This lecture slide concerns the accuracy report of eye witness testimony. How accurate are eye-witness testimonials? And how can we interview witness so that their reports can be more accurate? It identifies the 'Cognitive Interview Model' which is a interview approach for increasing accuracy of reports while minimizes false information. One of the main mistake of interviewers are asking misleading questions. For instance, 'did you see the gun?' as opposed to 'did you see 'a' gun?' First part was misleading because it implies that a gun was witnessed when in fact there may not have been a gun present.
Add your comments and questions below.
Forensic psychology is the application of psychological methods, theories, and concepts to the legal system. The history of forensic psychology in the United States began in the early 1900s as psychologists began testifying in court cases and working in correctional settings. Key events included the first use of psychological testing by police in 1916 and the first American psychologist qualifying as an expert witness in 1921. Forensic psychologists now work in a variety of legal contexts, including evaluating competency, insanity, risk assessment, and providing expert testimony.
This document provides information about Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling (BEOS) and polygraph techniques. BEOS is a non-invasive technique that detects a suspect's involvement in a crime by eliciting electrophysiological responses in the brain. It involves attaching an EEG cap to measure electrical activity in response to probes. Polygraph measures physiological indicators like respiration, sweating and heart rate that change when a person is lying or experiencing stress. Both techniques aim to detect deception by analyzing involuntary physiological responses, but have also faced criticism regarding their accuracy and infringement on rights.
A forensic psychologist plays a valuable role in the criminal justice system, even more so at a crime scene. Though not dealing directly with bodies or physical evidence, a forensic psychology practitioner tries to identify a perpetrator using psychological principles and tools.
Criminal profiling combines elements of psychology and law enforcement to analyze criminal behavior and draw conclusions about the characteristics of unknown offenders. There are two main types of criminal profiling: inductive profiling compares current crimes to past offenders with similar backgrounds, while deductive profiling focuses on the specifics of each individual crime. The FBI uses a five-stage process for criminal profiling that includes compiling case data, assessing the crime, creating an offender profile, guiding the investigation, and ultimately apprehending the offender. Profiling techniques can provide insights to help narrow investigations and determine if multiple crimes were committed by one or more offenders.
Layered Voice Analysis - lie detector or moreGuy Van Damme
This document discusses psychophysiology and layered voice analysis (LVA) as a tool for detecting deception. It provides background on psychophysiology, which studies the physiological bases of psychological processes. When threatened or lying, the sympathetic nervous system activates the fight or flight response, producing physiological changes. LVA analyzes the entire vocal spectrum and correlates vocal parameters with emotions like stress. It can process live or recorded conversations to generate an emotional profile and detect emotional deviations that indicate risk. The document outlines how LVA compares to polygraph and other voice stress analysis tools, and provides examples of its use in investigations, call centers, and research validating its effectiveness.
1. Early psychological explanations of criminal behavior included demonic possession, physical abnormalities, and mental retardation. Rational choice theory proposed that criminal acts result from weighing rewards against risks and deterrence of punishment.
2. Major modern theories include psychodynamic perspectives focusing on childhood experiences and personality development, behaviorism which posits that aggression is learned through modeling, and cognitive theories examining faulty information processing and moral development.
3. Biological factors like biochemical imbalances, genetics, neurological defects, and evolutionary influences on aggression are also considered, as are trait theories related to antisocial personality and intelligence. Dominant views today recognize the interaction between psychological and sociological influences in contributing to criminal behavior.
The document discusses various methods used for lie detection, including psycho-physiological detection of deception (PDD) using polygraph tests, psychological stress evaluator (PSE), hypnosis, truth serums, and brain printing. It provides details on the scientific basis and procedures for PDD and notes some limitations, such as the potential for bias and subjectivity. Rights of subjects and guidelines from the National Human Rights Commission are also summarized.
Narco analysis, also known as truth serum, is a technique where drugs like sodium pentothal are administered intravenously to induce a hypnotic or semi-conscious state in subjects. It was developed in the early 20th century as a psychotherapy tool and diagnostic technique. While it aims to lower inhibitions and reveal information, there are concerns about reliability, risks to health, and violation of constitutional rights against self-incrimination. Its legal status in India remains ambiguous due to various court rulings on its admissibility as evidence.
Forensic psychology is the application of psychological methods, theories, and concepts to the legal system. The history of forensic psychology in the United States began in the early 1900s as psychologists began testifying in court cases and working in correctional settings. Key events included the first use of psychological testing by police in 1916 and the first American psychologist qualifying as an expert witness in 1921. Forensic psychologists now work in a variety of legal contexts, including evaluating competency, insanity, risk assessment, and providing expert testimony.
This document provides information about Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling (BEOS) and polygraph techniques. BEOS is a non-invasive technique that detects a suspect's involvement in a crime by eliciting electrophysiological responses in the brain. It involves attaching an EEG cap to measure electrical activity in response to probes. Polygraph measures physiological indicators like respiration, sweating and heart rate that change when a person is lying or experiencing stress. Both techniques aim to detect deception by analyzing involuntary physiological responses, but have also faced criticism regarding their accuracy and infringement on rights.
A forensic psychologist plays a valuable role in the criminal justice system, even more so at a crime scene. Though not dealing directly with bodies or physical evidence, a forensic psychology practitioner tries to identify a perpetrator using psychological principles and tools.
