Electron beam machining (EBM) utilizes a focused beam of high-velocity electrons to perform high-speed drilling and cutting. It works by melting and rapidly vaporizing material through intense heating caused by bombarding electrons. The process requires vacuum and uses a cathode, magnetic lenses, and other equipment to generate and focus the electron beam. EBM can drill small, high aspect ratio holes in almost any material without mechanical forces. It has high material removal rates but also high equipment costs and non-productive pump down times. Applications include drilling, sheet perforation, and circuit pattern generation.
The document discusses EMI and thermal mitigation challenges for 5G systems operating in the millimeter wave spectrum. It notes that EMI analysis requires electromagnetic field theory at mmWave frequencies. Several EMI mitigation strategies are discussed, including Faraday cages, absorbers, and shielding, with the effectiveness of shielding decreasing and absorbers increasing at higher frequencies. Cavity resonance also impacts shielding performance. Thermal challenges for dense 5G antenna arrays are significant due to limited space for heat dissipation. Thermal interface materials and minimizing thermal resistance are important approaches. Electromagnetic modeling can evaluate the impacts of heat sinks and absorbers on antenna performance and inter-element interference in MIMO arrays.
Principle, interaction of X-Ray with matter, imaging, film and film less techniques, types and use of filters and screens, geometric factors, Inverse square law, characteristics of films - graininess, density, speed, contrast, characteristic curves, Penetrameters, Exposure charts, Radiographic equivalence. Fluoroscopy- xero-Radiography, Computed Radiography, Computed Tomography
The document discusses various thermal energy based machining processes including EDM, laser beam machining, and plasma arc machining. It provides details on the principles, types, process parameters and applications of each process. EDM works by producing sparks between an electrode and workpiece using a dielectric fluid, vaporizing small amounts of material. Laser beam machining uses a focused laser beam to melt and vaporize material. Plasma arc machining involves heating a gas to an ionized plasma state and directing the plasma through a torch onto the workpiece.
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a manufacturing process that uses electrical sparks to remove material from a conductive workpiece. In the EDM process, a tool electrode is moved close to the workpiece and an electric spark is generated via a dielectric fluid between them, vaporizing a small amount of material. This process is repeated many times to gradually shape the workpiece. EDM can machine very hard materials and complex shapes without causing mechanical stress to the workpiece. Common applications include drilling micro holes, cutting intricate profiles, and machining hardened steel dies and molds.
Electric discharge machining (EDM) is a machining process that uses electrical sparks to erode metals. It works by maintaining a precise gap between an electrode tool and a metal workpiece submerged in a dielectric fluid. Repeated electrical sparks are generated to melt and vaporize small amounts of metal from both the tool and workpiece, allowing complex and hard-to-machine shapes to be produced. EDM can machine metals regardless of hardness and without mechanical force, giving it advantages over traditional machining methods for difficult-to-cut materials.
The document discusses cable selection and wiring systems. It describes the components of cables including conductors, insulation, sheathing, armouring, and types. Factors that influence cable sizing are discussed such as current rating, ambient temperature, installation conditions, and protective device rating. The proper method for calculating cable size is outlined in eight steps. Guidelines for selecting the size of conduit and trunking to house cables based on cable and conduit/trunking factors are also provided.
Electron beam machining (EBM) utilizes a focused beam of high-velocity electrons to perform high-speed drilling and cutting. It works by melting and rapidly vaporizing material through intense heating caused by bombarding electrons. The process requires vacuum and uses a cathode, magnetic lenses, and other equipment to generate and focus the electron beam. EBM can drill small, high aspect ratio holes in almost any material without mechanical forces. It has high material removal rates but also high equipment costs and non-productive pump down times. Applications include drilling, sheet perforation, and circuit pattern generation.
The document discusses EMI and thermal mitigation challenges for 5G systems operating in the millimeter wave spectrum. It notes that EMI analysis requires electromagnetic field theory at mmWave frequencies. Several EMI mitigation strategies are discussed, including Faraday cages, absorbers, and shielding, with the effectiveness of shielding decreasing and absorbers increasing at higher frequencies. Cavity resonance also impacts shielding performance. Thermal challenges for dense 5G antenna arrays are significant due to limited space for heat dissipation. Thermal interface materials and minimizing thermal resistance are important approaches. Electromagnetic modeling can evaluate the impacts of heat sinks and absorbers on antenna performance and inter-element interference in MIMO arrays.
Principle, interaction of X-Ray with matter, imaging, film and film less techniques, types and use of filters and screens, geometric factors, Inverse square law, characteristics of films - graininess, density, speed, contrast, characteristic curves, Penetrameters, Exposure charts, Radiographic equivalence. Fluoroscopy- xero-Radiography, Computed Radiography, Computed Tomography
The document discusses various thermal energy based machining processes including EDM, laser beam machining, and plasma arc machining. It provides details on the principles, types, process parameters and applications of each process. EDM works by producing sparks between an electrode and workpiece using a dielectric fluid, vaporizing small amounts of material. Laser beam machining uses a focused laser beam to melt and vaporize material. Plasma arc machining involves heating a gas to an ionized plasma state and directing the plasma through a torch onto the workpiece.
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a manufacturing process that uses electrical sparks to remove material from a conductive workpiece. In the EDM process, a tool electrode is moved close to the workpiece and an electric spark is generated via a dielectric fluid between them, vaporizing a small amount of material. This process is repeated many times to gradually shape the workpiece. EDM can machine very hard materials and complex shapes without causing mechanical stress to the workpiece. Common applications include drilling micro holes, cutting intricate profiles, and machining hardened steel dies and molds.
Electric discharge machining (EDM) is a machining process that uses electrical sparks to erode metals. It works by maintaining a precise gap between an electrode tool and a metal workpiece submerged in a dielectric fluid. Repeated electrical sparks are generated to melt and vaporize small amounts of metal from both the tool and workpiece, allowing complex and hard-to-machine shapes to be produced. EDM can machine metals regardless of hardness and without mechanical force, giving it advantages over traditional machining methods for difficult-to-cut materials.
The document discusses cable selection and wiring systems. It describes the components of cables including conductors, insulation, sheathing, armouring, and types. Factors that influence cable sizing are discussed such as current rating, ambient temperature, installation conditions, and protective device rating. The proper method for calculating cable size is outlined in eight steps. Guidelines for selecting the size of conduit and trunking to house cables based on cable and conduit/trunking factors are also provided.
