This document discusses cable monitoring solutions using distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technology to prevent cable failures and optimize power networks. It provides an overview of issues like overheating of buried cables, describes DTS principles and thermal modeling, presents a case study on monitoring a buried cable, discusses further applications like subsea cables and cable tunnels, emphasizes the importance of measurement speed, and introduces Sensornet's DTS product range for cable monitoring.
Paul J. Boudreaux Consider a Mixed Analog/Digital/MEMsssusercf6d0e
Heat spreaders with high K values attached to the chip can help alleviate lateral DT problems. Placing the system or components into a forced isothermal environment also reduces DT, dT/dt and CTE related problems. Severing the thermomechanical heat path reduces or eliminates shock and vibration from entering the system while reducing weight.
Design drivers for monitoring critical infrastructureJames Bemrose
The design of IoT-type sensing systems can be determined by some surprising things. Where access to the
assets to be monitored is limited, dangerous and installation must be performed quickly, and no power is
available, design must be driven by this. Monitoring equipment for the Celsius electricity substation monitoring
project is the result.
On the effects of advanced end-winding cooling on the design and performance ...Vincenzo Madonna
For citing this work:
V. Madonna, P. Giangrande, A. Walker and M. Galea, "On the Effects of Advanced End-Winding Cooling on the Design and Performance of Electrical Machines," 2018 XIII International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), Alexandroupoli, 2018, pp. 311-317.
Abstract:
High performance and reliable electrical machines
are often required in modern applications and an appropriate
thermal management allows to fulfil such demand. Thermal
management is crucial for improving performance, reducing size
and preserving the insulation lifetime of electrical machines.
From this prospective, a novel cooling method for machine
end-windings is proposed in the present work. Its cooling action
focuses on the end-windings, since they are commonly identified
as the machine hot-spot. The effectiveness of the proposed
cooling method is experimentally proved and the improvement,
in terms of current density, for a given wire insulation thermal
class, is quantified.
A previously designed permanent magnet synchronous
machine, implementing a traditional housing water jacket, is
used as a case study. The influence of the improved current
density on machine torque density is investigated, through finite
element simulations, when the proposed cooling method is
integrated to the existing housing water jacket.
Paul J. Boudreaux Consider a Mixed Analog/Digital/MEMsssusercf6d0e
Heat spreaders with high K values attached to the chip can help alleviate lateral DT problems. Placing the system or components into a forced isothermal environment also reduces DT, dT/dt and CTE related problems. Severing the thermomechanical heat path reduces or eliminates shock and vibration from entering the system while reducing weight.
Design drivers for monitoring critical infrastructureJames Bemrose
The design of IoT-type sensing systems can be determined by some surprising things. Where access to the
assets to be monitored is limited, dangerous and installation must be performed quickly, and no power is
available, design must be driven by this. Monitoring equipment for the Celsius electricity substation monitoring
project is the result.
On the effects of advanced end-winding cooling on the design and performance ...Vincenzo Madonna
For citing this work:
V. Madonna, P. Giangrande, A. Walker and M. Galea, "On the Effects of Advanced End-Winding Cooling on the Design and Performance of Electrical Machines," 2018 XIII International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), Alexandroupoli, 2018, pp. 311-317.
Abstract:
High performance and reliable electrical machines
are often required in modern applications and an appropriate
thermal management allows to fulfil such demand. Thermal
management is crucial for improving performance, reducing size
and preserving the insulation lifetime of electrical machines.
From this prospective, a novel cooling method for machine
end-windings is proposed in the present work. Its cooling action
focuses on the end-windings, since they are commonly identified
as the machine hot-spot. The effectiveness of the proposed
cooling method is experimentally proved and the improvement,
in terms of current density, for a given wire insulation thermal
class, is quantified.
A previously designed permanent magnet synchronous
machine, implementing a traditional housing water jacket, is
used as a case study. The influence of the improved current
density on machine torque density is investigated, through finite
element simulations, when the proposed cooling method is
integrated to the existing housing water jacket.
AC LINE DESIGN
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
THERMAL RATING
PLANNERS REQUIREMENTS
OBJECTIVE INDICATOR
DC LINE DESIGN
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OBJECTIVE INDICATOR
COST OF LINES
EXAMPLES OF OPTIMISATION
Overview of the high-capacity, low-sag ACCC conductor used to improve the efficiency, capacity, reliability and resiliency of the electric power transmission grid
Electrical Substations and Switchyard DesignLiving Online
Electrical substations form important nodal points in all power networks. Substations can be of various capacities, voltages, configurations and types depending on what is the application for which the substation is being designed. Location and layout of a substation present a number of challenges to the designer due to a large variety of options available to a designer. There are ever so many constraints too that need to be kept in mind; technical, environmental and naturally financial. Arriving at an optimum design within these constraints is as much an art as it is a science. Designing a substation which will operate with utmost reliability for at the least three or four decades involves a thorough knowledge of the current state-of-the art equipment, emerging technologies, the tools for presenting and evaluating all available options and a good appreciation of power system operation and maintenance. This course will present a comprehensive capsule of all the knowledge essential for a substation designer and walk the participants through the substation design process using a set of interlinked case studies.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
This course is aimed at engineers who are already working as electrical system designers as well as those who belong to any of the fields listed below and wish to prepare themselves for moving into the role of a substation designer.
