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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY nursing .pptx
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGYMRS. SAVITASHEORAN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MHN
- 2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After studyingthis unit, the student will be able to: Understand the nature and role of psychology in understanding mind and behavior. State the growth of the discipline. Know the different fields of psychology, its relationship with other disciplines, and professions. Appreciate the value of psychology in daily life to help you understand yourself and others better. Describe the various methods of studying psychology
- 3. CHAPTER OUTLINE Introduction,meaning and definitions to psychology Psychology as a science Branches and field of psychology Scope of psychology Relationship of psychology with other sciences Methods of psychology Relevance of psychology to nursing
- 4. INTODUCTION The term“psychology” was first coined by Rudolf Goclenius (a German scholastic philosopher) in 1590. “The Principles of Psychology” (1890) – a landmark book that shaped modern psychology is written by the William James. Known as “The Father of American Psychology” The word ‘psychology’ is obtained from two Greek words ‘psyche’ and ‘logos. Psyche stands for soul whereas logos mean study of. Therefore, psychology stands for the study of soul.
- 6. EVOLUTION OF MEANINGOF PSYCHOLOGY STUDY OF SOUL STUDY OF MIND STUDY OF CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR GREEK PHILOSOPHERS WILLIAM JAMES WILHELM WUNDT JB WATSON
- 7. MEANING OF BEHAVIOR Theterm behavior refers to the entire life activities and experiences of all the living organisms.
- 8. DEFINITION Psychology isthe science of human behavior. Walter Bowers Pillsbury (1911) Psychology is a science which aims to give us better understanding and control of the behavior of the organism as a whole. William McDoughall (1949)
- 9. DEFINITION Psychology isthe investigation of human & animal behavior & of the mental & psychological processes associated with the behavior. Jackson (1976) Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. Feldman, 2001
- 10. DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY Separatearea of study. Split away from philosophy a little 100 years ago. 1879- first psychological laboratory was established at the university of Leipzig by German philosopher & Psychologist Wilhelm Wundt. He was the 1st psychologist who measure human behavior accurately and known as the ‘Father of Psychology’.
- 11. SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY Structuralism GestaltPsychology Functionalism Behaviorism Psychoanalysis
- 12. STRUCTURALISM Early schoolof psychology grew up around the ideas of Wilhelm Wundt in Germany and was established by one of the Wundt's students, Edward B. Titchener. The goal of the structuralist was to find the units or elements, which make up the mind. The main method used to discover these elementary units of mind was introspection.
- 13. GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY Foundedin Germany around 1912 by Max Wertheimer and his colleagues. They felt that structuralists were wrong in thinking of the mind as being made up of elements They argued that mind could be thought of as resulting from the whole pattern of sensory activity and the relationships and organizations within this pattern.
- 14. FUNCTIONALISM John Dewey,James R. Angell and Harvey Carr proposed that psychology should do ‘what mind and behavior do’. They performed experiments on the ways in which learning, memory, problem solving and motivation help people and animals adapt their environments.
- 15. BEHAVIORISM Originated withJohn B. Watson He insisted that psychology should be restricted to the study of the activities of people and animals – their behavior.
- 16. PSYCHOANALYSIS Founded bySigmund Freud. He developed theory of behavior and mind. It is said that what we do and think results from our urges or drives, which seek expression in behavior and thought. It is expression of the unconscious drives which is shown up in behavior and thought.
- 17. MAJOR PERSPECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGY Perspective Principal contributors Basicpremise Psychoanalytic Perspective Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Alfred Adler Human behaviour is influenced by unconscious mind, hidden desires, childhood experiences, and inner conflicts Behavior Perspective John Watson Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner Behavior is learned from the environment through conditioning. People repeat behaviors that are rewarded and avoid those that are punished.
- 18. CONTD……… Humanistic Perspective Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Peoplehave an inborn desire to grow, improve, and reach their full potential. Emphasizes free will, self-esteem, and personal growth. Cognitive Perspective Jean Piaget Noam Chomsky Herbert Simon Behaviour is influenced by thinking, memory, problem-solving, and learning processes. The mind works like a computer that processes information. Biological Perspective James Olds Roger Sperry David Hubel Behaviour is controlled by brain structures, hormones, nerves, and genetics. Any change in the body (brain, neurotransmitters, etc.) affects behaviour. Evolutionary perspective Charles Darwin Behavior is shaped by survival and adaptation. Certain behaviors helped ancestors survive
- 19. NATURE OF SUBJECT PSYCHOLOGY Psychologyuses scientific methods Psychology is factual Laws of psychology are universal Laws of psychology are verifiable Psychology discovers the cause-effect relationship in human behavior Psychology predicts human behavior
- 20. SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY The scope of a subject can usually be discussed under the following two headings: 1. The limits of its operations and applications. 2. The branches, topics and subject matter with which it deals.
