Types of Combustion Chambers - ATIF.pptx
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A Combustion chamber is an important component of an Internal combustion engine in which the chemical energy of the fuel is converted into mechanical energy to power the vehicle or machinery.
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A carburetor mixes air and fuel for combustion in an internal combustion engine. It contains several main parts including a venturi, float chamber, nozzles, and throttle valve. A carburetor uses venturi suction to draw fuel from the float chamber and mix it with air to supply the engine. The main types are updraft, downdraft, and horizontal based on airflow direction. Carburetors provide fuel metering and air-fuel ratio control for engines. While simpler than fuel injection, carburetors are less precise at mixing fuel and air.
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Measurement of friction power
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PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
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The boiler system comprises a feed-water system, steam system, and fuel system. The feed-water system supplies treated water to the boiler and regulate it automatically to meet the steam demand. Various valves and controls are provided to access for maintenance and monitoring.
Valve timing diagram
Valve timing is the precise timing of the opening and closing of valves in an internal combustion engine. It is controlled by the camshaft and can be varied by modifying the camshaft or using variable valve timing. With traditional fixed valve timing, engines experience a period of valve overlap when both intake and exhaust valves are open simultaneously. Variable valve timing uses computer control and oil pressure to advance or retard cam timing while the engine is running, changing valve duration, overlap, and sometimes lift. It has been implemented in many Japanese and European engines since the 1980s-1990s and more recently in some American engines.
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This document provides an overview of governors and their functions. It discusses the main components and workings of centrifugal governors, including Porter and Hartnell governors. The key points covered are:
- Governors regulate engine speed by automatically controlling the supply of working fluid as load conditions vary.
- Centrifugal governors work by balancing the centrifugal force on rotating balls with a controlling force. Porter governors use a central load while Hartnell governors use springs.
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Content of this presentation are as follows -
What is I.C. Engine?
Basic parts of I.C. Engine
Working of 4-stroke Engine
1) Suction stroke
2) Compression stroke
3) Expansion stroke
4) Exhaust stroke
Advantages
Disadvantages
Thank You
Engine
This document provides an overview of engine types and components presented by Vishal Singh of Raj Sons Auto Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the basic components and functions of engines, including pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts, and various engine types classified by combustion method, number of strokes, cylinder arrangement, and ignition method. It also summarizes lubrication basics, describing how oil is pulled from the sump through the filter and pump to lubricate engine components before draining back to the sump.
Ic engines
This document provides information on heat engines and boilers. It defines heat engines as devices that convert heat energy from fuel combustion into mechanical energy. There are two main types of heat engines: internal combustion engines where combustion occurs inside the engine, and external combustion engines where combustion is outside the working cylinder. Boilers are described as closed vessels that generate steam from water through heat and pressure. Boilers are classified based on factors like water/flue gas flow, firing method, water circulation, pressure, orientation, and use. Key components and workings of internal combustion engines, boilers, and their systems are outlined.
IC Engines
This document provides information on heat engines and boilers. It defines a heat engine as a device that converts heat energy to mechanical energy. Heat engines are classified as internal combustion engines where fuel combustion occurs inside the engine cylinder, or external combustion engines where combustion occurs outside the cylinder. Details are given on common internal combustion engine types like diesel, petrol, and gas engines. The document also discusses boiler types like fire tube boilers, water tube boilers, and fluidized bed combustion boilers. Key components, workings, and examples of different engine and boiler classifications are described over multiple pages of detailed text.
DME-THERMAL-5-I.C.ENGINE.ppt
This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It begins with definitions of heat engines and the two main types - external combustion engines and internal combustion engines. The key differences between spark ignition engines and compression ignition engines are outlined. Four-stroke and two-stroke engine cycles are described and compared. The main components of internal combustion engines are defined. The document also includes classifications of IC engines, histories of important developments, and diagrams illustrating valve and port timing. Thermal concepts like indicated power, brake power, and efficiency are defined.