Criminal profiling combines elements of psychology and law enforcement to analyze criminal behavior and draw conclusions about the characteristics of unknown offenders. There are two main types of criminal profiling: inductive profiling compares current crimes to past offenders with similar backgrounds, while deductive profiling focuses on the specifics of each individual crime. The FBI uses a five-stage process for criminal profiling that includes compiling case data, assessing the crime, creating an offender profile, guiding the investigation, and ultimately apprehending the offender. Profiling techniques can provide insights to help narrow investigations and determine if multiple crimes were committed by one or more offenders.
Layered Voice Analysis - lie detector or moreGuy Van Damme
This document discusses psychophysiology and layered voice analysis (LVA) as a tool for detecting deception. It provides background on psychophysiology, which studies the physiological bases of psychological processes. When threatened or lying, the sympathetic nervous system activates the fight or flight response, producing physiological changes. LVA analyzes the entire vocal spectrum and correlates vocal parameters with emotions like stress. It can process live or recorded conversations to generate an emotional profile and detect emotional deviations that indicate risk. The document outlines how LVA compares to polygraph and other voice stress analysis tools, and provides examples of its use in investigations, call centers, and research validating its effectiveness.
1. Early psychological explanations of criminal behavior included demonic possession, physical abnormalities, and mental retardation. Rational choice theory proposed that criminal acts result from weighing rewards against risks and deterrence of punishment.
2. Major modern theories include psychodynamic perspectives focusing on childhood experiences and personality development, behaviorism which posits that aggression is learned through modeling, and cognitive theories examining faulty information processing and moral development.
3. Biological factors like biochemical imbalances, genetics, neurological defects, and evolutionary influences on aggression are also considered, as are trait theories related to antisocial personality and intelligence. Dominant views today recognize the interaction between psychological and sociological influences in contributing to criminal behavior.
The document discusses various methods used for lie detection, including psycho-physiological detection of deception (PDD) using polygraph tests, psychological stress evaluator (PSE), hypnosis, truth serums, and brain printing. It provides details on the scientific basis and procedures for PDD and notes some limitations, such as the potential for bias and subjectivity. Rights of subjects and guidelines from the National Human Rights Commission are also summarized.
Narco analysis, also known as truth serum, is a technique where drugs like sodium pentothal are administered intravenously to induce a hypnotic or semi-conscious state in subjects. It was developed in the early 20th century as a psychotherapy tool and diagnostic technique. While it aims to lower inhibitions and reveal information, there are concerns about reliability, risks to health, and violation of constitutional rights against self-incrimination. Its legal status in India remains ambiguous due to various court rulings on its admissibility as evidence.
The document lists names and roll numbers of 6 students and provides information about eyewitness testimony and factors that can affect it. It discusses how eyewitness testimony refers to accounts of events witnessed and is used in trials. It also explains that eyewitness recollection can be impacted by stress, a weapon's focus drawing attention, and reconstructive memory where recall is influenced by personal interpretation.
Forensic psychology is the intersection of psychology and the legal system. Forensic psychologists work in a variety of legal settings, including prisons, courts, and private practices. They conduct competency evaluations, provide expert testimony, assist in jury selection, and generate criminal profiles based on evidence from crime scenes. Criminal profiling involves analyzing the characteristics of a crime and offender to develop a profile of the type of person likely to have committed the offense. Forensic psychologists must differentiate between evaluating a defendant's mental state at the time of the offense (insanity) versus their competency to stand trial.
Forensic psychology involves the application of psychological principles to legal matters. The field has its origins in the late 19th century with early researchers studying eyewitness testimony and the accuracy of witness recall. Several important developments occurred in the early 20th century, including the first psychologist testifying in court about witness suggestibility in 1896 and the publication of one of the first textbooks on legal psychology in 1908. The field has continued to advance and become more specialized, with groups establishing specialty guidelines and the APA recognizing forensic psychology as an official specialty area in the early 2000s.
The polygraph test is used to test the truthfulness of a subject and gives its results on the basis of several physiological indices when the subject is asked a series of questions. The reports of this test can be used as a corroborative evidence in courts.
1. The accuracy of eyewitness testimony can be affected by misleading information like leading questions and post-event discussion.
2. Researcher Elizabeth Loftus has shown how memory can be changed by later information through experiments on factors like leading questions and post-event discussion.
3. One experiment found that post-event discussion between witnesses affected memory and led to inaccurate recall of a crime.
The document discusses signal detection theory and the four main functions of attention: signal detection, selective attention, divided attention, and search. It describes signal detection theory and the four possible outcomes of detecting or not detecting a target stimulus. It then discusses each of the four main functions of attention in more detail, including definitions, theories, and studies related to vigilance, selective attention, divided attention, and visual search. Finally, it discusses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its causes and symptoms.
This document discusses juvenile sexual offending in India. It notes the rise in juvenile crime rates and sexual assault cases. The 2015 amendment lowered the age of adult prosecution to 16 for serious crimes. Characteristics of juvenile sex offenders include being male adolescents aged 13-17, with impulse control issues and high rates of prior abuse and psychiatric disorders. Common etiological factors are physical/sexual abuse, exposure to violence, substance abuse, and pornography. Treatment focuses on changing behaviors in the youth's environment using family/social strengths. The conclusion calls for improved sex education, treatment, and addressing underlying causes to curb this problem.
