An embedded system is a dedicated computer system that performs specific tasks, and is embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and software. Examples include watches, washing machines, cell phones and more. Embedded systems have limited memory and processing capabilities compared to general purpose computers. They also have dedicated functions and real-time constraints. Microcontrollers are commonly used in embedded systems and contain a CPU, memory and programmable input/output peripherals on a single chip. Real-time operating systems help schedule tasks to meet timing constraints in embedded systems.

1. Joy Dutta
Pursuing PhD (Jadavpur University)
M.Tech in CSE (1St Class : CU)
Post Graduate B.Tech in CSE (1St Class : CU)
B.Sc in Physics ( Honours : CU)

2. What is an Embedded System?
 Definition:
“An embedded system is a system that has software
embedded into computer-hardware, which makes a
system dedicated for an application (s) or specific part
of an application or product or part of a larger system.”
i.e. It is a dedicated computer based system for an application(s) or
product. It may be an independent system or a part of large
system. Its software usually embeds into a ROM (Read Only
Memory) or flash.”
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3. Examples of Embedded Systems:
 Time display system – Watch
 Automatic cloth washing system – Washing Machine
 Fax Machines
 ATM
 Cell Phone
 Digital Camera
 Portable Video Games
 Calculator
 Etc.
 All of these devices are dedicated in their approach.
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4. Embedded Systems Vs General
Computing System
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5. Computer Washing Machine
Uses Hardware and Software Uses Hardware and Software
Capable of handling various activities
with very high speed
It can do only dedicated type of work,
completely dedicated system
It can handle tremendous amount of
data
It can handle limited amount of data
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6. Let’s consider a Computer
 A computer is a system that has the following or more
components.
 A microprocessor
 A large memory comprising the following two kinds:
(a) Primary memory (semiconductor memories - RAM, ROM
and fast accessible caches)
(b) Secondary memory [(magnetic memory located in hard
disks, diskettes (Floppy Disk) and cartridge tapes, optical
memory in CD-ROM or memory stick (removable
flash memory card in mobile computer)] using which
different user programs can load into the primary memory
and can be run.
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7. Computer …
 I/O units such as touch screen, modem, fax cum modem
etc.
 Input units such as keyboard, mouse, digitizer, scanner,
etc.
 Output units like LCD screen, video monitor, printer, etc.
 Networking units like Ethernet card, front-end
processor-based server, bus drivers, etc.
 Operating system (OS).
 General purpose user interfaces and application software,
mostly in secondary memory
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8. Now consider an Embedded system
 Three main embedded components-
1. Embeds hardware to give computer like
functionalities
2. Embeds main application software generally into
flash or ROM and the application software performs
concurrently the number of tasks.
3. Embeds a real time operating system( RTOS),
which supervises the application software tasks
running on the hardware and organizes the accesses
to system resources according to priorities and
timing constraints of tasks in the system.
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9. Physical Components of an Embedded
System
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10. Embedded system RTOS
 Enables execution of concurrent processes or threads or tasks
 Provides a mechanism to let the processor run each process as
per scheduling and to do context-switch between the various
processes (threads or tasks)
 RTOS sets the rules during execution of application processes to
enable finishing of a process within the assigned time interval
and with assigned priority
**RTOS:
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS)
intended to serve real-time application process data as it comes in,
typically without buffering delays. Processing time requirements
(including any OS delay) are measured in tenths of seconds or shorter.
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11. Sophisticated Embedded System
Characteristics
(1) Dedicated functions
(2) Dedicated complex algorithms
(3) Dedicated (GUIs) and other user interfaces for the
application
(4) Real time operations— Defines the ways in which the
system works, reacts to the events and interrupts,
schedules the system functioning in real time and executes
by following a plan to control the latencies and to meet the
deadlines. [Latency — Waiting interval between the
instance at which a need to run the codes arises for task (or
interrupt service routine) following an event and instance
of start executing the codes]
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12. Sophisticated Embedded System
Characteristics (cont …)
(5) Multi-rate operations — Different operations may
take place at distinct rates. For example, the audio,
video, network data or stream and events have the
different rates and time constraints to finish associated
processes.
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13. Constraints of an Embedded
System Design
 Available system-memory
 Available processor speed
 Limited power dissipation when running the system
continuously in cycles of the system start, wait for
event, wake-up and run, sleep and stop.
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14. System design constraints
 Performance,
 power,
 size,
 non-recurring design cost, and
 manufacturing costs.
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15. What is a Microcontroller?
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 A microcontroller is a compact microcomputer designed to govern
the operation of embedded systems in motor vehicles, robots, office
machines, complex medical devices, mobile radio transceivers,
vending machines, home appliances, and various other devices
 It is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a
processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals

16. Examples where Microcontrollers
are Used
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17. Size of a Microcontroller
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 All these uses made
available from a tiny
piece of computer that
is not bigger than the
size of a crack piece of
paper

18. Microprocessor | Microcontroller
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Wrong

19. Microprocessor | Micro controller
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21. Fundamental components of a
Micro Controller Unit (MCU)
 Fundamental components are :
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 System Clock
 Memory
 Peripherals
** Wide variety of this components (application specific)
different microcontrollers are produced
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22. PC and MCU
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23. Questions???
Email id –
 joydutta.nsec@gmail.com
Mob: +91 8981532753
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24. 8 November 2015 RTOS Synchronization 24

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