The document provides an introduction to psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It discusses the importance of psychology in understanding oneself and others as well as improving relationships and communication. The document outlines several key goals of psychology including describing behavior, explaining it, predicting it, and controlling it. It also discusses some major approaches to understanding behavior and mental processes, such as psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and sociocultural perspectives.

1. Introduction to Psychology
Naveed Siddiqui
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2. What isPsychology?
Psychology is defined as the scientific
study of behavior and mental
processes.
Behavior includes all of our outward or
overt actions and reactions, such as
verbal and facial expressions and
movements.
Mental processes refer to all the internal
and covert activity of our mind such as
thinking, feeling and remembering.

3. Why Psychology IsaScience?
Psychology uses scientific method
Psychology is factual
The laws of psychology are universal
The laws of psychology are verifiable
Psychology discover the cause effect
relationship
Psychology predict behavior

4. Importance and Scope ofPsychology
Self awareness
Allows us to learn about others
Better understanding of emotions
Improve relationships
Improve communication
Empathy
In short, psychology plays an
important role in every aspect of human
life.

5. Goal of Psychology
Describe
The first goal of psychology is to
describe how humans and animals
behave in different situations.
Through continued observation we
can define what kind of behavior is
considered normal or healthy and
what may be deemed as abnormal or
unhealthy.
Explain
Once a particular behavior is defined,
they need to be expanded upon so
that people can understand why a
person acts or reacts in a certain
way. They have to consider which
factors trigger certain behavior, as
well as formulate certain theories
which will help explain the same.

6. Predict
Once a psychologist understands why a
person acts in a certain way and under
what circumstances, he is able to predict
when this behavior might emerge in the
future. Being able to correctly predict
occurrences of certain behavior is very
important, as with this understanding,
models can be developed to encourage
positive behavior.
Control
The final goal of psychology is to control or
modify certain types of behavior based on
observation. Researchers take cue from
what they have observed and predicted to
rectify orimprove someone's behavior.
Goal of Psychology

7. Key IssuesofPsychology
Nature vs. Nurture
How much of a person's behavior is
hereditary and how much is from how
they were raised. Certain characteristics
shaped by one or the other

8. Conscious vs.
Unconscious Mind
How much of our behavior is produced by forces of
which we are fully aware, and how much is due to
unconscious activity, mental processes that are not
accessible to the conscious mind.
Key IssuesofPsychology

9. Scope of Psychology
Scope of psychology is vast and
includes the
scientific study of following:
Perception
Emotions
Personality Disorders
Phobias
Sensations
Cognition
Attitudes
Social influence and interaction
Persuasion
Love, romance and attraction
Depression
Eating disorders
Dreams
Memories
Judgment and decision making
Learning
Development
Language
Anything related to mind, emotions,
perception, behavior and society etc.
comes under the scope of psychology.

10. Key IssuesinPsychology
Observable behavior vs.
internal mental processes
Concentrating solely on behavior that can be seen by outside
observers, or
should it focus on unseen thinking processes.

11. Key IssuesinPsychology
Free will vsdeterminism
How much of our behavior is a matter of choices made freely by
an individual and how much is subject to the notion that behavior
is largely produced by factors beyond people's willful control.

12. Key IssuesinPsychology
Individual Differences vs.
universal principles
How much of our behavior is a consequence of our
unique and special
qualities, and how much reflects the culture and society
in which we live?

13. Branches OfPsychology
Clinical Psychology
Thistreatment-oriented
branch of psychology
deals with scientific ways
of handling psychological
problems.
Industrial
Psychology
This branch of psychology
addresses practical
problems in the workplace
through the application of
psychological principles.
Industrial psychologists,
also called organizational
psychologists.
Educational
Psychology
Educational psychology is
the scientific study of
human behavior in an
educational setting and,
as such, it deals withissues
such as learning disorders,
adolescence behaviors,
and soon.

14. Branches ofPsychology
Experimental
Psychology
Experimental psychologists
work to understand the
underlying causes of
behavior by studying
humans and animals.They
work mainly in a
laboratory environment.
Developmental
Psychology
Developmental
psychology is a branch of
psychology that attempts
to explain the
development of humans
over time.
Forensic Psychology
The application of
psychology to law
making, law enforcement,
the examination of
witnesses, and the
treatment of the criminalis
the job of the forensic
psychologist.

15. QUICKRECAP
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Behavior includes all of our outward or overt actions and reactions, such as
talking, facial expressions and movement.
Mental processes refer to all the internal, covert activity of our minds such as
thinking feeling and remembering.
In psychology, there are four goals that aim at uncovering the mysteries of
human and animal behavior
Description: what is happening?
Explanation: why is it happening?
Prediction : when will ithappen again?
Control : how can itbe changed?