Definition of forensic Psychology
History of forensic Psychology
Forensic Psychology in court
Subfields of forensic Psychology
Difference in the function of forensic and clinical psychology
Difference in forensic and clinical assessment
Roles of forensic Psychology
Ethical considerations
This document discusses various topics related to psychology and abnormal psychology. It defines key terms like psychology, criminal psychology, human behavior, and psychologists. It also outlines different schools of psychology like structuralism and functionalism. The document discusses factors that can contribute to abnormal behavior like biological, environmental, and social factors. It also summarizes different approaches to understanding abnormality like the medical, statistical, legal, and behavioral approaches. Major figures in the history of abnormal psychology are highlighted. The document also discusses concepts like stress, coping mechanisms, defense mechanisms, fear, and personality disorders.
The document discusses various psychological and sociological theories that attempt to explain terrorism and extremism. It covers psychopathological theories that examine the relationship between terrorism and mental illness. It also discusses rational choice theory, which views terrorist actions as rational decisions to achieve political goals. Several sociological theories are outlined, including social learning theory, frustration-aggression theory, relative deprivation theory, oppression theory, and national cultural theory. Finally, it analyzes psychoanalytic psychological theories of terrorism, including those focused on identity, narcissism, and paranoia.
This document discusses the history and role of forensic psychology. It began in the early 20th century when psychologists started applying psychological knowledge to legal issues. By the 1970s, forensic psychology had emerged as a distinct subspecialty with graduate programs and professional organizations. Today, forensic psychologists regularly provide expert testimony in civil and criminal cases on topics like eyewitness testimony and emotional damages. They also serve as consultants to legal agencies. The document outlines some of the major activities of forensic psychologists, including providing expert witness testimony to help courts understand and evaluate evidence.
What is the false confession and how to copyMohammad Rahat
The document discusses false confessions, including defining them, the main issues surrounding them, and how they can be discovered and excluded. There are three main types of false confessions: voluntary, coerced-compliant, and coerced-internalized. Reasons for voluntary false confessions include a need for fame or to protect the real criminal. False confessions can be excluded from evidence using sections 76(2), 78, and Code C of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. Psychologists' reports on the defendant and proper application of statutory law are suggested to help exclude false evidence.
Forensic scientists and law enforcement personnel work together to reconstruct crime scenes by carefully examining physical evidence such as bloodstain patterns. They document the scene through photos, notes, and sketches. By analyzing the size, shape, and location of bloodstains, they can determine key details about what happened, including the sequence of events, where victims and assailants were located, and how many blows were delivered. Bloodstain pattern analysis is a critical tool that helps solve crimes by answering the basic questions of who, what, when, where, why, and how.
Eyewitness testimony is unreliable due to flaws in human memory and perception. Memories are reconstructed rather than recorded, and are susceptible to biases and post-event information. Leading questions can influence a witness's response. While improvements have been made, eyewitness identification remains problematic in legal cases.
NARCOANALYSIS
Use in Forensic Science.
Introgation and Interview technology.
MEDICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT OF NARCOANALYSIS
Narcotic Drugs
Accuracy
NARCO ANALYSIS IN INDIA
To detect the truth of fact from the suspect's person.
Help to investigate the Criminal cases.
Recent cases
Forensic psychology is the intersection between psychology and the justice system. It provides psychological information to facilitate legal decisions. The field grew significantly after World War 2. Forensic psychologists work in clinical, developmental, and social psychology and assist with criminal investigations, profiling, rehabilitation, and analyzing crime trends. They help lawyers with jury selection, consulting, and witness preparation and testify in family, civil, and criminal courts. While criminal psychologists evaluate criminals, forensic psychologists work on all types of court cases, including civil matters not involving criminals. Forensic psychology is an emerging field in Pakistan.
Mental illness can be related to criminal behavior in several ways. Specific mental disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and substance abuse disorders have been linked to increased rates of violence and criminal acts. In terms of criminal responsibility, the McNaughton Rules and insanity defense evaluate if a defendant understood the nature and consequences of their actions or if mental illness caused them to not know right from wrong. Malaysian law also allows for diminished responsibility to reduce murder charges to manslaughter if a person's mental state impaired their responsibility.
This document provides an overview of polygraphy or lie detection. It discusses the history and development of the polygraph machine. The key components measure things like blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response. It works by recording physiological changes that occur when a person is lying or experiencing fear. The test involves different types of questions and analyzing the charts to detect deception. While it is used in criminal investigations and businesses, polygraph results are not admissible in court and accuracy can vary. Legal protocols require consent and presence of a lawyer. A Supreme Court of India case from 2010 is also referenced.
narco analysis test - An investigation technique. or deception detecting test used in Forensic laboratories to detect the fraud done by the accused person using 'TRUTH SERUM' or Sodium amytal.
1) The document discusses a study that investigated whether subliminally priming the color of a suspect's shirt can influence eyewitness identification. Participants watched a crime video and later identified a suspect from a lineup. The shirt color of each suspect was primed subliminally with a color word that either matched or didn't match the shirt.
2) Contrary to expectations, participants did not choose suspects more frequently when primed with a matching color. However, over 90% of participants falsely identified a suspect, despite the actual culprit not being in the lineup.
3) This study explored how implicit or subliminal priming could influence eyewitness identification, which has received little attention compared to research on explicit memory
This document discusses various methods used to detect deception, including polygraphs, behavioral analysis, and physiological measures. It provides details on:
- How polygraphs aim to detect deception based on physiological arousal but have limitations in reliability and accuracy.