This document discusses electron beam machining (EBM), a thermal energy-based machining process. EBM works by accelerating electrons in a vacuum and focusing them into a beam that strikes and vaporizes small amounts of workpiece material. Key components of an EBM system include an electron gun, focusing lens, and deflector coil. Process parameters like beam current and spot size are controlled. EBM allows for precise micro-machining of hard, brittle, and electrically conductive materials but has high equipment costs and a slow material removal rate. Applications include drilling small holes in parts for industries like aerospace, electronics, and diesel engines.
The document provides information on Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). EDM is a manufacturing process where electrical discharges are used to erode material from a workpiece to achieve a desired shape. In EDM, a series of sparks erode material by rapidly recurring electrical discharges between two electrodes separated by a dielectric liquid and subject to an electric voltage. One electrode is the tool that shapes the workpiece. Material removal occurs through thermal melting and vaporization caused by the extreme heat of electrical sparks between the electrodes.
Unit 5 -RECENT TRENDS IN NON-TRADITIONAL MACHINING PROCESSESShanmathyAR2
Recent developments in non-traditional machining processes, their working principles, equipments,
effect of process parameters, applications, advantages and limitations. Comparison of non-traditional
machining processes.
Demands for miniature components are rapidly increased in the field of optics, electronics, and medicine. Various machining methods have been introduced for the fabrication of complex three-dimensional microfeatures. However, burrs, which are an undesired but unavoidable by-product of most machining processes, cause many problems in assembly, inspection, process automation, and precision component operation. Moreover, as feature sizes decrease, burr problems become more difficult to resolve. To address this problem, several deburring methods for microfeatures have been introduced, including ultrasonic, magnetic abrasive, and electrochemical machining methods. However, these methods all have some shortcomings, such as mechanical damage, over-machining, changes in the material properties of the
finished surface, sharp edge blunting, and the requirement for subsequent processing to remove chemical residues. In this study, microelectrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) using low discharge energy and a small-diameter cylindrical tool is introduced for deburring microfeatures. This method allows the
machining of very small amounts of conductive materials regardless of the material hardness, and provides easy access to small microscale features for selective deburring. The burr geometry generated by the micromilling process was investigated to establish a deburring strategy using micro-EDM. The proposed method was verified by experimental results using aluminum, copper, and stainless steel work pieces.
The document discusses Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). EDM is a manufacturing process where a desired shape is obtained by removing material from a workpiece using electrical discharges between two electrodes separated by a dielectric liquid. As the distance between the electrodes is reduced, current flows due to dielectric breakdown causing material removal from both electrodes. EDM was invented in the 1940s and has since improved, increasing machining speeds and reducing costs. EDM can machine hard metals and intricate shapes without needing to soften the material. The main components of an EDM system are the power supply, dielectric medium, workpiece and tool electrodes, and servo control unit. Material is removed through the formation and collapse of plasma channels between the electrodes during
Optimization of wedm process parameters using taguchi methodDharam Deo Prasad
This document describes optimizing the parameters of a wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process using the Taguchi method and grey-based Taguchi method. It introduces WEDM and its components/process. Key parameters investigated are pulse-on time, pulse-off time, wire feed, and gap voltage. Experiments are conducted using Taguchi's orthogonal array design and the grey-based Taguchi method is applied to optimize the parameters for maximizing material removal rate and minimizing surface roughness and kerf width. Confirmation experiments show improved machining efficiency with the optimized parameters.
Diploma i boee u 5 electrical wiring & safety and protectionRai University
This document discusses various types of electrical wiring systems including cleat wiring, CTS wiring, metal sheathed wiring, casing and capping wiring, and conduit wiring. It describes the key factors to consider when selecting a wiring system such as durability, safety, accessibility, cost, and maintenance. Safety devices for appliances like fuses, switches, and earth wires are also explained. The document emphasizes the importance of electrical safety and describes precautions to prevent electric shocks.
Electro Discharge Machining
Introduction
Process
Process Parameters
Dielectric
Advantages of EDM
APPLICATIONS
Power generator
Wire EDM
ELECTRIC DISCHARGE GRINDING (EDG)
This document discusses several thermal and electrical energy-based machining processes including electric discharge machining (EDM), wire cut EDM, laser beam machining, plasma arc machining, and electron beam machining. It covers topics such as working principles, equipment, process parameters, surface finish, metal removal rate, electrode wear, and applications of these processes.
The material removal in EDM occurs due to the formation and collapse of plasma channels between the tool and workpiece. When a potential difference is applied, electrons are emitted from the tool and strike the workpiece, generating heat and forming craters. The main components of an EDM system are a power supply, workpiece and tool made of conductive materials, a dielectric medium like kerosene or water, and a servo control unit. Process parameters like voltage, current, pulse duration, and spark gap influence the material removal rate and surface finish. EDM can machine hard metals and complex shapes that other methods have difficulty with.
Electron beam machining is a process that uses a focused beam of high velocity electrons to remove material from a workpiece through melting and vaporization. It works by emitting electrons from an electron gun and accelerating them to nearly 75% the speed of light towards a magnetic lens that focuses the beam onto the workpiece. The kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to heat instantaneously melting and vaporizing the material. It can machine very small holes and features, provides a high-quality surface finish on reactive metals, and can machine all materials with a minimum heat-affected zone. However, it is an expensive process that consumes a lot of energy and requires a vacuum environment.
Thermal energy based machining processes like electron beam machining (EBM), laser beam machining (LBM), and plasma arc machining (PAM) work by focusing heat energy on a portion of the work material to melt and vaporize it. EBM works by focusing a beam of electrons, LBM uses a focused laser beam, and PAM uses an ionized gas plasma jet at very high temperatures. These processes can machine hard and exotic materials with high precision and no tool contact. However, they require specialized equipment, skilled operators, and have high operating costs. Common applications include cutting, drilling, welding, and surface treatment of metals.
Electrical discharge machining is basically a non-conventional material removal process which is widely used to produce dies, punches and moulds, finishing parts for aerospace and automotive industry, and surgical components. This process can be successfully employed to machine electrically conductive parts irrespective of their hardness, shape and toughness.
Seminar report on electric discharge machineAnkit Amlan
This document provides a seminar report on electric discharge machining (EDM) by Ankit Amlan, a 7th semester mechanical engineering student at VSSUT, Burla. The report details EDM work done by Amlan at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in Sunabeda. It covers the history of EDM, working principles, material removal mechanisms, types of EDM including sinker and wire-cut, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. Pictures and diagrams are included to illustrate EDM systems and processes.
This is an overview of thermal metal removal processes under non conventional machining. this includes EDM, IBM, PAM, LBM, EBM .
Check this out, could be helpful!
