Please refer this file just as reference material. More concentration should on class room work and text book methodology.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurement
Subject: Mechanical Engineering Measurement. (I-Scheme III Sem. Diploma in Mechanical Engg.)
Ch. no. 2. displacement, force & torque measurement.
Department of Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar.
Prepared by Prof. Amol Yashwant Kokare Sir
This ppt contains the information regarding the measurement of force and various instruments that are used for the measurement of force. This a topic in the fifth unit of Metrology and instrumentation for the third mechanical in JNTUACEP.
for detailed information or video of this ppt just follow the youtube link attached below
https://youtu.be/aCMXmWc2poU
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
Subject: Mechanical Engineering Measurement. (I-Scheme III Sem. Diploma in Mechanical Engg.)
Ch. no. 2. displacement, force & torque measurement.
Department of Mechanical Engg.
Babasaheb Phadtare Polytechnic, Kalamb-Walchandnagar.
Prepared by Prof. Amol Yashwant Kokare Sir
This ppt contains the information regarding the measurement of force and various instruments that are used for the measurement of force. This a topic in the fifth unit of Metrology and instrumentation for the third mechanical in JNTUACEP.
for detailed information or video of this ppt just follow the youtube link attached below
https://youtu.be/aCMXmWc2poU
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
LINEAR POTENTIOMETER Potentiometers are electrical devices which are a form of variable resistance.
It consists of a sliding contact which moves over the length of a resistance element. This sliding contact connects to a plunger, which links to the object whose displacement is to be measured.
Referring to the electrical circuit shown here, An input voltage Xt is applied across the whole resistance element, at points A and C. The output voltage, Xi , is measured between the sliding contact at point B and the end of the resistance element at point C. A linear relationship exists between the input voltage Xt, output voltage Xi and the distance BC.
ANGULAR POTENTIOMETER Rotary or angular potentiometers measure angular displacement .
Definition of Metrology, Scientific or fundamental metrology, Applied or Industrial Metrology, Legal Metrology, Need of Inspection, Process of Measurement, Direct measurement, indirect measurement, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Measurement, Instruments and Classification of Instruments, selection of measuring instruments,
Generalized Measurement System is a measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. In this presentation, generalized measurement system, its elements, classification of instruments, classification of measurement methods, difference between mechanical and electrical measurement systems, input output characteristics are described.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurements and Metrology taruian
Introduction to Metrology: Definition, objectives of metrology, Material Standards, Wavelength Standards, Classification of standards, Line and End standards, Calibration of End bars. Numerical examples.
The static characteristics are defined for the instruments which measure quantities which do not vary with time. ... The accuracy of a measurement indicates the nearness to the actual/true value of the quantity. 7. 2.Sensitivity Sensitivity is the ratio of change in output of an instrument to the change in input.
LINEAR POTENTIOMETER Potentiometers are electrical devices which are a form of variable resistance.
It consists of a sliding contact which moves over the length of a resistance element. This sliding contact connects to a plunger, which links to the object whose displacement is to be measured.
Referring to the electrical circuit shown here, An input voltage Xt is applied across the whole resistance element, at points A and C. The output voltage, Xi , is measured between the sliding contact at point B and the end of the resistance element at point C. A linear relationship exists between the input voltage Xt, output voltage Xi and the distance BC.
ANGULAR POTENTIOMETER Rotary or angular potentiometers measure angular displacement .
Definition of Metrology, Scientific or fundamental metrology, Applied or Industrial Metrology, Legal Metrology, Need of Inspection, Process of Measurement, Direct measurement, indirect measurement, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Measurement, Instruments and Classification of Instruments, selection of measuring instruments,
Generalized Measurement System is a measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. In this presentation, generalized measurement system, its elements, classification of instruments, classification of measurement methods, difference between mechanical and electrical measurement systems, input output characteristics are described.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurements and Metrology taruian
Introduction to Metrology: Definition, objectives of metrology, Material Standards, Wavelength Standards, Classification of standards, Line and End standards, Calibration of End bars. Numerical examples.
The static characteristics are defined for the instruments which measure quantities which do not vary with time. ... The accuracy of a measurement indicates the nearness to the actual/true value of the quantity. 7. 2.Sensitivity Sensitivity is the ratio of change in output of an instrument to the change in input.
Measurement errors, Statistical Analysis, UncertaintyDr Naim R Kidwai
The Presentation covers Measurement Errors and types, Gross error, systematic error, absolute error and relative error, accuracy, precision, resolution and significant figures, Measurement error combination, basics of statistical analysis, uncertainty, Gaussian Curve, Meaning of Ranges
This presentation gives the information about mechanical measurements and measurement systems of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-5.
Statistics is the science of dealing with numbers.