- The three main types of polygraph tests (relevant/irrelevant, control question, and concealed information) and their assumptions.
- Research on the accuracy of control question tests and concealed information tests.
- Ways behavior can indicate deception, such as inconsistencies in facial expressions, body language, and verbal cues.
- Other physiological measures like penile plethysmography and viewing time assessments that aim to detect sexual interests but have issues with validity and standardization.
The document lists names and roll numbers of 6 students and provides information about eyewitness testimony and factors that can affect it. It discusses how eyewitness testimony refers to accounts of events witnessed and is used in trials. It also explains that eyewitness recollection can be impacted by stress, a weapon's focus drawing attention, and reconstructive memory where recall is influenced by personal interpretation.
Forensic psychology is the intersection of psychology and the legal system. Forensic psychologists work in a variety of legal settings, including prisons, courts, and private practices. They conduct competency evaluations, provide expert testimony, assist in jury selection, and generate criminal profiles based on evidence from crime scenes. Criminal profiling involves analyzing the characteristics of a crime and offender to develop a profile of the type of person likely to have committed the offense. Forensic psychologists must differentiate between evaluating a defendant's mental state at the time of the offense (insanity) versus their competency to stand trial.
Forensic psychology involves the application of psychological principles to legal matters. The field has its origins in the late 19th century with early researchers studying eyewitness testimony and the accuracy of witness recall. Several important developments occurred in the early 20th century, including the first psychologist testifying in court about witness suggestibility in 1896 and the publication of one of the first textbooks on legal psychology in 1908. The field has continued to advance and become more specialized, with groups establishing specialty guidelines and the APA recognizing forensic psychology as an official specialty area in the early 2000s.
The polygraph test is used to test the truthfulness of a subject and gives its results on the basis of several physiological indices when the subject is asked a series of questions. The reports of this test can be used as a corroborative evidence in courts.
1. The accuracy of eyewitness testimony can be affected by misleading information like leading questions and post-event discussion.
2. Researcher Elizabeth Loftus has shown how memory can be changed by later information through experiments on factors like leading questions and post-event discussion.
3. One experiment found that post-event discussion between witnesses affected memory and led to inaccurate recall of a crime.
The document discusses signal detection theory and the four main functions of attention: signal detection, selective attention, divided attention, and search. It describes signal detection theory and the four possible outcomes of detecting or not detecting a target stimulus. It then discusses each of the four main functions of attention in more detail, including definitions, theories, and studies related to vigilance, selective attention, divided attention, and visual search. Finally, it discusses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its causes and symptoms.
This document discusses juvenile sexual offending in India. It notes the rise in juvenile crime rates and sexual assault cases. The 2015 amendment lowered the age of adult prosecution to 16 for serious crimes. Characteristics of juvenile sex offenders include being male adolescents aged 13-17, with impulse control issues and high rates of prior abuse and psychiatric disorders. Common etiological factors are physical/sexual abuse, exposure to violence, substance abuse, and pornography. Treatment focuses on changing behaviors in the youth's environment using family/social strengths. The conclusion calls for improved sex education, treatment, and addressing underlying causes to curb this problem.
Definition of forensic Psychology
History of forensic Psychology
Forensic Psychology in court
Subfields of forensic Psychology
Difference in the function of forensic and clinical psychology
Difference in forensic and clinical assessment
Roles of forensic Psychology
Ethical considerations
This document discusses various topics related to psychology and abnormal psychology. It defines key terms like psychology, criminal psychology, human behavior, and psychologists. It also outlines different schools of psychology like structuralism and functionalism. The document discusses factors that can contribute to abnormal behavior like biological, environmental, and social factors. It also summarizes different approaches to understanding abnormality like the medical, statistical, legal, and behavioral approaches. Major figures in the history of abnormal psychology are highlighted. The document also discusses concepts like stress, coping mechanisms, defense mechanisms, fear, and personality disorders.
The document discusses various psychological and sociological theories that attempt to explain terrorism and extremism. It covers psychopathological theories that examine the relationship between terrorism and mental illness. It also discusses rational choice theory, which views terrorist actions as rational decisions to achieve political goals. Several sociological theories are outlined, including social learning theory, frustration-aggression theory, relative deprivation theory, oppression theory, and national cultural theory. Finally, it analyzes psychoanalytic psychological theories of terrorism, including those focused on identity, narcissism, and paranoia.
This document discusses the history and role of forensic psychology. It began in the early 20th century when psychologists started applying psychological knowledge to legal issues. By the 1970s, forensic psychology had emerged as a distinct subspecialty with graduate programs and professional organizations. Today, forensic psychologists regularly provide expert testimony in civil and criminal cases on topics like eyewitness testimony and emotional damages. They also serve as consultants to legal agencies. The document outlines some of the major activities of forensic psychologists, including providing expert witness testimony to help courts understand and evaluate evidence.
What is the false confession and how to copyMohammad Rahat
The document discusses false confessions, including defining them, the main issues surrounding them, and how they can be discovered and excluded. There are three main types of false confessions: voluntary, coerced-compliant, and coerced-internalized. Reasons for voluntary false confessions include a need for fame or to protect the real criminal. False confessions can be excluded from evidence using sections 76(2), 78, and Code C of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. Psychologists' reports on the defendant and proper application of statutory law are suggested to help exclude false evidence.
Forensic scientists and law enforcement personnel work together to reconstruct crime scenes by carefully examining physical evidence such as bloodstain patterns. They document the scene through photos, notes, and sketches. By analyzing the size, shape, and location of bloodstains, they can determine key details about what happened, including the sequence of events, where victims and assailants were located, and how many blows were delivered. Bloodstain pattern analysis is a critical tool that helps solve crimes by answering the basic questions of who, what, when, where, why, and how.
Eyewitness testimony is unreliable due to flaws in human memory and perception. Memories are reconstructed rather than recorded, and are susceptible to biases and post-event information. Leading questions can influence a witness's response. While improvements have been made, eyewitness identification remains problematic in legal cases.
NARCOANALYSIS
Use in Forensic Science.
Introgation and Interview technology.
MEDICAL AND LEGAL ASPECT OF NARCOANALYSIS
Narcotic Drugs
Accuracy
NARCO ANALYSIS IN INDIA
To detect the truth of fact from the suspect's person.
Help to investigate the Criminal cases.
Recent cases
Forensic psychology is the intersection between psychology and the justice system. It provides psychological information to facilitate legal decisions. The field grew significantly after World War 2. Forensic psychologists work in clinical, developmental, and social psychology and assist with criminal investigations, profiling, rehabilitation, and analyzing crime trends. They help lawyers with jury selection, consulting, and witness preparation and testify in family, civil, and criminal courts. While criminal psychologists evaluate criminals, forensic psychologists work on all types of court cases, including civil matters not involving criminals. Forensic psychology is an emerging field in Pakistan.
Mental illness can be related to criminal behavior in several ways. Specific mental disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and substance abuse disorders have been linked to increased rates of violence and criminal acts. In terms of criminal responsibility, the McNaughton Rules and insanity defense evaluate if a defendant understood the nature and consequences of their actions or if mental illness caused them to not know right from wrong. Malaysian law also allows for diminished responsibility to reduce murder charges to manslaughter if a person's mental state impaired their responsibility.
This document provides an overview of polygraphy or lie detection. It discusses the history and development of the polygraph machine. The key components measure things like blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response. It works by recording physiological changes that occur when a person is lying or experiencing fear. The test involves different types of questions and analyzing the charts to detect deception. While it is used in criminal investigations and businesses, polygraph results are not admissible in court and accuracy can vary. Legal protocols require consent and presence of a lawyer. A Supreme Court of India case from 2010 is also referenced.
narco analysis test - An investigation technique. or deception detecting test used in Forensic laboratories to detect the fraud done by the accused person using 'TRUTH SERUM' or Sodium amytal.
1) The document discusses a study that investigated whether subliminally priming the color of a suspect's shirt can influence eyewitness identification. Participants watched a crime video and later identified a suspect from a lineup. The shirt color of each suspect was primed subliminally with a color word that either matched or didn't match the shirt.
2) Contrary to expectations, participants did not choose suspects more frequently when primed with a matching color. However, over 90% of participants falsely identified a suspect, despite the actual culprit not being in the lineup.
3) This study explored how implicit or subliminal priming could influence eyewitness identification, which has received little attention compared to research on explicit memory
This document discusses various methods used to detect deception, including polygraphs, behavioral analysis, and physiological measures. It provides details on:
- How polygraphs aim to detect deception based on physiological arousal but have limitations in reliability and accuracy.
- The three main types of polygraph tests (relevant/irrelevant, control question, and concealed information) and their assumptions.
- Research on the accuracy of control question tests and concealed information tests.
- Ways behavior can indicate deception, such as inconsistencies in facial expressions, body language, and verbal cues.
- Other physiological measures like penile plethysmography and viewing time assessments that aim to detect sexual interests but have issues with validity and standardization.
What jurors do with evidence during jury deliberation?Michael Bromby
The document summarizes research on what jurors do with evidence during deliberations. It finds that the best predictor of the final verdict is the distribution of initial individual juror votes. It also finds that judges and juries only agree at chance levels, possibly due to unrealistic standards of proof required by some jurors. Theoretical models suggest that demonstrability of evidence and whether the task is framed as problem-solving or consensus-seeking will impact outcomes. An experiment found that a minority evidence-based position was more influential when more jurors initially supported it and when the minority actively engaged rather than remaining silent. Semantic barriers like evidence alteration were used by majorities to maintain pre-deliberation positions when challenged by minorities.
This document discusses crisis intervention and interviewing victims after a crisis. It provides an overview of the different phases and goals of crisis response. The objective of interviewing victims is to re-establish coping, provide support, reduce risk, and link victims to resources. Successful interviews require understanding neurobiological influences on victims under stress as well as addressing critical incident stressors and individual stress vulnerabilities. The challenges to conducting effective interviews are impacted by the victim's biological response to trauma and stress.
Examines the myths surrounding the conviction of innocent people for crimes they did not commit, and suggests ways to protect yourself and your family from becoming victims of a broken justice system.
This document summarizes research on the causes of eyewitness misidentification. It identifies several key factors that can lead to mistaken eyewitness identification, including memory influences like overconfidence and the effects of retrieval cues on recall. It also discusses how a lack of knowledge among legal professionals and jurors can contribute to errors, as well as how focusing on a weapon during a crime can impair an eyewitness's memory of other details. The document analyzes multiple studies on this topic and provides an in-depth review of the psychological research into why eyewitness testimony is not always reliable.