This document summarizes research into using resonant-tunneling diodes (RTDs) as nonlinear elements in submillimeter-wave circuits like mixers and amplifiers. It outlines the motivation for using RTDs, device characteristics, circuit designs simulated between 20-424 GHz, and results. Scaling RTDs to smaller sizes was found to potentially improve conversion loss in mixers by 10 dB and allow amplification up to 650 GHz. Overall, RTDs show promise for developing sensitive detectors and amplifiers needed in emerging submillimeter-wave applications.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized to take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature. Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The objective of this paper is to provide a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized. This is not only a question of an appropriate insulation. Designers must take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature.
Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
A first step to specifying a suitable fire safety cable is a good knowledge of the temperature rise characteristic in areas affected by the fire.
A second step is the correct selection and erection of the cable. This includes the correct sizing of the conductor. Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The designer must take into account the consequent effects of the increased resistance on current carrying capacity, voltage drop, and short circuit capacity of the conductors. Special care should go to the current carrying capacity of the conductor if it is to supply electrically driven fire pumps drawing high starting currents. The circuit protection should also be adapted to fire conditions, as it must be designed to function with significant higher loop impedance than normal.
This paper provides a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Having selected the appropriate cable, it must be installed properly, using suitable accessories and following the manufacturer’s restrictions.
1) Dielectric fluids used in EDM must provide an oxygen-free environment for machining, have strong dielectric resistance to prevent electrical breakdown, and ionize during sparking. Common dielectric fluids are kerosene and deionized water.
2) Electrode materials for EDM tools must have high electrical and thermal conductivity for efficient sparking and less tool wear, and high melting points to prevent material removal from the tool. Common materials are graphite, copper, and brass.
3) Proper flushing of dielectric fluid is important to remove debris from the spark gap and prevent short-circuiting, improving surface finish and material removal rate. Common flushing techniques are pressure, reverse, suction, jet
Two Russian scientists invented electrical discharge machining in 1943 while trying to prevent erosion of tungsten contacts from sparking. EDM works by using electrical sparks to erode metal by melting and vaporizing small amounts of material. Key components of EDM include electrodes, dielectric fluid, and a power supply that provides pulsed voltage. EDM can machine hard metals and complex shapes and is especially useful for dies and molds due to its ability to machine without affecting heat treatment of the workpiece material.
This document provides information on electronic components, including passive and active components. It focuses on passive components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It describes resistors in detail, covering the different types (fixed and variable), materials used, specifications, color coding, and applications. The main types of fixed resistors discussed are carbon composition, metal film, and wire-wound resistors. Variable resistors described include potentiometers and rheostats.
Bonding leads are used to connect electrical equipment to ground for protection. They come in various designs to meet specific application needs. Design options include materials like copper and stainless steel, braid styles, insulation types, and termination methods like crimped and pressed terminals. Applications include commercial electronics, military, marine, utilities, and offshore use. The document provides information on product specifications, materials, styles, and performance characteristics.
This document discusses electron beam machining (EBM), a thermal energy-based machining process. EBM works by accelerating electrons in a vacuum and focusing them into a beam that strikes and vaporizes small amounts of workpiece material. Key components of an EBM system include an electron gun, focusing lens, and deflector coil. Process parameters like beam current and spot size are controlled. EBM allows for precise micro-machining of hard, brittle, and electrically conductive materials but has high equipment costs and a slow material removal rate. Applications include drilling small holes in parts for industries like aerospace, electronics, and diesel engines.
The document provides information on Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). EDM is a manufacturing process where electrical discharges are used to erode material from a workpiece to achieve a desired shape. In EDM, a series of sparks erode material by rapidly recurring electrical discharges between two electrodes separated by a dielectric liquid and subject to an electric voltage. One electrode is the tool that shapes the workpiece. Material removal occurs through thermal melting and vaporization caused by the extreme heat of electrical sparks between the electrodes.
Unit 5 -RECENT TRENDS IN NON-TRADITIONAL MACHINING PROCESSESShanmathyAR2
Recent developments in non-traditional machining processes, their working principles, equipments,
effect of process parameters, applications, advantages and limitations. Comparison of non-traditional
machining processes.
Demands for miniature components are rapidly increased in the field of optics, electronics, and medicine. Various machining methods have been introduced for the fabrication of complex three-dimensional microfeatures. However, burrs, which are an undesired but unavoidable by-product of most machining processes, cause many problems in assembly, inspection, process automation, and precision component operation. Moreover, as feature sizes decrease, burr problems become more difficult to resolve. To address this problem, several deburring methods for microfeatures have been introduced, including ultrasonic, magnetic abrasive, and electrochemical machining methods. However, these methods all have some shortcomings, such as mechanical damage, over-machining, changes in the material properties of the
finished surface, sharp edge blunting, and the requirement for subsequent processing to remove chemical residues. In this study, microelectrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) using low discharge energy and a small-diameter cylindrical tool is introduced for deburring microfeatures. This method allows the
machining of very small amounts of conductive materials regardless of the material hardness, and provides easy access to small microscale features for selective deburring. The burr geometry generated by the micromilling process was investigated to establish a deburring strategy using micro-EDM. The proposed method was verified by experimental results using aluminum, copper, and stainless steel work pieces.
The document discusses Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). EDM is a manufacturing process where a desired shape is obtained by removing material from a workpiece using electrical discharges between two electrodes separated by a dielectric liquid. As the distance between the electrodes is reduced, current flows due to dielectric breakdown causing material removal from both electrodes. EDM was invented in the 1940s and has since improved, increasing machining speeds and reducing costs. EDM can machine hard metals and intricate shapes without needing to soften the material. The main components of an EDM system are the power supply, dielectric medium, workpiece and tool electrodes, and servo control unit. Material is removed through the formation and collapse of plasma channels between the electrodes during
Optimization of wedm process parameters using taguchi methodDharam Deo Prasad
This document describes optimizing the parameters of a wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process using the Taguchi method and grey-based Taguchi method. It introduces WEDM and its components/process. Key parameters investigated are pulse-on time, pulse-off time, wire feed, and gap voltage. Experiments are conducted using Taguchi's orthogonal array design and the grey-based Taguchi method is applied to optimize the parameters for maximizing material removal rate and minimizing surface roughness and kerf width. Confirmation experiments show improved machining efficiency with the optimized parameters.
Diploma i boee u 5 electrical wiring & safety and protectionRai University
This document discusses various types of electrical wiring systems including cleat wiring, CTS wiring, metal sheathed wiring, casing and capping wiring, and conduit wiring. It describes the key factors to consider when selecting a wiring system such as durability, safety, accessibility, cost, and maintenance. Safety devices for appliances like fuses, switches, and earth wires are also explained. The document emphasizes the importance of electrical safety and describes precautions to prevent electric shocks.
Electro Discharge Machining
Introduction
Process
Process Parameters
Dielectric
Advantages of EDM
APPLICATIONS
Power generator
Wire EDM
ELECTRIC DISCHARGE GRINDING (EDG)
This document discusses several thermal and electrical energy-based machining processes including electric discharge machining (EDM), wire cut EDM, laser beam machining, plasma arc machining, and electron beam machining. It covers topics such as working principles, equipment, process parameters, surface finish, metal removal rate, electrode wear, and applications of these processes.
The material removal in EDM occurs due to the formation and collapse of plasma channels between the tool and workpiece. When a potential difference is applied, electrons are emitted from the tool and strike the workpiece, generating heat and forming craters. The main components of an EDM system are a power supply, workpiece and tool made of conductive materials, a dielectric medium like kerosene or water, and a servo control unit. Process parameters like voltage, current, pulse duration, and spark gap influence the material removal rate and surface finish. EDM can machine hard metals and complex shapes that other methods have difficulty with.
Electron beam machining is a process that uses a focused beam of high velocity electrons to remove material from a workpiece through melting and vaporization. It works by emitting electrons from an electron gun and accelerating them to nearly 75% the speed of light towards a magnetic lens that focuses the beam onto the workpiece. The kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to heat instantaneously melting and vaporizing the material. It can machine very small holes and features, provides a high-quality surface finish on reactive metals, and can machine all materials with a minimum heat-affected zone. However, it is an expensive process that consumes a lot of energy and requires a vacuum environment.
Thermal energy based machining processes like electron beam machining (EBM), laser beam machining (LBM), and plasma arc machining (PAM) work by focusing heat energy on a portion of the work material to melt and vaporize it. EBM works by focusing a beam of electrons, LBM uses a focused laser beam, and PAM uses an ionized gas plasma jet at very high temperatures. These processes can machine hard and exotic materials with high precision and no tool contact. However, they require specialized equipment, skilled operators, and have high operating costs. Common applications include cutting, drilling, welding, and surface treatment of metals.
Electrical discharge machining is basically a non-conventional material removal process which is widely used to produce dies, punches and moulds, finishing parts for aerospace and automotive industry, and surgical components. This process can be successfully employed to machine electrically conductive parts irrespective of their hardness, shape and toughness.
Seminar report on electric discharge machineAnkit Amlan
This document provides a seminar report on electric discharge machining (EDM) by Ankit Amlan, a 7th semester mechanical engineering student at VSSUT, Burla. The report details EDM work done by Amlan at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in Sunabeda. It covers the history of EDM, working principles, material removal mechanisms, types of EDM including sinker and wire-cut, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. Pictures and diagrams are included to illustrate EDM systems and processes.
This is an overview of thermal metal removal processes under non conventional machining. this includes EDM, IBM, PAM, LBM, EBM .
Check this out, could be helpful!
This document summarizes research into using resonant-tunneling diodes (RTDs) as nonlinear elements in submillimeter-wave circuits like mixers and amplifiers. It outlines the motivation for using RTDs, device characteristics, circuit designs simulated between 20-424 GHz, and results. Scaling RTDs to smaller sizes was found to potentially improve conversion loss in mixers by 10 dB and allow amplification up to 650 GHz. Overall, RTDs show promise for developing sensitive detectors and amplifiers needed in emerging submillimeter-wave applications.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized to take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature. Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The objective of this paper is to provide a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized. This is not only a question of an appropriate insulation. Designers must take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature.
Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
A first step to specifying a suitable fire safety cable is a good knowledge of the temperature rise characteristic in areas affected by the fire.
A second step is the correct selection and erection of the cable. This includes the correct sizing of the conductor. Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The designer must take into account the consequent effects of the increased resistance on current carrying capacity, voltage drop, and short circuit capacity of the conductors. Special care should go to the current carrying capacity of the conductor if it is to supply electrically driven fire pumps drawing high starting currents. The circuit protection should also be adapted to fire conditions, as it must be designed to function with significant higher loop impedance than normal.
This paper provides a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Having selected the appropriate cable, it must be installed properly, using suitable accessories and following the manufacturer’s restrictions.
1) Dielectric fluids used in EDM must provide an oxygen-free environment for machining, have strong dielectric resistance to prevent electrical breakdown, and ionize during sparking. Common dielectric fluids are kerosene and deionized water.
2) Electrode materials for EDM tools must have high electrical and thermal conductivity for efficient sparking and less tool wear, and high melting points to prevent material removal from the tool. Common materials are graphite, copper, and brass.
3) Proper flushing of dielectric fluid is important to remove debris from the spark gap and prevent short-circuiting, improving surface finish and material removal rate. Common flushing techniques are pressure, reverse, suction, jet
Two Russian scientists invented electrical discharge machining in 1943 while trying to prevent erosion of tungsten contacts from sparking. EDM works by using electrical sparks to erode metal by melting and vaporizing small amounts of material. Key components of EDM include electrodes, dielectric fluid, and a power supply that provides pulsed voltage. EDM can machine hard metals and complex shapes and is especially useful for dies and molds due to its ability to machine without affecting heat treatment of the workpiece material.
This document provides information on electronic components, including passive and active components. It focuses on passive components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It describes resistors in detail, covering the different types (fixed and variable), materials used, specifications, color coding, and applications. The main types of fixed resistors discussed are carbon composition, metal film, and wire-wound resistors. Variable resistors described include potentiometers and rheostats.
Bonding leads are used to connect electrical equipment to ground for protection. They come in various designs to meet specific application needs. Design options include materials like copper and stainless steel, braid styles, insulation types, and termination methods like crimped and pressed terminals. Applications include commercial electronics, military, marine, utilities, and offshore use. The document provides information on product specifications, materials, styles, and performance characteristics.
The document provides information about the ESL 130 Electrical and Electronics Workshop course. It outlines the continuous internal evaluation pattern which includes attendance, classwork assessment, and end semester exams. It then lists the various exercises and experiments covered in the course, including familiarization of electronic components, circuit diagram drawing, use of testing instruments, component testing, soldering practices, printed circuit boards, and assembling electronic circuits. Key components discussed include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, and various connectors.
This document discusses cable monitoring solutions using distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technology to prevent cable failures and optimize power networks. It provides an overview of issues like overheating of buried cables, describes DTS principles and thermal modeling, presents a case study on monitoring a buried cable, discusses further applications like subsea cables and cable tunnels, emphasizes the importance of measurement speed, and introduces Sensornet's DTS product range for cable monitoring.
This document discusses common failures in contactors and relays seen in the field, including burned contacts, burned coils, open coils, and loose connections. It describes the causes and severity of these failures, and notes the high cost of replacing failed components in installed equipment. The document also outlines expensive materials and processes used in contactors, such as silver contacts and coil manufacturing. It proposes potential design changes to reduce costs while maintaining reliability.
