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by:

Sara Zubair (54)
            and
Hina Ashraf(47)
Definition:
 The term parapsychology (also known as psi
 phenomena) originates from para meaning
 "alongside", and psychology(study of mind).


 Parapsychologists study a number of
 apparent paranormal phenomena,
 including telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psych
 okinesis, near-death experiences and reincarnation.
History:
 The
 term parapsychology
 was coined in or around
 1889 by
 philosopher Max
 Dessoir.
 The Society for Psychical
 Research(SPR) was founded in
 London in late 19th century. The
 formation of the SPR was the first
 systematic effort to organize
 scientists and scholars for a
 critical and sustained
 investigation of paranormal
 phenomena.

 William James fully supported
 this work.
Rhine Era:
 In 1911, Stanford
  University became the first
  academic institution in the United
  States to study extrasensory
  perception (ESP) in a laboratory
  setting.

 The publication of J.B. Rhine's
  book, New Frontiers of the
  Mind (1937) brought the
  laboratory's findings to the general
  public.                                Joseph Banks Rhine
The 1970s and 1980s:
 The affiliation of the Parapsychological Association
 (PA) with the American Association for the
 Advancement of Science in the 1970s, led to a decade
 of increased parapsychological research.

 In 1985 a Chair of Parapsychology was established
 within the Department of Psychology at
 the University of Edinburgh.
Most Recent Developements:
 Since the 1980s, contemporary
  parapsychological research has
  waned considerably in the United
  States.Early research was considered
  inconclusive, and parapsychologists
  were faced with strong opposition
  from their academic colleagues.

 Rupert Sheldrake is an English
  biochemist. He is known for his
                                         Rupert Sheldrake
  research into parapsychology.
Kirlian Photography:
 Some effects thought to be paranormal, for example
 the effects of Kirlian Photography.

 Kirlian photography is a collection of photographic
 techniques used to capture the phenomenon of
 electrical discharges. It is named after Semyon
 Kirlian, who, in 1939 accidentally discovered that if
 an object on a photographic plate is connected to a
 high-voltage source, an image is produced on the
 photographic plate.
Photos with KP Phenomena:
Scope:
Parapsychologists study a
  number of ostensible
  paranormal phenomena,
  including but not limited to:

 Telepathy: Transfer of
 information on thoughts or
 feelings between individuals
 by means other than the five
 classical senses.
Ganzfeld Experiment:
•The Ganzfeld (German for "whole
field") is a technique used to test
individuals for telepathy.


•In this picture a participant of
a Ganzfeld experiment, which
proponents say shows evidence
of telepathy.
Scope:cont...
 Precognition: Perception of
  information about future places or
  events before they occur.

 The existence of precognition, as
                                         Complex Presentiment:
  with other forms of extrasensory       Half-Figure in a Yellow
  perception, is not accepted as other   Shirt by Kazimir
  than a purely psychological process    Malevich.
  by the mainstream scientific
  community because no replicable
  demonstration, "on demand", has
  ever been achieved.[
Scope:contn...
 Clairvoyance: Obtaining
 information about places or
 events at remote locations, by
 means unknown to current
 science.

 Parapsychology, including
 the study of clairvoyance, is
 an example of pseudoscience.
Scope:contn...
 Psychokinesis: The ability of
  the mind to influence matter,
  time, space, or energy by means
  unknown to current science.

 Some psychokinesis researchers
  claim psychokinesis exists and
  deserves further study, although
  the focus of research has shifted
  away from large-scale
  phenomena to small
  phenomena.
Scope:contn...
 Near-death experiences: An
  experience reported by a person who
  nearly died, or who
  experienced clinical death and then
  revived.

 NDEs include one or more of the
  following experiences: a sense of being
  dead; a sensation of floating above
  one's body and seeing the surrounding
  area; a sense of overwhelming love and
  peace; a sensation of moving upwards
  through a tunnel; encountering a
  being of light,
Scope:contn...
 Reincarnation: The rebirth of a
  soul or other non-physical aspect
  of human consciousness in a new
  physical body after death.

 It is specifically the study of "cases
  of the reincarnation type", that is,
  cases in which a young child
  "spontaneously makes remarks
  about a previous life he would
  have led before his birth“.(Central
  belief of Hinduism).
Issues and Debates:
 Parapsychological theories are
  currently viewed
  as pseudoscientific by the
  scientific community as they are
  incompatible with well
  established laws of science.

 Scientists critical of
  parapsychology stated
  parapsychology as clustering             Fabricated images
  illusion, availability error, illusion   of ghosts such as this
  of control or magical thinking.          were very popular in the
                                           19th century
Issues and Debates:contn...
 Critical analysts, including some
  parapsychologists, are not satisfied
  with experimental parapschology
  studies, contend that apparently
  successful experimental results in psi
  research are more likely due to
  poorly trained researchers, or
  methodological flaws rather than to
  genuine psi effects.