IC Engine.pdf
The document discusses internal combustion engines (ICEs) and their components and operation. It provides:
1) ICEs operate by burning fuel inside the engine, such as petrol and diesel engines, while external combustion engines burn fuel outside the engine, like steam engines.
2) ICEs are commonly used as prime movers to power vehicles like cars, trucks, boats and planes. They are also used in stationary equipment.
3) ICEs have various parts like the cylinder block, cylinder head, valves, pistons, crankshaft and flywheel that work together to convert the chemical energy in fuel into rotational motion.
Internal combution of Engine (two stroke and four stroke)
Unit 2 introduces IC engines and electric vehicles. For IC engines, it covers the basic components, construction, and working of two-stroke and four-stroke SI and CI engines. It discusses the differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines, and between SI and CI engines. For electric vehicles, it discusses the components of EVs including batteries and chargers, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of EVs. It also introduces hybrid electric vehicles and their components and advantages.
Day 02 functional componants of ic engine
The document discusses various sources of power including human, animal, mechanical, electrical, and others. It focuses on mechanical power sources like diesel engines. Diesel engines are commonly used to power tractors, power tillers, irrigation pumps and other agricultural machinery. The document discusses the components, working, and efficiency of internal combustion engines including two-stroke and four-stroke cycles. It covers engine terminology, the Otto and Diesel cycles, and actual engine efficiency factors. It provides an overview of engine systems, combustion chamber designs, valve mechanisms, and the process of overhauling engines.
Internal combustion engine
The document provides information on various types of internal combustion engines including their components, operation principles, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses key aspects of gasoline/petrol engines like 2-stroke and 4-stroke cycles and diesel engines. Other topics covered include engine materials, nomenclature, cooling methods, turbocharging and alternative rotary engines like the Wankel engine. Diagrams are included to illustrate the engine cycles and configurations.
Basic of Combustion in CI Engines
The document provides information on combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines. It discusses various topics such as:
1. The stages of combustion in CI engines including ignition delay period, uncontrolled combustion, controlled combustion, and afterburning. Ignition delay depends on factors like temperature, fuel quality, and compression ratio.
2. Diesel knock (detonation) which produces a clanking sound from rapid combustion. It can be controlled by using better fuel, controlling fuel supply rate, and increasing swirl.
3. Different types of combustion chambers in CI engines including direct injection, indirect injection, pre-combustion chamber, swirl chamber, and air-cell chamber.
4. F
Part.pptx
The document discusses the parts and functioning of a four-stroke engine. It explains the four strokes of intake, compression, power, and exhaust. The intake stroke draws fuel and air into the cylinder. In the compression stroke, the valves close and piston compresses the fuel-air mixture. The power stroke ignites the mixture, pushing the piston. Finally, in the exhaust stroke, the spent gases are pushed out. It also lists key engine parts like the piston, crankshaft, connecting rod, valves, and spark plug. The document provides steps for measuring and adjusting tappet clearance to regulate the valves.
engine
The document defines key terms related to internal combustion engines, including:
- Types of engine efficiency (volumetric, combustion, thermal)
- Indicated and brake horsepower
- Positions of the piston in the cylinder (top dead center, bottom dead center)
- Stroke and bore dimensions
- Definitions of indirect injection, direct injection, displacement volume, clearance volume, ignition delay, and compression ratio.
- Classifications of engines by stroke cycle (2-stroke, 4-stroke), ignition type (spark, compression), design, cylinder positioning, valve location, fuel, and air/fuel systems.
quasiturbine-170812071211 (1).pdf
The quasi turbine engine is a rotary, pistonless internal combustion engine that uses a deformable, four-faced rotor within an oval housing. It operates through intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust cycles like a traditional engine but lacks pistons and a crankshaft. The quasi turbine provides advantages like compact size, high torque, less vibration, and fewer moving parts compared to piston engines. However, it remains in early prototype stages and more development is needed to address issues like heat-induced leakage before practical applications.
