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Introduction to ic engines
This document provides an introduction to internal combustion engines. It discusses key thermodynamic principles and defines different types of engines and heat engines. It also describes the basic components and operation of reciprocating internal combustion engines. The four main parts of a reciprocating IC engine are identified as the piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and cylinder. The document further categorizes IC engines based on various factors such as application, basic design, fuel used, and cooling method. The working of four-stroke spark ignition and compression ignition engines is explained through diagrams. Finally, the document compares spark ignition and compression ignition engines.
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Introduces the topic of Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines) presented by Dr. S. Murali.
Discusses key thermodynamic laws essential for understanding heat and work in engines: Zeroeth, First, and Second Law.
Defines engines as energy conversion devices and distinguishes between internal and external combustion engines.
Briefly highlights the two main types of combustion engines: Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and External Combustion Engine.
Describes essential parts of reciprocating IC engines including the cylinder, piston, crankshaft, and their functions.
Introduces specific IC engine terminology including top dead center (TDC), bottom dead center (BDC), displacement, and compression ratio.
Details classifications based on application, basic design, operating cycles, and fuel types with examples.
Continues classifications highlighting various applications of IC engines beyond automotive, including agricultural and marine.
Focuses on applications like agriculture, home use, and various designs of engines such as rotary and reciprocating.
Discusses basic engine designs, operating cycles including Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycles.
Explains working cycles (4-stroke and 2-stroke), valve design, fuel types (conventional and alternate), and mixture preparation.
Describes ignition systems used in IC engines, including spark ignition and compression ignition, and charge stratification.
Discusses different designs of combustion chambers for SC and CI engines focusing on their configurations.
Explains methods of controlling engine load, including throttling and fuel control methods, alongside cooling mechanisms.
Details various cooling methods applicable for IC Engines including direct air-cooling and liquid-cooling.
Introduces the sequential operations of a four-stroke SI engine, including induction, compression, power, and exhaust strokes.
Details induction stroke mechanics in a four-stroke SI engine, outlining the piston movement and air-fuel mixture entry.
Explains the compression stroke in a four-stroke cycle, focusing on pressure and temperature changes.
Describes the power stroke in detail, including combustion and the resultant force on the piston.
Details the exhaust stroke process, emphasizing the expulsion of burnt gases from the cylinder.
Illustrates pressure-volume (PV) diagrams for a four-stroke engine cycle, covering all essential phases.
Explains the operation of the four-stroke compression ignition engine, highlighting fuel injection and air mixing.
Highlights the key features of a four-stroke engine, including its operational mechanics and power stroke generation.
Contrasts the basic cycles, fuel types, and load control mechanisms utilized in SI (Spark Ignition) and CI (Compression Ignition) engines.
Further comparison of SI and CI engines focusing on thermal efficiency, compression ratios, and weight differences.
Conclusion of the presentation with gratitude and contact information for further queries.
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Introduction to ic engines
- 1. Chapter I Introduction toIC Engines By Dr. S. Murali Professor & Head Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
- 2. Thermodynamics •Branch of sciencewhich deals with H t B h f i hi h d l ith Heat and Work •Basic principles B i i i l –Zeroeth law • Basis for Temperature measurement –First Law • Conversion of Energies –Second Law • Rectifies flaws in First Law • Basic theories for Heat Engines development
- 3. Engine & HeatEngine Engine : D i used t convert one form E i Device d to t f of energy another form of energy. A heat engine diverts some heat as it flows naturally from hot to cold and converts that heat into useful work Heat Engine: (i) Internal combustion engine (ii) External combustion engine
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- 6. IC Engine(Reciprocating) Gudgeon pin Cylinder CoolingJacket Crank Shaft Crank Web Crankcase
- 7. Reciprocating IC Engine(Parts) •Pi t Piston- cylindrical piece of metal th t moves li d i l i f t l that up and down the cylinder. • Piston rings rings provide a sliding seal ringsbetween the piston and cylinder. • Rings serve two purposes: –prevent fuel/air from leaking into the sump –prevent oil from entering the combustion chamber0 •Combustion chamber- area where combustion and compression takes place.