Globalization of serial and investigative tools brenda rossBrenda Ross
This document discusses the globalization of serial murder and investigative tools used to solve these crimes across multiple jurisdictions. It describes how the FBI and Interpol have held conferences to promote international cooperation and sharing of data. Two case studies are provided: Pedro Lopez, who killed over 300 victims across South America in the 1970s, and Andrei Chikatilo from Russia in the 1980s. The challenges of investigating serial killers who cross borders are discussed, as well as how improved communication and profiling techniques could help link related crimes globally.
The study analyzed video recordings of interviews with 16 criminal suspects who initially lied but later told the truth. The researchers coded behaviors like gaze aversion, blinking, and hand movements to identify differences between lying and truth-telling. They found that liars paused longer between responses and blinked less than when telling the truth, which may indicate higher cognitive load while lying. However, there were many individual differences, so no definitive behavioral indicators of lying could be identified.
Eyewitness identification role of forensic psychologist abrar riazAbrar Riaz
This document summarizes the role of forensic psychologists as expert witnesses in eyewitness identification cases. It discusses factors that can affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony, such as characteristics of the witness, situational factors at the crime scene, and post-event influences. It provides an example of Ronald Cotton, who was wrongly convicted based on a mistaken eyewitness identification by Jennifer Thompson. The document also discusses Islamic and Pakistani legal perspectives on eyewitness testimony and acceptance of eyewitnesses as expert witnesses.
This study analyzed videotaped police interviews of 16 suspects to determine if there are detectable behavioral differences between lies and truths. The independent variable was whether the suspect was lying or telling the truth, and the dependent variable was behaviors like gaze aversion, blinking, and hand movements. The results found no significant differences in most behaviors, but suspects paused longer and blinked less when lying, possibly due to increased cognitive load. However, as cognitive load was not directly measured, these conclusions are speculative.
Research on the reasons behind wrongful convictions in the United States as well as recommendations for decreasing the number of wrongful convictions that occur annually
The document discusses eyewitness testimony (EWT) and several studies that have investigated factors that can impact the accuracy of EWT. It summarizes a key 1974 study by Loftus and Palmer that found leading questions can distort eyewitnesses' recall of details, with those asked if a car "smashed" providing higher speed estimates. Later studies also found weapons focus and misleading post-event information can negatively impact accuracy. However, EWT in real-life situations like armed robberies has been found to be more reliable, though individual differences like age, anxiety, and alcohol consumption are also factors.
Similar to Forensic Psychology:Eye Witness Testimony (12)
1. The document summarizes research on gender differences and similarities in same-sex friendships. It finds that while there are some similarities, females generally disclose more, have smaller friend groups, and experience more conflict than males.
2. Cross-sex friendships are less common than same-sex friendships, especially in childhood, but become more prevalent in adolescence and young adulthood as social constraints lessen. However, more time is still spent with same-sex friends.
3. Barriers to emotional closeness among males include competitiveness, homophobia, and restricting emotional expression, as dictated by traditional gender roles. Females experience more relational aggression and shorter friendship durations on average.
Risk assessment involves predicting the probability that an individual will commit future criminal or violent acts based on identified risk factors. It has two components - prediction and management. Prediction involves estimating the likelihood of future offenses, while management focuses on identifying treatments or conditions that could reduce risk. There are debates around the credibility of risk assessments due to limitations in research methods and potential for biases. Actuarial risk assessments that use statistical analysis of pre-determined risk factors are generally more accurate than unstructured clinical judgments, but have weaknesses in accounting for individualized risk levels and changes over time. Current best practice involves structured professional judgment that combines actuarial assessment with clinical expertise.
An experiment exposed 162 girls ages 5 to 8 to images of Barbie dolls, Emme dolls (size 16), or no dolls. Girls who saw Barbie images reported lower body esteem and a greater desire for a thinner body shape than other groups. However, this effect was no longer seen in the oldest girls. Early exposure to Barbie's unrealistic thin ideal may negatively impact girls' body image and increase risks of disordered eating, though the doll's influence seems to diminish with age.
The document provides an overview of notes from a lecture on anxiety disorders and related topics in an Abnormal Psychology course. It discusses the defining features and treatments of several disorders including:
- Panic disorder, including the criteria for panic attacks and how panic disorder is diagnosed. Exposure therapy and medication are used to treat it.
- Social phobias, which involve an irrational fear of social situations. Exposure therapy is used to gradually expose patients to social settings.
- Specific phobias, which involve irrational fears of specific objects. Preparedness theory and traumatic conditioning help explain how these develop.
- Generalized anxiety disorder, characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about many topics over at least
The document provides an overview of key topics in Psych 309 Abnormal Psych Final Exam Notes, including:
1. It summarizes different anxiety disorders like panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, OCD, and specific phobias.
2. For panic disorder, it outlines the DSM criteria and treatments including CBT and antidepressants.
3. It also discusses social phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and OCD - outlining their key characteristics, causes, and treatment approaches.
The document provides an overview of notes from a lecture on anxiety disorders and related topics in an Abnormal Psychology course. It discusses the characteristics of anxiety, panic disorder, phobias including social phobia and specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Treatment options covered include cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication.
Assessment and Treatment of Young Offenders Personal NotesPsychology2010
The document summarizes key topics related to juvenile offenders:
1) It outlines the history of laws governing juvenile offenders in Canada, from the 1908 Juvenile Delinquents Act to the modern Youth Criminal Justice Act.
