addresses are currently allocated for use by hosts, there are
plenty of addresses available for future use. With a much larger number of available addresses, address-
conservation techniques, such as the deployment of NAT server’s, are no longer necessary.
 Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure
 IPv6 global addresses used on the IPv6 portion of the Internet are designed to create an efficient,
hierarchical, & summarizable routing infrastructure that addresses the common occurrence of multiple levels
of Internet service providers. On the IPv6 Internet, backbone routers have much smaller routing tables.
 Stateless and stateful address configuration
 To simplify host configuration, IPv6 supports both stateful address configuration, such as address
configuration in the presence of a DHCP server, and stateless address configuration (address configuration
in the absence of a DHCP server). With stateless address configuration, hosts on a link automatically
configure themselves with IPv6 addresses for the link (link-local addresses) and with addresses that are
derived from prefixes advertised by local routers. Even in the absence of a router, hosts on the same link can
automatically configure themselves with link-local addresses and communicate without manual configuration.
 Built-in security
 Support for IPSec is an IPv6 protocol suite requirement. This requirement provides a standards-based
solution for network security needs and promotes interoperability between different IPv6 implementations.

31.  Better support for quality of service (QoS)
 New fields in the IPv6 header define how traffic is handled and identified. Traffic identification, by using a Flow
Label field in the IPv6 header, allows routers to identify and provide special handling for packets that belong to a
flow. A flow is a series of packets between a source and destination. Because the traffic is identified in the IPv6
header, support for QoS can be easily achieved even when the packet payload is encrypted with IPSec.
 New protocol for neighboring node interaction
 The Neighbor Discovery protocol for IPv6 is a series of Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6)
messages that manage the interaction of neighboring nodes (that is, nodes on the same link). Neighbor
Discovery replaces Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), ICMPv4 Router Discovery, and ICMPv4 Redirect
messages with efficient multicast and unicast messages and provides additional functionality.
 Extensibility
 IPv6 can be extended for new features by adding extension headers after the IPv6 header. Unlike the IPv4
header, which can only support 40 bytes of options, the size of IPv6 extension headers is only constrained by the
size of the IPv6 packet.
 • Other features inherent to IPv6
 Security encryption
 Header Encryption
 Sender Authentication
 Privacy

32. * IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, compared to 32 bits for IPv4 addresses. IPv6 addresses are represented as
8 chunks of 16 bits in hexadecimal separated by colons, compared to 4 chunks of 8 bits in decimal (dotted-
quad) for IPv4. For example, IPv4 addresses looks like:
* 128.255.1.3
209.85.225.106
38.100.128.10
* whereas IPv6 addresses looks like:
* 2620:0:e50:2::1
2001:4860:800b::67
2001:550:1::cc01
* In IPv6, leading 0s in each chunk can be omitted, & a single instance of consecutive 0s can be replaced with
"::". For example, the following IPv6 addresses are equivalent:
* 2620:0000:0e50:0002:0000:0000:0000:0001
2620:0:e50:2:0:0:0:1
2620:0:e50:2::1
* Finally, IPv6 addresses use the same prefix/length notation which is now used for IPv4 to specify blocks of
address space. The "prefix" is the base address of the block. The "length" is the number of bits from the left
which are the same for all addresses in the block. This is often called "CIDR notation" because it was created
when Classless Inter-Domain Routing was employed in the IPv4 Internet. For example:

33. Block Addresses in Block
128.255.56.0/24 128.255.56.0 - 128.255.56.255
128.255.116.0/22 128.255.116.0 - 128.255.119.255
129.255.0.0/16 129.255.0.0 - 129.255.255.255
2620:0:e50:2:0:0:0:0 -
2620:0:e50:2::/64
2620:0:e50:2:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
fd9a:2c75:7d0c:0:0:0:0:0 -
fd9a:2c75:7d0c::/48
fd9a:2c75:7d0c:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff

34.  Without rich support from our common hardware vendors IPv6 deployment will
never become a reality. While core network equipment and Operating Systems are
finally showing mature IPv6 implementations what good does that do us if our
Printers, LAN switches, Battery Backup Systems, etc. don't support IPv6. All
hardware and vendors which need to be IPv6 capable should to be listed on this
page so that if their implementations are lacking, market pressure can be put forth
by the customers of their product.