- 8. Reciprocating IC Engine(Parts) •Connectingrod- connects th piston t the C ti d t the i t to th crankshaft. •Crankshaft- th crankshaft turns the up C k h ft the k h ft t th and down motion of the piston into circular motion •Sump- (oil pan) contains and collects oil for lubrication
- 9. IC Engine Terminology Clearance Topdead center (TDC) Stoke (L) Bottom dead center (BDC) Cylinder B C li d Bore (D) π Displacement or Stroke Volume (Vs ) = A × L = D 2 L 4 Cylinder Volume (V ) C li d V l = dispacement volume + clearance volume = VS + VC VS V VC + VS Compression Ratio(r ) = p = = 1+ VC VC VC
- 10. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES 1. 1 Application 2. Basic Engine Design 3. Operating Cycle 4. Working Cycle 5. Valve/Port Design and Location 6. Fuel 7. Mixture Preparation 8. Ignition 8 I iti 9. Stratification of Charge 10. 10 Combustion Chamber Design 11. Method of Load Control 12. Cooling g
- 11. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES Application 1. Automotive: () (i) Car (ii) Truck/Bus (iii) Off-highway 2. 2 Locomotive 3. Light Aircraft 4. Marine: (i) Outboard (ii) Inboard (iii) Ship 5. Power Generation: (i) (ii) Portable (Domestic) Fixed (Peak Power)
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- 13. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES 6. 6 Agricultural: (i) (ii) 7. Earthmoving: (i) (ii) (iii) 8. Home U 8 H Use: (i) (ii) (iii) 9. Others Tractors Pump sets Dumpers Tippers Mining Equipment Lawnmowers Snow blowers Tools
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- 15. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES Basic Engine Design Design: 1. Reciprocating (a) Single Cylinder (b) Multi-cylinder (I) In-line (ii) V (iii) Radial (iv) Opposed Cylinder (v) Opposed Piston 2. R t 2 Rotary: (a) Single Rotor ( ) Si l R t (b) Multi-rotor
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- 19. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES • • • • • Operating Cycle O ti C l Otto (For the Conventional SI Engine) Atkinson (For Complete Expansion SI Engine) Miller (For Early Mill (F E l or L t I l t Valve Late Inlet V l Closing type SI Engine) Diesel (For the Ideal Di Di l (F th Id l Diesel Engine) lE i ) Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)
- 20. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES Working C cle (St okes) Wo king Cycle (Strokes) 1. Four Stroke Cycle: (a) Naturally Aspirated (b)Supercharged/Turbocharged 2. 2 Two Stroke Cycle: (a) Crankcase Scavenged (b) Uniflow Scavenged (i) Inlet valve/Exhaust Port (ii) Inlet Port/Exhaust Valve (iii) Inlet and Exhaust Valve ay b a u a y sp a d May be Naturally Aspirated Turbocharged
- 21. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES 1. 2. 2 3. 4. 4 1. 1 2. 3. 4. Valve/Port Val e/Po t Design Poppet Valve Rotary Valve Reed Valve Piston Controlled Porting Valve Location The T-head T head The L-head The F-head F head The I-head: (i) Over head Valve (OHV) (ii) Over head Cam (OHC) ( ) O ad Ca (O C)
- 22. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES Fuel 1.Conventional: (a) Crude oil derived (i) Petrol (ii) Diesel (b) Other sources (i) Coal (ii) Wood (i l d bi W d (includes bio-mass) ) (iii)Tar Sands (iv)Shale
- 23. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES Fuel 2. Alternate: (a) Petroleum derived (i) CNG(Compressed Natural Gas) (ii) LPG(Liquid Petroleum Gas) (b) Bio-mass Derived (i) Alcohols (methyl and ethyl) (ii) Vegetable oils V t bl il (iii) Producer gas and biogas (iv) Hydrogen 3. Blending 4. Dual fueling g
- 24. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES Mixture P Mi t Preparation ti 1. Carburetion 2. Fuel Injection (i) Diesel (ii) Gasoline (a) Manifold (b) Port (c) Cylinder
- 25. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES Ignition I iti 1. Spark Ignition (a) Conventional (i) Battery (ii) Magneto (b) Other methods 2. Compression Ignition
- 26. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES Charge Stratification Ch St tifi ti 1. Homogeneous Charge (Also Pre-mixed charge) 2. Stratified Ch 2 St tifi d Charge (i) With carburetion (ii) With fuel injection
- 27. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES 1. 2. Combustion Chambe Comb stion Chamber Design Open Chamber (i) Disc type (ii) Wedge (iii) Hemispherical (iv) Bowl-in-piston (v) Other design Divided Chamber (For CI) (For SI) (i) Swirl chamber (i) CVCC (ii) Pre-chamber ( ) a b (ii) Other designs ( )O d sg s
- 28. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES Method f L d Control M th d of Load C t l 1. Throttling: (To keep mixture strength constant) Al called Ch t t) Also ll d Charge Control C t l Used in the Carbureted S.I. Engine 2. Fuel C t l (To 2 F l Control (T vary th mixture the i t strength according to load) Used in th C I E i U d i the C.I. Engine 3. Combination Used in the F l i j t d S.I. E i U d i th Fuel-injected S I Engine.
