Introduction to Sociology for physiotherapists.pptxMumux Mirani
Introductory ppt and/or lecture on Sociology for physiotherapists. sociology, social psychology, psychology, health and sociology, health and psychology
health promotion in sociology, anthropology. medicine and sociology
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces
Introduction to Sociology for physiotherapists.pptxMumux Mirani
Introductory ppt and/or lecture on Sociology for physiotherapists. sociology, social psychology, psychology, health and sociology, health and psychology
health promotion in sociology, anthropology. medicine and sociology
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces
These are the work of Our teacher. It explains the basics of psychology as a subject. It covers basic ideas and concepts after which a student will be able to grasp the meaning of psychology as a subject.
It contains definitions from different authors and concepts like
Sensation
Perception
Learning
Behaviour
Modes of learning etc.
These are the work of Our teacher. It explains the basics of psychology as a subject. It covers basic ideas and concepts after which a student will be able to grasp the meaning of psychology as a subject.
It contains definitions from different authors and concepts like
Sensation
Perception
Learning
Behaviour
Modes of learning etc.
The term psychology, Components to psychology, Holistic approach to health care, Psychological Homeostasis, Structuralism, Functionalism, Historical development of Psychology, Counseling Psychology, Educational Psychology, Research Psychology, Industrial Psychology.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction and history of Psychology
• Branches- Pure and Applied Psychology
• Schools of Psychology
• Methods of Psychology
• Psychology in Physiotherapy and Nursing
3. Introduction to Psychology
• The word psychology was derived from two Greek words, namely
Psyche and Logos. Psyche means soul and Logos means study or
science so the literal meaning of the term psychology is the study
of soul.
• According to American Professor Walter Bowers Pillsbury
Psychology is defined as the science of human behavior.
• NL Munn says, “Psychology is a science and the properly trained
psychologist is a scientist, or at least a practitioner who uses
scientific methods and information resulting from scientific
investigation.”
4. Other definitions of Psychology
• Psychology means “Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
and they are affected by the organism’s physical and mental states
and external environment.”
• According to CT Morgan “Psychology is the science of human and
animal behavior, and it includes the application of this science to
human problems.
5. • Study of Behavior?
• Behavior includes anything a person or animal does that
can be observed in some way, unlike mind or thoughts or
feelings. Behavior is the avenue through which internal
mental events can be studied.
• Goals of Psychology:
• To describe behavior and mental processes
• To understand behavior and mental processes
• To predict behavior and mental processes
• To control or modify behavior and mental processes.
6. Branches of Psychology
• Clinical psychology
• Counselling psychology
• School and Educational psychology
• Experimental and physiological psychology
• Industrial and organizational psychology
• Social psychology
• Developmental psychology
• Community psychology
• Abnormal Psychology.
-Applied fields:
• Psychology applied to Crime
• Psychology applied to Military Affairs
• Psychology in Law
• Psychology in Administration
• Psychology in Mental Health.
7. • Clinical Psychology:
• Clinical Psychologists are also doctors who diagnose psychological disorders
and treat them by means of Psychotherapy.
• Differences between clinical psychologist, psychiatrist and psychotherapist.
• Clinical Psychologist-PhD or PsyD (Doctor of Psychology).
• Psychiatrist- MD (Doctor of medicine)
• Psychoanalyst- MD degree (Techniques from Freud and followers)
• Clinical psychologist are better trained in doing research and involved in
systematically studying better ways of diagnosing, treating and preventing
behavioral techniques
• Counselling Psychology:
• Same work as that of clinical psychologist, but they work with people who
have milder emotional and personal problems.
• May use psychotherapy and tests to assess the patient.
8. • School and educational Psychology:
• School psychologist deals with the learning difficulties of
students and trying to remedy them. The school psychologist
collects information from students and his/her parents. Some
other school psychologists are involved in vocational and other
forms of counseling. They are the school counsellors.
• Educational Psychologist deals with more general, less immediate
problem. Psychologist are concerned with increasing efficiency of
learning in school by applying psychological knowledge.
9. • Experimental and Physiological Psychology:
• Experimental psychology tries to understand the fundamental causes of
behavior. Experimental psychologists do basic research and studying
such fundamental processes as learning, memory, thinking, sensation
and perception, motivation and emotion.
• Physiological psychology is considered to be a part of the broader field
of neurobiology (the study of the nervous system and its function).
These psychologists are concerned with relationships of the brain and
other biological activity to behavior.
10. • Industrial and Organisational Psychology:
• It involves application of practical problems of work and commerce.
first application to the problems of industry and organization was the
use of intelligence and aptitude tests in selecting employees, but
nowadays its used for :
• Problems of management and employee training.
• Supervision of personnel.
• Improving communication within the organization.
• Counsel employees.
• Train management and employees in human-relations skills.
11. • Social Psychology:
• It includes the study of ways in which we perceive other people and how
those perceptions affect our behavior towards them. Primary focus is to
understand how other people affect individuals.
• Developmental Psychology:
• It is to understand complex behavior by studying their beginnings and the
orderly ways in they change with time.