35. IPv6 Features and Benefits
The evolution of the IPv6 protocol represents years of effort by many different Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) working groups. IPv6 was designed to build on the
existing features of IPv4 and remedy many of its limitations by doing the following:
• Extend the address space for end-to-end global addressability and Internet
scalability—enough to offer a globally unique IP address to any device in the
foreseeable future.
• Simplify IPv6 data packet header for extensibility and performance.
• Enable stateless IP auto-configuration, easier network renumbering, and improved
plug and play support.
• Provide support for network address renumbering.
• Enable prefix delegation of IPv6 addresses to support renumbering and auto-
configuration.
• Enable mandatory implementation of IP Security (IPsec) support for all fully
• Leverage the improved support for IP mobility inherent in IPv6. in IPv4).
IPv6-compliant devices (IPsec implementation is not mandated
Listed below is an overview of several features and benefits IPv6 is intended to provide.
• Larger address space - IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128
bits, thereby increasing the number of globally routable IP addresses from
approximately 4,300,000,000 (4.3×109) to
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 (3.4×1038).
Theoretically, IPv6 could provide an IPv6 /48 address prefix block
(1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 IP addresses) for every 10 square meters on
earth. Increasing the address space to 128 bits provides the following additional
potential benefits:
o Enhanced applications functionality - Enables peer-to-peer,
infrastructure-less applications and networking (vs. client-server model).
o End-to-end transparency - Reduces motivations for address translation
technologies.
o Hierarchical addressing - Summarizes and manages routing table
growth.
o Auto-configuration - The unicast IPv6 addressing architecture uses one
half of the address (64 bits) to embed IEEE extended unique identifiers
(EUI-64) in each interface address. The use of globally unique EUI-64s on
o each interfaceof multicast routing - IPv6 provides a much larger pool of
Scalability allows systems to derive globally unique IPv6 addresses
automatically from simple announcements from neighboring systems.
multicast addresses with multiple scoping options.

36. • Auto-configuration - Clients using IPv4 addresses use the Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server every time they log onto a network. This
process is called ‘stateful auto-configuration.’ IPv6 supports a revised DHCPv6
protocol to support similar stateful auto-configuration, but also supports stateless
auto-configuration of nodes that do not require a server to obtain addresses, but
uses router advertisements to create an address. This creates a “plug-and-play”
environment and can simplify management and administration. IPv6 also allows
automatic address configuration and reconfiguration, empowering administrators
2.0 Components of addresses without accessingPlan
to renumber network an IPv6 Transition all clients.
The following section provides agencies with a list of components that could be used as
the basis for an IPv6 transition plan. Although agencies are not required to include all of
these components in their transition plans, it is recommended that agencies cross-check
their own plans against this list to ensure that no critical transition elements have been
overlooked.
1. Strategic business objectives.
2. Transition priorities and milestones.
3. Creation of transition criteria for legacy, upgraded, and new capabilities.
4. Means for adjudicating claims that an asset should not transition in prescribed
timeframes.
5. Technical strategy and selection of transition mechanisms to support IPv4/IPv6
interoperability.
6. Management and assignment of resources for transition.
7. Maintenance of interoperability and security during transition.
8. Use of IPv6 standards and products.
9. Support for IPv4 infrastructure during and after 2008 IPv6 network backbone
deployment.
10. Application migration (if required to support backbone transition).
11. Costs not covered by technology refresh.
12. Transition governance:
a. Policy
b. Roles and responsibilities
c. Management structure
d. Performance measurement
e. Reporting.
13. Acquisition and procurement.
14. Training.
Page 4 of 18

37. All IPv4 IPv6 Islands IPv4/IPv6 mixed
IPv4 IPv4 IPv4
IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
IPv4 IPv4 IPv4
IPv4 IPv4 IPv4
IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
IPv4 IPv4 IPv6
IPv4-IPv6 Transition Scenarios
IPv6 IPv4
IPv6 IPv6
IPv6 IPv6
IPv6 IPv4
IPv6 IPv6
IPv6 IPv6
38
All IPv6 IPv4 Islands

39. IPv6 versus IPv4
• Other features inherent to IPv6
-Security encryption
-Header Encryption
- Header encryption
-Sender Authentication
-Privacy authentication
- Sender
- Privacy

40. IPv6 Specifications

41. IPv6 specifications
• IPv6 - RFC 2460
• IPv6 Neighbor Discovery - RFC 2461
• IPv6 Auto Configuration - RFC 2462

42. IPv6 - RFC 2460

43. RFC 2460
• IPv6 Terminology
• IPv6 Packet Header
• IPv6 Addressing
• IPv6 Header Extensions

44. IPv6 Terminology
• Node - A device that implements IPv6.
- A node can be a host or a router
- A node can be an entertainment system
- A node can be a PDA or cell phone

45. IPv6 Terminology
• Router - A node that forwards IPv6 packets
not explicitly addressed to itself.
- Routers operate at the Network Layer
- Routers use metrics to determine optimal paths
which network traffic should be forwarded

46. IPv6 Terminology
• Host - Any node that is not a router
- A host can be your computer at home
- A host can be your cell phone or PDA

47. IPv6 Terminology
• Upper Layer - A protocol layer
immediately above IPv6.
- TCP/UDP
- ICMP
- OSPF
- And many more…

48. IPv6 Terminology
• Link - A communication facility or medium
over which nodes can communicate at the
Data Link Layer.
ethernet
- Ethernet MTU 1500
- Token ring
- Frame relay
- A “tunnel” Token-ring
MTU 4464
- And many more…

49. IPv6 Terminology
• Neighbors - Nodes attached to the same
link.
- 2 PC’s on a hub can be neighbors
- Hosts and routers can be neighbors
ethernet
MTU 1500
Host A
Host B

