This document provides an overview of bioethics and its key principles. It begins by defining bioethics as the interdisciplinary study of problems created by biological and medical progress and its impact on society. It then discusses the history and birth of bioethics, noting it was preceded by medical ethics and drew upon ancient Hippocratic principles. Four main bioethical principles are introduced: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. These principles establish obligations and duties to maximize benefits and minimize harms for individuals and society. An example is given of a historical clinical trial that violated ethics through non-consensual experimentation.

1. Introduction to

2. Group members
Faiza Farrukh
Anam Munir
Atiqa Ishtiaq
Ayesha Bibi

3. Ethics
involves the set of rules that society
have agreed about living with other people for
minimums, which are human rights.

4. Bioethics
• Bioethics is a branch of ethics, which is the
interdisciplinary study of problems created by
biological and medical progress (micro and
macrosocial level), and its impact in society
and value system, both for now and for the
future.

5. The birth of bioethics
• Bioethics was preceded by medical ethics, which
focused primarily on issues arising out of the
physician–patient relationship.
• The ancient Hippocratic literature (which includes
but is not limited to the Hippocratic Oath) enjoins
doctors to use their knowledge and powers to
benefit the sick, to heal and not to harm, to
preserve life, and to keep in the strictest
confidence information that ought not to be
spread about (though precisely what must be
kept confidential is not detailed).

6. • These basic values and principles remain an
essential part of contemporary bioethics.
• After the Second World War it became clear
that the old medical ethics was not sufficient
to meet contemporary challenges.

7. Bioethics defined
• In the Introduction to the 1995 revised edition
of the Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Warren
Thomas Reich,defined bioethics as
• “the systematic study of the moral
dimensions—including moral vision, decisions,
conduct, and policies—of the life sciences and
health care, employing a variety of ethical
methodologies in an interdisciplinary setting.”

8. The Coining of the Term ‘Bioethics
The word bioethics was coined in the early 1970s
by biologists in order to encourage public and
professional reflection on two topics of urgency:
• 1) The responsibility to maintain the generative
ecology of the planet, upon which life and human
life depends
• 2) The future implications of rapid advances in
the life sciences with regard to potential
modifications of a malleable human nature

9. Bioethical theories
by
Anam Munir

10. Defination
Ethical theory means by
which we justify a particular
ethical descision

11. Deontologism-duty ethics
• Greek; deontos: that which is
binding,right,proper;deon-theory.
• Emphasis on universal imperatives such moral
laws,duties,obligations,prohibitions.
• It is sometimes also called imperativism.

12. • It looks on one's duties and obligations in
determining what is ethical.
• It is also known as Duty Ethics.
• An ethical act is the one that meets
obligations,responsibilities and duties.

13. Utilitarianism-Greatest Happiness Principle
• The greatest happiness of the greatest number
is the test of right and wrong.
• Action is good if it produces as much or more
good than the alternative behaviour.

14. • What is useful is good and consequently.
• the ethical value of conduct is determined by
the utility of its results.
• No action is instrinsically right,moral or good.
• Choose the action the produce the most
benefits and least cost of pain and
unhappiness.

15. Principle of utility
• By utility,we mean property in any
object,whereby it tends to produce
benefit,advantage ,pleasure or happiness
• By preventing pain,evil or unhappiness to
happen.

16. • it is also called
Principle of Greatest Happiness
- An actionis good as it produces the greatest
happiness for greatest number of people,and
bad it produces more harm than benefit for
the greatest number of individuals.

17. • Happiness for Bentham and Mill is intrinsic
good.
• Happiness is intended pleasure and absence
of pain.
• Pain- unhappiness
• Pleasure-calculus of Bentham

18. Pleasure-pain calculus
• Intensity
The more intense the pleasure,the better.
• Duration
the longer it lasts,the better
• Purity
the pure the pleasure,the better
• Extent
the grater the number of benefited,the better

19. • Presented by
Atiqa ishtiaq

20. Principles of Bioethics
• In bioethics they are four basic principles and
they were proposed by Beaucham and
Childress (1979):
• Autonomy
• Beneficence
• Non maleficence
• Justice

22. Grouping of principles
• Minimum levels:
obligations that generate universal
duties and these involve negative transitive
duties (facts that you cannot do other people).
Here, there are principles of no maleficence
and justice.

23. Continue…..
• Maximum levels:
they are related with the choice
of the vital project that every person choose
to depend on their scale of values. They
generate imperfect obligations. Here, there
are principles of autonomy and beneficence.

24. PRINCIPLE OF AUTONOMY
Actions are only autonomous when it exists:
• Intentionality
• Knowledge (it is essential)
• Not external control (there are not pressures)
• Authenticity (coherence with system of values
and usual attitudes of the person)

25. PRINCIPLE OF BENEFICENCE
• It has to act in benefit of
person, but it can cause
collateral effects.
• It is important to know that
you cannot do good against
the other person’s will.

26. PRINCIPLE OF NO MALEFICENCY
• You cannot harm unnecessary other people.
Damage can be avoided not acting, with a
passive attitude. However, good has done with
active attitude.
• If someone asks you, you cannot do damage.

27. PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE
• It involves to tract on
the same way equal to
equal and unequal to
unequal. Vulnerable
population have to
receive an immediate
benefit.

28. EXAMPLE
In the 60s, researchers did a
clinical trial about syphilis.
They wanted to see the
evolution of the disease and
find an alternative to painful
treatments. So, they injected
syphilis viruses without
information of study and its
consequences.

29. OTHER IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES
• Principle of proportionality.
• Caution: based on analysis of risks.
• Principle of non-discrimination: all persons
who must be treated equally.
• Principle of respect for the right to
information.