2) Common behavioral disorders seen in young offenders are discussed, including ADHD, ODD, and Conduct Disorder. Risk factors like early age of onset are also examined.
3) Theories of antisocial behavior include biological factors like abnormalities in the frontal lobe and lower resting heart rate as potential contributors to criminal tendencies.
This document provides an outline and overview of juvenile offenders and youth criminal justice. It discusses the history of juvenile justice legislation in Canada from 1908 to the present. It also covers assessment of young offenders, common behavioral disorders, risk and protective factors, and prevention and treatment approaches. The key points are that legislation has aimed to balance accountability, protection, and rehabilitation over time. Assessment examines consent issues and internalizing vs. externalizing behaviors. Early childhood onset of problems tends to be more persistent compared to adolescent onset.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Risk Assessment concerns prediction and management of people who are at risk of committing a criminal act. This includes Acturial reports which statistically determine the top risk factors, structured and unstructured interviews.
Forensic Psychology: Lecture Notes on Risk AssessmentPsychology2010
Risk assessment is used to evaluate the probability that an individual will commit future criminal or violent acts based on risk factors. It has two components: prediction and management. Predictions involve estimating the likelihood of reoffending while management focuses on interventions to reduce risk. However, risk assessment has limitations as risk levels can change over time depending on offender characteristics and situations. Base rates, which represent the percentage of a population that reoffends, also impact predictions - it is difficult to make accurate predictions when base rates are too high or too low. Methodological issues like limited risk factors considered and how reoffending is measured can also weaken research on risk assessment.
Blind spots in the search for happiness: Implicit attitudes and nonverbal lea...Psychology2010
This study investigated whether implicit (nonconscious) attitudes can predict errors in affective forecasting. 56 participants completed implicit and explicit attitude measures about apples and chocolate, predicted how much they would enjoy each food, and then reported their actual enjoyment. Implicit attitudes uniquely predicted differences between predicted and actual enjoyment (forecasting errors), even when accounting for explicit attitudes and actual experiences. This suggests that implicit attitudes shape in-the-moment experiences but are unavailable for conscious consideration when making forecasts, representing a "blind spot" that contributes to affective forecasting errors.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. The Role of Memory
Eyewitness testimony relies on storing and
recalling information
Storing memories requires several steps
including attention, encoding, short term
memory, and long term memory
Not all memories pass successfully through
these stages and problems may occur at each
stage
2
4. Types of Eyewitness Memory
There are two types of memory retrieval
that eyewitnesses perform:
1. Recall Memory
Reporting details of previously witnessed
event/person
2. Recognition Memory:
Reporting whether what is currently being
viewed/heard is the same as the previously
witnessed person/event of interest
4
5. James Buckhout
Wanted to promote legal change - wrong
people were being sent to jail
1974 demonstration of the fallibility of
memory involving a staged robbery aired on a
local TV station
Generalizability issues?
5
6. Elizabeth Loftus on the Fallibility
of Memory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hER-
5mdIoN0
6
7. Examining Eyewitness Issues
Eyewitness issues can be studied using a
variety of methods:
Laboratory simulations
Archival data
Naturalistic environments
7
8. The Misinformation Effect
Occurs when a witness is provided with
inaccurate information about an event
after it is witnessed and incorporates
the „misinformation‟ in their later recall
(Loftus, 1975)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RLvSG
YxDIs&feature=fvw
8
9. Examples of Misinformation
Manipulations
Explicit
Did the person carrying the hammer
walk or run out of the store? (when a
screwdriver was present instead of a
hammer)
Implicit
Did you see the hammer? (when no
hammer was present)
9
10. Designing a Misinformation Study
Two groups of participants watch a
videotape of a staged crime
Erroneous information about the crime is
presented to one group of participants
Participants are asked a set of neutral
questions and must respond based on what
they saw on video
10
11. Misinformation Studies: Results
Participants who are given
misinformation provide different reports
than those who receive no misleading
information
Subtle differences in phrasing of the
question (e.g., using „smashed‟ instead of
„hit‟), may bias witness responses (Loftus
& Palmer, 1974)
11
12. Explaining the Misinformation
Effect
Although there is debate as to why the
misinformation effect occurs, what we
do know is that it does occur
Misinformation effect cold be used to
explain some “recovered” memories
of childhood sexual abuse
Raises serious questions about
reliability of eyewitness testimony
12
13. Archival Research
Witnesses/victims of events where it is clear
that a crime is being committed remember far
more detail and are more accurate
Eyewitnesses are more accurate than results of
laboratory studies suggest
Criticism: Maybe these cases are closed
because these witnesses are better in their
recollection
13
14. Naturalistic Research
Must have enough physical evidence & as
many witnesses as possible
John Yuille (1982) – Gun store robbery
20 witnesses
Police interview of witnesses at scene
Psychologist interview 5-6 months later
Able to study factors of time and reliability
Tried Loftus‟ misinformation effect
14
15. Naturalistic Research – Yuille
Study Con’t
Accuracy of Eyewitnesses (Mean %)
Police Interview Psychologist Interview
Type of Detail
Action Detail 82 82
Person Descriptions 76 73
Object Descriptions 89 85
Total 82 81
15
16. Naturalistic Research – Yuille
Study Con’t (bank robberies)
Accuracy of Eyewitnesses (Mean %)
Police Interview Psychologist Interview
Type of Detail
Action Detail 99 83
Person Descriptions 84 80
Object Descriptions 90 82
16
17. Conclusions from Yuille Studies
Could not affect with deception
High recall & accuracy even with delays
Possible confounds:
Mediacoverage
Maybe something about the nature of crime
Remarkable memory
Repeating story so many times
Extremely valuable research!
