Recent developments in non-traditional machining processes, their working principles, equipments,
effect of process parameters, applications, advantages and limitations. Comparison of non-traditional
machining processes.
electrochemical discharge machining.
also known as electrochemical spark machining.
we covert normal drilling machine in electrochemical spark machining and perform drilling operation on the work piece and create a macrohole in a quartz glass. the results are shown in the ppt.
we created this project under the head of department of mechanical engineering ER. Rakesh sigh sir and ER.mudit tyagi sir from mtech department from noida institute of engineering and technology, greater noida.
electrochemical discharge machining.
also known as electrochemical spark machining.
we covert normal drilling machine in electrochemical spark machining and perform drilling operation on the work piece and create a macrohole in a quartz glass. the results are shown in the ppt.
we created this project under the head of department of mechanical engineering ER. Rakesh sigh sir and ER.mudit tyagi sir from mtech department from noida institute of engineering and technology, greater noida.
UNIT- V ---TESTING OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.pptxShanmathyAR2
TESTING OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Mechanisms of plastic deformation, dislocation, slip and twinning – Types of fracture – Testing of materials under tension, compression and shear loads – Hardness tests: Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell – Impact test: Izod and Charpy, fatigue and creep test.
UNIT - I ---CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS.pptxShanmathyAR2
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS
Constitution of alloys – Solid solutions, substitutional and interstitial – phase diagrams, Lever rule, Isomorphous, eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid reactions, Iron – Iron carbon equilibrium diagram – Classification of steels and cast irons, microstructure, properties and applications – Ferrite and austenite stabilizers.
UNIT-1-VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES.pptShanmathyAR2
VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES
Types of automobiles, vehicle construction and different layouts, chassis, frame and body, resistances to vehicle aerodynamics (various resistances and moments involved), IC engines-components functions and materials, variable valve timing (VVT).
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxShanmathyAR2
ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle – layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
ENGINE AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
Electronically controlled gasoline injection system for SI engines, Electronically controlled diesel injection system (Unit injector system, Rotary distributor type and common rail direct injection system), Electronic ignition system (Transistorized coil ignition system, capacitive discharge ignition system), Turbo chargers (WGT, VGT), Engine emission control by three way catalytic converter system, Emission norms (Euro and BS).
I unit -_introduction_to_unconventional_machining_processesShanmathyAR2
Unconventional machining Process – Need – classification – merits, demerits and applications.
Abrasive Jet Machining – Water Jet Machining – Abrasive Water Jet Machining - Ultrasonic
Machining. (AJM, WJM, AWJM and USM). Working Principles – equipment used – Process
parameters – MRR- Applications.
Unit 4 ADVANCED NANO FINISHING PROCESSESShanmathyAR2
Abrasive flow machining, chemo-mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto
rheological finishing, magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing their working principles, equipments,
effect of process parameters, applications, advantages and limitations.
UCM-Unit 3 CHEMICAL AND ELECTRO-CHEMICAL ENERGY BASED PROCESSESShanmathyAR2
Chemical machining and Electro-Chemical machining (CHM and ECM)- Etchants – Maskant -
techniques of applying maskants - Process Parameters – Surface finish and MRR-Applications.
Principles of ECM- equipments-Surface Roughness and MRR Electrical circuit-Process Parameters- ECG and ECH - Applications.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. PRINCIPLE
Here the machining is done by usage of heat
energy.
The heat energy is focused on a particular
portion for melt & Vaporize the work material
Example :
1. Electron Beam Machining (EBM)
2. Laser Beam Machining (LBM)
3. Plasma Arc Machining (PAM)
6. Cross sectional area of
0.01 to 0.02 mm dia.
To deflect the electro beam
to different spot
10-5 to 10-6 mm of mercury
Temp.
2500°C
Electron accelerated as 1.6×108
m/s by applying 50 to 200 kV
Power density (6500
million W/mm2)
Pulse frequency (1 to 16000 Hz)
and duration (4 to 65,000
microseconds)
7. To avoid collision of accelerated electrons
with air molecules
Vacuum is required (10-5 to 10-6 mm of mercury)
This chamber carries a door, through which the workpiece is
placed over the table. The door is then closed and sealed.
8. ELECTRON GUN
Tungsten filament
Connected to the negative
terminal of DC power supply
Grid cup
Negatively based with respect
to the filament
Anode
Connected to the positive
terminal of DC power supply
10. MECHANICS OF EBM
Electrons are the smallest stable elementary particles with a
mass of 9.109×10-31 kg with a negative charge if 1.602×10-19
coulomb.
• The electron velocity at the striking is given by
Es – Voltage of the electric field, volt
Vs = 600 Es km/s
11. • The electron beam power is given by,
Ib - Beam current, amp
• The electron beam pressure is given by,
𝐼𝑑 − Current density, A/cm2
• The thermal velocity acquired by an electron is given by,
Pb = Es Ib, watts
Fb = 0.34 𝐼𝑑 𝐸𝑠, dyne /cm2
Va =
2Kθ
Ma
m/s
K – Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38×10-23 J/K/atom
θ – Temperature raised, K
Ma – Mass of one atom of the workpiece, kg
12. Process Parameters
The parameters which have significant influence
on the beam intensity and metal removal rate
are given below
Control of current
Control on spot diameter
Control of focal distance of magnetic lens
31. LASER BEAM MACHINING
Flash tube filled
with Xenon, argon
or krypton Gases
250 – 1000
watts power
Few
Chromium
Atoms are
placed in Ruby
rod for
absorbing
Green light
32. Cooling of ruby rod is necessary – Because they
are less efficient in high temperature
35. MACHINING APPLICATIONS OF LASER
1. Laser in Metal Cutting
2. Laser in Drilling
3. Laser in Welding
4. Laser in Surface Treatment
5. Trimming
6. Blanking
7. Micromachining applications
38. Laser in Surface Treatment
A thin layer of cobalt alloy coating is applied on
Turbine blade for heat and Wear Resistance.
A thin Ceramic coating is applied on metal
Surface for heat and Wear Resistance.
Its also used to seal the micro cracks which are
usually present in hard – Chromium
electroplates
39. Advantages of LBM
1. All Kind of metals are machined
2. Micro holes are possible
3. Soft materials like rubber can be machined
4. No tool wear and contact with w/p
5. Automated process
6. Controlling of beam is easy
40. 1. High initial Cost
2. Operating cost is high
3. Required skilled labours
4. Rate of production is low
5. Need safety equipments
6. Life of flash lamp is low
7. The machined holes are not straight and round
Disadvantages of LBM
43. PLASMA GAS
When a gas is heated to a sufficiently high
temperature of the order of 11000 – 28000
degree Celsius, it becomes partially ionized its
known as PLASMA
PLASMA
It’s a mixture of Free electrons + Partially ionized as and Neutral Atoms
51. • It can be used to cut any metal
• Cutting rate is high
• As compared to ordinary flame cutting
process, it can cut plain carbon steel four
times faster
• It is used for rough turning of very difficult
materials
ADVANTAGES OF PAM
52. • It produces tapered surface
• Protection of noise is necessary
• Equipment cost is high
• Protection of eye is necessary for the operator
• Work surface may undergo metallurgical
changes.
DISADVANTAGES OF PAM
53. Work Material: All materials which conduct
electricity.
Tool: Plasma jet
Velocity of plasma jet: 500 m/s
Power range: 2 to 220 kW
Current: As high as 600 amp
Voltage: 40 – 250 V
Cutting speed: 0.1 to 7 m/min
MRR: 145 cm3/min
CHARACTERISTICS OF PAM