This document discusses issues with contactors and relays in the field, including common customer complaints and causes of failures. It also covers the high costs associated with components and manufacturing processes. The desire for design changes to reduce costs while maintaining reliability is expressed. Standards and customer requirements that may limit design improvements are outlined. Finally, the document provides details on magnetic circuits, coil design considerations, and terms related to AC contactor coils.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the constructional features of different types of resistors, their specifications and applications. The material will be useful for KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
This document discusses common failures in contactors and relays, including burned contacts, burned coils, open coils, and stripped screws. It explains the causes of these failures and their severity. It also covers the high costs associated with components like silver contacts, coils, and magnets. The document proposes design changes to reduce costs while maintaining reliability and discusses standards and customer requirements that may limit changes.
The document discusses various thermal energy based machining processes including EDM, laser beam machining, and plasma arc machining. It provides details on the principles, types, and process parameters for each. EDM works by producing sparks between an electrode and workpiece using a dielectric fluid, vaporizing small amounts of material. Laser beam machining uses a focused laser beam to melt and vaporize workpiece material. Plasma arc machining involves using a high-temperature ionized gas to cut and melt materials.
The document discusses impressed current cathodic protection systems which use an external DC power source to provide corrosion protection for large structures like pipelines and storage tanks. It describes the system components including anodes, cables, rectifiers and how they work together. Factors that influence design include current requirements, soil resistivity testing and anode placement. Graphs show representative resistance values for different anode types.
This document discusses winding insulating materials used in transformers. It describes the key electrical properties insulating materials must have, including high electrical resistivity and high dielectric strength. It then classifies insulating materials into solid, liquid, and gaseous types based on their substance. It further classifies materials based on their maximum operating temperature. Common materials discussed include paper, cotton, mica, oils, and gases. Characteristics of good insulating materials and their application areas in transformers are also summarized.
THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL BASED PROCESSESravikumarmrk
The document discusses various thermal energy based machining processes including EDM, EBM, LBM, and PAM. It provides details on the principles, specifications, and process parameters for EDM such as the use of a wire electrode, dielectric fluids, and circuit types. It also describes the principles of EBM using an electron beam, LBM using lasers, and PAM using ionized plasma gas. Key advantages and applications are highlighted for each process.
The document discusses various thermal energy based machining processes including EDM, laser beam machining, and plasma arc machining. It provides details on the principles, types, process parameters and applications of each process. EDM works by producing sparks between an electrode and workpiece using a dielectric fluid, vaporizing small amounts of material. Laser beam machining uses a focused laser beam to melt and vaporize material. Plasma arc machining involves heating a gas to an ionized plasma state and directing the plasma through a torch onto the workpiece.
Plasma arc machining (PAM) utilizes a high-temperature plasma gas to cut electrically conductive materials. In PAM, a plasma torch directs a high-velocity jet of ionized gas at temperatures over 30,000°C to melt and remove material from a workpiece. PAM can cut a wide variety of metals, such as carbon steel, aluminum, and stainless steel, faster and at lower cost than traditional machining. The process involves striking an arc between a tungsten electrode and nozzle to ionize a gas and form a plasma that is then used to cut the workpiece material.
UNIT 2 THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY BASED PROCESSES.pptxDineshKumar4165
This document discusses various unconventional machining processes involving thermal and electrical energy. It focuses on electric discharge machining (EDM) and wire cut EDM, describing their working principles, process parameters, equipment and applications. Key topics covered include the use of dielectric fluids, power circuits and electrode materials in EDM. Thermal energy based processes of laser beam machining, electron beam machining and plasma arc machining are also introduced, outlining their principles, beam control techniques and typical applications in industry.
The document discusses electrical wiring systems used in buildings. It describes different types of wiring such as cleat wiring, wood casing wiring, CTS wiring, conduit wiring, and metal sheathed wiring. It covers topics like wire selection criteria based on current and voltage ratings, wire insulation materials, and Indian Standards for electrical wiring installations. Color coding of wires is also mentioned.
Electrical safety presentation by jmv railway and invitation ireee2019 at ...Mahesh Chandra Manav
This document provides an overview of DMRC's electrical safety training topics and JMV's electrical safety products and services. It discusses JMV's expertise in earthing materials like copper clad steel, jointing techniques, testing facilities, and software for grid designing. It also outlines their lightning protection solutions and surge protection devices to safeguard equipment from transients. JMV aims to be a one-stop provider of high-quality earthing and lightning protection systems for various projects while complying with all applicable standards.
This document discusses various welding techniques. It begins by defining welding as a process of joining metal pieces by heating them to suitable temperatures, with or without the application of pressure and use of filler material. It then describes several welding processes including arc welding, gas welding, resistance welding, and others. For each process, it provides details on the principles, equipment used, advantages and disadvantages. It focuses in depth on arc welding, describing the electrode types, factors for electrode selection and coding systems. Specific welding techniques like TIG, MIG, spot welding and submerged arc welding are also explained.
Specification and Use of a Flux ConcentratorFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Overview:
Basics of Magnetic Flux Control
Effect of Flux Controllers on Different Coil Styles
Materials for Magnetic Flux Control
Influence of Magnetic Permeability
Selecting the Proper Flux Concentrator
Crankshaft Hardening Inductors
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the electromagnetic spectrum classification, attempts to explain the need for modulation and process of analog modulation. The material will be useful for KTU first year students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
EST 130, Transistor Biasing and Amplification.CKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the need for biasing in transistor amplifiers and the different biasing arrangements used in transistor circuits. The material will be useful for KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
EST 200, Design Thinking in Automobile IndustryCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts a case study exploration of how automobile industry has benefited through the implementation of design thinking and innovation. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the construction, working and applications of bipolar junction transistors. The material will benefit KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation reviews the construction, working and applications of shift registers built using D Flipflops. The material will be useful for KTU second year students who prepare for the subject CSL 202, Digital Laboratory.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the construction, working and applications of PN Junction Diodes. The material will be useful for KTU first year students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the methods of oral and written communication which the design engineers use to communicate with the clients or the audience. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation reviews the construction, working and timing diagrams of ring and johnson counters as well as asynchronous and synchronous up, down, up/down and decade counters using popular flipflop ICs. The material will be useful for KTU B Tech second year students who prepare for the subject CSL 202, Digital Laboratory.
EST 200, Designing Triggers for Behavior ChangeCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation mentions Shikakaeology,the Japanese method for behavioral change. The material will be useful for those who aspire to become design engineers.