16. Test
Inthedefinitionofpsychology, behavior means
a)internalcovert processes
c)outwardorovert actions
b)mental processes
d)only human behavior
A psychologist isinterestedinwhata particular personmightdo ina
stressfulsituation.Thispsychologist ismostinterestedinthegoal of
a)description
c)prediction
b)explanation
d) control
Whichof thefollowingisthebestexample of covert behavior?
a)blinking inresponsetoa light
c)rememberinga pleasantexperience
b)imitatinga friendsgesture
d)rapid eye movement
whilesleeping

17. WHICHOF THEFOLLOWINGBEHAVIORSCAN BESTBEDESCRIBEDASOVERTBEHAVIOR?
a) watching a TVgameshow
b)thinking about the answer toa contestant'squestion c)being
sad thatthecontestant answered incorrectly d)wondering if
thereare any frozenwafflesleft inthe freezer
OVERTBEHAVIORIS
a)anything a person does.
b)only thosethingsa person does which you can see. c)only
thosethingswhich can be recorded by a camera.
d)only thosethingswhich a person can see withhis/hersenses
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTSSTUDY THEEFFECTSOF ON BEHAVIOR.
a)Marketing b)learning
disabilities c)aging
d)robotics

18. APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY
There are many different theories and models within
psychology which try to explain our behavior, emotion and
thoughts. Each theory contributes something different and
increases our understanding.
These approaches are not mutually exclusive; rather they
tend to focus on different aspects of a complex problem.
There is no ‘’right’’ or “wrong” approach to the study of
psychology.
Most psychologist take an eclectic viewpoint.

19. HistoricalApproach
Structuralism:
WilhelmWundtisthefounderoffirstpsychology lab.
InLeipzig ,Germany in 1879.
He attempted toapply scientific principles tothe studyofhuman
mind.
Wundtbelieved thatthemindwasmade up of thoughts,
experiences, emotions and otherbasic elements.

20.  Mostofhisexperiments wereon sensation and
perception.
 He used themethod of Introspection.
 Thiswasthefirstattemptby anyone tobring
objectivity and measurementtotheconcept of
Psychology.
 Wundtisknownas the“Fatherof
Psychology.”
INTROSPECTION:
THEPROCESS OF OBJECTIVELY EXAMINING
AND MEASURING ONES’S OWN
THOUGHTS AND MENTALACTIVITIES

21. Titchener and StructuralisminAmerica
One of Wundt's students was Edward Titchener.
Titchener expanded on Wundt's originalideas,
calling his new view point structuralism.
Titchener also believed that the introspection
method could be used on thoughts as it was on
physical sensation.
Structuralism was a dominant force in the early
days of Psychology but eventually died out in the
early 1900s.

22. Functionalism (WilliamJames)
Harvard University was the firstschool in America to offer
classes in Psychology in the late 1870s.
These classes were taught by William James.
He wrote a comprehensive textbook on the subject,
Principles of Psychology.
Unlike Wundt and Titchener, James believed that trying to
study consciousness is like trying to study the wind.
Instead, James focus on how the mind allows people to
function in the real world how people work ,play, and adopt
to their surroundings.

24. Gestalt
Gestalt psychology is a school of thought that looks at human
mind and behavior as a whole.
This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria
during the late 19thcentury in response to the structuralism.
Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest
elements, the gestalt psychologist believed that you mustlook
at the whole of experiences.
According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum
of its parts.
Founders: Max Wertheimer , KurtKofka ,Kohler

26. Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a school of psychology founded by Sigmund
Freud.
Thisschool of thought emphasized the influence of the
unconscious mind on behavior.
Psychoanalytic concepts are based on extensive case studies of
individual patients rather than on experimental studies.
Psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious mental activities.
According to Freud, much of the individual’s observable
behavior is influenced by wishes, desires or fears which the
individual has learned to suppress because they are not socially
acceptable.

27.  Freud believed that human mind composed of three
elements
 Id, Ego and Super Ego
 Freud believed that the interaction of these three
elements was what led to all of the complex human
behaviors.
 Other major psychoanalytic thinkers include:
 Anna Freud, Carl Jung Erik Erikson

28. Behaviorism
Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during
the 1950s.
Itwas based upon the work of thinkers such as
John B. Watson , Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner
Behaviorism suggest that all behavior can be explained by
environmental process rather than by internal forces.
Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior.
We respond to stimuli with our behavior, not thoughts.

29. Modern Perspectives
Psychodynamic Perspective
Behavioral Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Bio-Psychological Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
Evolutionary Perspective

30. Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud’s theory is still used by many professionals in therapy
situations. Itis far less common today than it was a few
decades ago, however, and even those who use his
techniques modify them for contemporary use.
Inthe more modern psychodynamic perspective, the focus may
still include the unconscious mind and itsinfluence over
conscious behavior and on early childhood experiences, but
with less of an emphasis on sex and sexual motivations and
more emphasis on the development of a sense of self, social
and interpersonal relationships, and the discovery of other
motivations behind a person’s behavior.