- 21. CONTD……… The field ofoperation and applications of the subject psychology is too vast. It studies, describes and explains the behavior of living organisms. It describes all types of life activities and experiences- whether conative, cognitive or affective, implicit or explicit, conscious, unconscious and subconscious of a living organism.
- 22. CONTD……… It studiesnot only human behavior, but also human experience, language and other forms of communication. It employs to all the living creatures created by the almighty irrespective of their species, caste, color, age, sex, mental or physical state. It also studies the behavior of the animals, insects, birds and plant life.
- 23. BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY It has many branches and fields of studies. For convenience, it may broadly be divided into- 1. Pure psychology 2. Applied psychology
- 24. BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY Pure Psychology 1. Generalpsychology 2. Abnormal psychology 3. Social psychology 4. Physiological psychology 5. Parapsychology 6. Geopsychology 7. Developmental psychology 8. Experimental psychology Applied Psychology 1. Educational psychology 2. Clinical psychology 3. Industrial psychology 4. Legal psychology 5. Military psychology 6. Political psychology
- 25. PURE PSYCHOLOGY Itprovides the framework and theory; it contents deal with the formulation of psychological principles and theories. It suggests various methods and techniques for the analysis, assessment, modification and improvement of behavior.
- 26. CONTD……… General Psychology- Itdeals with the fundamental rules, principles and theories of psychology in relation to the study of behavior of normal relation to the study of behavior of normal adult. Abnormal Psychology- It deals with the behavior of individuals who are unusual. It studies mental disorders their causes and treatment.
- 27. CONTD……… Social Psychology- It deals with the group behavior and inter-relationship of people with other people. It studies various types of group phenomena such as public opinion, attitudes, beliefs and crowd behavior.
- 28. CONTD……… Physiological Psychology- It describes and explains the biological and physiological basis of behavior. It concerns the structure and functions of sense organs, nervous system, muscles and glands underlying all behavior.
- 29. CONTD……… Parapsychology- It dealswith extra sensory perceptions, causes of rebirth, telepathy and allied problems. Geopsychology- This branch of psychology describes and explains the relation of physical environment particularly weather, climate and soil with behavior.
- 30. CONTD……… Developmental psychology- It studies the factors that influence the growth and development of human behavior. This branch of psychology describe the processes of growth and development in relation to the behavior of an individual from birth to old age. It further divided into child psychology, adolescent and adult and old age psychology.
- 31. CONTD……… Experimental psychology- This branch of psychology studies the ways and means of carrying out psychological experiments by using scientific methods. Experimental psychologists do basic research in an effort to discover and understand the fundamental and general causes of behavior. They study basic processes such as learning and memory, sensation, perception and motivation.
- 32. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY Inapplied psychology, the theory generated through pure psychology finds its practical shape. Its applications of psychological rules, principles, theories and techniques with reference to the real practical life situations.
- 33. CONTD……… Educational psychology- It is which tries to apply the psychological principles, theories and techniques to human behavior in educational situations. The subject matter of this branch covers psychological way and means of improving all aspects of the teaching / learning process.
- 34. CONTD……… Clinical Psychology- Itdescribes the causes of mental illness, abnormal behavior of a patient and suggest treatment and effective adjustment of the affected person in society.
- 35. CONTD……… Industrial Psychology- Industrial psychologists apply psychological principles to assist public and private organizations with their hiring and placement programs, the training and supervision of their personnel and the improvement of communication within the organization. They also counsel employees within the organization who need help with their personal problems.
- 36. CONTD……… Legal Psychology- It tries to study the behavior of persons like clients, criminals, witnesses etc. with the help of applications of psychological principles and techniques. The root causes of the crime, offence, dispute or any legal case can be properly understood through the use of this branch of psychology.
- 37. CONTD……… Military psychology- This branch of psychology is concerned with the use of psychological principles and techniques in the military science. How to keep the morale of the soldiers and citizens high during war time. How to secure better recruitment of the personnel for the fighting capacities and organizational climate and leadership etc. are the various topics that are dealt with in this branch of psychology.
- 38. CONTD……… Political psychology- Thisbranch of psychology relates itself with the use of psychological principles and techniques in studying political and deriving political gains.
