The document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines an embedded system as a microprocessor-based system designed to perform dedicated functions, often as part of a larger system. Embedded systems are found in various applications ranging from home appliances to medical devices to industrial systems. The document discusses why microcontrollers are commonly used in embedded systems due to their integrated memory and I/O peripherals. It also outlines the typical hardware and software architecture of an embedded system and classifications including stand-alone, real-time, and networked systems.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Dr. Y. NARASIMHA MURTHY Ph.D
Reader & Head, Department of Physics & Electronics
Sri Sai Baba National College (Autonomous)
ANANTAPUR – 515 001 ( A.P.)
yayavaram@yahoo.com

2. “Suklambaradaram Vishnum
Sasivarnam Chatrubhujam
Prasanna Vadanam, Dhyaee
Sarva Vignopa Santaye"

3. Organisation of the Presentation
 Introduction-What is an embedded
system
 Significance
 Why a microcontroller?
 Micro processor Vs Micro controller
 What is inside an Embedded system?
 Archtecture of an Embedded system

4.  Features
 Classification of Embedded systems
 Languages
 Communication interfaces
 Types of microcontrollers
 Recent trends in the field
 Design –case study

5.  Embedded C softwares
 Vendors who supply
 Books
 Website references
 Conclusion

6. What is an Embedded
system?
 An embedded system is one that has computer hardware
with software embedded in it as one of its components.
Or
 We can define an embedded system as “A
microprocessor based system that does not look like
a computer”.
Or
 we can say that it is “A combination of computer
hardware and software, and perhaps additional
mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a
dedicated function. In some cases, embedded
systems are part of a larger system or product, as is
the case of an antilock braking system in a car ”.

7.  An embedded system is a special-purpose computer
system designed to perform certain dedicated functions.
It is usually embedded as part of a complete device
including hardware and mechanical parts. (Wikipedia)

8. Significance
Due to their compact size, low cost and simple design
aspects embedded systems are very popular and
encroached into human lives and have become
indispensable. They are found everywhere from kitchen ware
to space craft. To emphasize this idea here are some
illustrations.

9. Embedded systems everywhere!
Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there
are many examples of their use.
a) Biomedical Instrumentation – ECG Recorder, Blood cell
recorder, patient monitor system
b) Communication systems – pagers, cellular phones, cable
TV terminals, fax and transreceivers, video games and so
on.
c) Peripheral controllers of a computer – Keyboard
controller, DRAM controller, DMA controller, Printer
controller, LAN controller, disk drive controller.

10. d) Industrial Instrumentation – Process controller, DC
motor controller, robotic systems, CNC machine
controller, close loop engine controller, industrial
moisture recorder cum controller.
e) Scientific – digital storage system, CRT display
controller, spectrum analyser.

11. Were the embedded systems
existing earlier ?
Yes / No, We have been enjoying the grace of embedded
system quite a long time. But they were not so popular
because in those days most of the systems were designed
around a microprocessor unlike today’s systems which were
built around a microcontroller.
As we know a microprocessor by itself do not possess any
memory, ports etc… So, everything must be connected
externally by using peripherals like 8255, 8257, 8259 etc. So
the embedded system designed using microprocessor was
not only complicated in design but also large in size.
At the same time the speed of a microprocessor is also a
Limitation for high end applications.

12. Why a microcontroller ?
A microcontroller is a single silicon chip with memory and all
Input/Output peripherals on it. Hence a microcontroller is also
popularly known as a single chip computer.
Normally, a single microcomputer has the following features :
 Arithmetic and logic unit
 Memory for storing program
 EEPROM for nonvolatile data storage
 RAM for storing variables and special function registers
 Input/output ports

13.  Timers and counters
 Analog to digital converter
 Circuits for reset, power up, serial programming,
debugging
 Instruction decoder and a timing and control unit
 Serial communication port

14. So, its no wonder to say that the microcontroller is the
most sought after device for designing an efficient
embedded system.

15. Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller

16. What is inside an embedded
system ?
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware
built around a Central Processing Unit (CPU). This hardware
also contains memory chips onto which the software is
loaded. The software residing on the memory chip is also
called the ‘firmware’.
The operating system runs above the hardware, and the
application software runs above the operating system. The
same architecture is applicable to any computer including a
desktop computer. However, there are significant
differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating system
in every embedded system.

