The document discusses embedded systems, defining them as computer hardware integrated with software to perform specific tasks. It highlights the essential components such as processors, features, programming languages, and applications, with a focus on the importance of C and C++ in embedded programming. Additionally, it categorizes embedded systems into real-time systems, mobile systems, and small-scale systems, emphasizing their unique characteristics and requirements.

1. Embedded System
Submitted to-
Mr. Harinder Sir,
Submitted by- Pankaj joshi
BCA 2A
1524629
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2. CONTENTS
 System
 Embedded System
 Processor
 Features
 Languages for programming
 Applications
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3. System
 A system is a way of working, organizing or doing
one or many tasks according to a fixed plan,
program or set of rules.
 A system is also an arrangement in which all its
units assemble and work together according to the
plan or program.
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4. 4SYSTEM EXAMPLES
WATCH
It is a time display SYSTEM
Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial,
Chassis and Strap
Rules
1.All needles move clockwise only
2.A thin needle rotates every second
3.A long needle rotates every minute
4.A short needle rotates every hour
5.All needles return to the original position after 12 hours

5. 5EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Definition: An Embedded System is one that has computer
hardware with software embedded in it as one of its
important components.
SOFTWARE PROGRAM
#include <16f876a.h>
#use delay (clock=20000000)
#byte PORTB=6
main()
{
set_tris_b(0);
portb=255; //decimal
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0x55; //hexadecimal
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0b10101010; //binary
delay_ms(500);
}
HARDWARE

6. Processor
 A Processor is the heart of the Embedded System.
 An embedded processor is a microprocessor that is used in
an embedded system.
 For an embedded system designer knowledge of
microprocessor and microcontroller is a must.
Two Essential Units: Operations
Control Unit (CU), Fetch
Execution Unit (EU) Execute
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Microprocessor Microcontroller
CPU is stand alone, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer
are separate.
CPU, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer all are on
single chip.
Designer can decide amount of RAM,ROM,
& I/O ports.
Fixed amount of on-chip RAM,ROM, & I/O
ports.
High processing power Low processing power
High power consumption Low power consumption
Typically 32/64 bit 8/16 bit
General purpose Single purpose(control oriented)
Less reliable Highly reliable
Eg.- 8086,8085 8051

9. Few Examples of Embedded
system

10. Embedded system for a car

11. Components of Embedded System
 It has Hardware
Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports,
etc.
 It has main Application Software
Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.
 It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application
software. It sets the rules during the execution of the application
program. A small scale embedded system may not need an RTOS.
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12. Features of an embedded
system
 Single-functioned
 Executes a single program, repeatedly
 Tightly-constrained
 Reactive and real-time
 Continually reacts to changes in the system’s
environment
 Must compute certain results in real-time without delay

13. Languages for
Programming Embedded
Systems
 Recent survey indicates that approximately 45%
of the embedded software is still being done in C
language.
 C++ is also increasing its presence in embedded
systems. As C++ is based on C language, thus
providing programmer the object oriented
methodologies to reap the benefits of such an
approach.
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14.  C is very close to assembly programming and it
allows very easy access to underlying hardware.
 A huge number of high quality compilers and
debugging tools are available for the C language.
 Though C++ is theoretically more efficient than
C, but some of its compilers have bugs due to the
huge size of the language.
 These compilers may cause a buggy execution.
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15. Real-time Systems
 Embedded systems in which some specific work
has to be done in a specific time period are called
real-time systems.
 Real time embedded systems are classified into
two types such as soft and hard real time systems.

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17. Mobile Embedded Systems
 Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices
like cell phones, mobiles, digital cameras, mp3 players and
personal digital assistants, etc.
 The basic limitation of these devices is the other resources and
limitation of memory.
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18. Small Scale Embedded System
 Single 8 bit or 16bit Microcontroller.
 Little hardware and software complexity.
 They may even be battery operated.
 Usually “C” is used for developing these system.
 The need to limit power dissipation when system is running
continuously.
 Examples:- digital watches
Programming tools:
Editor, Assembler and Cross Assembler
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20. THANK YOU
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