• Psychologists are concerned with children who have behavioral problems or
psychological disorders.
• Community Psychology:
• It applies psychological principles, idea and points of view to solve social
problems and help individuals adapt to their work and living groups.
12. • Abnormal Psychology:
• It deals with the abnormal behavior of the individual. Four aspects of
behavior is represented as 4D’s:
• Deviance: Behavior that is different/deviant than the normal.
• Distress: A behavior that causes distress to the individual’s family
members and society.
• Dysfunction: A behavior that interferes with daily functioning of individual
leading to dysfunction
• Danger: Behavior of the individual that is dangerous to the individual
itself and/or individual’s family member or society.
• Abnormal Psychology deals with studying of mental disorders, their causes
and also the treatment.
13. SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
• Groups of like-minded psychologists formed around influential
teachers who argued for one viewpoint or another.
• Early schools of Psychology.
• Modern(current) perspectives.
• Early schools of Psychology:
• Structuralism(Wilhelm Wunt/B. Titchener—1867-1927, Germany)
• Gestalt psychology(Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka et all—1912,Germany)
• Functionalism (John Dewey, James Angelld Harvey—Chicago)
• Behaviorism (John B. Watson—1879-1958, Hopkins University)
• Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud—1856-1938, Austria).
14. STRUCTURALISM
• Formulated by Wilhelm Wunt/B. Titchener—1867-1927, Germany.
• Its aim was to find the units or elements which make up the element and they
thought that first step must be a description of basis, or elementary, units of
sensation, image and emotion which comprise it.
• The subjects will be trained to report as objectively as possible what they
experienced in connection with a certain stimulus.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY:
• Formulated by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka et all—1912,Germany.
• Stated that that mind should be thought of as resulting from the whole
pattern of sensory activity and the relationship and organization within this
pattern.
15. • FUNCTIONALISM
• Formulated by John Dewey, James Angelld Harvey—Chicago proposed that
Psychology should study what mind and behavior do.
• They felt that mind and behavior are adaptive, also that individual adjust to
the changing environment.
• PSYCHOANALYSIS:
• Freud said that what we do and think results from urges or drives, which seek
expression in behavior and thought.
• Unconscious motivation- Unconscious drives which shows up in behavior and
thought.
16. • BEHAVIORISM:
• Watson rejected mind as a subject of psychology and insisted that psychology
be restricted to the study of behavior—the observable activities of people
and animals.
• It focused on conditioned responses as building blocks of behavior rather than sensation,
image or emotion as like structuralism.
• Focused on learned rather than unlearned behaviors.
• He opinionated that we can learn our own behavior from the study of what animals do.
17. Modern perspectives:
• Behavioral perspective: It focuses on the observed behavior of people and animal
and not on their mental processes
• Biological perspective: It tries to relate behavior and mental events (especially
activity of their nervous system and glandular systems).
• Cognitive perspective: It says behavior and mind are to be understood in terms of
the ways in which information from the environment, received through the senses,
is processed.
• Social perspective: Social Perspectives are interested in the interactions between
and among people, which influence mind and behavior.
• Humanistic perspective: It emphasizes a person’s sense of self and each individual
attempts to achieve competence and self-esteem
• Developmental perspective: It focuses on the series of changes that occur in an
orderly, predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience.
• Psychoanalytic perspective: It focuses on the unconscious motives and defense
mechanisms, which manifest themselves in mental life and behavior
18. Methods of Psychology
• Following are the different methods of psychology:
• Experimental method.
• Observation method.
• Introspection method.
• Inventory method.
• Case study method.
• Survey method.
19. Experimental method
• In this method, the experimenter:
• Changes or varies the events which are hypothesized to have an effect
• Experimenter keeps other conditions constant.
• Looks for an effect of the change or variation.
Experimental method is a research method where investigator systematically
alters one or more variable in order to determine whether such changes will
influence some aspects of behavior.
• Types:
• Laboratory experiment
• Field experiment
20. • Laboratory Experiment:
Following components are present:
• Hypothesis-Hypothesis is a statement of a particular situation.
• Variables-It is an event or condition, which can have different values.
Dependent variable: It is the behavior of the person or animal in the
experiment
Independent variable: It is a condition set by an experimenter.
• Control-It is a very important characteristic of the experimental method. Only
specified independent variable be allowed to change. Factors other than the
independent variable, which might affect the dependent variable, must be
held constant.
• In this method one group with the independent variable and the other
group without the independent variable
21. • Field experiment:
• These experiments are performed in natural settings, in the field to avoid
artificiality and demand characteristics.
• In this method, dependent variables are measured usually without the
subject’s knowledge about their participation.
Limitations:
• Bias due to the demand characteristics of the experimental situation
(increased motivation)
• Bias due to the unintentional influence of the experimenter.
• It cannot always be used, if the experiment might be dangerous to the
subject.
• It uses an artificial experimental situation
Advantages:
• Replication (It can be repeated and checked by anybody) or check-up ability
22. • Observation method:
• It is a research method in which various aspects of behavior are carefully
observed in the settings where such behavior naturally occurs. It studies
people’s reactions to the naturally occurring events in natural settings.