17. For small appliances such as remote control units, air-
conditioners, toys etc., there is no need fir an operating
system and we can write only the software specific to that
application. For applications involving complex
processing, it is advisable to have an operating system.
In such a case, you need to integrate the application
software with the operating system and then transfer the
entire software on to the memory chip. Once the
software is transferred to the memory chip, the software
will continue to run for a long time and you don’t need to
reload new software .
The next slide shows the layered architecture of an
embedded system.

18. Layered architecture of an Embedded System

19. Now let us see the details of the various building
blocks of the hardware of an embedded system.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory (Read only memory and Random
access memory)
 Input Devices
 Output Devices
 Communication interfaces
 Application specific circuitry

20. This slide shows the Hardware architecture of an
embedded system

21. Features of an embedded system
Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be
programmed to do different things.
 Embedded systems have very limited resources,
particularly the memory. Generally, they do not have
secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the
floppy disk.
 Embedded systems have to work against some
deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a
specific time. In some embedded systems, called real-
time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a
dead line may cause a catastrophe – loss of life or
damage to property.

22.  Embedded systems are constrained for power, As many
embedded systems operate through a battery, the power
consumption has to be very low.
 Embedded systems need to be highly reliable. Once in a
while, pressing ALT-CTRL-DEL is OK on your desktop,
but you cannot afford to reset your embedded system.
 Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme
environmental conditions such as very high temperatures
and humidity.

23.  Embedded systems that address the consumer market
(for example electronic toys) are very cost-effective.
Even a reduction of Rs.10 is lot of cost saving, because
thousands or millions systems may be sold.
 Unlike desktop computers in which the hardware platform
is dominated by Intel and the operating system is
dominated by Microsoft, there is a wide variety of
processors and operating systems for the embedded
systems. So, choosing the right platform is the most
complex task .

24. Classification of Embedded
Systems
Based on functionality and performance requirements,
embedded systems are classified as :
 Stand-alone Embedded Systems
 Real-time Embedded Systems
 Networked Information Appliances
 Mobile Devices

25. Stand-alone Embedded Systems
As the name implies, stand-alone systems work in stand-
alone mode. They take inputs, process them and produce
the desired output.
The input can be electrical signals from transducers or
commands from a human being such as the pressing of a
button.
The output can be electrical signals to drive another system,
an LED display or LCD display for displaying of information
to the users.
Embedded systems used in process control, automobiles,
consumer electronic items etc. fall into this category.

26. Real-time Systems
Embedded systems in which some specific work has to be
done in a specific time period are called real-time systems.
For example, consider a system that has to open a valve
within 30 milliseconds when the humidity crosses a
particular threshold.
If the valve is not opened within 30 milliseconds, a
catastrophe may occur.
Such systems with strict deadlines are called hard real-
time systems.

27. In some embedded systems, deadlines are imposed, but
not adhering to them once in a while may not lead to a
catastrophe.
For example, consider a DVD player. Suppose, you give a
command to the DVD player from a remote control, and
there is a delay of a few milliseconds in executing that
command.
But, this delay won’t lead to a serious implication. Such
systems are called soft real-time systems .

28. Hard Real-Time Embedded System

29. Networked Information Appliances
Embedded systems that are provided with network
interfaces and accessed by networks such as Local Area
Network or the Internet are called networked information
appliances.
Such embedded systems are connected to a network,
typically a network running TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocol suite, such as the
Internet or a company’s Intranet.
These systems have emerged in recent years. These
systems run the protocol TCP/IP stack and get connected
through PPP or Ethernet to an network and communicate
with other nodes in the network.

30. Here are some examples of such systems
 A networked process control system consists of a
number of embedded systems connected as a local area
network.
 Each embedded system can send real-time data to a
central location from where the entire process control
system can be monitored.
 The monitoring can be done using a web browser such
as the Internet Explorer.
 A web camera can be connected to the Internet. The
web camera can send pictures in real-time to any
computer connected to the Internet.
 In such a case, the web camera has to run the HTTP
server software in addition to the TCP/IP protocol stack.