50. IPv6 Terminology
• Interface - A node’s attachment to a link.
- A Network Interface Card (NIC) is an interface
- A node can have more than one interface
- Routers often have multiple interfaces
- A PC’s dial-up adapter is an interface

51. IPv6 Terminology
• Address - An IPv6-layer identifier for an
interface or a set of interfaces.
- 128-bit address
- Prefix represented by /nn bits
- New address structure (to be discussed)
3ffe:80f0:ffff:1::202/64

52. IPv6 Terminology
• Packet - An IPv6 header plus payload.
- Cannot be larger than the “Path MTU”*
- Includes header and header extensions
- Delivered in frames

53. IPv6 Terminology
• Link MTU - The maximum transmission
unit, or packet size, given in octets, that can
be conveyed in one piece over a link.
- MTU - Maximum Transmission Unit
- Ethernet MTU is 1500 octets
- 4mb Token Ring MTU is 4464 octets
ethernet Token-ring
MTU 1500 MTU 4464

54. IPv6 Terminology
• Path MTU - The minimum link MTU of all
the links in a path between a source node
and a destination node.
- The smallest MTU in a network path
ethernet
MTU 1500
ethernet
MTU 1500
Host A router router
MTU 1400
Host B

55. Huge number of systems on the Internet, the transition from IPv4
to IPv6 cannot happen suddenly.
It will take a considerable amount of time before every system in
the Internet can move from IPv4 to IPv6.
The transition must be smooth to prevent any problems between
IPv4 and IPv6 systems.

56. Three strategies have been given by the IETF(Internet
Engineering Task Force)

57. •A dual-stack node has complete support for both protocol versions.
•DNS is used with both protocol versions to resolve names and IP addresses.

59. • Tunneling basically provides a way to use an existing network layer infrastructure to carry a
different network layer protocol. For example, IPX over IPv4 network, IPv6 over IPv4 network.
•Tunneling - Transporting IPv6 traffic through an IPv4 network transparently.
• On a broader view tunneling technique can be classified as,
2. 1 IPv6 tunnel over IPv4 infrastructure
2. 2 Pv4 tunnel over IPv6 infrastructure
IPv4 header
IPv6 header
Payload

60. 2.1 IPv6 tunnel over IPv4 infrastructure
Below are few of the tunneling technique to connect IPv6 network over IPv4
cloud.
•Manual 6to4 Tunnel - A manually created IPv6 tunnel is configured between
two routers that each must support both IPv4 and IPv6.
•IPv6 over GRE Tunnel - Generic Routing Encapsulation protocol is one
tunneling protocol that encapsulates one network layer protocol into other that
develop by CISCO
•Automatic 6to4 Tunnel - automatically set up using the 2002::/16 IPv6 address
space.
•ISATAP - ISATAP (Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol) is another
mechanism to transport IPv6 traffic over IPv4 infrastructure.

61. IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6RD) Technique:
•6RD (IPv6 Rapid Deployment) is the latest tunneling technique used to transport
IPv6 traffic over IPv4 SP network.
•This is an extension of automatic 6to4 tunneling mechanism with key differentiator
that it utilizes SP’s own prefix instead of reserved prefix like 2002::/16.
•6RD domain consists of 2 components as 6RD CE and 6RD BR (Border Router).

62. Translation – Converting IPv6 traffic to IPv4 traffic for transport and vice versa.
Translation method provides a way to translate IPv6 to IPv4 traffic and vice
versa. When using translation, the traffic is not encapsulated but is converted
to the destination type (be that IPv4 or IPv6).
There are two methods that are typically used with translated IPv6 networks;
these include:
•NAT-PT (Network Address Translation – Protocol Translation)
•NAT64 – Network Address Translation 6to4

63. Considering the fact being that the whole Internet is currently running on IPv4 network,
it is not an easy task to migrate network from IPv4 to IPv6.
Below are few challenges currently we face as part of migration,
•Hardware and Software Compatibility : You must ensure that your existing equipment,
especially core communication equipment that must be able to support IPv6.
•IPv6 Address Length and Volume : IPv6 is in hexadecimal and incredibly large, which
translates to not user friendly.
•IPv6 Address Interface : Administrators must understand this change in case multiple
addresses are ever required on an interface.
•While Service provider’s current customer base is running on IPv4 network, any new
customer may be based on IPv6. This requires that SP core should handle both IPv4 and
IPv6 customers without compromising with performance.
• While any new business applications will be developed based on IPv6, current
applications are IPv4 based. This requires that at least for few years, IPv4 and IPv6
network should co-exist and inter communicate.

64. • Clearly, the acceleration of IPv4 address exhaustion leaves service
providers no choice but to prepare for the transition to IPv6.
• Comprehensive migration plan for your network can be a daunting
task.
• Migrating to IPv6 involves the upgrading of applications, hosts, routers,
and DNS to support IPv6.
• Because the migration might take years, IPv6/IPv4 nodes must be able
to coexist over IPv4 infrastructures such as the Internet and private
intranets.

65. THANK YOU