 Stage magician and skeptic ,James        James Randi
  Randi has demonstrated that magic
  tricks can simulate or duplicate some
  supposedly psychic phenomena.
Special Thanks To:
Dr Amra who provided us that very opportunity and her
permission to work on this topic.

Sources and Reference Books:

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Parapsychology

  • 1. by: Sara Zubair (54) and Hina Ashraf(47)
  • 2. Definition:  The term parapsychology (also known as psi phenomena) originates from para meaning "alongside", and psychology(study of mind).  Parapsychologists study a number of apparent paranormal phenomena, including telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psych okinesis, near-death experiences and reincarnation.
  • 3. History:  The term parapsychology was coined in or around 1889 by philosopher Max Dessoir.
  • 4.  The Society for Psychical Research(SPR) was founded in London in late 19th century. The formation of the SPR was the first systematic effort to organize scientists and scholars for a critical and sustained investigation of paranormal phenomena.  William James fully supported this work.
  • 5. Rhine Era:  In 1911, Stanford University became the first academic institution in the United States to study extrasensory perception (ESP) in a laboratory setting.  The publication of J.B. Rhine's book, New Frontiers of the Mind (1937) brought the laboratory's findings to the general public. Joseph Banks Rhine
  • 6. The 1970s and 1980s:  The affiliation of the Parapsychological Association (PA) with the American Association for the Advancement of Science in the 1970s, led to a decade of increased parapsychological research.  In 1985 a Chair of Parapsychology was established within the Department of Psychology at the University of Edinburgh.
  • 7. Most Recent Developements:  Since the 1980s, contemporary parapsychological research has waned considerably in the United States.Early research was considered inconclusive, and parapsychologists were faced with strong opposition from their academic colleagues.  Rupert Sheldrake is an English biochemist. He is known for his Rupert Sheldrake research into parapsychology.
  • 8. Kirlian Photography:  Some effects thought to be paranormal, for example the effects of Kirlian Photography.  Kirlian photography is a collection of photographic techniques used to capture the phenomenon of electrical discharges. It is named after Semyon Kirlian, who, in 1939 accidentally discovered that if an object on a photographic plate is connected to a high-voltage source, an image is produced on the photographic plate.
  • 9. Photos with KP Phenomena:
  • 10. Scope: Parapsychologists study a number of ostensible paranormal phenomena, including but not limited to:  Telepathy: Transfer of information on thoughts or feelings between individuals by means other than the five classical senses.
  • 11. Ganzfeld Experiment: •The Ganzfeld (German for "whole field") is a technique used to test individuals for telepathy. •In this picture a participant of a Ganzfeld experiment, which proponents say shows evidence of telepathy.
  • 12. Scope:cont...  Precognition: Perception of information about future places or events before they occur.  The existence of precognition, as Complex Presentiment: with other forms of extrasensory Half-Figure in a Yellow perception, is not accepted as other Shirt by Kazimir than a purely psychological process Malevich. by the mainstream scientific community because no replicable demonstration, "on demand", has ever been achieved.[
  • 13. Scope:contn...  Clairvoyance: Obtaining information about places or events at remote locations, by means unknown to current science.  Parapsychology, including the study of clairvoyance, is an example of pseudoscience.
  • 14. Scope:contn...  Psychokinesis: The ability of the mind to influence matter, time, space, or energy by means unknown to current science.  Some psychokinesis researchers claim psychokinesis exists and deserves further study, although the focus of research has shifted away from large-scale phenomena to small phenomena.
  • 15. Scope:contn...  Near-death experiences: An experience reported by a person who nearly died, or who experienced clinical death and then revived.  NDEs include one or more of the following experiences: a sense of being dead; a sensation of floating above one's body and seeing the surrounding area; a sense of overwhelming love and peace; a sensation of moving upwards through a tunnel; encountering a being of light,
  • 16. Scope:contn...  Reincarnation: The rebirth of a soul or other non-physical aspect of human consciousness in a new physical body after death.  It is specifically the study of "cases of the reincarnation type", that is, cases in which a young child "spontaneously makes remarks about a previous life he would have led before his birth“.(Central belief of Hinduism).
  • 17. Issues and Debates:  Parapsychological theories are currently viewed as pseudoscientific by the scientific community as they are incompatible with well established laws of science.  Scientists critical of parapsychology stated parapsychology as clustering Fabricated images illusion, availability error, illusion of ghosts such as this of control or magical thinking. were very popular in the 19th century
  • 18. Issues and Debates:contn...  Critical analysts, including some parapsychologists, are not satisfied with experimental parapschology studies, contend that apparently successful experimental results in psi research are more likely due to poorly trained researchers, or methodological flaws rather than to genuine psi effects.  Stage magician and skeptic ,James James Randi Randi has demonstrated that magic tricks can simulate or duplicate some supposedly psychic phenomena.
  • 19. Special Thanks To: Dr Amra who provided us that very opportunity and her permission to work on this topic. Sources and Reference Books: