This document provides an introduction to psychology and its various branches. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It describes the goals of psychology as describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior. The document then outlines several historical approaches to psychology such as structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and humanism. It concludes by describing the basic and applied branches of psychology such as clinical, counseling, educational, and forensic psychology.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It has the same goals as other sciences; to describe, explain, predict and control behaviour. Utilizes critical thinking. Theories are based on empirical data. Research is conducted in a systematic and scientific manner
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It has the same goals as other sciences; to describe, explain, predict and control behaviour. Utilizes critical thinking. Theories are based on empirical data. Research is conducted in a systematic and scientific manner
Introducing Psychology. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. ... Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counselling and therapy for people in distress.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Introducing Psychology. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. The word “psychology” comes from the Greek words “psyche,” meaning life, and “logos,” meaning explanation. ... Psychologists do work in forensic fields, and they do provide counselling and therapy for people in distress.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. PSYCHOLOGY
The scientific study of behavior and the
mental process that is tested through
scientific research.
The field is scientific in that approaches
(should be systematic in approach) to
studies are done orderly and systematically
in order to obtain objective evidence.
3. PSYCHOLOGY
Psychologists study overt and covert behavior.
The overt behaviors are observable behavior, while
covert behaviors include private mental processes
that cannot be directly observed or measured and
must be inferred from overt behavior.
Examples of overt behaviours are; laughing,
walking, eating, gestures, facial expression etc and
covert behaviour include the following; Perceiving,
remembering, reasoning, thinking, creating,
feelings etc
4. GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Psychologists seek to do four things when studying
behaviors:
Describe: What is the nature of the behavior? It gathers
information on studied behavior and present what is
known.
Explain: Why does it occur? Creating a hypothesis
(educated guess) to understand why a behavior is
practiced.
Predict: By studying past behaviors, future behaviors
can be predicted based upon theory
Control behavior: What factors influence the
behavior? Influence- using what is known to influence
future behavior.
5. HISTORICAL APPROACH TO
PSYCHOLOGY
Structuralism – Study of basic elements that make up
human experiences.
Wilhelm Wundt – In 1879, used people’s self
observations about their thoughts (introspection) to map
out structure of the thought process.
Functionalism – study of the function or how people &
animals adapt to environment. William James – known
as the “father of psychology” taught first psych class in
1875 and wrote first textbook in 1890. He was concerned
with ongoing conscious experience and the functions of
mental processes. His views gave rise to the branch of
psychology called Functionalism.
6. HISTORICAL APPROACH (Cont’d)
Inheritable Traits – study of how heredity
influences a person’s ability, character, and behavior.
Is behavior determined by heredity or environment?
Sir Francis Galton – Concluded that intelligence
was hereditary / good marriages would supply the
world with talented offspring. (1883).
Gestalt Psychology - Perception is more than the
sum of its parts – it involves a whole pattern. German
group that picked apart cognitive thought process.
7. HISTORICAL APPROACH (Cont’d)
Contemporary Approaches to Psychology (mid
1900’s to Present)
Psychoanalytic Psychology- study of unconscious
motives & conflict determine behavior. Sigmund
Freud – used free association and dream analysis to
study behavior (1940).
Behaviorism – Study of how organisms learn or
change behavior based upon responses to events in their
environment. (Early-mid1900’s). it held the view that
only overt behavior can be studied scientifically. They
advocated the use of strict experimental procedure in
psychology.
8. Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
(mid 1900’s to Present)
Strict behaviorists believed that all behaviours are
shaped by the environment. “Give me a dozen
healthy infants, well-formed,….. regardless of his
talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations,
and race of his ancestors”…….John Watson.
Ivan Pavlov – Classical conditioning experiment with
dog’s salivation.
B.F. Skinner – Introduced concept reinforcement to
show how behaviors repeat.
John B. Watson –Behavior occurs due to stimuli in
environment.
9. Contemporary Approaches
Humanistic Psychology – Belief that each person
has freedom in directing his/her future an achieving
personal growth. Humans are not controlled by
environment, but by their own self concept. Humans
are not being controlled by unconscious or
environmental forces, we have free will, goals,
aspirations and other positive motives which should
be studied. It is influenced by Carl Rogers.
Abraham Maslow – Humanist whose views
differed from behaviorists and psychoanalysts.
10. Contemporary Approaches
Cognitive Psychology – Study of how we process,
store retrieve, and use information and how the
thought process influences our behaviors. (since
1950’s). Jean Piaget – leader in the cognitive field
of psychology.
Biological Psychology – study of how physical
and chemical changes in our bodies influence
behaviors. Explains the brain, nervous system,
hormones effect on behavior.
Sociocultural Psychology – study of cultural and
socioeconomic influences on behaviors
11. BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
These branches are broadly divided into two
categories;
Basic Branches: This provides the theoretical
framework of the subject. These branches deals
with formulation of principles, theories and
suggest different methods for the assessment of
behaviour.
The pure branches also suggest certain techniques
for the modification of problematic behaviour.
12. BRANCHES (Cont’d)
General psychology: It explains various psychological
processes such as sensations, perception, emotions,
learning, intelligence, personality etc.
Developmental psychology: It explains the growth
and development of various processes in relation to
behaviour. It explains human life through the stages of
conception to old age.
Child psychology: Childhood extends from 2 to 12
years. This is a crucial period in the life. Future life
depends upon development during childhood. Growth
and development will be rapid during this stage. Child
psychology deals with these aspects.
13. BRANCHES (Cont’d)
Physiological psychology: This branch describes the
biological basis of behavior.
Animal psychology: It deals with behaviour of
animals.
Social psychology: It deals with interrelationships of
people among themselves, likes and dislikes of people,
attitudes and interests.
Experimental Psychology – studies sensation,
behavior, perception, learning, motivation, and emotion
in controlled laboratory conditions.
Parapsychology: Some of the psychological
experiences are beyond the reach of 5 sense organs. This
is the reason why they are called Extra-sensory
perceptions (ESP)
14. BRANCHES (Cont’d)
Applied branches deals with the application of
psychological principles and techniques for
approaching the problems in different fields of life.
Clinical Psychologist- Diagnoses and treats
people with emotional disturbances (about ½ of all
psychologists are clinical).
Counseling Psychologist- Help people deal with
problems /challenges of life.
Educational Psychologist – Study topics related
to educating children such as intelligence, memory,
and problem solving.
15. BRANCHES (Cont’d)
Community Psychologist – Studies behavior in
mental health or social welfare institution in order
to design run or evaluate programs for patients.
Industrial/Organizational Psychologist –
Studies concepts to make the workplace more
satisfying for employees and managers.
16. BRANCHES (End)
Forensic Psychologist – Studies, diagnoses, and
evaluates testimony regarding the law and criminal
behavior (Also includes effects of court on children,
jury selection, counseling victims)
Sports Psychology- Studies athletics and athletic
performance. Often use visualization to help athletes
mentally rehearse successful steps in completing
tasks while reducing negative thoughts of failure.