- 39. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY There are special tools and procedures helps us in gathering and organizing its subject matter and essential facts about behavior. These procedures termed as methods help in studying human behavior. They are as under:
- 40. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY Introspection Or Self Observational Method Observational Method Experimental Method Clinical Or CaseHistory Survey Method Genetic Or Developmental Method
- 41. INTROSPECTION OR SELF OBSERVATIONALMETHOD Introduced by E.B Titchener. This is known as self observation method. It means ‘ To look within”. The subject is asked to systematically observe his own behavior.
- 42. CONTD……… Merits Fundamental methodof psychology. Observation and experimentation are based upon introspection. It gives us direct, immediate and exact knowledge of our own mental processes. It enables us to fully understand the Behavior of an individual. This method is inexpensive, easy and does not require any apparatus or laboratory. Demerits Not applicable for children or animals or mentally challenged people Purely private affair and cannot be verified by other observers. Patients may not have the insight to know about their conditions or language to describe them accurately. sometimes involves attention to a mental process (e.g. perception)
- 43. OBSERVATIONAL METHOD Theobjective method of studying the Behavior of individuals. It consists of the perception of an individual’s Behavior under natural conditions, its analysis and interpretation by the observer. It is essentially a way of perceiving the Behavior as it is. In this method the observer observes and collects the data.
- 44. CONTD……… Steps inObservation Method: Observation of Behavior Noting of Behavior Interpretation & analysis of Behavior Generalization
- 45. CONTD……… Merits Economical, natural,as well as flexible. The data can be analyzed, measured, classified and interpreted. The results can be verified and relied. Quite suitable for observing developmental characteristics like children's habits and interests. Demerits Chances of subjective report . More time, energy and money. It lacks repeatability, as each natural situation can occur only once. Not being able to establish a proper cause-and effect relationship.
- 46. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Itis considered as the most scientific and objective method of studying Behavior. To study the cause and effect relationship regarding the nature of human Behavior. The psychologists use objective observations under controlled conditions to observe actions or Behaviors of individuals.
- 47. CONTD……… Essential Featuresof Experimental Method Requires two persons, the experimenter and the subject or the person, whose Behavior is observed. Experimentation should be done on living organisms. All experiments are conducted under controlled conditions.
- 48. Steps in experimentalmethod COMPARE THE RESULTS OF TWO GROUPS MEASURE THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE (PHYSICAL OR MENTAL HEALTH OF STUDENTS) IDENTIFY STUDY SUBJECTS GROUP-I TREATMENT GROUP GROUP-II CONTROL GROUP FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESIS STETE THE PROBLEM Non-smoking students Smoking students Randomly assigning to treatment and control group
- 49. CONTD……… Merits Scientific method Finds out cause and effect relationship Maximum control of phenomena Repetition is possible Demerits All problems of psychology cannot be studied by this method Costly and time consuming method. Handling of this method demands specialized knowledge and skill. This method fails to study Behavior in naturalistic conditions. It cannot always be used especially if the experiment might be dangerous to the subjects.
- 50. CLINICAL OR CASEHISTORY This is used in clinical and hospital settings It aims at studying the cause and basis of people's anxieties, fears and personal maladjustments A great deal of relevant data is collected by using case histories, interviews, home visits and psychological tests
- 51. CONTD……… Merits Case historieswill give the clinician an insight into the causes of the problem and suggest possible solutions. Case studies can be productive sources of ideas for further investigation by other methods. Demerits The case history method depends largely on memory of incidents, which may have been observed inaccurately or over interpreted.
- 52. SURVEY METHOD Allproblems in psychology cannot be studied by the experimental and other methods. Some problems like study of opinions, attitudes, health care needs. Etc. can be studied by means of survey method. It involves collection or gathering of information from a large number of people by using questionnaires, inventories, checklists, rating scales and interviews.
- 53. CONTD……… Merit A largeamount of data can be collected in a shorter time. Demerit The Behavior is not observed directly.
- 54. GENETIC OR DEVELOPMENTAL Psychologists study not only the Behavior of an individual at a particular time, but also his development from birth to death, the influence of heredity and environment in the development of the person and conditions favorable and unfavorable for normal and abnormal Behavior.
- 55. CONTD……… This canbe done by two ways: 1. Cross-sectional study in which, the children of different age groups will be studied simultaneously. 2. Longitudinal study in which the same child will be studied in different stages of life.
- 56. CONTD……… Merits This isa more useful method to understand the Behavior from point of view of hereditary and environmental influences. Demerit This method requires more time and energy.
- 57. RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHOLOGY WITHOTHER SUBJECTS Psychology is a science of behavior which Studies the factors determining human behavior extensively. It is linked to many other disciplines so as to under stand the comprehensive nature of human behavior. The relationship of psychology with other subjects is described below:
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- 59. IN THE FIELDOF EDUCATION Theories of learning, motivation & personality, etc. have been responsible for shaping & designing the education system according to the needs & requirements of the students.