Utility engineers dealing with power transmission and distribution systems
Electrical engineers involved in power generating plants with utility scale generators
Electrical engineers in large industries who are associated with power distribution
Consulting engineers involved in design of substations
Contractors executing projects involving electrical HV substations
Electrical commissioning engineers
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/electrical-substation-and-switchyard-design-25
AC LINE DESIGN
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
THERMAL RATING
PLANNERS REQUIREMENTS
OBJECTIVE INDICATOR
DC LINE DESIGN
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OBJECTIVE INDICATOR
COST OF LINES
EXAMPLES OF OPTIMISATION
Overview of the high-capacity, low-sag ACCC conductor used to improve the efficiency, capacity, reliability and resiliency of the electric power transmission grid
Electrical Substations and Switchyard DesignLiving Online
Electrical substations form important nodal points in all power networks. Substations can be of various capacities, voltages, configurations and types depending on what is the application for which the substation is being designed. Location and layout of a substation present a number of challenges to the designer due to a large variety of options available to a designer. There are ever so many constraints too that need to be kept in mind; technical, environmental and naturally financial. Arriving at an optimum design within these constraints is as much an art as it is a science. Designing a substation which will operate with utmost reliability for at the least three or four decades involves a thorough knowledge of the current state-of-the art equipment, emerging technologies, the tools for presenting and evaluating all available options and a good appreciation of power system operation and maintenance. This course will present a comprehensive capsule of all the knowledge essential for a substation designer and walk the participants through the substation design process using a set of interlinked case studies.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
This course is aimed at engineers who are already working as electrical system designers as well as those who belong to any of the fields listed below and wish to prepare themselves for moving into the role of a substation designer.
Utility engineers dealing with power transmission and distribution systems
Electrical engineers involved in power generating plants with utility scale generators
Electrical engineers in large industries who are associated with power distribution
Consulting engineers involved in design of substations
Contractors executing projects involving electrical HV substations
Electrical commissioning engineers
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/electrical-substation-and-switchyard-design-25
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
3. Contents
• Issues for Buried Underground Cables
• Technology Principles and cable thermal
models
• Case Study
• Further applications
• Speed of real time measurements
• Sensornet Product Range
• Summary
4. To prevent failures like these
• New York 2003:
– Current heated up cable, metal cores expand. Line too hot, sagged and short-
circuited after hitting tree
• New Zealand 1998:
– Thermal overheating due to dry summer caused 4 power cables to central
business district to fail
• Power outages for 5 months
• More than $200m of damage & lost revenues
• UK 1962:
– Cable failure in the UK on the Belvedere Sydenham circuit in the Summer due to
soil dry out
6. Buried Power Cable
• Cables are rated to thermal calculations based on:
– Load on cable
– Thermodynamic properties of cable
– Thermal Dissipation of Surrounding Environment
Power cable in
trefoil configuration
Fibre optic sensor
Surrounding soil
heated by power
cable
7. Buried Power Cable
• Factors which can lead to lower heat dissipation and
cause cable over heating
– Unknown/changing soil thermal resistivity
– Dry Weather conditions
– Surface effects
• Shallow road crossings
• Microbes in soil (caused by decomposition)
– Nearby cables & pipelines
– Faults in cables/connectors
DTS removes uncertainty & improves safety
8. Contents
• Issues for Buried Underground Cables
• Technology Principles and cable thermal
models
• Case Study
• Further applications
• Speed of real time measurements
• Sensornet Product Range
• Summary
9. OTDR – Optical Time Domain Reflectometry
1m pulse of light
Backscattered light provides
measurement point every 1m
Simplicity of measurement – similar to time of flight principle used for RADAR
T9,999
T9,998
T9,997
T9,996
T9,995
T1 T2 T3 T4 ……….
Standard multi-mode optical fibre
10. The Technology Principles
• DTS instruments measure the change in reflected light against time.
• Nature of optical reflections change with temperature, strain and
pressure
• Measure all points along a fibre - distributed.
Brillouin
Anti-Stokes
Brillouin
Stokes
DTS
Backscatter
Spectrum
Analyzer
Laser
pulse
Spectroscope
Optic fiber
Laser Pulse
Rayleigh
Raman
Raman
11. 1/100,000 seconds = 1m
2/100,000 seconds = 2m
3/100,000 seconds = 3m
1m 2m 3m
OTDR - Optical Time Domain
Reflectometry
Simple principle – similar to time of flight (Radar)
12. Dynamic Cable Rating System
• To provide the power system operator with cable
ratings based in on real-time measurements and a
thermal model.