Diesel Power Plant
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2 stroke engines
This document summarizes the key differences between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines. It explains that in a 2-stroke engine, the intake, compression, combustion and exhaust strokes occur in just two strokes of the piston, while a 4-stroke engine separates these functions into four strokes. This allows 2-stroke engines to fire on every revolution, providing more power but being less fuel efficient and more polluting than 4-stroke engines. The document also details how 2-stroke engines require oil to be mixed with fuel for lubrication, and describes the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust ports during the 2-stroke cycle.
GME.pptx
This document provides information about boilers and turbines used in thermal power plants. It discusses how steam is generated in boilers by burning fuel to heat water into high pressure steam. The steam then powers turbines which spin generators to produce electricity. Various types of boilers are classified based on the location of the furnace, circulation method, and whether they use fire tubes or water tubes. Selection of boilers depends on factors like operating pressure, steam requirements, and available space. The four stroke combustion cycles of diesel and petrol engines are also summarized.
Internal Combustion Engine | Ic engine
The internal combustion engine has a combustion chamber where fuel is burned. This creates high temperature and pressure gases that are used to do work by expanding. The main components of an internal combustion engine include the cylinder head, cylinder block, pistons, connecting rod, crankshaft, camshaft, valves, flywheel, and systems for fuel, ignition, cooling, lubrication, and filtering air. The engine uses precise timing of its components to intake, compress, combust, and exhaust the fuel-air mixture in order to efficiently convert the chemical energy of the fuel into useful mechanical work.
Automobile Engg.
This document provides information on automobiles and their components. It begins with definitions of an automobile and brief history, noting Karl Benz's 1885 creation of the first automobile powered by a gasoline engine. It then details various ways of classifying automobiles, such as by purpose, load capacity, fuel used, number of wheels, drive type, and engine components/design. Key components of an automobile like the frame, engine, transmission and controls are outlined. Finally, the main parts of a reciprocating engine are described in detail, including the cylinder block, cylinder head, piston, piston rings, connecting rod, and gudgeon/piston pin.
Diesel power plant
Diesel power plants produce electricity in the range of 2 to 50 MW and are commonly used as central power stations and backup generators. They have advantages over steam power plants such as occupying less space and being more efficient for capacities under 150 MW. However, diesel power plants also have higher operating and maintenance costs compared to steam plants. The key components of a diesel power plant include the diesel engine, air intake and exhaust systems, fuel supply system, starting system, lubrication system, and cooling system. Proper operation and maintenance such as regular engine running and filter servicing is required for good diesel power plant performance.
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Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
RS Khurmi Machine Design Clutch and Brake Exercise Numerical Solutions
Q.1 A single plate clutch with both sides of the plate effective is required to transmit 25 kW at 1600 r.p.m. The outer diameter of the plate is limited to 300 mm and the intensity of pressure between the plates not to exceed 0.07N / m * m ^ 2 Assuming uniform wear and coefficient of friction 0.3, find the inner diameter of the plates and the axial force necessary to engage the clutch.
Q.2 A multiple disc clutch has radial width of the friction material as 1/5th of the maximum radius. The coefficient of friction is 0.25. Find the total number of discs required to transmit 60 kW at 3000 r.p.m. The maximum diameter of the clutch is 250 mm and the axial force is limited to 600 N. Also find the mean unit pressure on each contact surface.
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Q.4 A cone clutch is mounted on a shaft which transmits power at 225 r.p.m. The small diameter of the cone is 230 mm, the cone face is 50 mm and the cone face makes an angle of 15 deg with the horizontal. Determine the axial force necessary to engage the clutch to transmit 4.5 kW if the coefficient of friction of the contact surfaces is 0.25. What is the maximum pressure on the contact surfaces assuming uniform wear?
Q.5 A soft surface cone clutch transmits a torque of 200 N-m at 1250 r.p.m. The larger diameter of the clutch is 350 mm. The cone pitch angle is 7.5 deg and the face width is 65 mm. If the coefficient of friction is 0.2. find:
1. the axial force required to transmit the torque:
2. the axial force required to engage the clutch;
3. the average normal pressure on the contact surfaces when the maximum torque is being transmitted; and
4. the maximum normal pressure assuming uniform wear.