- 29. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES Cooling 1. 1 Direct Air cooling Air-cooling 2. 2 Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling) 3. 3 Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) (Semi adiabatic) engine.
- 30. CLASSIFICATION OF ICENGINES Cooling 1. 1 Direct Air cooling Air-cooling 2. 2 Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling) 3. 3 Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) (Semi adiabatic) engine.
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- 32. Working of FourStroke SI Engine Sequential operations S i l i •Induction Stroke: fill cylinder with air fuel mixture •Compression Stroke: squeeze mixture •Power Stroke: burn and extract work •Exhaust Stroke: empty cylinder of exhaust
- 33. Induction Stroke(1→2) • Pistonmoves from TDC to BDC • Intake valve - open • Exhaust valve- closed • Engine pulls piston out of cylinder • Low pressure inside cylinder • air fuel mixture (carburretted 14 to 15 on weight basis) enters into cylinder • Flywheel angle of rotation 0-180 • Engine does work on the gases during this stroke
- 34. Compression Stroke(2→3) • Pistonmoves from BDC to TDC • Intake valve – closed • Exhaust valve- closed • Engine pushes piston into cylinder • Mixture is compressed to high pressure and temperature • Flywheel angle of rotation 180-360 • Engine does work on the gases during this stroke
- 35. Power Stroke(3→4) • Pistonmoves from TDC-BDC • Intake valve - closed • Exhaust valve - closed • Mixture burns to form hot gases • Gases push piston out of cylinder • Gases expand to lower pressure and temperature • Flywheel angle of rotation 360-540 • Gases do work on engine during this stroke
- 36. Exhaust Stroke • Pistonmoving up • Intake valve closed • Exhaust valve open • Engine pushes piston into cylinder • High pressure inside cylinder • Pressure pushes burned gases out of cylinder • Flywheel angle of rotation 540-720 • Engine does work on the gases during this stroke
- 37. SI Engine Animation& Ideal PV-Diagram 3 1 2 3 4 1 intake isentropic compression isochoric h ti i h i heating isentropic expansion 0 exhaust ignition P 0 1 2 3 4 2 Patm 0 1 exhau ust 4 Intake / exhaust V2 V1 V
- 38. Working of 4stroke CI Engine • operation i quite similar t SI engine ti is it i il to i –However • F l Injectors are used for Fuel I j t df atomized fuel injection • Fresh air is entered during induction stroke g • Heterogeneous mixture is burned because of self ignition of the fuel
- 39. Working of 4stroke CI Engine 0 → 1induction 1 → 2 isentropic compression 2 → 3const. vloume heat addition 3 → 4 isentropic exp ansion 4 → 1 → 0 const. pressure heat j ti h t rejection 0 Intake / exhaust
- 40. Salient features of4 stroke engine •Provided with valves P id d ith l •It requires four strokes •Two revolution of crank shaft •One power stroke for every four strokes •Flywheel stores energy during power stroke and supplies part of energy for idle strokes
- 41. SI engine VsCI engine Description Basic Cycle Fuel Introduction f I t d ti of Fuel SI CI Otto cycle or constant Diesel cycle or volume heat addition cycle constant pressure heat addition Gasoline, a highly volatile Diesel, a non volatile , g y , fuel, high self ignition fuel, low self ignition temperature temperature A mixture of fuel and air is F l i injected just at i t f f l d i i Fuel is i j t d j t t introduced during suction the end of compression stroke(Induction Stroke) stroke Load control Quantity governed Quality governed Fuel Ignition g Requires Spark plug q p p g Self ignition g
- 42. SI engine VsCI engine(contd) Description Compression ratio Thermal efficiency y Weight SI CI 6-10 16-20 Low efficiency(Lower compression ratio) p ) Higher efficiency(higher y( g compression ratio) Heavier(higher peak pressure) ) Lighter in weight(low peak pressure) k )
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