• Using a real-time software system taking inputs from
the Power System and Distributed Temperature
Sensor (DTS)
• Outputs for user are:
– Real time power rating (e.g. maximum continuous load cable
can sustain without exceeding the thermal rating)
– Emergency load rating: (e.g. maximum load cable can sustain
for a defined period of time – 24 hours, 6 hours, 20 minutes)
– Seamless system integration (e.g SCADA, Ventilation, Relay)
14. Thermal Model used for DCR
• Based on Electra 87 as recommended in IEC60287 &
60853
• Enhancements
– Unconditionally stable Crank-Nicolson numerical
iteration method
Excerpts from CIGRE 87
15. Dynamic Cable Rating
• Adaptable to environment
– Buried cables
– Cables in air
• Multiple cables
• Adaptable to cable geometry
16. Contents
• Issues for Buried Underground Cables
• Technology Principles and cable thermal
models
• Case Study
• Further applications
• Speed of real time measurements
• Sensornet Product Range
• Summary
17. Case Study: Buried Cable
Monitoring
• 33 kV Buried Cable in Trefoil Formation – 4km in length
• Olex Cable - Client Energex
18. Engergex – Data Analysis over 24
hours
Temperature cooler at river
crossing
Temperature at
peak loading still
well within
specifications
Temperature higher at road
crossings
20. Network Optimisation using of DTS
Sample calculation using 110 kV cable rated to 50 MW
• Price of power to customer* = $0.11 / kWh Typical cable
loading =40%
• Number of peak hours per day = 3
• If cable loading is increased by 5% from (e.g. from 40 to
45%)
– Additional revenue per year = $300,000
* Source: Powergen 2006 ** source: SKM consulting
21. Contents
• Issues for Buried Underground Cables
• Technology Principles and cable thermal
models
• Case Study
• Further applications
• Speed of real time measurements
• Sensornet Product Range
• Summary
23. Subsea Cables
• Wind farms, country inter-connectors & Off shore
platforms
• Similar to buried transmission cables except:
– No redundancy => more critical to monitor
– Longer distances => DTS performance essential
– Very difficult to access => important to maximize
lifetime
26. Cable Tunnel Management
• Cable provides 3 monitoring option
1. Fire Detection: Cable installed in tunnel ceiling
2. Ventilation Control: Feedback loop to ventilation
system
3. Hot Spot/Cable rating: Fibre attached to power cable
Data output to:
-Tunnel Ventilation Control
- Fire detection system
- Cable monitoring
Ventilation fan
Power cable
27. Contents
• Issues for Buried Underground Cables
• Technology Principles and cable thermal
models
• Case Study
• Further applications
• Speed of real time measurements
• Sensornet Product Range
• Summary
28. Importance of Speed of Measurement
• DTS must respond more rapidly than thermal
environments
• When using multiplexer, DTS interrogates one channel
at a time
– Fast measurement time allow multiple channels
without sacrifice of performance
• More cost effective solution
• In emergency rating situations
– Important to respond quickly
29. Importance of Temperature Resolution
• Change of conductor temperature is the vital
requirement but is damped as it reaches fibre
– Therefore high resolution is essential
– Sensornet can measure down to 0.01°C
Temperature
Time
Increase in power due to
emergency situation
ΔT Conductor
ΔT Fibre
ΔT Fibre < ΔT Conductor
30. Speed of Response During
Emergency Situation
• During emergency rating situation speed of response will
be essential to react quickly to temperature changes
• Sensornet DTS is the fastest response system
– Better than 1°C @ 10km in < 10 seconds
Temperature
Time
If measurement time not quick enough
temperature of cable can be
underestimated
Error due to slow
measurement time
31. Where to install the fibre?
• Depending on the requirements, the fibre can be
installed either inside the cable or on the outside
Outside Cable
Inside Cable
Pros Cons
Easy to install Further from core
Less optical splices More critical to model
Lower optical budget
Can install fibre after
Can replace fibre
Pros Cons
Close to conductor Difficulty at joints
Suitable for ducts & Greater fibre loss
subsea
32. Contents
• Issues for Buried Underground Cables
• Technology Principles and cable thermal
models
• Case Study
• Further applications
• Speed of real time measurements
• Sensornet Product Range
• Summary
34. Product Range
POWER
• Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) <45km
• Distributed Strain Sensing (DSS) <24km
• Distributed Acoustic Sensing
(DAS) <50km
35. Summary
• Hot spot and fault detection
– DTS can locate hotspot to within 1m
• Network optimisation
– Run cables at higher rating safely
– DTS plus DCR (dynamic cable rating)
• Asset Lifetime calculations
– Knowledge of actual thermal stresses
– DTS plus DCR
• Cable movement / TPI
– Distributed Strain Sensor / Distributed Acoustic Sensor