It is used for collection, summarization, presentation and analysis of data.
Statistics provides a way of organizing data to get information on a wider and more formal (objective) basis than relying on personal experience (subjective).
Statistical methods and analyses are used to communicate research findings and give credibility to research methodology and conclusions. It is important for researchers and also consumers of research to understand statistics so that they can be informed, evaluate the credibility and usefulness of information, and make appropriate decisions.
EMI Introduction types of measurements static dynamicGopalakrishnaU
Classification of instruments
• Analog instrument
The measured parameter value is display by the moveable pointer. The pointer will
moved continuously with the variable parameter/analog signal which is measured.
The reading is inaccurate because of parallax error (parallel) during the skill reading.
E.g: ampere meter, voltage meter, ohm meter etc.
• Digital instrument
The measured parameter value is display in decimal (digital) form which the reading can
be read thru in numbers form. Therefore, the parallax error is not existed and terminated.
The concept used for digital signal in a digital instrument is logic binary ‘0’and ‘1’.
1.2 Characteristic of instruments
Figure 1.1 presents a generalized model of a simple instrument. The physical process to
be measured is in the left of the figure and the measurand is represented by an observable
physical variable X.
Figure 1.1: Simple instrument mode
Two basic characteristic of an instrument is essential for selecting the most suitable
instrument for specific measuring jobs:
1. Static characteristic
2. Dynamic characteristic
Static characteristic of an instrument are, in general, considered for instruments which are
used to measure an unvarying process condition.
Several terms of static characteristic that have discussed:
1. Instrument – A device or mechanism used to determine the present value of a
quantity under observation.
2. Measurement – The process of determining the amount, degree, capacity by
comparison (direct or indirect) with the accepted standards of the system units
being used.
3. Accuracy – The degree of exactness (closeness) of a measurement compared to
the expected (desired) value.
4. Resolution – The smallest change in a measured variable to which instruments
will response. Also known as ‘Threshold’.
5. Precision – A measure of consistency or repeatability of measurements, i.e.
successive readings do not differ or the consistency of the instrument output for a
given value of input. A very precise reading though is not perfectly an accurate
reading.
X
X X
ecision n − Pr = 1− with Xn = measured value
X = average value or expected value
Process of measurement
Measurement is essentially the act, or the result, of a quantitative comparison between a
given quantity and a quantity of the same kind chosen as a unit. The result of
measurement is expressed by a number representing the ratio of the unknown quantity to
the adopted unit of measurement.
The step taken before measure:
1. Procedure of measurement: Identified the parameter or variable to be measured,
how to record the result
2. Characteristic of parameter: Should know the parameter that to be measured; ac,
dc, frequency or etc.
3. Quality: Time and cost of equipment, the instrument ability, the measurement
knowledge and suitable result.
4. Instrument: Choose a suitable equipment; multimeter, voltmeter, oscilloscope or
etc.
1. Measuring the angle of a component.
2. Checking the sloping angle of a vee-block.
3. Measuring the angle of a cone or taper gauges.
4. Precise angular settings for machining operations.
Iron – Carbon Diagram is also known as Iron – Carbon Phase Diagram or Iron – Carbon Equilibrium diagram or Iron – Iron Carbide diagram or Fe-Fe3C diagram
The process of transformation of a substance from liquid to solid state in which the crystal lattice forms and crystals appear.
•Volume shrinkage or volume contraction
Please refer this file just as reference material. More concentration should on class room work and text book methodology.
Thermal aspects of Machining, Tool materials, Tool wear Cutting fluids and Machinability.
This chapter aims to provide basic backgrounds of different types of machining processes and highlights on an understanding of important parameters which affects machining of metals with their chip removals.
Metal cutting or Machining is the process of producing workpiece by removing unwanted material from a block of metal. in the form of chips. This process is most important since almost all the products get their final shape and size by metal removal. either directly or indirectly.
The major drawback of the process is loss of material in the form of chips. In this chapter. we shall have a fundamental understanding of the basic metal process.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. Please refer this file just as
reference material. More
concentration should on class
room work and text book
methodology.
3. Measurement and Metrology
Science of measurement
Depending on field of application
Today (in broader sense) with some
practical terms
4. Metrology
Practical terms related with
measurement:
o Errors in measurements
o Methods of measurements
o Measuring Instruments
o Units of measurement and their standards
o Industrial inspection and its different
techniques
o Measuring instruments and accuracy
5. Needs of Measurement and
Metrology
To ensure that the part to be measured conforms
to the established standard.
To meet the interchangeability of manufacture.
To provide customer satisfaction by ensuring that
no faulty product reaches the customers.
To coordinate the functions of quality control,
production, procurement & other departments of
the organization.