Q.6 A single block brake, as shown in Fig. 1. has the drum diameter 250 mm. The angle of contact is 90° and the coefficient of friction between the drum and the lining is 0.35. If the torque transmitted by the brake is 70 N-m, find the force P required to operate the brake. Q.7 The layout and dimensions of a double shoe brake is shown in Fig. 2. The diameter of the
brake drum is 300 mm and the contact angle for each shoe is 90°. If the coefficient of friction for the brake lining and the drum is 0.4, find the spring force necessary to transmit a torque of 30 N-m. Also determine the width of the brake shoes, if the bearing pressure on the lining material is not to exceed 0.28N / m * m ^ 2
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❑History
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❑ Selection of Belt Drive
❑ Types of Belt Drive
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Mathematics plays a crucial role in achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047. It is the foundation for technological advancements, economic planning, infrastructure development, healthcare, environmental sustainability, and more. The initiative provides a platform for youth to contribute ideas to developing India by 2047. Mathematics is key to areas like computer science, structural engineering, statistical analysis, predictive analytics, and more. It will be essential for progress across sectors in building a developed nation.
Heat Exchanger and Its Types.pptx
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that are at different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with each other.
The primary purpose of a heat exchanger is to either cool down or heat up a fluid, depending on the specific application.
Two fluids, a hot fluid and a cold fluid, flow through the heat exchanger in separate channels.
The hot fluid transfers heat to the cold fluid through the walls of the heat exchanger channels.
The hot fluid exits the heat exchanger at a lower temperature, and the cold fluid exits the heat exchanger at a higher temperature.
Parts :
Shell: The shell is the outer housing or casing of the heat exchanger.
Tubes: The tubes are the inner passages through which one of the fluids flows.
Tube sheet: The tube sheet is a flat plate that holds the tubes in place within the shell.
Baffles: Baffles are used to direct the flow of fluid through the tubes and to increase the heat transfer surface area.
Nozzles: Nozzles are the openings that allow the fluids to enter and exit the heat exchanger.
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The document discusses different methods to determine the dryness fraction of steam. It defines dryness fraction as the ratio of mass of dry steam to total mass of wet steam. It then describes four methods to experimentally measure dryness fraction: 1) bucket/barrel calorimeter, 2) throttling calorimeter, 3) separating calorimeter, and 4) combined separating and throttling calorimeter. Each method involves using a specific type of calorimeter to separate dry steam from water particles and measure temperature/pressure to calculate dryness fraction.
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Types of Combustion Chambers - ATIF.pptx
- 1. Types of Combustion Chambers By : Atif Razi
- 2. Contents • History • Introduction • Functions of Combustion Chamber • Classification of Combustion Chamber • Combustion Chambers in S.I. Engines • Combustion Chambers in C.I. Engines
- 3. Introduction • A Combustion chamber is an important component of an Internal combustion engine in which the chemical energy of the fuel is converted into mechanical energy to power the vehicle or machinery.
- 4. Functions of Combustion Chamber • It houses the inlet & outlet valve for incoming and outgoing of mixture • It houses and guides the piston • It helps in proper combustion by proper geometry • It withstands against the high temperature of combustion • It prevents to spill out the exhaust of combustion
- 5. Requirements for Good Combustion Chamber • A good combustion chamber can deliver High Power Output • and High Thermal Efficiency. • Smooth Engine Operation • Long Engine life • Avoid knocking and detonation • Reduce exhaust pollutants.
- 6. Combustion Chamber Combustion Chamber in SI Engines T - Head Type L - Head Type I - Head Type F - Head Type Combustion Chamber in CI Engines Open/Direct Injection Type Shallow Depth Hemispherical Cylindrical Toroidal Indirect Injection Type Swirl Pre-Combustion Air-Cell
- 7. Combustion Chambers in S.I. (Spark Ignition) or Petrol or Gasoline or Otto Cycle Engine:
- 8. T – Head Type Combustion Chamber • It is the earliest used type of combustion chamber. • This was introduced by Ford in 1908. • In this type, the valves are located on opposite sides of the cylinder head, forming a T shape & the spark plug is located in the cylinder head. • As the valves are placed on either side, they require individual camshafts to operate them.