EST 200, Communicating Designs GraphicallyCKSunith1
This document discusses various methods for engineers to communicate designs graphically, including sketches, drawings, and other representations. It covers sketching techniques like orthographic, axonometric, oblique, and perspective sketches. It also discusses design drawings, including layout drawings, detail drawings, and assembly drawings. Fabrication specifications and standards are important to unambiguously communicate a design to manufacturing. Overall, graphical communication is a critical skill for engineers to effectively convey their designs to others.
The attached narrated power point presentation mentions the different materials used for the construction of semiconductors. It offers structural and energy level explanation on the properties exhibited by the semiconductor materials. It also throws light on the structure and behaviour of a PN junction and use of PN junctions in active electronic components. The material will be useful for KTU first year students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the merits and limitations of team work in design thinking. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
EST 200, Design Thinking in a Work Place.CKSunith1
The attached narrated power point stresses the need for introducing design thinking practices in a work place. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the construction and working of RS, D, JK, T and JK Master Slave Flipflops using Logic Gates. The material will be useful to KTU second year B Tech Computer Science and Engineering students who prepare for the subject CSL 202, Digital Laboratory.
EST 200, Convergent and Divergent ThinkingCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the various aspects and activities in divergent and convergent thinking and the necessity of divergent and convergent thinking in the design thinking process. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explores the implementation and benefits of design thinking at a work place. A few case studies are also included. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the principles process and frame work of design thinking. The material also mentions a few applications of design thinking. The material will be useful for KTU second year students who prepare for the subject EST 200, Design and Engineering.
This document provides an overview of active electronic components, including vacuum tubes, diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. It describes the basic workings and applications of key components such as silicon and germanium diodes, zener diodes, bipolar junction transistors, field effect transistors, and integrated circuits. Common component identifiers and symbols are also explained.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the working of multiplexers and demultiplexers and familiarises oneself with popular multiplexer, demultiplexer and decoder ICs. The material will be useful for KTU second year B Tech students in Computer Science and Engineering who prepare for the subject CSL 202, Digital Laboratory.
The attached narrated power point (with audio) presentation mentions the constructional features, different types of inductors, their ratings, methods for testing and precautions for handling. The material will be useful for KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Getting the Most Out of ScyllaDB Monitoring: ShareChat's TipsScyllaDB
ScyllaDB monitoring provides a lot of useful information. But sometimes it’s not easy to find the root of the problem if something is wrong or even estimate the remaining capacity by the load on the cluster. This talk shares our team's practical tips on: 1) How to find the root of the problem by metrics if ScyllaDB is slow 2) How to interpret the load and plan capacity for the future 3) Compaction strategies and how to choose the right one 4) Important metrics which aren’t available in the default monitoring setup.
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
MySQL InnoDB Storage Engine: Deep Dive - MydbopsMydbops
This presentation, titled "MySQL - InnoDB" and delivered by Mayank Prasad at the Mydbops Open Source Database Meetup 16 on June 8th, 2024, covers dynamic configuration of REDO logs and instant ADD/DROP columns in InnoDB.
This presentation dives deep into the world of InnoDB, exploring two ground-breaking features introduced in MySQL 8.0:
• Dynamic Configuration of REDO Logs: Enhance your database's performance and flexibility with on-the-fly adjustments to REDO log capacity. Unleash the power of the snake metaphor to visualize how InnoDB manages REDO log files.
• Instant ADD/DROP Columns: Say goodbye to costly table rebuilds! This presentation unveils how InnoDB now enables seamless addition and removal of columns without compromising data integrity or incurring downtime.
Key Learnings:
• Grasp the concept of REDO logs and their significance in InnoDB's transaction management.
• Discover the advantages of dynamic REDO log configuration and how to leverage it for optimal performance.
• Understand the inner workings of instant ADD/DROP columns and their impact on database operations.
• Gain valuable insights into the row versioning mechanism that empowers instant column modifications.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
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ELECTRONICS
• ELECTRON mechanICS = electronics
• Study of behaviour of an electron under
external applied fields.
• Deals with electron devices and their
utilization (IRE, 1950)
• ELECTRON DEVICE :- a device in which
conduction takes place by movement of
electrons.
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Applications of Electronics
ELECTRONICS
Communication and
Entertainment
Industry Medicine
Line Communication
Defence
Audio Systems
Wireless
Communications
X-Ray
ECG,EMG,
Electrotherapy,,
Electron Microscope
Instrumentation
Radar,
Guided Missiles,,
Coded
Communication.
Automatic Control
Heating & Welding
Computers
Measuring Instrr.
Signal Conditioners
Display Modules
Data Converters
Data Acquisition
Telegraphy
Telephony
Telex
Teleprinters
Radio ,TV,Fax,
Satellite, Mobile
Commn.
PA Systems
Stereo Amp
Record Players
Tape Recorders
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PASSIVE COMPONENTS
• Not capable of amplifying or processing an
electrical signal
• Active components require passive
support
• Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors
• Fixed and Variable Components
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Resistor Characteristics
• Resistance , Measured in Ohms
• Power Rating , Watts
• Non Polar
• Tolerance %
• Fixed and Variable
• Fixed :- Value cannot be changed
• Variable :- Value can be varied
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Carbon Composition Resistor
• Carbon Clay composition
• Leads of tinned copper
• Range 1 Ω to 22 MΩ
• Tolerance +/-5% to +/-20%
• Inexpensive
• Small size, Size increases with Wattage Rating
1/10, 1/8, ¼, ½, 1, 2 Watts
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Carbon Composition Resistors
Construction
• Made of finely divided carbon with a powdered
insulating material in suitable proportion
• Resistance Element is a simple rod of pressed
carbon granules, enclosed in insulating plastic
case for mechanical strength
• Ends joined to metal caps with leads of tinned
wire
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Common Failures
• Open Circuit
• Reasons :
Burning of resistor centre due to excessive
heat
Fracture due to Mechanical Stress
Dislodging of end caps
Wire/lead breakage due to excessive flexing
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Common Failures (2)
• Higher Value
• Reasons :
Heat, Voltage or moisture causing
movement of carbon, binder
Separation of carbon particles due to
swelling caused by moisture absorption
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Film Type Resistors
• Thin Resistive film of Carbon deposited on high
grade Ceramic core.
• Deposited by pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gas on
Ceramic core
• Apprx. Values
• Desired value by trimming layer thickness or
cutting grooves under constant monitoring,
Precise up to 1%
• Fitted with contacts
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Common Failures
• Open Circuit
• Reasons
Scratching / Chipping of film during
manufacture
High voltage/temp causes film
disintegration
Damage to resistance spiral
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Resistor Colour Coding
• For Small Size Resistors < 2W
• 1,2,and/or3 Significant figures
• Significant figures followed by Multiplier,
then tolerance %
• May contain Temp Coeff.