31.  The door lock of your home can be a small embedded
system with TCP/IP and HTTP server software running
on it.
 When your children stand in front of the door lock after
they return from school, the web camera in the door-lock
will send an alert to your desktop over the Internet and
then you can open the door-lock through a click of the
mouse.

32. This slide shows a weather monitoring system connected to
the Internet. TCP/IP protocol suite and HTTP web server
software will be running on this system. Any computer
connected to the Internet can access this system to obtain
real-time weather information.

33. The networked information appliances need to run the
complete TCP/IP protocol stack including the application
layer protocols. If the appliance has to provide
information over the Internet, HTTP web server software
also needs to run on the system.

34. Mobile Devices
Mobile devices such as mobile phones, Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs), smart phones etc. are a special
category of embedded systems. Though the PDAs do
many general purpose tasks, they need to be designed
just like the ‘conventional’ embedded systems.

35. The limitations of the mobile devices – memory
constraints, small size, lack of good user interfaces such
as full fledged keyboard and display etc. are same as
those found in the embedded systems discussed above.
Hence, mobile devices are considered as embedded
systems.
However, the PDAs are now capable of supporting
general purpose application software such as word
processors, games, etc.

36. Languages for Programming
Embedded Systems
Assembly language was the pioneer for programming
embedded systems till recently. Nowadays there are
many more languages to program these systems. Some
of the languages are C, C++, Ada, Forth, and Java
together with its new enhancement J2ME.
The presence of tools to model the software in UML, SDL
is sufficient to indicate the maturity of embedded software
programming

37. The majority of software for embedded systems is still
done in C language. Recent survey indicates that
approximately 45% of the embedded software is still
being done in C language.
C++ is also increasing its presence in embedded
systems. As C++ is based on C language, thus providing
programmer the object oriented methodologies to reap
the benefits of such an approach.

38. C is very close to assembly programming and it allows
very easy access to underlying hardware. A huge
number of high quality compilers and debugging tools are
available for the C language.
Though C++ is theoretically more efficient than C, but
some of its compilers have bugs due to the huge size of
the language. These compilers may cause a buggy
execution.

39. C language can definitely claim to have more mature
compilers C++. Now in order to avail the extra benefits of
C++ and plus to avoid buggy execution, experts are
doing efforts to identify a subset of C++ that can be used
in embedded systems and this subset is called
Embedded C++ .

40. Communication Interfaces
For embedded systems to interact with the external world, a
number of communication interfaces are available. They
are
 Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI):
RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc
 Synchronous Serial Communication Interface:
I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC and ESSI
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)

41.  Networks:
Ethernet, Controller Area Network, LonWorks, etc
 Timers:
PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
 Discrete IO:
General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
 Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)

42. Which is the best suited
microcontroller for design of
embedded system?
There is always a trade off between efficiency and power
dissipation. To know this, let us review the various types of
microcontrollers and their specifications and the vendors.

44. From the previous slide we can find that the ARM
processor is a strong option for better performance. But
when we consider the power consumption, in the case of
ARM it is around 400mW and the ATmega1031, AVR
microcontroller consumes low power around 16.5mW,
but provides low performance.

45. But the Texas instruments MSP430 with wide range of
operation modes consumes only 1.2mW with reasonably
good performance. So it is always left to the designer to
choose a suitable device according to the requirement.

46. RECENT TRENDS :
 Recently embedded systems are being designed on a
single chip, called system on chip (SoC). SoC is a new
design innovation for embedded systems.
 An embedded processor is a part of the SoC VLSI circuit

47. A SoC is embedded with the following components :
o Multiple processors
o Memories
o Multiple standard source solutions (IP-Intellectual
property)
o Cores and
o Other logic analog units
o A SoC may also have a network protocol embedded in to
it.

48. o It may embed an encryption function unit.
o It can embed discrete cosine transforms for signal
processing applications.
o It may also embed FPGA cores (Field
programmable Gate Array)
o Recently exemplary GPPs called ARM 7, ARM 9 which
embed onto a VLSI chip, have been developed by ARM
& Texas Instruments.

49. Design of an embedded system – a
Case study
To understand the design of a simple embedded system
let us first consider the idea of a data acquisition system.
The data acquisition system is shown in the next slide.