- 9. L – Head Type Combustion Chamber • This type was used by Ford between 1910 and 1930s. • This type of combustion chamber was developed to overcome the disadvantage of T-head type combustion chambers. • In this type, the inlet & exhaust valves are placed on the same side and thus they can be operated by single camshaft. • It has a simple valve mechanism which results in easy maintenance and lubrication. Top View of Cylinder Head
- 10. I – Head Type Combustion Chamber • This was first developed by Buick and it has been in use since the 1950s. • In this type both the valves are mounted on head of the cylinder. • Hence this is also known as overhead combustion chamber. • The valves at the top provide direct passage for the fuel which makes it more efficient. Inside Top View of Cylinder Head
- 11. I – Head Type Combustion Chambers Bath Tub Type In the bath tub type, spark plug is placed at the side and the valves are placed vertically at the top. Wedge Type In the wedge type, the valves are placed inclined, whereas the spark plug is placed at the top.
- 12. F – Head Type Combustion Chamber • This type is the intermediate between the L and I type head combustion chambers. • It has an inlet valve at the cylinder head similar to the I-head type • and exhaust valve on the cylinder block similar to the L-head type. • The F-head chamber was successfully used by Rover Company and in Willy’s jeeps.
- 13. Combustion Chambers in C.I. (Compression Ignition) or Diesel Engine :
- 14. Combustion Chamber in CI Engines Open/Direct Injection Type Shallow Depth Hemispherical Cylindrical Toroidal Turbulent/Indirect Injection Type Swirl Pre-Combustion Air-Cell
- 15. Open or Direct Injection (DI) Combustion Chamber • In an open combustion chamber the space between the piston and cylinder head is open i.e. there is no restriction in between. • The fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber that’s why it is known as Direct Injection Combustion Chamber • Advantages : Simpler in design High power output • Disadvantages : Produces more emissions Less fuel-efficient
- 16. Open or Direct Injection Combustion Chambers
- 17. Indirect Injection (IDI) Combustion Chamber • In an indirect injection combustion chamber, the fuel is injected into a small pre-chamber or swirl chamber, which is connected to the main combustion chamber. The fuel is ignited in the pre-chamber, which then ignites the mixture in the main combustion chamber. • Advantages: Produces lower emissions More fuel-efficient • Disadvantages : Complex design Complex manufacturing processes
- 18. Pre Combustion Chamber • A pre-combustion chamber is a type of indirect injection combustion chamber where the air and fuel are introduced into a small separate chamber, which is connected to the main combustion chamber by a small hole called orifice. • It allows for better mixing of the air and fuel, which leads to improved combustion efficiency.
- 19. Swirl Combustion Chamber • These combustion chambers are similar as that of pre-combustion chamber. • The difference is that in pre- combustion chamber only 20 to 25% of total air enters while in this type 80 to 90% total air circulates in pre-chamber. • As high rate of “swirl” is produced in this type, it is known as swirl combustion chamber.
- 20. Air–Cell Combustion Chamber • In this chamber, the clearance volume is divided into two parts, one in the main cylinder and the other called the energy cell. • The energy cell is divided into two parts, major and minor, which are separated from each other and from the main chamber. • In this combustion chamber the fuel is injected in the main chamber while in the other case into pre- combustion chamber. • The fuel is forced at high velocity from the main chamber into the neck of energy-cell where the combustion is initiated and due to high pressure rise it flows back into main chamber. • This high velocity jet produces swirling motion in the main chamber and thereby thoroughly mixes the fuel with air resulting in complete combustion • This combustion chamber is suitable only for constant speed engines.
Editor's Notes
- In other words, the volume or confined space between the piston head (at Top Dead Center) and cylinder head in an Internal Combustion engine where the air-fuel mixture is ignited or burnt is called Combustion Chamber.
- A camshaft is a mechanical component in an engine that controls the opening and closing of the engine’s valves.
- Only 20 to 25% of total air enters