To judge the possibility of making some of the
defective parts acceptable after minor repairs.
6. Objectives of Measurement and
Metrology
Although the basic objective of a measurement is to
provide the required accuracy at a minimum cost,
metrology has further objectives in a modem engineering
plant with different shapes which are:
To minimize the cost of inspection by efficient and
effective use of available facilities,
To minimize the cost of rejection and re-work through
application of statistical quality control techniques.
To maintain the accuracies of measurement.
To determine the process capabilities and ensure that
these are better than relevant component tolerances.
To do complete evaluation of newly developed products.
7. Modes of Measurement
Based upon the number of conversions, three
basic categories of measurements have been
developed.
They are;
1. Primary measurement
2. Secondary measurement
3. Tertiary measurement
8. Modes of Measurement
1. Primary measurement
Direct observation and comparison
Not involvement of any conversion
Ex. Length, Height, Depth or Width etc. measurement.
9. Modes of Measurement
2. Secondary measurement
>Indirect method >Involvement of one conversion
Ex. Pressure or Temperature measurement
3. Tertiary measurement
>Indirect method >Involvement of 2 conversion
Ex. Measurement of rotating shaft
11. Methods of Measurement
Type of Method Technique to measure
With contact Instrument is placed in contact
with the object. For ex. vernier
calliper
Without contact Instrument not placed in contact
with the object. (use of sensor)
Absolute or
Fundamental
Based on the measurements of
base quantities entering into the
definition of the quantity.
12. Methods of Measurement
Type of Method Technique to measure
Comparative Based on the comparison of the
value of a quantity to be
measured with a known value of
the same quantity.
Null measurement Here, difference between
measurand value and known
value of same quantity with
which it is compared is brought to
zero.
13. Methods of Measurement
Type of Method Technique to measure
Substitutional Method Quantity to be measured is
replaced by a known value of the same
quantity, so selected that the effects
produced in the
indicating device by these two values
are the same (a type of direct
comparison).
Complementary Method The value of quantity to be measured is
combined with known value of the same
quantity.
Ex: Volume determination by liquid
displacement.
14. Methods of Measurement
Type of Method Technique to measure
Transposition
Quantity to be measured
is first balanced by a
known value and then
balanced by an other
new known value.
Value of quantity measured is
first balanced by an initial known
value A of same quantity, then
measured by quantity is put in
place of this known value. Then,
it is balanced again by another
value B. If the position of
element in equilibrium.
15. Methods of Measurement
Type of Method Technique to measure
Coincidence Measurements coincide with
certain lines and signals. Ex.
Callipers
Deflection The value of the quantity to be
measured is directly indicated by
the deflection of a pointer on a
calibrated scale
17. Generalized Measurement System
Elements of measuring system
1. Primary sensing element
Quantity under measurement makes its first
contact with primary sensing element.
Sense the condition, state or value of the process
variable by extracting a small part of energy
from the measurand,
and then produce an output which reflects this
condition, state or value of measurand.
19. Generalized Measurement System
Elements of measuring system
2. Variable conversion (transducer) element
Convert one physical form into another form without
changing the information content of the signal.
20. Generalized Measurement System
Elements of measuring system
3. Variable manipulation element
Modifies the signal by amplification, filtration or other
means so that desired output produced according to
some mathematical rule for Ex. i/p x constant = o/p
21. Generalized Measurement System
Elements of measuring system
4. Data transmission element
Transmits the signal from one location to another
without changing its information contents.
22. Generalized Measurement System
Elements of measuring system
5. Data processing element
modifies the data before it displayed or finally
recorded
• perform mathematical operation such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.
• to calculate average, statistical and logarithmic values
• to convert data into desired form.
• to separate undesired signal from output signal.
• to provide correction on the output signal.
24. Generalized Measurement System
Elements of measuring system
6. Data presentation elements
Provides a record or indication of the output
(i) Transmitting information (measured quantity) to
another location or devices.
(ii) Signaling : To give a signal that the pre-defined
value has been reached.
(iii) Recording : To produce a continuous record of
measured quantity in written form.
(iv) Indicating : To indicate the specific value on
calibrated scale.
25. Performance characteristics
Important to select most suitable instrument for specific
measurement.
Static Performance characteristics:
• Desired input to the instrument not change w.r.t time.
Dynamic Performance characteristics:
26. Static Performance characteristics
Readability: This term indicates the
closeness with which the scale of
the instrument may be read.
Susceptibility of device to have its
indications converted into
meaningful number.
Least count: It is the smallest
difference between two indications
that can be detected on the
instrument scale.
27. Static Performance characteristics
Range: It represents the highest possible value that can be
measured by an instrument or limits within which
instrument is designed to operate.