- 60. IN THE FIELDOF MEDICINE Psychology has contributed valuable therapeutic measures like behavior therapy, play therapy, group therapy etc. For the diagnosis & cure of pt. suffering from mental disorders.
- 61. IN THE FIELDOF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY It has highlighted the importance of knowledge of consumer’s psychology & harmonious interpersonal relationship in the field of commerce & industry.
- 62. IN THE FIELDOF CRIMINOLOGY It has happened in detection of crimes & in dealing with criminals.
- 63. IN THE FIELDOF POLITICS It has aided leaders and political in acquiring leadership qualities for leading the masses.
- 64. IN THE FIELDOF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING It has provided valuable help in relation to guidance & counseling in educational, personal as well as vocational areas.
- 65. IN THE FIELDOF MILITARY SCIENCE It help in the selection, training, promotion & classification of defense personnel. It providing the suggestions, insight & confidence in fighting the enemy, the morale of the defense personnel.
- 66. IN THE FIELDOF HUMAN RELATIONSHIP & SELF-DEVELOPMENT Finally, it has helped human beings to learn the art of understanding their own behavior, seeking adjustment with their self & others enhancing as well as an actualizing their potentialities to the utmost possible.
- 67. SIGNIFICANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY INNURSING While Psychology & Its applications have become more relevant & respected than any period in the past, they have become an imminent part of every profession including nursing today. The ability to understand ourselves & others comes from a wise study of psychology. The learning of psychology helps a nurse in the following ways:
- 68. Relevance of psychology to nursing Understand herown self Understanding Patient Behavior Recognize abnormal behavior Understand other people Provide quality care to the patients Help patients adjust to the situation Help the student nurse to appreciate the necessity for changing the environment Help for effective studying readjustment
- 69. Understand her ownself The knowledge of psychology will help the nurse to get an insight into her own motives, desires, emotions, feelings, attitudes, personality, characteristics and ambitions. She will realize how her personality is highly individualistic and complex, arrives at decisions in her life and solves her own problems. This knowledge also helps her to understand her strengths and weaknesses.
- 70. Understanding Patient Behavior The nurses are professionals meant for providing care to patients. The patient may be suffering from acute/chronic disease; may be male/female, young/old and come to the hospital with so many physical and psychological problems. They may also have tensions, worries, pains and also many doubts about their illness. The knowledge of psychology will help the nurse to understand the problems and needs of patients and attend to them.
- 71. Recognize abnormal behavior Psychology is highly relevant in the field of mental health. Presently more and more people are suffering from mental illness. While some patients may have minor problems, others suffer with serious illness. The knowledge of psychology will help nurses to understand abnormal behaviors and help the patient in management of mental illnesses.
- 72. Understand other people The nurse has to study, work and live with other nurses, doctors, patients and their family members. Psychology helps nurses to understand other people better and thus achieve greater success in interpersonal relationships. She will realize differences in behavior are due to differences in customs and beliefs or cultural patterns of the groups to which she belongs or to the way she has been brought up during her early years
- 73. Provide quality careto the patients A nurse with good knowledge of human psychology can understand: what fears or anxieties the patient faces, what he feels, what he would like to know and why he behaves the way he does. It will help the nurse to meet requirements of the patients and his relatives. A good understanding of these patients by the nurse can be of best support to him.
- 74. Help patients adjustto the situation Illness and physical handicaps often bring about the need for major adjustments. Many diseases such as heart disease and cancer, etc. require special coping skills and health care. A nurse trained in psychology can be an effective health educator and help in these kind of adjustments
- 75. Help the studentnurse to appreciate the necessity for changing the environment Sometimes change in environment is necessary for better adjustment & happiness. Good nursing care depends upon the ability of a nurse to understand the situation properly & seek the co- operation of the other people concerned.
- 76. Help for effectivestudying A nurse has to learn many new concepts during their training. She has to obtain the correct knowledge of various facts, disease conditions and their treatment. The study of psychology of learning will help the nurse acquire knowledge in the effective way.
- 77. Readjustment Every profession& career requires readjustment. A nurse needs to make the following adjustments for achieving success in her career: Overcoming homesickness. Getting used to sick persons who are helpless. Try to study & work together.
- 78. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY TO SOLVEEVERYDAY ISSUES Applied psychology is the application of psychological principles & the methods to resolve problems of human experience which may be related to health, family, workplace, etc. It is the field of psychology which validates psychological theories & focus on putting practical research into action to achieve the desired results.