31. BehavioralPerspective
 Like modern psychodynamic perspectives, behaviorism isstillalso very
influential.
 B.F.Skinner became the new leader of the field.
 Skinner not only continued research in classical conditioning, but he also
developed a theory called operant conditioning, to explain howvoluntary
behavior islearned (Skinner, 1938).Inthistheory, behavioral responses that
are followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened, or reinforced
 Thisapproach claims thatpeople as well as theiractions and problems,
can be understood by observing theirbehavior.
 Focuses only on observable behavior while putting feeling to the side.
 Behavior isthe resultof learned associations between stimuliand
responses to them.
 Themain theories are of classical and operant conditioning.

32. Humanisticperspective
Humanism wasreally a reaction to both psychoanalytic theory and
behaviorism.
Humanistsheld the view that people have free will, the freedom to
choose theirown destiny, and striveforself-actualization, the
achievement of one’s full potential.
Twoof the earliest and mostfamous founders of thisview were
Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)and Carl Rogers(1902–1987).
this approach is person-centered.
Today, humanismexists as a formof psychotherapy aimed at self-
understanding and self-improvement.

33. Biopsychological Perspective
 Inthe biopsychological perspective, human and animal
behavior is seen as a direct result of events in the body.
Hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, tumors, and diseases are
some of the biological causes of behavior and mental events.
 Some of the topics researched by biopsychologists include sleep,
emotions, aggression, sexual behavior, and learning and
memory—as well as disorders.
 study the relationship between psychological events (what
happens in the mind) and biological events (what happens in the
body).
 Drug can bring change to behavior.

34. CognitivePerspective
Thecognitive approach developed largely as a reaction to the behavioral
approach.
Cognitive psychologists argue that individuals do not passively respond to stimuli,
but actively process information in their brain before responding to the information.
Focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information.
They are interested in what happens in the mind between the stimulusand the
response.
They look at topics such as perception, memory, thought, language and
attention.
Withinthe cognitive perspective, the relatively new field of cognitive
neuroscience includes the study of the physical workings of the brain and
nervous system when engaged in memory, thinking, and other cognitive
processes.

35. TheSocioculturalPerspective
Another modern perspective in psychology isthe sociocultural perspective, which
actually combines twoareas of study: social psychology, which is the study of
groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and relationships; and cultural
psychology, which isthe study of cultural norms,*values, and expectations.
These twoareas are related in that they are both about the effect that people have on
one another, either individually or in a larger group such as a culture (Peplau &
Taylor, 1997).
Psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural forces outside the
individual.
Behavior is explained by the influence of other people present, culture, cultural
norms etc.
Stresses the importance of social interaction, communication and instruction in
learning

36. Russianpsychologist LevVygotsky (1978)also used sociocultural
concepts informinghissociocultural theory of children’s cognitive
development.
Thesociocultural perspective isimportantbecause itreminds people
thatthe way they and othersbehave (oreven think)isinfluenced not
only by whether they are alone, withfriends, ina crowd, orpart of a
group but also by the social norms,class differences, and ethnic
identity concerns of the particular culture inwhich they live.
Cross-cultural research also fitswithinthisperspective. Incross-cultural
research, the contrasts and comparisons of a behavior orissueare
studied inat least twoormore cultures.

37. EvolutionaryPerspective
Theevolutionary perspective focuses on the biological bases for
universal mental characteristics that all humans share.
evolutionary psychologists studythe evolutionary origins of human
behavior
Forexample: human behavior of not eating substances that have a bitter
taste (such as poisonous plants) as an adaptive* behavior that evolved as
early humans came into contact withsuch bitter plants. Thosewhoate the
bitter plants would die, while those whospitthem out survived to pass on
their“I-don’t-like-this-taste” genes to their offspring, who would pass on the
genes to theiroffspring, and so on, untilafter a long period of time there isan
entire population of humans that naturally avoids bitter-tasting substances

38. Eclectic Approach
No one perspective has all the answers. Some
perspectives are more scientific (e.g., behavioral
and cognitive) while others are based more in
thinking about human behavior (e.g.,
psychodynamic and humanistic). Some, like
sociocultural, biopsychological, and
evolutionary perspectives, are related to each
other. Psychologists will often take an eclectic
perspective—one that uses the “bits and pieces”
of several perspectives that seem to best fit a
particularsituation.
An Eclectic Perspective inpsychotherapy is
one thatcombines aspects of twoormore
differentapproaches to meet the needs of a
client. Forexample, an eclectic therapist
mightuse techniques frompsychodynamic
therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and
dialectal behavioral therapy, depending on
whatworksbest fora particular client.

39. Why studying psychology isimportant
in business management ?
It will help you understand human behavior and mental
processes and allow you to better understand how we
think act and feel.
It allows people to understand more about how the body
and mind work together. This knowledge can help with
decision-making and avoiding stressful situations.
It can promotes self awareness.
It helps to understand the behavior of people.