50. Data acquisition system

51. For example let me consider a simple case of temperature
measurement embedded system.
 First we must select a temperature sensor like thermistor
or AD590 or LM35 or LM335 or LM75 etc.
 After this the analog data is converted into digital data
and at the same time proper signal conditioning is done.

52.  This digital input is fed to the microcontroller through its
ports.
 By developing a suitable program (Embedded C or
Assembly) the data is processed and controlled.
 For this purpose keil or Ride or IAR ARM Embedded
workbench C compilers can be used.

53.  Once the program is debugged, and found error free it
can be dumped into the microcontroller flash memory
using ISP (Philips - Flash magic or any ISP).
 Now, your microcontroller chip acts as an embedded
chip.

54. For the sake of clarity I present the block diagram of a
simple embedded system.

56. Embedded C softwares
Keil μvision evaluation version can be
downloaded from www.keil.com
Embedded C compiler Ride can be downloaded
Freely from www.raisonance.com
Embedded IAR ARM Workbench can be
downloaded from www.iar.com

57. The various vendors who can supply the
microcontroller kits :
1. Power systems, Chennai (www.powersoftsystems .com)
2. Vi-microsystems - Chennai (www.vimicrosystems.com)
3. ESA systems- Bangalore ( www.esa india.com)
4. SPJ Embedded Technologies Ltd. (www.spjsystems.com)
5. Advanced Electronic systems-Bangalore (www. alsindia.net)
6. Front line electronics . (www. frontline-electronics. Com)
7. Pantech solutions Pvt. Ltd, Chennai
(www.pantechsolutions.net)
8. Everest infocom Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore (www.emblitz.com)

58. Books that have helped me to understand
the embedded systems :
1) Barr, Michael, Programming embedded sytems in C and
C++ - OReilly Publishers
2) Raj Kamal, Embedded systems, TMG
3) Valvano, Introduction to Embedded microcomputer
systems, Thomson Publishers
4) Mazidi and Mazidi, The 8051 microcontroller and
embedded sytems - Pearson education
5) Peatman,J.B. Design with microcontrollers and
microcomputers, McGraw Hill

59. 6) Stewart. J.W. The 8051 Microcontroller Hardware,
Software and Interfacing – Prentice Hall
7) Ayala Kenneth, The 8051 Microntroller – Architecture,
Programming and Applications – Delmar Publ.
8) Ajay Deshmukh, Microcontrollers – TATA McGraw Hill
9) Rajkamal, Microcontrollers - Architecture, Programming
– Pearson Publishers
10) Myke Predko, Programming the 8051
Microcontroller – McGraw Hill

60. 11) Michael J. Pont, Embedded C - Addison
Wesely Publ.
12) Steve Heath, Embedded system design –
Heinemann Publ.
13) Frank Vahid, Embedded systems – a unified
hardware/software Introduction – John Wiley
and sons Publ.
14) Barnett Cox & O’cull, “Embedded C Programming & the
Microchip PIC”, Thomson Delmar Learning.
15) Jean J. Labrosse, Embedded systems building blocks,
CMP Books

61. 16) K.V.K.K Prasad, Embedded/ Real –Time systems:Black
book - Dreamtech Publishers
17) Dhananjay V.Gadre ,Programming and custamizing the
AVR Micro controller – TMH
18) Mike James,Micro Controller cook book PIC &8051-
Heinemann, Oxford Publishers
19) John B. Peatman, Design with PIC microcontrollers,
Pearson education
20) Todd D. Morton, Embedded Microcontrollers, Pearson
education

62. Website References
1. http://www.eg3.com
2. http://www.ARM.MCU.com
3. http://www.mcjournal.com
4. http://www.iar.com
5. http://www.keil.com
6. http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/microcontrollers
7. http://www.embedded.com
8. http://www.powersoftsystems.com
9. www.macrovision.com/newsletters
10. www.planarembedded.com

63. 11. www.8051.org
12. www.8051projects.net
13. www.programmersheaven.com
14. www.microcontrollershop.com
15. www.sg.renesas.com
16. www.ti.com
17. www.microchip.com
18. www.microchip.com/zigbee
19. www.analog.com.
20. www.national.com

64. Concluding remarks
 There’s lots more to learn, but with these
basics under your belt it’s just a small
matter of gaining experience
 Good luck!