24. Resistors
Values specified in Ohms (Ω),
Kilo-ohms (K), or Mega-ohms
(M)
Marked with value using a color
code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5% 10%
Big Bears Run Over Your Gladiola Bed Vexing Garden Worms (go see now)
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Memory Tips : Colour Code
Big Bears Run Over Your Gladiola Bed
Vexing Garden Worms (go see now)
Bill Brown Realized Only Yesterday Good
Boys Value Good Work
Bye Bye Rosie Off You Go Bristol Via Great
Western
BBROYGBVGW
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Body End Dot System
• For Moulded Carbon Composition
Resistors with Radial Leads
• 1,2 – Significant Figures 3 – Multiplier,
4 - Tolerance
2
1
3
4
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Body End Dot System
• Additional Band (usually fifth) indicates
reliability level or failure rate
• Colour Code for Additional Band
Brown 1%, Red 0.1%, Orange 0.01%,
Yellow 0.001%
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WIRE WOUND FIXED
• Constructed from a long fine wire, usually
nickel chromium wound on ceramic core
• Length depends on resistance
• Assembly protected with ceramic coating
• Used where large power dissipation and
stable resistances are required
• Values 1 Ω TO 100 KΩ
• Wattages upto 200 W
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WIRE WOUND FIXED
• Value sometimes printed on resistor body
• Tolerance Codes :
F = +/-1% G = +/-2% J = +/-5%
K = +/-10% M = +/-20%
. Examples :
R68M = 0.68 +/-20%, 5K6J = 5.6KΩ +/- 5%
82KK = 82KΩ +/- 10%
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Common Faults
• Open Circuit
• Reasons
-Fracture, Corrosion of Wire due to
moisture absorption
-Slow crystallization of wire due to
impurities
-Disconnection at the welded end
33. Resistor handling and installation
Resistors are not polarized and may be
installed in either direction.
Resistors are not generally susceptible to ESD
damage, so special precautions are not
required.
Mechanical stress due to lead bending should
be minimized.
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Testing and Measurrement
• Isolate the Component from the Circuit
• Use Multimeter/Ohmmeter of suitable
ranges with probes placed across resistor
leads
• Adjust meter range if necessary
• Replace damaged resistors
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Variable Resistors
• Potentiometers/Rheostats
• Shaft moves an arm and a contact point
from end to end of the resistance element
• Used for Volume Control, Brightness
Control, Tone Control, Adjustable time&
frequency controls,fan speed control
• Linear and Non Linear
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Potentiometer Types
• Wirewound
Nichrome/Resistance wire wound onto
a suitable insulating former
. Linear : Height of the former is uniform
. Nonlinear : Height of former non uniform
- Sine/Cosine Pot
* Wiper movement follows sine/cosine
laws
* Track length of 360° divided into four 90°
quadrants
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Variable Resistors
• Rheostats
- high resistance wire used
- higher current applications, larger in size,
higher power rating
- potential divider(variable) at higher
voltages
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Common Failures
• Complete Failure : Open Ckt/Contact
failure b/w wiper and track
• Reasons :
- Corrosion of metal parts by moisture
- Swelling & distortion of plastic parts by
moisture/ high temperature
- Wear and Tear of contact
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Common Failures(2)
• Partial failure
Rise in Wiper contact resistance causes
electrical noise or intermittent contact
• Reasons
- dust, abrasive matter, grease b/w wiper
and track
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Testing and Measurement
• Similar to fixed resistance checks
• Check should be made b/w variable contact and
each of two fixed terminals
• Remedies :
- Replacement
- Cleaning the pot., Cleaner to be sprayed
shaft / openings in the case
- Turn shaft a few times to complete the action
- Replace if problem persists
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Capacitors
• To store charge
• Capacitance measured in Farads
• Consists of two plates separated by a dielectric
• Low impedance to ac , high impedance to dc
Xc=(2πfC)-1, inverse proportion to frequency f
• Capacitance C = εrεoA/d
εrεo – permittivities, d – plate separation,
A – plate area
54. Capacitor ratings
Physical size of capacitors is related to voltage
handling ability – WVDC – working voltage DC
Temperature coefficient may also be important
– can be + or – or nearly zero
Temperature coefficient depends upon
dielectric material
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Capacitor Applications
• Power factor correction
• Motor start and runs
• Welding (Energy storage and quick
discharge)
• Ripple elimination
• Tuning & Timing
• Coupling, Decoupling & Byepass
• Surge suppression
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CAPACITORS
ELECTROSTATIC
CERAMIC FILM ALUMINUM TANTALUM
Markets
ELECTROLYTIC
Biggest market
Lowest Cost
1206 Long LT
0603 & 0402 good choices
Better performance at higher cost
SMT longer LT
Large Cap in Small Sizes
Long LT
Price Increases on C/ D/ E sizes
Large Cap at low cost
SMT increasing LT
Price flat on TH
56
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Paper capacitors
• Two metal foils separated by
paper strips impregnated with
wax, plastic or oil to serve as
dielectric
• Values : 0.0005µF to 2µF
• Voltage rating upto 2000V
• Large physical size
• Low loss
• Leakage resistance upto
1000MΩ
• Longer shelf life without
breakdown
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Mica Capacitors
• Plates of Aluminium/Silver
separated by mica sheets
• Plates connected to two
electrodes
• Capacitance 5 to
10000pF
• Rating upto 500V
• Low leakage, leakage
resistance upto 1000MΩ
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Ceramic Capacitors
• Disc or hollow tube shaped
dielectric made of ceramic
material such as TiO2/Barium
Titanate
• Thin silver compound coated on
both sides of dielectric to serve
as plates
• Leads attached to each side of
disc
• Moisture proof lacquer coating
• Low loss, economical, small size
• Higher voltage ratings
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Ceramic Capacitors
• Capacitance Values
• Low loss (Steatite) 5 pF to 10 nF,
60V to 10KV
Barium Titanate 5 pF to 1µF , 60V to 1 KV
Monolithic 1nF to 47µF, 60 V to 400V
. Tubular 1 to 500pF, Upto 10 KV
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Ceramic Disc Capacitor (Radial)
Cap Value
102 = 1000pF
Dielectric
Y5F
Voltage
1KV = 1000VDC
Cap Tolerance
C = +/-.25pF
D = +/-.5pF
F = +/-1%
G = +/-2%
J = +/-5%
K = +/-10%
M = +/-20%
Z = +80%/-20%
Example shown
P/N: NCD103K1KVY5PTR
Dielectric
Y5P
Cap Value
103 = 0.01uF
Voltage
1KV = 1000VDC
Example shown
P/N: NCD102K1KVY5F 65
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Tolerance
Capacitance Tolerance :
The allowable window - limits that the capacitors’ +25°C
(room temperature) capacitance value will be within.