Linearity: A measuring system is said to be linear if the
output is linearly proportional to the input.
28. Static Performance characteristics
Repeatability: It is defined as the ability of a measuring
system to repeat output readings when the same input is
applied to it consecutively, under the same conditions, and
in the same direction.
Reproducibility: It is defined as the degree of closeness
with which the same value of a variable may be measured
at different times.
System response: Response of a system may be defined as
the ability of the system to transmit & present all the
relevant information contained in the input signal.
29. Static Performance characteristics
Threshold: Min. value of i/p required to cause a
detectable change from ‘0(zero)’ o/p.
If i/p increased gradually from ‘0(zero)’, there will
be some min. value below which no o/p change
can be detected.
30. Static Performance characteristics
Hysteresis:
Hysteresis is the maximum
differences in two output
(indicated values) at same
input (measurand) value
within the specified range
when input is continuously
increased from zero and
when input is continuously
decrcased for maximum
value.
Maximum diff. between
increasing input value and
the decreasing input value at
the same output.
31. Static Performance characteristics
Calibration: Procedure of
making, adjusting or checking
a scale so that readings of an
instrument conforms to an
accepted standard.
Sensitivity: Ratio of o/p
response to a specific range in
i/p.
Dead zone: Largest change of
i/p quantity for which
instrument does not indicate
output.
32. Static Performance characteristics
Drift: gradual variation or undesired change in o/p
during constant i/p.
Zonal Drift: Combination
of both
Zero Drift: whole
calibration gradually
shifts due to slippage
• Span: proportional change in the indication or change
along the upward scale
33. Static Performance characteristics
Loading effect:
Any instrument, invariably extracts energy from
system, the original signal should remain
undistorted. This is incapability of system to
faithfully measure signal in undistorted form.
34. Static Performance characteristics
Accuracy: It is degree to which the measured
value agrees with true value. Max. amount by
which result differs from the true value.
Precision: It is repeatability or reproducibility of
the measurement. If instrument is not precise,
great difference in dimension measured again
and again.
35.
36. Measurement Errors
What is Error ?
It is difference between indicated or
measured value and true value.
It is impossible to made measurement
with perfect accuracy
38. Measurement Errors
Gross errors
• Human mistakes
• Careless readings, mistake in recordings,
• improper application of instrument
• Can not treated mathematically
• Can be avoided only by taking care in reading
and recording
39. Measurement Errors
Systematic error
• Have definite magnitude and direction.
• Can be repeated consistently with repetition of
experiments.
• To locate these errors: repeated measurements
under different conditions or with different
equipment or possible by an entirely different
methods.
40. Measurement Errors
Instrumental error
Due to design or construction /assembly of
instruments
Limiting accuracy
Improper selection of instrument
Poor maintenance
For Ex. Errors due to friction, wear, slips,
vibration
Errors due to incorrect fitting of scale at zero,
non-uniform division of scale, bent pointer.
41. Measurement Errors
Operational error
Misuse of instrument
Poor operational techniques
For Ex. Errors in flow measurement if flow-
meter is placed immediately after a valve or
a bend.
42. Measurement Errors
Environmental errors
due to conditions external to the measuring
instrument, including conditions in the area
surrounding the instrument,
such as effects of change in temperature,
humidity, barometric pressure, or magnetic
or electrostatic fields.
For ex. Buoyant effect of the wind causes
errors on precise measurement of weights by
pan balance.
43. Measurement Errors
These errors may be avoided by
(i) Use instrument under conditions for
which it was design and calibrated. This
atmospheric condition can be maintain by air
conditioning.
(ii) Provide sealing certain components in
the instrument.
(iiii) Make calibration of instrument under
the local atmospheric conditions
Environmental errors
44. Measurement Errors
System interaction errors
Interaction between system (to be measured)
and instrument body. So it change the
condition of the system.
For Ex. A ruler pressed against a body
(system) resulting the deformation of the
body.
45. Measurement Errors
Observation errors :
Due to poor capabilities and carelessness of
operators.
i. Parallax : These errors may arise when the
pointer and scale not in same plane or line of
vision of observer is not normal to the scale.
46. Measurement Errors
Observation errors :
Due to poor capabilities and carelessness of
operators.
ii. Personal bias: Observer tendency to read high
or low, anticipate a signal and read too
iii. Wrong reading,
wrong
calculations,
wrong recording
data, etc.
47. Measurement Errors
Random Error
Accidental in their incidence
Variable in magnitude and usually follow a
certain statistical (probability) law.
Friction and stickiness in instrument
Vibration in instrument frame or supports
Elastic deformation
Large dimensional tolerances between the
mating parts.
Supply power fluctuations
Backlash in the movement.