• Types of Observation Method There are two types of observation method,
which are as follows:
• Indirect observation.
• Direct observation.
• Indirect observation: Motion pictures, verbal reports and most sophisticated
video pictures and audio recordings can be validated and compared with actual
behavior through observation. E.g.—Motion pictures of newborn babies reveal
the details of movement patterns.
23. • Direct observation:It can be of three types,
• Laboratory observation.
• Naturalistic observation.
• Participation observation.
• Laboratory observation:
• behavioral scientist creates a standard setting, which stimulates behavior of
interest, and allows exact unbiased measurements to be made. Because
subjects are exposed to the same situation, it is relatively easy to compare
their responses. Participants or subjects may know the presence but they
rarely know precisely why they are being studied.
• Naturalistic observation: Viewing behavior in a natural setting. E.g.—the
observer sitting on a park bench pretending to be absorbed in a book can observe
Peoples reactions to a beggar requesting money.
24. • Participant observation: In this they join the activities that are being watched
and consequently being mistaken by the subjects as member of their own group.
Advantage: Close contact with the subjects.
Disadvantage: Observers may unknowingly influence the subject’s behavior.
• Limitation:
• Interpretation may substitute description.
• The data obtained are relatively informal, subjective, biased or
prejudiced and can reduce scientific value
• Data collected may be inadequate and incomplete.
• The observer has to wait for a long time.
• It is impossible to control all the variables, which determine the
behavior under study.
25. • Introspection method:
• It means looking within or to look into one’s own self, i.e. one’s own thoughts,
feelings and experiences at the time of living through the experiment in a
given situation at the given time and to a given stimulus.
• But unfortunately one cannot look into one’s own self and live through his
experiences simultaneously.
• So the subject has to look back to know the experiences he had. In that case
this method can be called as Retrospection.
• Limitations:
• Can’t be used for children/animal.
• Needs memory power.
• All the experiences can’t be recalled again.
26. • Inventory method:
• It is the most popular method and is quite useful in collecting both quantitative
and qualitative information. Questionnaire refers to a device for securing
answer to questions by using a form which the respondent fills himself or
herself.
• Classification:
• PV Young classification:
Structured questionnaire: It contains definite, concrete and precoordinated
questions.
Nonstructured questionnaire: It contains definite subject matter areas, the
coverage of which is decided by the interviewer. He is free to arrange the form
and timing of enquiry.
• Georg A. Lundberg classification:
Questionnaire of Facts.
Questionnaire of Opinion and Attitude.
• John Best classification:
Closed form Questionnaire: A short response is needed like ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
Open form Questionnaire: It provides for a free response in the respondent’s
own words.
27. • Characteristics:
• The items (questions) should not be vaguely worded.
• The items should be arranged in categories to ensure accurate responses.
• It should provide complete and clear direction to the respondents.
• Annoying items must be avoided.
• It should not be too lengthy.
• Limitations:
• The respondent may not reveal his true personality. So data may be invalid.
• It is a subjective technique and the results obtained cannot be verified.
• It cannot be used for illiterates and children.
• Some persons may not like to answer on controversial issues.
• Advantages:
• It is easy to fill up.
• Less expensive and less time consuming.
• It is relatively objective.
28. • Case study method:
• Case study or case history is a scientific method of research in which detailed
information about the individual collected or gathered either from the
person, his relatives friends or associates or from any other available records
to develop general principles about behavior.
• Most case histories are prepared by reconstructing the biography of a person
according to remembered events and records. So the use of retrospective
method may result in distortions of events or oversights but it is often the
only available method.
• Sometimes a longitudinal study also used to collect data from individual in
which an investigator observes the individual according to a plan. Freud based
his entire theory of personality on Case Study Method
29. • Survey method:
• It is one of the research methods in which large number of people answer
questions about aspect of their views or their behavior attitudes.
• An adequate survey requires a valid and reliable questionnaire, carefully
selected population sample, trained interviewers and appropriate methods of
data analysis and interpretation.
• Co-relation approach: Take people as they are and studies what they do usually without
changing the conditions, under which they perform certain tasks.
• Longitudinal approach: The study is spread over a long period of time and mostly used
in developmental psychology.
• Cross-sectional approach: Take as many individuals and study them simultaneously.
Statistical analysis is taken for calculating and analyzing the data and conclusions are
drawn. Its used to obtain certain information regarding distributions, Attitudes and
prejudice.
30. Psychology in Physiotherapy and Nursing
• Why?
• As psychology in general has become more involved in rehabilitation
medicine, There has been an increase in number of basic and applied
investigations that utilize a behavioral or learning approach with this
population.
• The emergence of social medicine principles proved that diseases have got
some bases with the psychosocial factors, which can interfere and alter the
process and prognosis of it.
• We should be aware of those factors to achieve a good and satisfactory
improvement of the patients.
• After detail study of Psychology, it can be applied in dealing with patients.
• It describes the coping abilities, Defense mechanism used by patients and
their relevance to diseased conditions.