1 digit code
ALUMINUM
TANTALUM
CERAMIC
FILM
CERAMIC
FILM
CERAMIC
CERAMIC
CERAMIC
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Electrolytic Capacitors
• Electrolyte (Borax/Carbon Salt) as negative
plate, aluminium plate as contact
• Aluminium positive plate
• Extremely thin insulating film of Al2O3 as
dielectric medium electrochemically deposited
on anode surface
• Absorbent gauze saturated with electrolyte is
kept in contact with dielectric
• Polarity, No reverse voltages to avoid damages
• low leakage resistance, large sizes
• High Capacitance Values 1µF to 10000µF, 1V to
500V -20 to 50% tolerances
• Values printed on the surface
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Surface Mount Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors
Case Code Metric English Length Width
P 2012 0805 2.0mm (0.08”) 1.2mm (0.05”)
A, A2 3216 1206 3.2mm (0.12”) 1.6mm (0.06”)
B, B2 3528 1411 3.5mm (0.14”) 2.8mm (0.11”)
C 6032 2412 6.0mm (0.24”) 3.2mm(0.12”)
D1* 5846 2318 5.8mm (0.23”) 4.6mm(0.18”)
D, E 7343 2917 7.3mm (0.29”) 4.3mm (0.17”)
* - D1 is Japanese size
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Variable Capacitors
• Air Gang ,PVC Gang Condensors for
manual tuning of station in radio receivers
• Trimmers and Padders for fine tuning in
receiver circuits
• Area of Stator is fixed, By turning rotor
amount of plate surface (area) exposed is
varied causing change in Capacitance
value
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Air Gang Condensors
• Turn rotor with the help of knob,
rotor plate moves I or out of stator
plates
• Capacitance is maximum when
rotor plates are fully in
• C=(n-1)εoA/d, n – no. of plates, d-
separation b/w two adjacent
plates
• Two or more capacitors ganged,
controlled by single knob
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Gang Condensors
• Air Gang or PVC Gang – classification
based on dielectric material used
• Used for station tuning in radio receivers
• Air gang found in manually tuned old valve
radio receivers
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Trimmers and Padders
• Fine adjustments using screws.
• As screw is turned inward, plates
are compressed, capacitance
increased
• two small flexible metal plates
separated by air/mica/ceramic
slab as dielectric
• Trimmers 5pF to 30pF variable
• Padders 10 – 500 pF
• Padders have more plates and
somewhat larger size
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Common Failures in Capacitors
• Performance degradation
- Gradual fall in insulation resistance, rise
in leakage current/series resistance,
losses, increased dissipation factor
. Complete failure
Open ckt due to end connection failure,
damage during assembly, Short ckt
due to dielectric breakdown
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Reasons for failure
• Environmental factors
Mechanical shocks and vibration, Thermal
shocks,High humidity
. Misuse
poor assembly, prolonged storage, overvoltage,
wrong polarity use
. Manufacturing defects
Impurities in electrolytes, mechanical damage to
end spray of metallised capacitors resulting in
overheating and open ckt.
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Indications
• Good : Slow Charging to high
resistnce value, Slow meter
movement to high
• Short : Meter moves to zero,
stays there
• Open : Meter stays at highest
value
• Leaky : Meter moves to low
resistance, comes up and show
reading less than normal
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Remedies
• Switch off the equipment
• Isolate the component
• Allow discharge
• Ohmmeter/Multimeter(preferably analog)
in highest Ohms range. Meter voltage not
to exceed rated voltage
• Measuring Values : Using Capacitance
meter, LCR meters in Capacitance range
86. Capacitor handling and
installation
Most capacitors are not polarized and may be installed
in either direction.
Electrolytic capacitors ARE polarized and MUST be
installed with proper polarity, else catastrophic failure!
Capacitors are not generally susceptible to ESD
damage, so special precautions are not required.
Mechanical stress due to lead bending should be
minimized.
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Inductance
• Opposition of magnetic field to change in current
• Measured in Henrys, L =µrµ0AN2/l , A-core area,
N – no. of turns, µr&µ0 – permeabilities, l – core
length
• Force trying to keep current steady is called
induced emf
• Electronic component producing inductance L is
called inductor
• Opposes ac, passes dc, XL=2πfL f- frequency
• Used as Filters, Antenna coils, Transformers etc.
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AIR CORE INDUCTORS
• Wire wound on cardboard former
• Air inside the coil
• Least inductance µH or mH
• No core losses at any freq
• Used as inductive loads
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IRON CORE INDUCTORS
• Coil wound over laminated iron core
• Lamination reduces losses, Iron
laminations are pressed together with
insulation in between
• Inductance also depends on
permeability of iron
• Efficient at low frequency, low losses at
minimal frequency, but increases with
frequency
• Larger inductance 1 – 25 H
• Eg : Filter chokes, Transformers
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Ferrite Core Inductors
• Coil wound over ferrite core
• Ferrite consists of fine
particles of iron powder
embedded in an insulating
binder
• Minimum losses at high
frequencies
• High Inductance values of
several µH
• Eg : Antenna coils , IFT
94. Inductor ratings
Wire gauge and physical size of the coil
determine the current handling capacity.
Core material will have a temperature
dependence. Air is best, followed by iron
powder, then ferrites.
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INDUCTOR EXAMPLES
• Filter Chokes :
To smoothen pulsating current (filtering)
Core made of laminated E & I shaped
sheets
Range 5 – 20 H, Current upto 0.3 A
• AF chokes :
High Impedance at audio freq (60Hz –5KHz)
Smaller size , Lower inductances
• RF chokes :
Used at high freq, disallows radio frequencies
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Varying Inductance
• Use of tapped coils
• Slider contacts to vary
turns
eg:autotransformers
• Permeability tuning :
Ferrite slug screwed
in and out of coil
eg : IFTs,Antenna
coils
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Inductor Testing and Measurement
• Open circuit : By continuity check
with Ohmmeter/ Multimeter
• Shorted/Partially shorted : Found
by inspecting high frequency
response. Partial shorting reduces
high frequency roll off
• Measurement : Using
LCR/Inductance meter,
Experimental calculation using
bridge circuits(Maxwell, Hay,
Owens)
98. Inductor handling and
installation
Inductors are not polarized and may be installed in
either direction.
Inductors are not generally susceptible to ESD
damage, so special precautions are not required.
Mechanical stress due to lead bending should be
minimized.
Inductors in timing or frequency determining circuits
should be installed in a mechanically rigid fashion.