17
18. Facilitating Eyewitness Recall
Methods used in the investigative process to
aid eyewitness recall include:
Hypnosis
Cognitive Interview
Enhanced Cognitive Interview
18
19. Hypnosis
Can be used to facilitate retrieval of
memories. However, memories may or
may not be accurate
About 10% of the population cannot be
hypnotized and 5-10% are highly
suggestible (Hilgard, 1965)
Information obtained under hypnosis is
not usually admissible in court
19
20. Cognitive Interview Components
(Geiselman et al., 1986)
Cognitive Reinstate the context
reinstatement surrounding the incident.
Report everything Report all details including those
believed to be insignificant.
Recall event in Go through the incident in
different orders different sequences.
Change Take the perspective of someone
perspectives else witnessing the event.
20
21. Enhanced Cognitive Interview
The following components were added to
the original Cognitive Interview (Fisher &
Geiselman, 1992):
Rapport building
Supportive interviewer behaviour
Transfer of control
Focused retrieval
Witness compatible questioning
21
22. Cognitive Interview: Results
Both types of cognitive interviews elicit
more information than “standard police
interviews”, without an increase in
inaccurate information
It still remains unclear as to which
components of the cognitive interview
elicit this increase in accurate information
(Kebbell & Wagstaff, 1998)
22
23. Lineup Procedures
Witnesses are frequently asked to identify
a culprit from a lineup
Lineups contain the suspect who is placed
among a set of individuals who are
known to be innocent for the crime in
question, called foils or distractors
23
24. R v. Virag
Man went on rampage in England and attacked
citizens and police officers
Suspect was put in a line-up
8/17 picked suspect
5/17 picked a foil
4/17 made no identification
Found guilty and sentenced to 10 years-
pardoned after 5
Led to the Royal Commission of Inquiry
24
25. Types of Lineups
To accurately assess the rate at which real
witnesses will correctly identify culprits two
types of lineups are needed in research:
Target-present lineups
Lineup contains the culprit
Target-absent lineups
Lineup contains an innocent suspect
25
26. Accurate Identification Decisions
Comparisons Between Lineup Types:
Type of Guilty Correct Decision
Lineup Culprit
Present
Target- Yes Correctly identify culprit
Present
Target- No Correctly reject all lineup members
Absent
26
27. Types of Lineup Judgments
Two types of judgments may be used in
lineup procedures:
Relative judgment
Comparing lineup members to one another
and choosing the one who looks most like
culprit
Absolute judgment
Each member of the lineup is compared to
the witness‟ memory
27
28. Lineup Procedures
Walk-By
Conducted in natural environment, the witness is
escorted to an area the suspect is likely to be. May be
useful if no photo of the suspect is available
Showup
Only the suspect is shown to the witness. Has been
criticized as biased because the witness knows the
person the police suspect
28
29. Lineup Procedures (continued)
Simultaneous lineup
Present all lineup members at the same time
to the witness. Encourages witnesses to make
a relative judgement
Sequential lineup
Members are presented one at a time, must
decide if it is or is not the criminal before
seeing another photo/person. Encourages
witnesses to make absolute judgements
29
30. Lineup Procedure Effectiveness
Sequential lineups reduce the likelihood that
an incorrect identification will be made with a
target-absent lineup (Lindsay & Wells, 1985)
However, recent research suggests that the
superiority of sequential over simultaneous
lineups may be the product of methodological
factors (McQuinston-Surrett et al., 2006,
2009)
30
31. Fair Lineups
It is important that a lineup remain fair, that
characteristics of the suspect do not stand out
from those of foils:
Gender and race should always be
matched across lineup members
Features that the witness mentioned in the
culprit‟s description should be matched
across lineup members (unless doing so
would cause the suspect to stand out)
31
35. Biased Lineups
Biased lineups imply who the police
suspect, thereby suggesting who the witness
should identify
There are many types of biases that increase
false identification:
Foil bias
Instruction bias
Clothing bias
35
36. Perpetrator described as a white male
approximately 6’2” tall, dark hair at ear length and
no facial hair. What’s wrong with this lineup?
36
37. Talk about sticking out like a
sore thumb!
www.psychologytoday.com/files/u107/lineup.jpg
37
38. Effects of Alcohol on Recall
(Yuille et al.)
Immediate Accuracy
Alcohol condition: 85 – 99%
Control condition: 88 – 99%
Delayed Accuracy
Alcohol condition: 83 – 99%
Control condition: 87 – 98%
38
39. Effects of Alcohol on
Recognition (Yuille et al.)
Target Present Target Absent
Condition
Correct Incorrect Correct Incorrect
Alcohol 90% 9% 62% 37%
Control 86% 13% 76% 23%
39
40. Effects of Marijuana on Recall
(Yuille et al.)
Immediate Accuracy
Marijuana condition: 83 %
Control condition: 85-87%
Delayed
Slight increasein recall
Motivation factors
40
41. Effects of Marijuana on
Recognition
Just like in the alcohol study, mistakes were
most likely to occur in the target absent line-up
3 X more likely to make a false identification
in the target absent condition than in the
placebo condition
41